Financial and economic activities of the enterprise lectures. Methodology for analyzing financial and economic activities. Scientific foundations of economic analysis

Transcript

1 LECTURE NOTES ON THE DISCIPLINE “Analysis economic activity enterprises" 1

2 Contents Introduction 1. Subject, content and types of economic analysis 2. Organization of economic analysis 3. Method and methodology of comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity 4. Analysis of the organizational and technical level of production 5. Analysis of production costs 6. Analysis of production capacity Recommended literature 2

3 Introduction Economic analysis is one of the main major disciplines in the system of training economists. Economic analysis of economic activity is an independent field of economic knowledge, closely related to general economic theory, enterprise economics, planning, organization and management of production, finance, statistics, accounting, and economic mechanism. Economic analysis is one of the functions of management, the stage that precedes the adoption of economic decisions. To manage production, it is necessary to know well the state of affairs at the enterprise, to have complete information about the progress production process. But this is not enough. To justify the strategic and operational management it is necessary to understand the course of the production process, the trends in its development, i.e. it is necessary to process the received information. Clarification and understanding of information is achieved by analyzing the data obtained. When carrying out the analysis, primary information is converted into secondary information, and indicators of financial, economic, production, economic, and social activities are calculated. These indicators are objective characteristics of the enterprise’s management, the factors that determined the achievement of the final results obtained, and the reasons for the shortcomings. Based on this, one can make certain optimal management decisions. Thus, economic analysis is a management function that provides a scientific basis for decision-making in the field of enterprise management. Through accounting and economic analysis, direct and reverse connections are made between all elements and components of the economic mechanism of an enterprise. Ensuring their interaction and 3

4 consistency, accounting and economic analysis determine the effectiveness of the organizational and economic mechanism of the enterprise as a whole. The purpose of studying the discipline “Economic Analysis” in the system of training economists, financiers and managers of enterprises of various forms of ownership is to identify and mobilize intra-economic reserves for increasing the efficiency, profitability and competitiveness of production, as well as the formation of a business attitude towards the expenditure of material, labor and financial resources enterprises. The main objectives of the discipline: - To provide theoretical knowledge in the field of methods of conducting economic analysis; - To develop practical skills in identifying intra-economic reserves, qualitative and quantitative dependencies of the final results of production and economic activities on the main economic, financial, technical, technological, social and environmental factors; - Familiarize yourself with the information base of the analysis for justification and selection management decisions; - Provide a study of the features of conducting economic analysis in accordance with the conditions of a transitional (market-oriented) economy, as well as the latest achievements in this field of knowledge; Economic analysis is closely related to other academic disciplines: - In theoretical and methodological terms - with philosophy, economic theory (macro- and microeconomics); - Methodologically - with the economics of enterprises and industries, planning, financing and lending; - In relation to ensuring and identifying the relationship of economic indicators with technical and technological indicators, innovative development - with the fundamentals 4

5 design and engineering, industrial production technologies, assessment of the effectiveness of investment projects ( new technology and technologies); - In relation to providing an information base and the use of methodological techniques in analysis - with statistics, accounting; - In relation to the use of methods and technical means of management - with economic and mathematical methods and models, computer science, programming, control theory; - With regard to identifying reserves and developing measures to improve the organization of production and labor - with the theory of production organization, rationing and remuneration. 1. Subject, content and types of economic analysis 1.1 Subject, objects and content of economic analysis. 1.2 Objectives of economic analysis and its place in the production management system. 1.3 Place of EA in the production management system. 1.4 Types of economic analysis. 1.1 Subject, objects and content of economic analysis. Analysis in a broad sense is the scientific study of objects and phenomena in their diverse connections and interdependencies. Analysis is understood as the division of a complex phenomenon or object into its component parts, as well as the comparison and study of general and specific indicators. Thus, it is a research method with the help of which causal relationships and dependencies between phenomena and parts of the whole are studied. As a research method, analysis can be chemical, mathematical, economic, etc. 5

6 Economic analysis is a system of specialized knowledge that provides the study of economic processes and phenomena in their interrelation and interdependence. Economic analysis studies the development of the economy, all parts of the national economy. Economic analysis (EA) should be considered in a broad and narrow sense. EA in a broad sense covers material production as a whole, all its stages and links, as well as the non-production sphere, i.e. the entire structure of the national economy emerging in the process of expanded reproduction. EA in a broad sense includes national economic analysis and EA of the economic activities of enterprises and associations up to line ministries. EA of the activities of manufacturing enterprises is an analysis in the narrow sense, covering as the subject of research the economy of the main link of the national economy, considered in close interaction with the economy of other links of material production. The objects of analysis of the economic activities of enterprises are individual economic processes, phenomena and results that receive a certain reflection in the system of economic indicators. The subject of economic analysis is the production and economic activities of industrial enterprises, associations, as well as individual industries and the national economy as a whole, reflected by a system of planned, accounting and reporting indicators and other non-systemic sources of information. The content of economic analysis is a historical concept, determined by the nature of industrial relations. The content of the analysis changes with the development of industrial relations and the transition economy. The content of EA can be determined using two methodological approaches: - determine the main sections, topics, issues of economic analysis; 6

7 - determine the main stages of the study, as a rule, characteristic of each section of economic analysis. For a full presentation of the methods of economic analysis, the first approach is used. At brief definition content of economic analysis, the second approach is used. The content of economic analysis consists of: research of economic phenomena, factors and causes that determined them (For example, equipment downtime); objective assessment of the effectiveness of self-supporting (commercial) activities in terms of the level of plan implementation, obligations for product supplies and the achieved financial, economic, organizational and technical level of production; scientific substantiation of plans, direct contractual obligations, control over the preparation of real plans and the progress of their implementation; identifying on-farm reserves; developing measures to use reserves, eliminating the causes of ineffective work; control over the implementation of production and economic activities. 1.2 Objectives of economic analysis and its place in the production management system. The analysis tasks common to all enterprises in sectors of the national economy are: 1. Increasing the scientific and economic validity of plans, indicators and standards. 2. An objective and comprehensive study of the implementation of plans, direct contractual obligations, and compliance with standards. 7

8 3. Definition economic efficiency use of labor, material and financial resources. 4. Identification and assessment of self-supporting (commercial) results of the activities of structural and production units. 5. Identification and measurement of on-farm reserves for increasing production efficiency and ways of using them. 6. Checking optimal management decisions. In order to fulfill the tasks at hand, before economic analysis it must meet certain requirements (principles): 1. Scientific nature. The analysis should be based on the provisions of the dialectical theory of knowledge, take into account the socio-economic patterns of production development in modern stage, as well as use the latest methods of economic analysis. 2. State approach. The analysis should take into account the compliance of production and economic activities with state socio-economic, environmental and foreign economic activities, as well as with existing legislation. 3. Reality and accuracy, i.e. obtaining, through analysis, an objective (correct) characteristic of the object being studied (indicator). The requirement for the reality of analytical information for making management decisions is ensured by the use of an appropriate system of indicators, the use of reliable initial information, the use scientific methods its collection and processing, specificity and determination of conclusions. Analytical conclusions must be justified by accurate analytical calculations and be independent of the subjective impressions and desires of the persons carrying out the analysis. 8

9 4. Complexity and consistency. The complexity of the analytical study implies a more complete coverage of all components and aspects of the activity. A systematic approach means a comprehensive, interconnected and interdependent study of a system of individual phenomena (indicators). 5. Timeliness (efficiency). Timely analysis means identifying short time reasons for deviations from planned, established or program targets. The establishment and quantitative factor assessment of these reasons makes it possible to optimize decisions and make changes in production. 6. Planning. The analysis must be carried out systematically and in accordance with specified programs. 7. Cost-effective. It consists in carrying it out with minimal labor costs. 8. Effectiveness. It consists in applying the results to develop measures aimed at using the reserves for increasing production efficiency identified in the process of analysis. 1.3 Place of EA in the production management system. The main stages of the management process are: 1) selection and processing of economic information about the activities of the management object (managed system); 2) analysis of this information; 3) making decisions and monitoring their implementation. Economic analysis is the stage that precedes and ensures decision making. Economic analysis is also a management function and is used to perform all other management functions in the decision-making process in the field of economics: control, planning, regulation, organization, stimulation, etc. 9

10 Thus, economic analysis is an essential and necessary function of economic management and acts as a tool for improving management. 1.4 Types of economic analysis. Economic analysis as a science is divided into sub-branches of knowledge. 1. The theory of economic analysis, which reveals the content, tasks, subject, methods, organization and technique of analytical work. Deep mastery of the theoretical foundations of economic analysis is necessary for studying its specific techniques and methods for further application in the practice of analytical work. 2. Economic analysis of the activities of enterprises (firms), organizations and associations. It is a study of the economics of enterprises as an integral system in the context of interrelated indicators. In the process of analysis, such aspects of the economy of the enterprise (association) are examined as the implementation of the production plan, supply contracts, the implementation of planned targets for quality, assortment, rhythm, cost and profit, and the use of production resources. 3. Economic analysis of the activities of sub-sectors and industries (national economy). A summary analysis carried out using a system of indicators makes it possible to judge the efficiency of a certain set of enterprises, determine the patterns of development of indicators, and make a forecast for the future. The analysis, carried out at the level of associations, unions and industries, in planning, banking, statistical and financial authorities, is consolidated and largely comparative. With the help of summary analysis, by grouping data from enterprises, trends and patterns of their development are identified. It is in the middle and senior levels maybe 10

11 conduct a comparative analysis of activities across groups of comparable enterprises in relation to identifying the level and dynamics of achieved financial and economic indicators. 4. Economic analysis of national and regional economies. The principal direction of the analysis is the study of the dynamics (using indices) and structure (using fractional values) of macroeconomic indicators included in the national accounting system. 5. Analysis of the market situation (market conditions) involves a comprehensive and consistent study of its objects and subjects, various factors that determine the dynamics, structure of a given market (commodity, financial, currency), position on it, and the possible impact of the latter on the economy as a whole. By objects of management: 1. Technical and economic. Analysis of the relationship between the technical side of production and the economic side; 2. Financial and economic. Analysis of financial stability. Conducted by the financial service; 3. Auditing (accounting). Represents an expert diagnosis of the state of the enterprise; 4. Socio-economic. Produced by social services. 5. Marketing. Produced to analyze internal changes; 6. Margin. According to the methodology: Comparative analysis has the goal of identifying reserves by studying and using best practices. The difference in the levels of costs and performance results of compared enterprises allows us to identify reserves for increasing production efficiency. Comparative analysis can be carried out at the level of studying the economics of various enterprises and within the same enterprise. This requires organizing the exchange of information between the enterprise and its divisions. eleven

