What is freight turnover in geography. What is cargo turnover? Latest seaport statistics

Freight volume Q(t) is the amount of cargo in tons that is planned to be transported or has already been transported.

Freight turnover P(t-km) is the transport work in ton-kilometers that is planned or spent on transportation.

Freight flow ( Ted. vr. ) – this is the number of tons of cargo transported in forward Q ave. and reverse Q arr. directions per unit of time (hour, work shift, day, month, year, etc.).

The direct direction is conventionally called the direction of freight flows of large magnitude. The relationship between indicators P and Q can be represented by the following expressions:

Q = Q ex. + Q arr. and P = Q× lQ, Where

lQ– is the average distance of cargo transportation, km.

The volume of transportation, cargo turnover and cargo flows are characterized by size, structure, time of their development and unevenness coefficients .

1) Structure determined by the name and class of cargo. The structure of cargo flow is:

– industry(belonging to any industry: food, oil and gas, Agriculture etc);

– group ( belong to a certain group of goods: food products, construction materials, etc.);

– by type of cargo(distribution of cargo according to properties unique to them: grain crops, dairy products, reinforced concrete products).

2) Mastery time includes the start and end date of transportation and its pace. Transportation can be permanent, temporary or seasonal.
3) Coefficient of unevenness of traffic volume is determined as follows: = Qmax / Q avg.

4) Freight turnover unevenness coefficient is determined as follows: = Pmax / P avg.

The unevenness of the volume of transportation and especially cargo turnover makes it difficult for the rhythmic operation of rolling stock. Motor transport enterprises should, if possible, even out this unevenness by early delivery of goods, increasing the productivity of loading and unloading operations, developing optimal schedules and transportation routes, and others organizational enterprises. It is also necessary to adapt the operating mode of rolling stock to fluctuations in the values ​​of P and Q by changing the operating time of vehicles on the line, Maintenance and repairs during periods of decline in traffic volumes, postponement of vacations, etc.

The values ​​of transportation volume and cargo turnover depend on the size of production and consumption, transportation distances and cargo delivery schemes. Many goods do not always travel from the place of production directly to the place of consumption, which leads to repeated transportation of the same goods. The frequency of transportation is related to the type of cargo, its intended purpose, and depends on the supply system, the location of warehouses and consumers served, and the transportation planning system.

Most often, repeat shipments occur when delivering industrial and food products V trading network, when they are pre-delivered to warehouses or bases for sorting, packaging and distribution to stores. Reducing the repetition of transportation can be achieved through rational cargo delivery schemes. During the survey, the daily, monthly and annual volume of transportation and cargo turnover, directions and distances of transportation, the structure of freight flows and cargo turnover are identified.

Problem 4.1

Intercity centralized transportation of goods is carried out along the BD route with a total length of 295 km. The BV section is 140 km long; VG section with a length of 90 km; section of the main road with a length of 65 km. The volume in tons, composition and direction of cargo flows are presented in Table 4.1. Calculate cargo turnover and cargo flows and construct diagrams of cargo flows.

L b-h = 140 km, L b-d = 90 km, L d-d = 65 km, L b-d = 295 km

Freight turnover P = Q×lQ (t-km)

Forward direction Reverse direction

Qb-h = 17600 t Qd-d = 8300t

Qv-g = 26700 t Qg-v = 11900t

Qg-d = 25000t Qv-b = ​​12400t

Qtot. = 35600t Qtot. = 25700t

Rb-v = 2464000t-km Rd-t = 539500t-km

Rv-g = 2403000 t-km R g-v = 1071000 t-km

Rg-d = 1625000t-km Rv-b = ​​17360000t-km

Problem 4.2

Based on the data given in the tables, calculate freight turnover, freight flows, freight turnover unevenness coefficient, freight flow unevenness coefficient, construct diagrams of cargo flows and cargo structure.

Exercise 1

Table 4.1 – Volume of freight traffic on the BVGD route

Task 2

Table 4.1 – Volume of freight traffic on the BVGD route

Task 3

Table 4.1 – Volume of freight traffic on the BVGD route

Task 4

Table 4.1 – Volume of freight traffic on the BVGD route

Task 5

Table 4.1 – Volume of freight traffic on the BVGD route

Task 6

Table 4.1 – Volume of freight traffic on the BVGD route

Task 7

Table 4.1 – Volume of freight traffic on the BVGD route

Task 8

Table 4.1 – Volume of freight traffic on the BVGD route

Task 9

Table 4.1 – Volume of freight traffic on the BVGD route

Task 10

Table 4.1 – Volume of freight traffic on the BVGD route

Task 11

Table 4.1 – Volume of freight traffic on the BVGD route

Task 12

Table 4.1 – Volume of freight traffic on the BVGD route

Task 13

Table 4.1 – Volume of freight traffic on the BVGD route

Types of transport

Within the enterprise, the movement of goods between workshops, areas and workplaces must be ensured. To perform these functions, internal transport is intended, which includes:

1. Intershop transport, which performs the following functions:

delivery of raw materials and components from warehouses to workshops;

movement of workpieces, parts and assembly units from workshop to workshop along the technological process;

removal of finished products from workshops to finished product warehouses;

transportation of various cargoes: waste, working and used tools, units in and out of repair, spare parts, empty containers, fuel and fuels and lubricants - between the main, auxiliary workshops and service facilities of the enterprise;

2. Intrashop transport, which, in turn, is divided into

inter-site (transportation of blanks, parts, assembly units and finished products within each workshop from site to site during the manufacturing and assembly process),

intra-site (or inter-operational, transportation of blanks, parts, assembly units and finished products within each site between workplaces).

Enterprises may use a diverse fleet of vehicles.

By type of transport there are:

rail (narrow gauge railway);

trackless (motor transport, electric transport);

water (sea, river);

pipeline (pneumatic pipeline transport, gravity product pipelines, oil pipelines, etc.);

special (technological) transport;

lifting vehicles (conveyors, cranes, loaders, elevators, etc.).

According to the mode of action they are distinguished:

intermittent transport (for example, electric forklifts);

continuous transport (for example, conveyors).

According to the direction of movement of goods, transport is distinguished:

horizontal;

vertical (elevators, lifts);

horizontal-vertical (overhead cranes, beam cranes, electric forklifts);

inclined (inclined cable cars and monorails, conveyors).

Determination of cargo turnover and cargo flows

For effective planning of vehicle needs, the enterprise's cargo turnover and cargo flows are determined.

Freight turnover (see Fig. 2) represents the amount of cargo (in tons) moved at an enterprise over a certain period of time (day, month, quarter, year). Freight turnover is determined on the basis of transport tables that take into account the receipt and dispatch of goods at each point. Each cell of such a table indicates the name and quantity of cargo, respectively, received at a given point (if it is a consumer position) or sent from it (if it is a supplier position). Freight turnover is equal to the sum of freight flows.

Freight flow - (Fig. 3) is the amount of cargo moved in a certain direction between individual loading and unloading points within the enterprise over the same period as the cargo turnover. Data from cargo turnover tables are taken as a basis when developing cargo flow diagrams. The cargo flow diagram graphically displays the direction of cargo movement at individual points in the serviced territory. The cargo flow diagram is drawn up on a territory plan drawn to a certain scale, indicating transport routes. The direction of cargo flows is indicated by arrows, the volume of transported cargo is indicated by numbers above the lines. The cargo flow diagram simplifies the analysis of the transport network and the location of objects from the point of view of their rational organization in space.

Using a cargo flow diagram, you can quickly identify and eliminate unnecessary intersections, return and oncoming routes, shorten the path of movement of individual cargo, and check the compliance of the “cargo load” of individual transport routes with their throughput. In accordance with the cargo flow diagram, transportation routing schemes are established between individual points in the service territory.

Freight flows are calculated based on:

types of goods transported;

points of departure and delivery;

distances between points;

volumes of transported cargo;

frequency and regularity of transportation.

Calculations for cargo turnover and cargo flows of the enterprise and its workshops are drawn up in the form of a checkerboard sheet (Fig. 2). It shows all the movements of cargo carried out at the plant, which allows you to determine the external cargo turnover and the corresponding external cargo flows of arrival and departure, all internal (inter-shop) cargo flows and the total cargo turnover of the plant.

Figure 2. Checkerboard of cargo turnover

The basis for organizing inter-shop and external cargo flows of the plant and planning the work of plant transport is freight flow diagram, those. graphical representation in the appropriate scale of the statement data on the plant master plan diagram. On the diagram, cargo flows are depicted in the form of separate stripes, the width of which is proportional to their size, and the configuration corresponds to the route of cargo movement. The diagram gives a clear idea of ​​the size and extent of cargo flows and allows you to rationally organize the intra-factory movement of goods. The numbers in the circles show the monthly cargo flow in tons.

Planning and economic calculations in in-plant planning are carried out on the basis of the largest daily cargo turnover using the formula:

Where Q r - annual cargo turnover, t/year; D- number of working days in a year; TO n - coefficient of unevenness of transportation.