12 Based on management functions, analysis is divided into operational, current and prospective. Operational analysis is directly related to the functions of operational management of supply, production, sales of products, financial calculations, as well as monitoring the progress of implementation current plans. The purpose of operational analysis is to establish the causes of deviations from the calculated progress of production, the planned supply of the enterprise with material resources, the volume of shipped and sold products and the timeliness of payments for payments for sold products, as well as to determine deviations from planned indicators and evaluate them possible consequences for the enterprise and the necessary measures to eliminate negative factors and consolidate positive factors. In fact, operational analysis acts as a tool for planning and dispatching management of production, economic and financial activities of enterprises. Based on operational analysis data, the current work of the enterprise is assessed, and management decisions are made for subsequent periods. Such an analysis is carried out by several functional divisions of the enterprise: the production and dispatch department, individual production facilities, workshops and production sites, the planning department, the logistics department, the central accounting department, the labor and wages department, the financial department, the sales department and other divisions of the enterprise. Operational analysis is aimed at studying the deviations that occur in business processes in comparison with planned, normative and calculated indicators characterizing the activities of the enterprise. Such analysis is carried out, as a rule, for short periods of time: shift, day, week and month of operation of the enterprise. 12

13 Current analysis is aimed at studying factors and individual phenomena that influence the implementation of quarterly, semi-annual and annual planned targets and compliance with the proportional and effective development of the analyzed enterprise. The results obtained from this analysis are the input data for current planning activities of the enterprise, taking into account its orientation to the future. Prospective analysis is carried out over a period of time longer than an annual period. He studies the main trends and long-term factors of enterprise development. The purpose of this type of analysis is to prepare data to determine the direction of development of the enterprise and its structural divisions several years (5, 10, 15 and 20) ahead. Based on the time it takes, the analysis can be divided into: - preliminary, which is carried out on individual key indicators of the enterprise’s economic activity before the final development of plans for the next reporting period. Such an analysis makes it possible to most accurately and reliably identify the internal production reserves available at a particular enterprise against the planned targets and take them into account when forming a plan for the previous reporting period; - actual, with the help of which the fulfillment of the annual task is studied against the plan approved and calculated by the enterprise itself for individual economic indicators; - subsequent, which is carried out as plans are implemented and establishes underutilized reserves in order to include them in the plan for the subsequent reporting period. Based on the frequency of analysis, the analysis is divided into: periodic and one-time. 13

14 Periodic is carried out, as a rule, for a specific period of time. The source of information is mainly current reporting, which essentially determines its frequency (shift, day, decade, month, quarter, year, five-year period). Periodic analysis allows you to monitor the implementation of plan targets, the effective use of fixed and working capital, etc. A one-time analysis is carried out regardless of the calendar time of the reporting period for the group of indicators of interest to the enterprise (economic justification different options reconstruction of industrial enterprises, modernization production equipment and etc.). Depending on the degree of coverage of the object under study, the analysis can be complete or partial. Full is carried out when all production and economic activities of the analyzed enterprise are studied. In a partial (selective) analysis, individual aspects of the enterprise’s operation are studied that are important for production management at any given moment. Classification of types of economic analysis according to the scope of the analyzed objects, in addition, are divided into intra-economic and inter-economic: With intra-economic analysis, the production, economic and financial activities of an individual enterprise are examined; In inter-farm analysis, the performance of one enterprise compared to another or several related enterprises. According to content, the analysis is divided into: comprehensive and thematic (local). Comprehensive - involves the study of all aspects of the activities of enterprises and its divisions in interconnection. It covers the process of production preparation, organization of the technological process, use of production 14

15 equipment, catalysts and sorbents, as well as all subsequent stages of production and circulation of products. Thematic (local) analysis is carried out when studying any particular aspect of activity or some isolated issue of the enterprise. In a comprehensive analysis, all activities of an enterprise are studied in connection and interdependence, and the influence of some indicators on others is revealed. Thematic (local) analysis in practice is part of a comprehensive one. Economic analysis must be systematic. This applies to all types of analysis: comprehensive and thematic, operational, subsequent and prospective. A systematic approach to analysis is one of the most characteristic features analysis. The analysis should primarily cover generalizing and fund-forming indicators of enterprise activity. 2. Organization of economic analysis 2.1 Information base for analysis. 2.2 Factors, their relationship and measurement of impact on production efficiency indicators. 2.2 The main stages of conducting an analysis of economic activity. 2.1 Information base for analysis. With the development of economic analysis as a management function, the organization of its information base is becoming increasingly important. Economic analysis, on the one hand, is the main consumer of information necessary for carrying out analytical calculations, and on the other, the main channel for issuing information for management. Economic information must be scientifically organized and must meet a number of requirements. The most important 15

16 of them are as follows: objectivity, unity of information in planning and accounting sources, limitation of information, elimination of duplication, sufficiency of information for operational production management, speed of obtaining analytical indicators. Economic information represents various information about the work of enterprises, associations and industries. Depending on the management functions, economic information is divided into: 1) planned; 2) operational; 3) accounting; 4) statistical. 1. Planning information is created in the process of feasibility study and promptly production planning, includes the preparation of annual plans on a quarterly basis. In addition to annual plans, planned information is contained in the quarterly and monthly work plans of the enterprise. In economic analysis, regulatory materials, departmental instructions, price tags, etc. are widely used. for example, indices of the value of fixed assets and capital investments. 2. Operational information is manifested in the process of operational monitoring of the progress of the enterprise, its workshops and sections (progress of production, movement of parts in production, etc.) according to primary documents and operational reports. Such information is necessary for ongoing monitoring of plan implementation and identification of shortcomings in work. 3. Accounting information is generalizing, continuous, continuous and systematic. It characterizes the activities of the entire enterprise. According to accounting financial statements are prepared according to certain forms. For more complete coverage of the costs and results of economic activities, the necessary additions and appendices are attached to the established forms. 16

17 Accounting and reporting contain basic information for analysis. 4. Statistical information is widely used to assess the implementation of the plan and the growth of the enterprise. With the help of statistical information, enterprises study the use of working time, compliance with production standards, dynamics of labor productivity, etc. Statistical accounting is based on accounting and operational data. With the help of statistical information, not only continuous accounting data, but also sample data are analyzed. 2.2 Factors, their relationship and measurement of impact on production efficiency indicators. When organizing economic analysis, the selection and classification of factors influencing the indicator under study and their quantitative measurement are of great importance. Indicators, especially production efficiency indicators, are influenced by many interrelated factors. It is very difficult to determine the influence of each of them. To better study the impact on production efficiency indicators, factors are classified, dividing them, first of all, into four groups: 1. Scientific and technological progress: introduction of new high-performance equipment, computer technology, mechanization and automation of production, labor and management, improvement of technological processes, increase product quality, introduction of more economical materials; 2. Improving the organization of production, labor and management: increasing the level of specialization, cooperation, use of equipment, rhythm of production, rationalization of the management structure; 3. Social development team; 4. Related natural conditions. 17

18 All listed factors influence production efficiency indicators through the level of use of production resources (fixed assets, working capital, capital investments) and labor costs. When conducting an analysis, factors influencing production efficiency, in order to ensure a correct assessment of the results achieved by the enterprise and the implementation of economic incentives, must be divided into those that depend on and those that do not depend on the work of the given enterprise. Dependent (in-production) factors are the improvement of equipment and production technology, improvement of product quality, reduction of its cost, improvement of the material incentive system. Factors independent of the operation of the enterprise include factors associated with an increase in the level of concentration, specialization and cooperation of production and with better natural conditions. All of the above factors and indicators are interconnected. Determining the nature of this relationship is the task of qualitative analysis, which involves decomposing each process and phenomenon into its constituent elements (factors and causes) affecting this indicator. In the process of qualitative analysis, causal connections between phenomena are established through the relationship of indicators and factors. When studying the forms and directions of the relationship between indicators and factors, not only the causes and consequences of their relationship are established, but also the factors are ranked. This is necessary to implement quantitative analysis. It is important when conducting a qualitative analysis by making logical judgments from among the many factors affecting this indicator, to select those that have the greatest influence and are the main ones. 18

19 Qualitative analysis serves as the basis for quantitative analysis, during which, using various methods, a quantitative assessment is given to the phenomena and factors being studied. 2.3 The main stages of conducting an analysis of economic activity. The following main stages of studying economic processes can be distinguished: 1) Drawing up a program of economic analysis; 2) Selection and verification of information necessary for this study; 3) Selection and calculation of indicators; 4) Analytical processing and comparison of indicators; 5) Summarizing the results, ensuring the transparency of the analysis and monitoring the implementation of its results. Drawing up an economic analysis program is the most critical part. The program is determined by the purpose of the analysis and the practical use of its results. Along with the program, a calendar schedule is drawn up, and the composition of the areas of proposed work and their responsibilities are determined. The selection and verification of information is carried out depending on the goal and the program of economic analysis. In the process of studying, various accounting, planning and other sources of information are used. During the selection and verification of accounting and planning information, it is necessary to establish the presence of all its details (for example, the signatures of persons responsible for drawing up documents, plans and reports), as well as to carry out a so-called counting check (the correctness of calculations) and checking the relationship of individual sources (for example, linking planned and reporting indicators). The selection and calculation of indicators is related to the goals set in the study of economics. 19

20 Analytical processing and comparison of indicators is carried out in order to fully reveal the internal patterns in the economics of enterprises. To do this, you need to not only select and calculate indicators, but also process them. The main goal of analytical processing of indicators is to reveal the causal relationship and measure the influence of factors on one or another indicator. Identification and study of factors, choice of a method for measuring the influence of various factors on the final, general indicator, calculation of the influence of each factor on the level of analyzed indicators are the central tasks of economic analysis. Generalization of the results, publicity of the analysis and control over the implementation of its results are carried out in order to identify various reasons, both positively and negatively affecting the overall results. After the analysis, it is important to highlight the main thing that is decisive for assessing the performance of the enterprise and developing the right recommendations. Generalization of analysis data is carried out in different forms depending on who is conducting it and for what purposes. The results of the analysis of the enterprise’s economic activity for the year are documented in explanatory note to the annual report, and the results of individual analyzes in the form of reports and notes addressed to the director of the enterprise or heads of departments. The main thing in the generalization are conclusions and proposals for improving the operation of the enterprise and mobilizing its internal reserves. 3. Method and technique of comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity. 3.1 Method and methodology of economic analysis: essence, features and content. 3.2 Methods of processing economic information in the analysis of economic activity. 20

21 3.3 Methods of deterministic functional factor analysis. 3.4 Techniques for modeling deterministic factor systems 3.1 Method and methodology of economic analysis: essence, features and content A method in the broad sense of the word is understood as a way of approaching the study of reality, a way of studying natural and social phenomena. Universal in nature, revealing general laws The development of the material world is a dialectical method. Its main features are that the phenomena being studied are taken in their interrelation and interdependence, their movement, change and development. Moreover, development is understood as a struggle of opposites, reflecting the objective laws of reality itself. The method of economic analysis is understood as a dialectical way of approaching the study of economic processes in their formation and development. The characteristic features of the method of economic analysis are: 1. The use of a system of indicators that comprehensively characterize economic phenomena and the economic activities of enterprises. This system is usually formed during planning, during the development of systems and subsystems of reporting and accounting economic information, which does not exclude the possibility of calculating new indicators during the analysis itself. 2. Study of the reasons for changes in economic indicators. Since economic processes (phenomena) are determined by causality and causal dependence, the task of analysis is to uncover and study these causes (factors). The economic activity of an enterprise, even a single indicator, can be influenced by numerous and varied reasons. 21

22 It is very difficult to identify and study the effect of absolutely all causes, and it is not always practical. The task is to establish the most significant reasons that decisively influenced this or that indicator. Thus, a precondition, a prerequisite for correct analysis is an economically sound classification of the causes influencing the final and intermediate results of economic activity. 3. Influence and measurement of the relationship and interdependence between indicators that are determined by objective production conditions ( external environment enterprise), the market for supply and demand of goods and services, the internal organizational and economic mechanism of the enterprise. For example, the volume of industrial output depends, for example, on three groups of factors associated with the use work force, means of labor, objects of labor. Each group is divided into constituent elements. Thus, factors associated with the use of labor are divided into quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative factors include the number of workers, and qualitative ones include the productivity of their labor (output per worker). The average output per worker per year depends, in turn, on the average number of days worked by one worker per year, the average number of hours worked by one worker per day, and the average output per man-hour worked. Each of the listed indicators also depends on a number of reasons. The average number of days worked by one worker per year depends, for example, on the provision additional holidays, absences due to illness, whole-day downtime due to the fault of the enterprise, etc. Consequently, a certain chain of dependence of one indicator on another is obtained, where each factor has its own specific meaning. Exclusion of one or another factor from the field of view of the economist-analyst or, in some cases, 22

23 also, a violation of the sequence of consideration of factors makes the analysis economically untenable. The above list of some factors influencing the volume of industrial production indicates that it is impossible to take economic concepts and economic indicators in isolation; they are all connected. However, this circumstance does not at all exclude the possibility and necessity of their logical isolation in the process of economic calculations. A very common methodological technique is to determine the degree of influence of a given factor, all other things being equal, i.e. when other factors are considered supposedly unchanged. The methodology of economic analysis is understood as a set of analytical methods, techniques and rules used to study the economics of an enterprise and process economic information. There are general and specific methods. The general methodology represents a research system that is equally used when studying various objects (components of an enterprise’s activities) in various industries (sectors) national economy. Particular methods specify the general one in relation to certain objects of research (sector of the economy, government and commercial structures, economic sectors). The implementation of the methodology of economic analysis as an analytical study contains the following points: 1. Goals and objectives of the analysis in accordance with the object of research (sphere of business). 2. A system of indicators, factor models with the help of which the object of study, the scope of the enterprise’s activity will be studied. 3. Sequence and frequency of analytical work. 4. Methods and techniques for analytical research of an object, economic phenomena. 23

24 5. Sources of economic information. 6. Instructions for organizing the analysis (economic and technical services of the enterprise, managers and performers). 7. Technical means, information technologies that are advisable to use for analytical processing of economic information. 8. Characteristics (structure, content) of documents in accordance with which the results of the analysis should be compiled. 9. Consumers of analytical results of economic analysis. 3.2 Methods of processing economic information in the analysis of economic activity Comparison is an analytical method of research, during which the studied economic phenomenon (objects) are compared with the analytical one studied earlier in order to determine common features or differences between them in quantitative and qualitative indicators. Types of comparative analysis: 1. Horizontal comparative analysis. It is used to determine absolute and relative deviations of the actual level of the indicators under study from the base (planned, last period, etc.). 2. Vertical comparative analysis. With its help, the structure of economic phenomena and processes is studied by dividing the share of parts in the overall whole (for example, the share of equity capital in its total amount, the structure of the cost of production), the relationship between the parts of the whole (for example, own and borrowed capital, fixed and working capital, production and sales of commercial products), as well as the influence of factors on the level of performance indicators by comparing their values ​​before and after changing the corresponding factor. 24

25 3. Trend analysis is used to study the relative rates of growth and increase in indicators over a number of years to the level of the base year, i.e. when studying time series. 4. Unidimensional comparative analysis comparisons are made for one or more indicators of one object or several objects for one indicator. 5. Multidimensional comparative analysis with its help compares the performance results of several enterprises according to wide range indicators. It should be noted that comparison is the most common method of economic analysis to identify the degree of use of material, labor and financial resources. Comparisons are made in many areas. The main ones are the following: 1. Comparison (contrast) of actual indicators with planned ones when assessing the degree of implementation of the plan; such a comparison makes it possible to identify deviations from planned targets. 2. Comparison of actual indicators with standard ones. This allows for cost control and promotes the introduction of efficient and resource-saving technologies. 3. Comparison of actual indicators with their values ​​in previous periods; the use of this technique makes it possible to identify changes in indicators over time and establish certain trends in the development of the enterprise. 4. Comparison of performance indicators (management) of a given enterprise (workshop, site, team) with analytical indicators of the activities of other enterprises and their divisions. Such comparisons help generalize best practices and identify on-farm reserves. 5. Comparison of the indicators of a given enterprise with industry average and regional average data in order to identify the compliance of individual costs with socially necessary, individual and industry average profitability. 25

26 6. Comparison of the indicators achieved by this enterprise (in terms of labor productivity, product quality, etc.) with the performance indicators of enterprises in developed countries. 7. Comparison of interrelated time series to study the interdependence of the studied indicators. For example, it is advisable to analyze the dynamics of changes in labor productivity, capital-labor ratio and wages. 8. Comparison of various planned targets, investment projects, options for management decisions in order to select the most optimal one. 9. Comparison of the results of economic activity before and after a change in any factor in factor analysis and assessment of reserves. The influence of the conditions of comparative analysis is the need to ensure comparability of indicators, since only qualitatively homogeneous values ​​can be compared. In this case, the following requirements must be taken into account: - unity of volumetric cost, quality, structural factors; - unity of intervals or moments of time; - comparability of initial production conditions (technical, natural, regional); - unity of methodology for calculating indicators. Comparability of indicators in a number of cases can be achieved if, instead of absolute ones, we take average or relative (specific) ones (costs per hryvnia of marketable products, profitability of fixed assets, capital productivity). In some cases, correction factors are used to ensure comparability of indicators. The compared indicators must be homogeneous in terms of the composition of costs, the number of objects taken into account, etc. To characterize indicators of economic activity and make comparisons, they are used 26

27 absolute, relative and average values. Each of these quantities has its own purpose in the analysis. 1. Absolute indicators (cost, natural and labor) are used for volumetric characteristics of the economic phenomenon being studied. 2. Relative indicators are used to characterize the degree of implementation of plans and measure the rate of change in indicators. They are expressed by number of times, coefficients, percentages. Each of the relative values ​​has its own degree of clarity in expressing the relationship between the development of economic indicators. The simplest form of relative quantity is a number showing how many times one quantity is greater or less than another, taken as a basis for comparison. The value obtained as a result of comparing two homogeneous indicators, one of which is taken as one, is called a coefficient. A special form of relative values ​​are percentages, in which the base value is taken not as one, but as one hundred. 3. Average values ​​of indicators are used to obtain a general characteristic (the most typical features are established) of the homogeneous economic phenomena being studied, for example, the average production rate, average wage, etc. Grouping method. It is associated with the identification of groups or subgroups of phenomena within the studied set of objects according to certain characteristic features that help systematize the analysis materials, serve to reveal the content of the results and the influence of individual indicators on them. For example, at enterprises, workers are grouped according to the level of fulfillment of standards, by the level and growth of output and wages, by professions and categories of work, grouping products by quality categories, etc. Groupings are the basis for processing and analyzing mass data and are used to identify the structure and 27

28 structural changes, as well as to study the relationship between indicators. Depending on the tasks, the following types of groupings are used: 1. Typological. For example, the formation of population groups by type of activity, groups of enterprises by type of ownership. 2. Structural groupings make it possible to study the internal structure of indicators, the relationship between its individual parts (composition of workers by profession, length of service, enterprises aimed at reducing production costs). 3. Analytical (cause-and-effect) groupings. They are used to determine the presence, direction and form of connection between the studied indicators. Based on the complexity of construction, there are two types of groupings: simple and combined. a) Simple studies the relationship between phenomena grouped according to any one characteristic; b) Combined groupings - dividing the population under study according to one characteristic, and then within each group according to another. The balance sheet method is widely used in economic work in accounting, statistics, planning. It is also used when analyzing the economic activities of enterprises (where there is a strictly functional dependence). On industrial enterprises, for example, using this method (along with and together with others) the use of working time (total working time), machine tools and production equipment (production capacity), the movement of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products, and financial situation are analyzed. The balance sheet method (method) serves mainly to reflect the ratios and proportions of two groups of interrelated and balanced economic indicators, the results of which should be identical. Balance sheet method used: 28

29 1. When analyzing the provision of an enterprise with labor, financial resources, raw materials and fuel and energy resources and the completeness of their use (for example, assessing the use of the working time fund, determining the solvency of the enterprise on the basis of the balance of payments, which correlates means of payment with payment obligations); 2. To check the initial data on the basis of which the analysis is carried out and also to verify the correctness of the analytical calculations themselves. In particular, when checking the correctness of determining the influence of various factors on the increase in the value of the effective indicator. 3. When constructing deterministic additive factor models based on, for example, the balance of commercial products O n + P = P + B + O k, hence P = O n + P V O k, where P is the volume of sales of commercial products; O n, O k, respectively, the balance of goods at the beginning and end of the year; P production of products; To other sources of product consumption. 4. To determine the magnitude of the influence of individual factors on the increase in the performance indicator, when the influence of two of the three factors is known. The index method is based on relative indicators that express the ratio of the level of a given phenomenon to its level in the past or to the level of a similar phenomenon taken as a base. Any index is calculated by comparing the measured (reported) value with the base one, therefore indices are a type of relative values. 29

30 Indices that reflect the ratio of simple individual indicators are called individual, and those that characterize the ratio of complex phenomena are called group or total. Indices that characterize the change in a certain indicator as a whole for any complex population are called general (aggregated). The index method can identify the influence of various factors on the aggregate indicator being studied, and also makes it possible to compare phenomena consisting of elements that cannot be directly summed up. Statistics names several forms of indexes. Which are used in analytical work (aggregate, arithmetic, harmonic, etc.). Using indices, data is compared not only from two periods, but also for a number of years, i.e. dynamic series. In this case, base and chain indices are used. An example of using the index method when assessing changes in production volume: I gp = q p q 1 p 1 0 0, where I qp is the index of changes in the volume of production of marketable products; q 0, q 1, respectively, planned and actual product quality; p 0, p 1, respectively, planned and actual product prices. Index of change in the volume of production of commercial products due to the quantitative factor (I q): I gp = q p q 1 p 0 0 0. 30