The calculation of the total cargo turnover for the year is preceded by the calculation of the volume of cargo turnover of workshops and general plant warehouses.

Fig.3 Plant cargo flow diagram

Required amount Vehicle, involved in regular cargo flows, is determined by the formula

Where G - freight traffic per billing period, T; P h - hourly productivity of vehicles, t/hour; F p - useful fund operating time of vehicles for the billing period, hours.

When organizing inter-shop transportation, the selection and calculation of the need for vehicles is carried out simultaneously with routing. The starting materials for developing routes are a checkerboard list of cargo turnover, diagrams of inter-shop cargo flows, general plan enterprises.

In-plant transportation, according to the nature of the organization of its implementation, is divided into one-time (according to individual random requests) and route (along predetermined directions). Route transportation can be pendulum or circular.

Fig.4.

Pendulum These are routes in which the movement of vehicles between two points is repeated many times. They can be one-way, when transport goes in one direction loaded and back empty, two-way – when transport is loaded in both directions, mixed – when moving with or without cargo in both directions.

Fig.5.

Ring The system provides for sequential regular communication between a number of points. It can be RAMZSH (from one point the cargo is transported to a number of workshops), assembly - cargo is collected from different workshops and transported to one place, mixed.

When choosing a route for inter-shop transportation, it is necessary to ensure: the shortest routes for vehicles, rational use of the carrying capacity or capacity of vehicles, the maximum mileage ratio (the ratio of the mileage of a vehicle with cargo to the total mileage length).

Intra-shop transportation includes: interoperational movement of objects of labor in accordance with the sequence and rhythm of the production process; transportation of goods according to established routes and schedules; movement of goods according to shift-daily plans or one-time tasks. The types of vehicles used for the transportation of goods, depending on the type of production, are given in Table 1

Table 1. Types of vehicles used for different

types of production

In flexible automated production, automated and automatic transport and storage systems are used, which include: automatic racks and overhead stacker cranes, transport and handling operations, conveyor devices, orientation devices, feeders, storage devices, automatic warehouses, transport and storage containers.

When choosing the type and number of vehicles, the following are taken into account: the size of the cargo flow, the dimensions of the transported goods, the distance and travel routes, and the weight of the cargo. Vehicles must meet the technological and organizational requirements of the serviced production processes, ensure maximum productivity and favorable working conditions. The parameters of vehicles in adjacent areas must be coordinated with each other for the purpose of comprehensive mechanization and automation of loading and unloading operations when moving goods from one transport device to another. For this purpose, enterprises are developing unified transport and technological schemes that ensure the connection of individual links of the enterprise’s transport network and technological equipment.

The number of cyclic vehicles (Wtr) can be determined by the formula

w Tp = Q c / Wtrs,

where Q c - daily cargo turnover, t; Wtrs is the daily productivity of a unit of transport equipment, i.e.

The daily productivity of a unit of transport equipment I is directly proportional to the number of work cycles w c and the productivity of I per cycle (W u), i.e. "

Wtp C = W u m u ; m u = Fds / Ttst,

where F ds is the daily operating time of transport equipment, I min; Shopping center T - transport cycle, min (in the general case Ttt = Tpr, + T p + T r, I where T pr - travel time, min; T p - loading time, min; T r - unloading time, min).

The number of means of continuous transport (wtrn) required for a given cargo flow, for example transporters:

Wtrn„ = Qh / W h,

where Q h - hourly freight turnover, t; W h - hourly productivity of the conveyor, i.e.

Concept of cargo turnover

Methods for calculating cargo turnover

Section 1. Basic characteristics of cargo turnover.

Section 2. Methods for calculating cargo turnover.

Freight turnover is an economic indicator of transport performance (an indicator of the volume of cargo transportation), equal to the product of the mass of cargo transported over a certain time by the transportation distance.

Main characteristics of cargo turnover

Freight turnover is measured in ton-kilometers. For example, if different ships transported 5 million tons of cargo over an average distance of 150 km during the year, then the annual cargo turnover is 5 × 150 = 750 million ton-kilometers.

To determine cargo turnover, the mass of transported cargo in tons (separately for each shipment) is multiplied by the transportation distance and the resulting products are summed up.

The freight turnover indicator is used in planning and statistics to measure labor productivity in transport (the number of ton-kilometers per worker); the cost of transportation is also determined per 1 km, since transportation costs depend on the distance and weight of the cargo.