31 Index of changes in the volume of production of commercial products due to the cost factor (prices I p): I gp = q p q 1 p 1 1 0, The above formulas show that the total relative change in the volume of output is formed as the product of relative changes in two factors: quantity of products and price . The formulas reflect the practice accepted in statistics for constructing factor indices, the essence of which can be formulated as follows. If the generalizing indicator is the product of quantitative (volume) and qualitative indicators-factors, then when determining the influence of a quantitative factor, the qualitative indicator is fixed at the basic level, and when determining the influence of a qualitative factor, the quantitative indicator is fixed at the level of the reporting period. 3.3 Methods of deterministic functional factor analysis. One of the most important methodological issues in economic analysis is determining the magnitude of the influence of individual factors on the growth of a performance indicator. Methods: chain substitution, index, absolute differences, relative differences, proportional division and their products are based on the elimination method. To eliminate this means to eliminate, reject, exclude the influence of all factors on the value of the effective indicator except one. This method assumes that all factors change independently of each other: 31

32 first one changes, and all the others remain unchanged, then two change, then three, etc. with the rest remaining unchanged. Chain substitution method. This method consists in obtaining a number of intermediate values ​​of a generalizing indicator by sequentially replacing the basic values ​​of factors with actual ones. The difference between two intermediate values ​​of a generalizing indicator in a chain of substitutions is equal to the change in the generalizing indicator caused by a change in the corresponding factor. This method is used to calculate the influence of factors in all types of deterministic factor models: additive, multiplicative, summary and mixed (combined). IN general view we have the following calculation system using the method of chain substitutions (using the example of a multiplicative model): Y 0 = a 0 *b 0 *c 0 *d - the basic value of the generalizing indicator; Y a = a 1 *b 0 *c 0 *d 0 - intermediate conditional value; Y b = a 1 *b 1 *c 0 *d 0 - intermediate conditional value; Y c = a 1 *b 1 *c 1 *d 0 - intermediate conditional value; Y 1 = (a 1 *b 1 *c 1 *d 1) - actual value. The total absolute deviation of the generalizing indicator is determined by the formula: y = y 1 y 0 = a 1 *b 1 *c 1 *d 1 - a 0 *b 0 *c 0 *d 0 The total deviation of the generalizing indicator is decomposed into factors: due to changes factor a 32

33 y a = y a y 0 = a 1 *b 0 *c 0 *d 0 - a 0 *b 0 *c 0 *d 0 due to a change in the factor b y b = y b y a = a 1 *b 1 *c 0 *d 0 - a 1 *b 0 *c 0 *d 0 Absolute difference method. It is one of the modifications of elimination. This is a mathematical simplification of the method of chain substitutions, which is based on taking the common factor out of brackets. In deterministic analysis it is used for multiplicative models and mixed models such as y = (a - b)c and y = a(b - c). Calculation algorithm for a multiplicative factor model of type y = a*b*c*d. y a = a*b pl *c pl *d pl; y b = a f * b*c pl *d pl; y c = a f * b f * c * d pl; y d = a f *b f *c pl * d ; y = a f *b f *c f *d f a pl *b pl *c pl *d pl; y = y a * y b * y c * y d; Method of relative differences. Applicable only in multiplicative and mixed models, such as y = (a - b)c. It is much simpler than chain substitutions, which makes it very effective under certain circumstances. This primarily applies to those cases when the initial indicators contain previously determined relative deviations of factor indicators in percentages or coefficients. Algorithm for the influence of factors for multiplicative models of type y = a*b*c. First you need to calculate the relative deviations of factor indicators: a% = a f a pl a pl *100%; 33

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Analysis of economic activities.

Yakushina Vera Alekseevna.

Literature:

1. 1. “Theory of economic analysis” Bakanov, Sheremet
2. 2. “Theory of ACD” Osmalovsky
3. 3. “Theory of ecoanalysis” Karakoz
4. 4. “Modern ek-ka” Mamebov
5. 5. “AHD and audit in market conditions” Kondrakov
6. 6. “Fundamentals of business management and organization” Lvov
7. 7. “Microek-ka” Halperin
8. 8. “Fundamentals of the theory and practice of FSA” by Moiseev
9. 9. “Audit of calculations” Domilevsky

Topic 1. Scientific foundations, subject and tasks of economic analysis.

1. 1. Subject and scientific foundations of economic analysis.
2. 2. Types of analysis and their role in management.

1. 1. Economic analysis- a system of special knowledge associated with the study of processes, the relationship of processes, which in turn develop under the influence of objective economic laws, under the influence of factors.

This is a knowledge system that is associated with the scientific substantiation of business plans and the evaluation of a business plan. This is a system of special knowledge associated with identifying positive and negative factors, revealing trends, assessing proportions, and determining the results of economic processes.

Cognitive activity is always based on practice, experiments, observations, as a result of which these factors are established. Understanding the factors begins with analysis.

Analysis (from the Greek “division of the whole into elements”) is a research method that consists of mentally dividing the whole into its component parts to highlight some properties and connections.

This method is widely used. But natural Technical science instruments, etc. are used.

Such an analytical division should not be made arbitrarily, but based on the task at hand.

In this case, the following are distinguished: essential and non-essential features - this is the so-called logical trick.

Analysis, opening up the possibility of broader knowledge, seems to destroy integrity, therefore, having studied the component parts of the subject, it is necessary to connect them again, through synthesis.

Synthesis (from Greek “connection”) - unification into one whole.

The transition from factor analysis to theoretical synthesis is carried out using induction (transition from general to specific) and deduction. They form the basis of the method of understanding these economic processes.

The analysis is based on a whole complex of digital data (accounting), and is also based on a system of methodological techniques for studying various aspects of the activities of any economic entity.

Economic processes and their results are reflected in a whole system of economic information. This economic information is very dynamic, but if it is rationally organized, then this flow is the main basis for economic analysis.

Economic analysis has its own subject, but the subject of its interests is the assessment of economic processes.

Analysis - assessment of socio-economic efficiency, assessment of final financial results.

Economic analysis- one of the elements of the production management mechanism.

1. 2. The development of scientific methods is a necessary condition for improving practice, and in turn, practice also always leaves its mark on science.

Currently, there are scientifically based types of classification of economic analysis; a developed market economy has identified the need for differentiation and delineated such concepts as internal management analysis and external financial and economic analysis.

Internal management analysis - component the entire analysis system, information and analytical support for management decisions.

External financial analysis- part of the analysis system, which should provide communication to external users.

Types of analysis:

1. 1) if in the process of economic analysis the conditions, results of economic activity, and the level of use of available resources (material, labor) are revealed, then such an analysis is called economic.
2. 2) if the analysis is carried out on the basis of a business plan, assignment, project, based on their implementation, then the analysis is current.
3. 3) if the assessment based on a certain range of data on economic activity is carried out over a long period, then the analysis is prospective.
4. 4) if the analysis is aimed at identifying effectiveness technical solutions, assessment of the significance of aspects of the activity, then the analysis is technical and economic. Based on this analysis, an assessment is made of the use of existing production capacities, areas, energy intensity, and power availability.

Operational analysis- assessment of the completion of tasks for a short period (period of operational activities).

economic analysis has improved at the same pace as productive capacity.

FSA is one of the most effective types of analysis, which allows you to solve problems in a complex manner that ensure progressiveness. This method is also called the method of active technical and economic diagnostics or the optimization method.

The origin of this method is associated with the development of production potential. In the 40s XX century engineer Sobolev (worked at the Perm Telephone Plant) began to deal with the issues of functional dependencies between costs, between constructive use, between its application.

At General Electric, engineer Miles began working on the same issue.

But only in the 60s. These methods of functional cost assessment were developed on a scientific basis (and not in practice). Taxonomists (Karp..., Majdoychik, Grampa) joined the problem.

Moiseeva also dealt with issues of FSA organizational assessment.

Conditions market competition must give a new impetus to the FSA in all its directions.

Object of analysis are functions, i.e. consumer properties of products, processes, as well as the costs of creating these functions (living and material).

Subject of analysis yavl. Cause-and-effect relationships between consumer value and the cost of specific products.

The main goal of the analysis is to find the optimal balance between consumer properties and costs.

The optimal ratio is the consideration of a number of dependencies (consumer properties are growing, competition is growing, costs are falling, etc.).

The FSA combines both economic and functional analysis.

Research of functions. In the analysis, the main and then the minor function are selected.

1. 1. Preparatory stage. The object is highlighted. A contingent of performers is being formed.
2. 2. Information stage.
3. 3. Analytical (creative or research). Specialists may have different levels of training. This stage is called brainstorming. The results are recommendations.
4. 4. Recommendatory (affirmative). A document must be published.

1. 3. Problems of analysis in a market economy.

At first, the analysis was analytical in nature based on accounting and reporting data. As industrial potential develops, the relevance of the analysis lies in an integrated approach (full assessment of use).

People who contributed to economic analysis: Khudyukov, Bakanov, Berkgolts, Veitsman, Maidaichin, Stotsky. According to the assessment of comprehensive development: Lvov, Sheremet, Paliy (father and son), Kovodvorsky, Danilevsky, Shchinkov.

There is no FSA as a comprehensive discipline abroad, only here. But abroad there is:

n inventory management theory (working capital turnover, optimal batches of workpieces, production launch);

n theory of cost accounting and control (estimation of production costs (cost), determination of the point of profitability).

Analysis tasks:

reorientation of the analysis methodology from assessment of already established stages to assessment for the future. Issues of competitiveness, financial stability (assessing the reliability of the counterparty partner), analysis when choosing counterparties (banks, suppliers...), analysis of the liquidity of the enterprise, forecasting some industrial relations...

Topic 2. Methodological and information base of economic analysis.

1. 1. Methodological techniques of economic analysis.
2. 2. Factors and their classification.
3. 3. Information Support economic analysis.

1. 1. The subject of economic analysis is understood as a dialectical method of approach to the study of economic, labor, production processes in their development, in their flow. Those. these methodological techniques should reveal the content, direction and methods of research.

Directions of research:

n identifying and measuring the role of various factors of economic and environmental processes

n studying the dynamics of development of these economic and production processes

n assessment of the results of the development of these processes, as well as assessment of available reserves

n identifying the level of implementation by quantity and quality of tasks, plans, projects...

Characteristic features of this method:

1. 1) use of a system of indicators
2. 2) study of the reasons for changes in these indicators
3. 3) mandatory identification and measurement of the relationship between causes, factors, etc.

The goal is to increase the social and environmental efficiency of all processes.

In the process of analysis and analytical processing of environmental information, a number of methods of environmental analysis are used; they can be conditionally divided into traditional and mathematical.

Traditional methods include those that have been used since the emergence of analysis (comparison, relative and average values, groupings, index method, chain substitution method, balance method, graphical method).

Mathematical techniques came into use later, when computers appeared, and their use is precisely an important direction in improving the methods and techniques of economic analysis.

1st technique: absolute and relative indicators are used in the analysis. Based on them, the method of economic analysis is used - comparison. The more databases there are in comparison, the deeper the analysis. During the analysis, the actual achieved results are compared with the design results for control. Comparison is used when actual results are compared with standard results to evaluate effectiveness. Comparison of actual results with past ones to assess dynamics. Sometimes a comparison of actual results with average values ​​is used to determine the position.

Comparison of actual data with data achieved abroad to use experience. Comparison of actual data with an economic model to determine and establish the highest level of capabilities.

2nd direction of 1st appointment: the task is compared with the expected results or with the actual data achieved, to determine the intensity of the task. The main thing with this technique is comparability in terms of indicators, comparability in calculation methods, comparability in calendar period, in terms of working conditions...

Incomparability leads to opposite results.

Comparison is the initial stage of analysis; in the future, reasons and deviation factors should be used and an appropriate assessment should be given.

Step 2 - Calculus. As a rule, average values ​​are calculated on the basis of mass, but qualitatively homogeneous data. They give a generalized characteristic (arithmic average, weighted average, harmonic average, mode, median). Fashion - structural average. Its difference from the arithmetic average is that it is found directly from the digital data of the members of some series. This is...the value of the maximum point on the distribution curve. Median is the value of a characteristic of a unit in the middle of a series of comparable values.

3rd technique - groupings. They are most often used when the goal is to identify reserves or some dependencies. The main thing is to choose the right signs. Based on groupings, the dynamics of a process are calculated. An integral part of groupings are analytical tables.

Graphic methods are used. They provide clarity and accessibility:

n columnar

n circular(specific gravity)

n linear (dependence by periods)

n coordinate (dependence of something on something)

n network.

Topic: Economic and mathematical methods (techniques) of economic analysis.

Those. Approximate, simplified calculations will be replaced by more accurate ones. Computers and EMMs make it possible to solve so-called multidimensional analysis problems.

We'll consider:

n methods of elementary mathematics

n classical methods

n methods of mathematical statistics (methods of one-dimensional, multidimensional statistics of populations)

n econometric (to determine either production functions, or input-output functions).

All mathematical methods are based on the EMM methodology and involve solving a class of problems by applying simulation models(drawing up equations). Depending on the purposes of the analysis, eco-models are distinguished into deterministic and stochastic.

Determinism (from Latin “determino” - the doctrine of the objectivity and laws of any phenomena). On the basis of determinism, phenomena are studied in which one cause, under certain conditions, gives rise to another, which is, as it were, a consequence. Those. deterministic analysis- decomposition of the phenomenon under study into some direct factors, the influence of which can be measured quantitatively.

Stochastic (from the Greek “stochastos” - able to guess). Stochastic modeling is a method for solving a class of static estimation problems. The models were built using factors that are not directly related. These factors (connections) exist between random variables, but when one of the factors changes, the value of the other also changes. The construction of such models is based on the generalization of variants of values. And when it is necessary to measure the influence of these random variables, correlation analysis.

When a correlation analysis is carried out, it is determined that some factors (signs) determine others - functions (consequences); if the indicator changes under the influence of many factors, then more observations need to be made.

The main indicator is correlation coefficient:

1. 2. Factors that determine the result of economic activity and their classification.

1. 1) driving forces of economic processes
2. 2) conditions for the completion of economic processes
3. 3) reasons influencing these processes.

The economic activity of enterprises is a whole complex of interconnected economic processes.

The more detailed the factors are studied, the more complete the results, the more justified the decisions made. These factors are interrelated and influence the results of economic activity either positively or negatively. It happens that the negative impact of some factors can negate the positive impact of other factors.

Based on the degree of impact on work results, factors are divided into:

n basic (example: supply of materials)

n minor.

By degree of quantitative measurement:

n - quantifiable

n not assessable.

By exposure time:

n are constant, i.e. influencing continuously

n temporary, i.e. valid for a certain period.

Intensive factors are more efficient processes and factors.

Factors of an extensive nature are associated with the quantitative expansion of the material and technical base, with the involvement of additional labor resources.

By coverage:

n specific, which apply only to a given enterprise.

By degree of detail:

n simple (result of one cause)

n complex (the result of many causes).

By nature of action:

n objective (does not depend on the results of the actions of a given enterprise)

n subjective (depend only on the results of the actions of a given enterprise, on the efficiency of use of resources).

By method of determination:

n straight lines (the influence of which can be determined without special calculations)

n calculated (calculations must be made).

By effect on results:

n 1st order - directly affect the result and are studied first

n 2nd order - influence through 1st order factors

n nth order.

1. 3. Information support for economic analysis.

When developing a management decision, the analysis is carried out on the basis of a system of indicators. This system of indicators is an information base for analysis; it is very dynamic.

Sources of analysis are divided into:

1. 1. accounting
2. 2. off-account.

Accounting sources of analysis:

1. 1. accounting data
2. 2. data from static reporting
3. 3. data on business processes from operational accounting
4. 4. data through sampling (sampling studies).

Sampling methods:

n continuous observation

n strict documentation

n by accounts

n groupings from reporting tables.

Operational accounting and reporting data can be used for analysis.

Non-accounting sources of analysis:

1. 1. audit materials. They are carried out by the accounting department, a group of auditors...
2. 2. auditors' reports
3. 3. materials of tax service audits
4. 4. materials of meetings of labor collectives
5. 5. minutes of production meetings
6. 6. explanatory notes and reports
7. 7. Worker photo results for
8. 8. Census of equipment and available inventories
9. 9. design, technological and other documentation

10. production data sheets of equipment

11. results of visual observations

12. results of a sample survey.

1. 4. Organization of analytical work.

Efficiency and analysis results depend on proper work planning and organization.

Conventionally, the entire analysis process can be divided into a number of main stages:

1. 1. drawing up a program (plan) of analysis. Indicated by:

n purpose of analysis

n scope of analysis

n circle of performers (accountant, economist...)

n analysis sequence

n period of analysis.

1. 2. selection of sources of information, control over the reliability of this information.
2. 3. systematization and analytical processing of source data.
3. 4. generalization of the results of the analysis and their presentation in an appropriate document, which contains an objective assessment of the work. The document must contain proposals, recommendations, measures to eliminate losses and shortcomings, and measures to improve production efficiency.
4. 5. control over the implementation of the analysis results.

Topic: Analysis of the volume, quality and structure of products and services.

1. 1. Methods and tasks of analyzing the volume of products, works and services.
2. 3. Analysis of the rhythm of production of GP and the completeness of the backlog.
3. 4. Current and comprehensive analysis of product quality.

1. 1. Tasks:
2. 1) the main task of any enterprise is to assess the volume, quality, dynamics, and structure of products.
3. 2) checking the balance and optimality of the planned type of product, as well as assessing the reality and intensity of production indicators.
4. 3) identifying the influence of individual factors on the final results.
5. 4) development of recommendations (measures) both current and for the future.

When analyzing product sales volume, the following meters are used:

1. 1. absolute:

n natural

n cost

n labor

1. 2. relative:

n coefficients

n hundredths

Each of these meters allows you to identify the influence of any factors on the results production activities.

Analysis techniques:

1. 1. traditional:

n comparison

n indices

n average value

n balance sheets

n graphics

1. 2. mathematical

n linear programming

Information base for analysis:

1. 1) statistical indicators (appendix to the balance sheet - form No. 4)
2. 2) data
3. 3) operational reports
4. 4) different kinds accompanying documentation.

Product production is assessed using natural and conditionally natural indicators, as well as in units of labor intensity.

TP=GP+services+cost...calculation? for third parties

PE=TP-material costs

UCHP=TP-MZ+depreciation

RP=TP-+(O2-O1), O2,O1-balances in the GP warehouse at the beginning and end of the period.

The volume of sales is predetermined by the volume of TP or VP.

GP can be implemented by:

1. 1) wholesale prices
2. 2) retail
3. 3) negotiable

Wholesale prices are set at the level of retail prices minus trade and sales discounts, taking into account the location of the enterprise.

When setting selling prices for products, they are guided by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 55 dated December 19, 1991 and the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On measures to liberalize prices” dated December 3, 1991.

in market conditions, prices differ according to the characteristics of purchase and sale:

1. 1) the base price is set when there is a transaction and it is necessary to determine the grade and quality of the product, i.e. it is agreed upon at the level of purchase and sale between the supplier and the consumer.
2. 2) invoice price is a conditional price, it is agreed upon at the level of concluding a contract.

EXWORK - the seller gives the buyer the right to dispose of the products in his warehouse.

FOB - the goods will be delivered directly to the buyer at the expense of the supplier to the location (sea).

CAF - conditions when the seller pays expenses to the destination (air and rail).

CIF=CAF+insurance premium.

1. 3) world price - determined by the price level of exporters or the price level at auctions, or the price level of leading firms.

1. 2. Analysis of the structure and range of products.

Product structure- the ratio of individual types of state enterprises to the total output of state enterprises in physical terms.

The assortment characterizes the totality of products produced according to...

If an enterprise has exceeded the target for all products, but the degree of overfulfillment for individual types of products is not the same, then the structure will be disrupted. If one product is overfulfilled, and others are underfulfilled, then both the structure and assortment are disrupted.

When analyzing the characteristics of the assortment structure, it is determined Assortment coefficient, it is determined based on the business plan.

To assortment = 10800/12000 = 0.9.

This means failure to fulfill both the nomenclature and the assortment. It is advisable to count on assortment when products are frequently updated. Then the products:

n comparable (i.e. there is a basis for comparison)

n incomparable (there is no base, but there are comparative coefficients for comparable and incomparable products).

With high specific gravity new products the company has structural shift, which is undesirable due to an increase in the labor intensity of the product, or due to price changes.

Analysis of the implementation of agreements and contracts.

The basis for fulfilling the task of selling products is marketable products. When analyzing sold products, a number of aspects can be considered. The main ones:

n provision of products intended for sale with agreements and contracts

n solvency of the counterparty

n possibility of picking according to shipping standards.

Performance under contracts, assessment of performance is carried out by direct counting, i.e. comparisons are made by quantity, by price, by delivery time, by contract, by actual completion.

Such an analysis can reveal the threat of overstocking due to the release of products that are not in demand or identify upcoming losses due to fines for under-delivery. Particular consideration can be given to the implementation of contracts for cooperative supplies.

1. 3. Analysis of the rhythm of production of GP and the completeness of the reserve.

Uniform production of products in accordance with the assignment is, first of all, production in accordance with some internal regulatory document - this is a schedule (ten-day, five-day, daily). But this does not mean that the output should be the same throughout the year. As a rule, schedules are drawn up for a month. And based on the schedule, the rate of production throughout the year is determined.

For large-scale or mass production, schedules for uniform production are developed, and the estimated indicator is the uniformity coefficient. It is determined by the following algorithm:

Where - shortfall per day in accordance with the schedule;

P - monthly plan.

The analysis examines the underlying causes of unevenness. There are quite a lot of reasons: untimely provision of resources, incompleteness of the filling station, disproportionate load of equipment (breakdowns, downtime...), lack of workers, errors in calculations, low level of production and technological discipline.

For small-scale and single-piece production, K rhythm is calculated. It characterizes the share of product delivery for each week in relation to the task. To calculate it, the average daily delivery of products is determined based on the number of working days in a month (for example, 22 working days, 100% of production, then 100%/22 = 4.54% per day, per decade - 7 * 4.54% = 31.78%).

The enterprise worked irregularly. Calculate the rhythmicity coefficient:

Kr sq = (94.0+98.5+98.5)/3 = 97.