To assess the activities of transport enterprises, the freight turnover indicator is not used, since society is interested in the best satisfaction of transportation needs while minimizing transport costs; for these purposes, the indicator of transportation (dispatch) of goods in tons, transportation revenue, etc. is used.

The dissemination of best practices, including those of Belarusian railway workers, makes it possible to increase the volume of useful transport work without increasing the number of employees.

To characterize the cargo turnover of a state, a certain territory, a certain direction, a river, etc. Both units of measurement are used. And to characterize the cargo turnover of any transport hub, station or other transport facility, only tonnage is used as a meter.

Freight turnover determines the level of development of relations, the development of trade, the degree of economic activity in a certain period, etc.

The unit of observation in freight transport statistics is dispatch, i.e. a consignment of cargo, the transportation of which is documented by the appropriate document (contract of carriage). Primary documents for different types transport have different names:

road manifest – for railway and river transport;

bill of lading and manifest - in maritime transport;

waybill and bill of lading – for road transport;

accompanying statement – ​​for air transport.

Cargo transportation statistics have developed a system of indicators that provide the opportunity to comprehensively characterize the work of each enterprise and the country’s unified transport network. These indicators are divided into two groups:

volumetric (total);

quality.

Volume indicators of cargo transportation statistics include:

goods have been dispatched;

arrived (arrival) of goods;

transported (transportation) of goods;

transported in direct mixed traffic;

volume of transport work performed – cargo turnover.

Freight turnover represents the volume of work during the transportation of goods, calculated by summing the products of the mass of transported goods and the transportation distance in kilometers (miles). It is one of the main indicators when assessing the performance of a transport enterprise.

Qualitative indicators of cargo transportation statistics include:

average transportation distance of 1t of cargo;

average transportation density of 1t of cargo;

average duration of transportation of 1 ton of cargo;

average speed of advancement of 1 ton of cargo.

Distribution freight transport between certain types transport depends on their characteristics and economic advantages. For example,

railway transport is used to transport large volumes of goods over long distances;

road transport - in cities and regions for short as well as longer distances when transporting valuable and perishable goods;

maritime transport - for the transportation of bulk cargo in areas gravitating towards inland water and sea basins;

trunk pipelines are used to pump gas and crude oil from fields to refineries and to transport finished petroleum products from refineries to consumption areas and terminals;

Air transport is used to transport goods over very long distances.

Railway transport.

When navigation on rivers is stopped, railway transport successfully replaces water transport. A large volume of trade turnover with other countries is carried out precisely by rail. It also ranks first among other mainline modes of transport.

Automobile transport.

Road transport is the most mobile of all modes of transport. It is capable of transporting cargo, both long and short. Disadvantages - high cost and labor intensity, high level pollution environment.

Pipeline transport.

Diversity pipeline transport depending on the types of transported products, it becomes necessary to use grouping (classification). Trunk pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. The former are used to pump crude oil from fields to refineries. The second is for transporting finished petroleum products from factories to areas of consumption. Still others are for gas transportation. If a product pipeline is strictly specialized for transporting any one type of petroleum product, it is called accordingly: kerosene pipeline, gasoline pipeline, oil pipeline, fuel oil pipeline. The advantage of pipeline transport is that it has continuous transportation and does not depend on natural conditions. The big disadvantage is environmental pollution.

Sea transport.

Sea transport is capable of transporting any cargo, of any type and size. Unlike other modes of transport, sea transport transports mainly export (46%) and import (70%) cargo. Disadvantages: dependence on weather conditions, the need for expensive port facilities and the high share of costs for initial and final operations.

Inland waterways.

These include: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals suitable for navigation. On inland waterways, the movement of vessels is not allowed along the entire width, but only on routes that are prepared for navigation and which are marked with navigational signs.

Statistical accounting of cargo transportation on inland water transport is carried out by inland water transport enterprises: ports, shipping companies, ship companies, as well as enterprises from other sectors of the economy that carry out transportation work on a commercial basis.

Air Transport.

By air, goods are transported over very long distances, but this type of transport is used for the transportation of cargo much less than others. As a rule, they transport the most expensive cargo: precious furs, expensive clothes, weapons, medicines, etc. The main difference between aviation and other modes of transport is its high ground speed and long non-stop flight range.

Methods for calculating cargo turnover

All calculations are entered into a statistical table called statistical grouping.

Statistical grouping - allows you to characterize the size, structure and relationship of the phenomena being studied, and identify their patterns.

Methods for calculation:

Dynamic series (absolute and relative indicators, chain and basic and average values);

Selective observation;

Indicators of variation (dispersion);

Graphic construction (graphics).