Irregularity is tantamount to loss, primarily of working time. Elimination of irregularity creates opportunities for additional production, effective use resources.

Loss calculation formula:

P=(D1+D2)-M*(B1+B2)/100=7+7-22*(27.8+29.8)/100=1.3 days.

M - number of working days in a month

P - losses.

1.3 days*12 months=16.6 days

16.6 days*1000 conventional units*1000 people=16.6 million conventional units.

eliminating losses due to irregularity has the potential to increase product output, improve quality, etc.

Internal reasons that cause irregular release:

n insufficient quality of production preparation

n quality of calculations for the backlog set

n late delivery of components.

External reasons (may be objective):

n insolvency of the counterparty

n poor quality delivery.

To analyze completeness, you can use operational accounting data for parts and assemblies. Completeness analysis is carried out for large-scale and mass production, where an operational calendar accounting system is in place.

The analysis reveals the following:

n number of parts and assemblies required to produce products for the analyzed period

n the actual consumption of parts and assemblies for the same period is determined

n there must be data on the actual number of parts and assemblies at the beginning and end of the period.

One*n - one-day requirement

P - total number of nomenclature parts or positions.

It is calculated for individual workshops of the production process. Comparing it for individual workshops makes it possible to identify any inconsistencies: excess or shortage of parts and components.

1. 4. Analysis of product quality and grade.

Product quality- a set of properties that determine the degree of its suitability to satisfy the relevant needs of those using this product.

The quality of products is formed even before their physical appearance. This is the so-called scientific and technical level of products.

This original quality must be maintained during the manufacturing process...

Standardization is the activity of establishing norms, rules, characteristics.

In the Russian Federation they use GOSTs, OSTs (industry), STP (enterprises). They contain the requirements for certification.

Certification is an activity aimed at maintaining compliance with established requirements.

In the Russian Federation there is general rules for certification. Based on her behavior, a certificate (document of compliance with the requirements) is issued.

Certificate standards:

1. 1. ISO 9000 - contains a description of the standards of 3 quality models. Prevention of product defects both at the development and manufacturing stages.
2. 2. BIP (defect-free manufacturing of products).
3. 3. KSUKP (integrated product quality management system). Quality analysis according to this system is carried out in stages. First, the share of products with a quality mark is determined, and then products are determined by category: products of the 1st category, products of certain useful qualities, but below world standards; products of the 2nd category, used in industry, but not meeting world standards. Products assessed in category 2 are subject to discontinuation. Where products are not assessed according to quality categories, the grade category is used. Product grade also characterizes quality, but for certain industries.
4. 4. when determining the grade, GOSTs and OSTs are used and grade coefficients are determined, confirming the level of quality.

Average to grade according to assignment = 1450/(300*5) = 0.96

Wed. To grade fact. = 1465/(310*5) = 0.98

Average price per order = 1450/300 = 4.83

Average price fact. = 1450/310 = 4.72

(4,83-4,72)*310=33,3

When product quality is assessed, the reasons for the decline in quality are identified. Cause:

n low-quality raw materials, materials

n low qualifications of performers

n disruption of the technological process, etc.

These reasons are summarized and conclusions are drawn.

Subject: Analysis of material costs and use of material resources.

1. 1. The relevance of the analysis of material costs and their use.
2. 2. Analysis of compliance with standards for the consumption of material costs and energy resources.
3. 3. Indicators of the use of material resources.
4. 4. Factors influencing the material consumption of products.

1.Rational use of resources has always been considered as a factor in increasing production efficiency. The need for such a reasonable reduction in Me products is due to the fairly high share of Me and energy carriers in the cost of production.

In industry, MZ accounts for up to 75% and tends to increase. Saving material resources is equivalent to increasing their production. This contains large reserves of profitability. There is such a relationship between Me, labor intensity, Fe, level of investment:

n if equipment and technology improve, then the use of materials may tend to decrease.

Analysis of Me in production is carried out in the following areas:

1. 1) changes in the level of Me as individual products and the entire commercial output are studied. These changes should be considered in dynamics and in comparison with the task.
2. 2) identifying the reasons for changes and assessing the results achieved for certain types of products and for certain types of materials.
3. 3) study of the quality and dynamics of consumption rates.
4. 4) generalization and analysis of data on the amount of losses in production, on production waste by energy materials.
5. 5) measuring the efficiency of using material resources when producing new products to replace old ones.
6. 6) assessment of specific Me production.

Scheme for performing the analysis of used mathematical resources.

Sources of information for analysis:

1. 1. financial statements
2. 2. in-production reporting
3. 3. statistical reporting.

2.Analysis of compliance with consumption standards of metallurgy and energy carriers.

Rationing the consumption of material resources (MR) of raw materials is an important prerequisite for the rational use of MR in production. The effectiveness of the entire system for the use of MR depends on the organization of the regulatory economy.

At the enterprise, the standardization of MR is mainly carried out by technical services:

1. 1) constructors
2. 2) technologists
3. 3) special regulatory department.

Norm is the maximum permissible amount of consumption of specific material resources per unit of production or per unit of work. When rationing the consumption of MP, they proceed from the weight of the finished product or from the black weight of the workpieces.

3.1) To use the material in physical terms. Kim=m/A, m is net weight, A is black weight.

3.2) K cutting = Mz/A, where Mz is the mass of the workpiece.

3.3) To use the workpiece = m/amount of material per workpiece (Mz).

3.4) K losses = (A-m)/A

3.6) Specific Me. It is usually calculated based on the size of materials and volume: per 1 unit of beneficial effect.

The complexity of MR analysis is that a whole series of parts can be made from 1 type of material. Therefore, due to large quantity In detail, it is quite difficult to establish the cause of the deviation. All deviations in production must be recorded in some kind of documentation. Norms can be individual or group.

Group norms - average level costs per unit of the same or similar products by type of resource.

A progressive norm for an enterprise will be one that is based on modern technology, which is designed for productive equipment.

In the process of analyzing the validity of norms, the following comparisons can be made:

1. 1) facts of consumption with the established norm
2. 2) the level achieved with the consumption of previous periods
3. 3) can calculate deviations by comparison with industry standards.

When assessing the use of material resources, an analysis of the use of materials and recycling of materials is carried out. In order to carry out the analysis, you need to calculate the theoretical amount of expenses. The collection and return of waste must be provided for in the technological route. In addition, the enterprise must develop a waste classifier, which must indicate the main characteristics:

n by place of origin

n by individual phases of the production process

n by type of materials produced

n according to the range of source materials.

According to the nature of sweat and waste:

1. 1) provided for by the technological process
2. 2) caused by a violation of the technological process

Waste can be returnable or non-returnable.

4. Factors influencing Me products:

1. 1) external - independent of the activities of the enterprise (changes in prices, supplies)
2. 2) internal (level of progressiveness of design solutions, technological process, organization of the production process and labor).

By purpose for the amount of material costs:

1. 1) price factor for material costs
2. 2) factor of norms
3. 3) factor of production losses.

Analysis of Mo objects of labor.

The impact of changes in material costs on production volume:

2.1893*530+0.0564*530/2=1175 rub.

23450*0.0564+0.0564*530/2=1337 rub.

Topic: Analysis of OPF.

1. 1. Relevance of the analysis and information base.
2. 2. Analysis of the state of the OPF
3. 3. Assessment of the economic potential of the enterprise
4. 4. Analysis of the use of OPF
5. 5. Analysis of production capacity utilization.

1. The relevance of the analysis of the OPF is largely determined by the mathematical and technical base, i.e. the degree of equipment of the OPF production process, as well as the efficiency of using these OPFs.

Analysis tasks:

1. 1) the task of improving the level of security of the enterprise.
2. 2) studying their technological level
3. 3) efficiency of using OPF
4. 4) study of the influence of OPF on the amount of output
5. 5) identifying reserves for increasing the main indicator - capital productivity.

OPF are divided into main and circulating, active and passive.

The information base for analysis of OPF is mainly accounting statements (chart of accounts (12/28/94) and regulations on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation (12/24/94)). Currently, the number of reporting forms ranges from 1 to 2, depending on the industry. The most accurate value of OPF is reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise, and development tables for this value can be used just for analysis. Accounting and analysis of OPF based on these tables can be carried out both in kind and in monetary terms. Natural expression necessary to determine the technical composition, to determine the production capacity of the enterprise, to draw up a balance of equipment, to draw up a balance of production capacity. All this is needed for timely updating.

To take into account dynamics, to plan expanded reproduction, to create a depreciation fund, to determine the cost of a product and to determine the effectiveness of using the general fund, a monetary assessment is necessary. There are several types of assessments:

n total book value

n residual book value

n total replacement cost

n residual replacement value.

The full book value - the initial cost, is formed at the moment the open pension fund enters into operation. Depending on the sources of income of the general fund, their initial cost can be understood as:

n the cost of fixed assets contributed by the founders as a contribution to the authorized capital of the enterprise.

n the cost of fixed assets manufactured at the enterprise or purchased from other enterprises or individuals, they are assessed based on the amount of actual costs, including delivery, installation, and installation costs.

n the cost of fixed assets received free of charge or funds allocated as government subsidies.

Monetary value of losses physical properties or economic qualities is called wear and tear. Initial cost - depreciation amount = residual book value.

In order for PF to be valued at uniform prices, periodic general revaluation is required. The revaluation is due to the liberalization of prices and tariffs...revaluation is necessary for the enterprise to form reasonable monetary estimates of the financial assets, to update the financial assets, to create a reasonable initial base

The replacement cost minus depreciation is called the residual replacement cost. The degree of wear and tear in % for each individual type of equipment after revaluation should remain equal to its degree of wear before the first assessment according to accounting data.

2.OPF - a set of material assets used as means of labor for a long time, operating in kind in the sphere of material production.

According to the role of OPF in production: production and non-production.

By type, depending on the technical functions and role in the production process: buildings, structures, working machines and equipment.

By accessory: own and rented.

By use: in operation, under reconstruction, in reserve, in conservation.

The OS includes:

1. 1) capital investments for land improvement. Determined in relation to the areas accepted for operation, regardless of the end of the work period. The amount is accepted according to the amount of physical expenses
2. 2) capital investments in perennial plantings
3. 3) capital investments in land plots acquired by the enterprise at the actual costs of their acquisition.

When analyzing the composition and movement of the OPF, the dynamics of change are considered with the determination of the specific weight of individual groups of the OPF.

During the analysis, a technical examination and assessment is carried out, i.e. the amount of physical wear and tear is determined either in general for any type of equipment, or separately for its parts. When determined in parts, a weighted average wear value is formed and recorded as wear for a given type of equipment. There is a difference between physical and moral wear and tear.

Physical wear and tear is the loss of technical and economic properties, loss of consumer value, which is transferred to the finished product. Physical wear and tear is assessed for two reasons - either by technical condition or by service life.

Where Tf is the actual period, Tn is the standard time, L is the liquidation value.

Obsolescence - premature, before the end of the standard period of physical wear and tear, equipment falling behind either in terms of economic efficiency or technical specifications. Obsolescence is also determined as a percentage based on expert assessment or on the basis of any quantitative measures.