Absolute indicators– named numbers that have a certain dimension and units of measurement. They characterize indicators at a point in time or for a period. Depending on the various reasons and purposes of analysis, natural, conditionally natural, monetary and labor units of measurement are used.

Absolute growth is the difference between the research level of the series and the previous (or basic) level.

Sources

Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia, WikiPedia

ekoslovar.ru – Economic dictionary

academic.ru – Academician's Dictionary

guskonstantin.narod.ru – Articles

bank24.ru – Dictionary of economic terms

kgau.ru – Educational and methodological complex

Freight turnover is the work of transport to transport goods for an enterprise, industry, state, calculated in ton-kilometers, sometimes the tonnage indicator is used. To characterize the cargo turnover of a state, a territory, a specific direction, a river, etc. Both units of measurement are used.

Just follow these simple ones step by step tips, and you will be on the right track in your business.

Brief Step-by-Step Business Guide

Step - 1

Remember that to characterize the cargo turnover of any station, transport facility, or transport hub, only tonnage is used as a meter.

Freight turnover shows the volume of economic connections between states, regions, enterprises, economic entities, and it also indicates the throughput capabilities of transport facilities.

When referring to information sources regarding transport systems, you can often come across the term “freight turnover”. It would be useful to find out what this concept is and what its unit of measurement is.

Freight turnover means the number (total volume) of goods transported according to the object under consideration: be it an enterprise, a type of transport, an industry or a state as a whole.

The freight turnover indicator is measured by a unit such as a ton-kilometer, but it is more common to use the indicator of the total tonnage of transportation performed.

To measure the volume of traffic within a state or a designated region, two units of measurement are used at once. The process of assessing the functioning of a transport facility or an individual node involves using only the total weight of cargo transported in tons.

On a large scale, the freight turnover indicator assesses the relationship between states or regions, and in the transport sector it determines throughput certain objects. The growth of interstate freight turnover indicates the development of trade and economy. During a crisis, there is a drop in cargo turnover. The instability of cargo exchange between regions suggests difficulties in the main transport system, in the functioning of companies, as well as weak internecine economic ties.

Types of transport and cargo turnover

Typically, the entire freight turnover of transport is correlated with a specific transport sector

Typically, the entire freight turnover of transport is correlated with a specific transport sector in order to assess a certain type of freight exchange.

Railway transport is the most large-scale and budgetary. In Russia, the railway network serves 4/5 of the country's total freight traffic. The construction and development of communication lines is continuously increasing the number of goods transported. A general assessment of the country’s cargo turnover suggests that the more developed the network railways, the lower the cost of transporting tonnage.

Railway transport is the largest and most cost-effective cargo carrier

Water transport is also one of the most profitable options for transporting cargo, but it is not possible in every region, but only between territories adjacent to the sea or wide river. In addition, river navigation is only possible in the summer – in cold weather the rivers freeze. During the hot season, river transport takes on 10–15% of all cargo traffic in Russia. Shipping by sea is usually interstate shipments. Their share accounts for 4–7%.

Water transport is a profitable option, but not available to everyone

Pipeline transport is used only for the transfer of liquid and volatile mixtures. Gas, ammonia, oil and other chemical binders are transmitted through pipelines. In the Russian Federation, the majority of exports of “oil and gas products” are carried out through pipelines. In this industry, the increase in cargo turnover is determined by the laying of new pipeline routes.

Road transport is completely dependent on the availability and quality of roads. Most auto deliveries are local, i.e. they are carried out between enterprises, port and enterprise, etc. Such deliveries are completed faster. Motor transport does not require additional loading/unloading, which reduces the economic benefits of transportation, and is therefore more profitable. With its help, you can deliver the entrusted cargo to its destination without additional costs and delays.

The mobility and variety of vehicles guarantees their demand for long-distance deliveries of any cargo volume.

Most auto deliveries are local

Air transport is an expensive approach to transporting goods. Its advantage is the urgency of delivery or delivery of cargo to places where routes are not equipped. For example, you need to quickly deliver goods to a taiga settlement. There are especially many such places in Russia. For this reason, the cargo turnover of air transport is quite high.

A summary assessment of cargo supplies for each transport sector allows us to determine the level of development of the sector and its need for modernization and related equipment plus the construction of new tracks. Also, a general assessment allows us to identify the significance of a specific industry in the cargo exchange of the entire national economy.

home » Earn money online » What is freight turnover in geography. What is cargo turnover? Latest seaport statistics