All coefficients must be determined for individual groups of equipment over time.

Analysis of the age composition of equipment.

In order to analyze the OPF, it is necessary to group them. First, they are grouped by purpose and technical characteristics, then by the duration of use of the equipment. Next, a comparison is made of the actual service life with the standard life.

The planned process of accumulating funds to replace retirees is called depreciation.

3.Assessment of the economic potential of the enterprise.

In accordance with international terminology, the assets of an enterprise are the so-called. economic resources that should bring economic benefit. That. assets have economic potential. This potential is divided into:

Active part

- “unexpected assets” is an amount of funds that does not have a physical form, but which can also generate income (business reputation, patents, trade marks, copyrights and licenses...)

Evaluation method business reputation is based on the fact that in order to determine it, the main condition must be met - the excess of the enterprise’s net profit over the industry average net profit.

Task: average industry profitability = 20%, average profit per year for the enterprise over the last 5 years = 30,000, general operating profit = 100,000.

R=30000*100%/100000=30%

30000/0.2-100000=50000 rub. - business reputation.

4. The efficiency of using OPF is characterized by the ratio of the growth rate of production volumes and the rate of change in OPF.

Fem = 1/Fotd, Fvoor = OPF/average list of workers.

Fo analysis: determining the influence of factors on Fo, the influence of Fo on production volume.

Factors influencing Pho:

n equipment performance

n To the shift of equipment operation

n level of ma.costs

n equipment cost

n specific gravity of machinery and equipment.

Equipment usage analysis.

The equipment may be available, installed, or operational. The provision of the enterprise with equipment and the completeness of its use are checked.

Extensive path indicators:

n quantity of equipment

n machine hours worked

n shift factor

Intensive path indicators:

n production output per 1 machine-hour.

Kak=actual time worked/planned time fund=388000/469100=0.83

Kint=actual rubles/machine hour/planned rubles/machine hour = 15/12.3=1.22

Kintegral = Kek*Kint=0.83*1.22=1.01

81100*12.3=-997.6 tr.

2.7*388000=+1047.6 tr. +50 t.r.

The level of utilization of installed equipment is usually always linked to the use of productive space. In order to assess how efficiently an enterprise uses its production space, find the production space rental rate:

5.Productive capacity- the maximum possible output of products in a certain range with full use of production space, taking into account advanced equipment, technology, modern organization production.

N=P*F, where N is the power, P is the productivity of the equipment, F is the operating time of this equipment.

N=F/Q, where Q is the labor intensity of the product.

Capacity is determined by type of equipment or by production workshop. In this case, the goal is to identify the bottleneck, i.e. groups of equipment that do not correspond in their capacity to the overall capacity of the workshop. As a rule, such an assessment is given when the degree of intensity of the production task is determined and the power utilization factor is determined.

Nav=Nstart + Nentered * Action time/12 + Noutput*Time?/12

Based on them, a balance of production capacities is compiled.

Connectivity = N/No*P = capacity of the main workshop/capacity of the analysis workshop, taking into account the specific weight of the use of products of the main workshop (P) = 1400/(1000*1.5) = 0.98

Topic: Analysis of labor resources and labor resource indicators.

1. Relevance of the analysis and information base
2. Comprehensive and operational analysis of the use of labor resources
3. Factors for the effective use of labor
4. Labor potential analysis
5. Labor productivity analysis
6. Analysis of the use of the wage fund

1 At the enterprise level, products needed by society are created and necessary services are provided. The company focuses the most qualified personnel. Even in a market economy, the center economic activity- company.

The main purpose of the analysis of labor indicators is to increase the level of management of production and economic activities, to increase the level of socio-economic processes occurring within the enterprise. The analysis of the socio-economic development of the team is based on a system of labor indicators, because these labor indicators are associated with a number of other indicators that characterize the production and economic activities of the enterprise. That is why we cannot limit ourselves to considering labor indicators; they must be considered taking into account all aspects of economic activity manufacturing enterprise(situations in which the activity of an enterprise takes place: external conditions, economic indicators cannot be considered in isolation from material resources, the external situation, from the provision of material and technical base).

When analyzing labor resources, it is necessary to take into account that each individual has his own production potential; it is necessary to take into account that the team consists of individuals.

Analysis of the use of labor indicators can be carried out at all levels of management, but taking into account the scale of analysis, i.e. the degree of detail and reasons for deviations will be different, but the results of economic analysis of industrial indicators will always depend on the reliability of the initial information, its completeness and quality.

Sources: statistical reporting, operational reporting, non-accounting documentation.

The main form of statistical reporting provided by enterprises is Form No. 1T (quarterly and annual) - the number of workers engaged in heavy work, in production areas with harmful sanitary and hygienic conditions, the amount of compensation for these workers. There is also a head start number 2T (quarterly and annual) - on the use of labor resources (average number of employees, payroll, data on unpaid wages).

Regulatory framework for the use of labor resources:

1. Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment of the Russian Federation” dated 91
2. Law “On Collective Bargains and Agreements” 92
3. Law of the Russian Federation “On the procedure for resolving collective labor disputes» 95
4. Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” 96
5. Law of the Russian Federation “On trade unions, their rights, guarantees of activity” 96
6. Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Unified Tariff Qualification Directory

2 A comprehensive analysis is called final, meaning not only the end of the period, but also the final assessment of activity, which is based on a detailed examination of all components of labor potential. Detailed examination of factors that either improve or worsen the use of labor potential.

Tasks of complex analysis:

1. Determination of the size and quality of labor potential in the structure of the enterprise, the production capabilities of the enterprise, the correspondence of labor potential to the planned output of production volume.

The amount of labor potential is determined by the working time fund collective, and the structure of labor potential is determined by the relationship between the categories of workers of the entire industrial production potential in workshops and services.

The quality of labor potential is characterized by the correspondence of the type of work to the type of workers and on a different scale, both in the enterprise and in its divisions.

1. 2. Assessing the degree and rationality of using labor potential is the stage of identifying the causes of ineffective use of labor potential, i.e. determination of direct, hidden losses with subsequent grouping of these causes and losses.
2. 3. Assessing the effective elimination of causes and losses.

Operational analysis.

Designed to monitor the implementation of certain established tasks, indicators and to make operational decisions to eliminate any negative deviations or to develop positive areas. This is a short period and decisions must be prompt.

Tasks of operational analysis:

1. checking the compliance of actual indicators with established ones, determining the magnitude of deviations
2. identifying the mutual influence of some deviations to determine the causes

Principles of link identification:

1. making some kind of management decision, i.e. don't wait until the month is over
2. determining the possibility of increasing the value of a task or plan without involving additional material labor resources
3. operational assessment of the interaction of individual divisions of the enterprise, workshops, services.

Operational analysis indicators:

1. Number and structure of employees
2. Labor productivity of workers
3. Payroll fund

Action plans with timeframes involved may be put in place to eliminate causes.

Requirements for organizing analysis:

1. Systematicity - allows you to accumulate material for subsequent comprehensive analysis, build time series, and determine those progressive trends that are characteristic of a given area
2. Simultaneity of operational analysis with other activities (with technical analysis, organizational analysis)
3. Reliability and quality of information for operational analysis

TP indicators:

1. The main indicator is the number. The number of personnel is formed from the number of workers, employees, specialists
2. Qualification of the composition of workers is an assessment of the structure of the technological process. The general assessment is the average tariff category. This is the arithmetic average of tariff categories, weighted by the number of workers having these categories. Average category of workers = category * number of workers / number of workers Compares with the average tariff category of work. Tariff category slave-x = labor intensity * category slave-x * volume of work / volume of work They are calculated to determine the compliance with the qualifications of workers and the complexity of the upcoming work. This correspondence should be maximum, i.e. It is advisable to equate these two indicators. If they do not correspond, then if the category of workers is higher than the category of work, then additional payment is necessary.
3. Indicators of labor movement (abs. (number) and relative). relative:

Hired = number of hired / Number of workers

Kvybytiya = Chuvolenh / SSC

Ktek.cadres = Dismissed for unjustified reasons / SSC

Stability of personnel = Number of people who worked for the whole period / SCH

4. Indicators of the use of jobs (abs. (number of jobs) and relative (use of jobs))

Usage of jobs = average number of workers / average annual number of jobs

5. Providing TRs with the volume of work. The absolute deviation from the required number of workers is calculated and the relative deviation is calculated. In this case, the conditional release of workers is determined. The magnitude of deviations is determined as the difference between the actual number of workers and the base number, adjusted to the coefficient of increase in production volume in %

Number = 1000, Fnumber = 1100, V-110%, 85% due to an increase in the amount of labor

1100-1000(1+(1.1-1)*0.15)=85 people

1. Using the working time calendar fund. the FRF assessment is made on the basis of the balance of working time, which is determined in person/days, person/hours. The maximum possible PDF is determined and its use is assessed. Losses are identified and classified by reason. When analyzing the use of the FRF, a number of coefficients are calculated: Length of working time, Length of quarter, calendar year, Average number of days (hours) worked by one worker.

Use of work time = time worked in hours / maximum possible PV in hours

7. Use of shift work mode.

Xshift = actual number / number in the largest shift

K can be determined for a specific date, or for a period. Considering this indicator in dynamics, one determines the current trend or gives an estimate regarding the maximum possible value. It is differentiated for each industry and enterprise.

5 Analysis of labor productivity and the impact of labor productivity on production volume.

To assess the level of PT, a system of generalizing, partial, auxiliary indicators is used.

General indicators include:

Average annual production per worker

Average hourly production per worker

Average daily production output per worker

as well as the average annual production per worker in in value terms.

Method for determining production output per worker in value terms– the most common assessment method. One of the significant disadvantages is that when using this method, the influence of the price level is felt, and in addition, this indicator is also influenced by the level of material costs.

Product output in physical terms– this is a more accurate assessment of the level of PT. The disadvantage is that there is incomparability with a large nomenclature, assortment, grade, and the use of any conversion factors does not always accurately reflect reality.

Productivity in standard hours- this is the most accurate estimate, but there is a significant drawback - standard hours can only be used at a given enterprise and cannot be used at another enterprise, and these standard hours are taken into account only for piecework workers.

Assessment of PT is an analysis of the use of living labor, begins with the calculation of the level of output of workers and continues with an assessment of the planned, actually achieved, above-plan changes in the level of output per worker. The assessment is given both by the level of production and the rate of change. When determining the pace, comparison can be made either with the level achieved, or with the level achieved in the previous period, or with standards, or with an economic model.

Partial indicators are the time spent on producing a unit of a certain type of product (labor intensity per unit of output). This output can be considered as one man-day or man-hour.

Auxiliary indicators - characterize the time spent on performing a unit of a certain type of work or the volume of work performed per unit of time

The main goal of PT analysis is to identify PT reserves and identify the results of increasing production efficiency.

Average annual production (AGP) produced by one employee can be represented as the product the following factors: SGV = UD*D*P*SV, where

UD – share of workers in the total number of employees

D – number of days worked by one worker per year

P – average working day duration

SV - average hourly production

The influence of these factors on average annual production is calculated:

By the method of relative and absolute differences

By chain substation method.

Integral method

The analysis process should identify:

1. The degree of fulfillment of the internal production target for the growth of PT
2. Assessment of dynamics by time periods
3. The influence of labor productivity on the volume of output
4. The degree of influence of individual factors on PT, incl. and changes in product labor intensity

1. The degree of fulfillment of the internal production target for the growth of PT.

Comparison by absolute indicators:

Production increase = Vf-Vpl (rub.)

Comparison by relative indicators:

Increase in production = Vf * 100% / Vpl

1. Dynamics assessment

For a month – Jw/month=Vf/Vbas

For the quarter – Jv/q=Jv/1m*Jv/2m*Jv/3m

For a year – Jv/year=Jv/1kv*Jv/2kv*Jv/3kv*Jv/4kv

1. The influence of PT on the volume of production. At the same time, we determine the share of the increase in production volume due to changes in the number of workers and changes in their productivity.

I. option – when the increase average number less than the increase in production volume. In this case, if change.SSCh=5%, and change.V=10%, then change.V=100-5*100/10=50%

1. option - when the MPV remains unchanged, and an increase in production volume takes place. In this case, the volume change is carried out due to the PT

III. option - when the measured value is greater than the measured volume. it is believed that all production occurs due to numbers.

1. The degree of influence of individual factors on PT.

Technical

Technological

Psychological

Socio-economic – socio-economic conditions within the enterprise or conditions relating to comfortable conditions employees, interest in creating the image of the enterprise.

Headcount savings due to technological factors(mechanization, automation).

Tbaz and Tf - labor costs per product

Vf – volume of products on the labor intensity of which was affected by this process

Ff – hourly time fund of one worker or all workers in hours

K is the coefficient of fulfillment of production standards by workers.

P – duration of equipment operation

A is the number of products.

There may be organizational events:

Tf - actual reduction in labor intensity in the region of carrying out an organizational event or improving the production process, the labor process in standardized hours

Savings by reducing production losses.

Fbaz and Ff - the number of days worked by one worker in the basic and planned nature

CR – estimated number of workers

U – the share of workers in the total number of employees

When we assess PT and determine the amount of lost working time, the reason may be either the presence of all-day downtime or the presence of intra-shift losses (lack of tools, equipment breakdown, worker’s fault, downtime). They can influence the average hourly output.

If it is necessary to determine the amount of volume loss due to these factors, then the following formula can be applied:

(Df-Db)*Av/day=Vloss.

Labor intensity analysis. Analysis of the volume of a unit of production or the entire volume of production.

Labor intensity is the cost of working time per unit of production or for the entire volume of production. Calculated as a ratio:

Te=T/A=FRA for the manufacture of a certain type of product / quantity of product

T/V;?/h ​​/rub – the inverse of the average hourly output.

Reducing Te production is one of the most important factors for increasing PT, because the increase in PT primarily occurs due to a decrease in Te and not just a reduction in the norm.

In the process of analysis, the dynamics of Te are studied.

Reasons for changes in Te and the influence of Te on PT (factors):

1. design changes in product output (new technical solutions)
2. availability of technically sound standards => conversion coefficient
3. orderliness of standardization - the system by which standards are revised
4. change in the specific weight of their purchased products. (UVpl - UVf)*Tm/(100-UVf), where UVpl is the specific weight according to the plan, Tm is the planned Te for actual production
5. improving the organization of labor and production. His goals:
6. simplification of the product, i.e. reduction in the number of components and parts
7. improvement of design for any product, development of technological process based on the modular principle of technological preparation of production.

The evaluation indicator on the basis of which the final results are produced is the specific Te of production.

Analysis of the dynamics of the level of Te products.

Sometimes Te increases with the relative weight of newly developed products. Or it may increase when measures are taken to improve the quality of the product and to ensure competitiveness. This requires additional labor and money, but benefits from an increase in the number of products.

Therefore, the interconnectedness of products, quality, production costs, and profit volume should be the subject of attention in the analysis.

For a more detailed assessment of the fulfillment of certain levels of production, in order to identify reserves for increasing PT, the fulfillment of production standards by piece workers, both individually and on average for the enterprise, must also be assessed.

For this purpose, K for meeting production standards is determined ( KNV) as a weighted average.

6 Use of payroll, its analysis. Directions for assessing the use of payroll:

1. Payroll = V*N*K – in Soviet times, N is the standard, V is the volume of production. N=FOT/V, K-calculated indicator (there is a planned, design and actual). When calculating payroll, the weight of workers directly producing products must be taken into account.
2. One of the areas for assessing the use of payroll is to determine the absolute and relative overexpenditure or savings of payroll.

Relative change

Kv – Crost by production volume

Example: FOTplan=9600tr, FOTfact=9800tr, measured volume=+5%, specific weight of transactions=50%

Change FOTabs=9800-9600=+200tr – overexpenditure

Change in payroll%=(9800-9600)*100%/9600=+2.1% - losses

Meas.PHOTrel=9800-9600*1.05*0.5

1. The next direction of assessing the use of payroll. It is necessary to consider the payroll structure, i.e. it is necessary to determine the specific weight of paid labor various categories working.

Analysis of the structure of payroll use.

12/23/97. Two directions for using payroll

1. W=V*N*K
2. FOTf-FOTbase=-+meas. (planned dynamics)
3. By structure, i.e. specific weight FOTtr.page ? (?, piecework, time-based) of each category in the payroll
4. Determination by factors. When examining factors, they use the average salary indicator. Average salary is obtained by attributing the payroll to the average payroll wage? Average salary = FOT/SSCH PPP. When an assessment is made based on the level of salary, the assessment of average salary is considered:
5. by category of workers
6. according to the relative weight of the average salary of bonuses and allowances. Moreover, allowances of different nature
7. average salary in dynamics:

Over the past period

Basic level

Planned level

FOT=Avg.s/p*SSCh PPP

FOT=(Average salary f-Average salary pl)*SSCHf

If you need to consider the dependence of the payroll due to the SSCH, then -+ PHOTssch = (SSChf-SSChpl)*Avg.s/p pl

FOTpl=9600tr

FOTf=9800tr

Change payroll=+200tr

Change.FOT/FOTpl=200/9600=2.1%

SSCHpl = 1000 people.

SSChf = 1100 people, i.e. We maintain 10% fewer people than planned.

FZPpl = 9600 tr * 1000 people = 9600 ?

FZPf = 9800 tr * 1100 people = 8910 tr

Change payroll=(8910-9600)*1100=760tr

1. The next direction of the payroll is to determine the relationship between the level of average salary and the level of wages and the assumption that the optimal ratio is considered when the level of wages is ahead of the level of growth of average wages. It is this ratio that makes it possible for an enterprise to accumulate a certain amount of funds to ensure expanded reproduction, i.e. to increase production volume, create a material base, ensure the functioning of incentive systems for workers at the enterprise. In order to determine how correctly the payroll for the previous period was determined, you can use the ratio of the following coefficients:

Kfot=Kv*Ksr.s/p/Kpr.tr., where

Кv – volume growth coefficient

Kpr.tr. – PT coefficient

This coefficient should be low.

Determination of ratios for payroll, average salary and PT

Column 6 – information base.

3 line WFP of one slave = line 1/ line 2

5 line PT = 4 line / 2 line = production volume/SSChrab-x

Kfot=Kv*Kszp/Kpt

The main features of payroll in conditions of market payment?

Wages are always considered as the employee’s share in the national consumption fund. In a planned-regulated economy, this share was always allocated for wages based on work.

This practice of forming a payroll created confrontation (competition) between the interests of workers and society, because the worker and the enterprise always fought for a relaxed plan (hiding reserves, trying to inflate the payroll), and the state was interested in efficient management of the economy, i.e. in wages based on work, but without equalization, i.e. the state and workers have different interests. In order for there to be a coincidence, these interests had to be combined, i.e. increase the level of payroll, but based on increased production efficiency.

When analyzing the effectiveness of using payroll in market relations, we proceed from the following:

1. remuneration should be an effective stimulating factor in work activity
2. social justice does not change, but presupposes differentiation of the incomes of workers
3. the amount of funds allocated for consumption should be as profitable as work...

There is such a theoretical justification for income per worker, based on the following concepts, that distribution by labor does not directly determine the relationship between the employee and the whole society, but through activities at a particular enterprise, i.e. a worker’s salary is part of the cost of the product produced and it must be guaranteed by the income of the enterprise. That is why the rights of enterprises when forming a payroll were expanded and the enterprise received the right to form a payroll itself.

Topic: Analysis of production costs.

1. Production costs and their types
2. Analysis of production costs by economic elements
3. Cost analysis for calculated items
4. Analysis of costs per ruble of commodity output
5. Analysis of the level of profitability of production
6. Factor analysis of profit

1 Production costs in any type of activity are production factors. There are two approaches to estimating production costs:

1. accounting
2. economic

Accounting: in a planned-regulated economy, the subject of planning and accounting was only the accounting approach. And this is quite understandable, because... the costs of any enterprise in any period are equal to the cost of the resources used. This cost of the resources used has always been recorded in the accounts of the enterprises. These are obvious costs (expenses).

But economists, in addition to explicit costs, take into account implicit (alternative) costs.

When making management decisions and assessing actual costs, economists must consider not only reported income, but also alternative options, i.e. the enterprise will be viable, it can have income, profit, and at the same time, maximum profit should be at minimum costs.

The enterprise may bear fixed costs even when the company does not produce anything, i.e. depending on the volume of products or the volume of services provided (depreciation, management, insurance, advertising, etc.). further, the costs of raw materials, supplies, workers’ compensation, etc. change in proportion to the change in production volume, change in output - variable costs.

The time it takes a firm to change its output solely by variable costs, i.e. fixed costs remain the same, called short period.

The time during which a firm changes its output so much that all factors become variable is called long period and in this case there are:

Conditionally fixed costs - do not change in direct proportion to the volume of production (the enterprise has reduced production volume, and the foreman works the same).

Conditional variables - change in proportion to production costs.

There are also three different types of effect creation:

1. increasing economies of scale (i.e. production volume increases in a proportion that exceeds the increase in resource costs)
2. constant effect of growth in the scale of production, in this case the volume of production increases in the same proportion as resource costs (normal)
3. diminishing scale of production, in this case the volume of production increases to a lesser extent than the cost of resources (payment increases) and at the same time the average and long-term costs of resources increase (resources become more expensive)

2 To determine the value of production costs for any form of ownership, the cost category is used.

Resolution of the Russian Federation No. 352 of August 5, 1992 approved the Regulation “On the composition of costs for the production and sale of products, works and services included in the cost of products, works and services and on the procedure for generating financial results taken into account for taxation.”

In this Regulation, the cost of products, works and services is a valuation of the raw materials, materials, fuel and energy used in the production process, industrial assets, labor resources, as well as other costs for its production and sale.

Cost is a qualitative indicator that characterizes the production activities of an enterprise.

Qualitative – this is where all aspects of the enterprise’s activities and the degree of technological equipment and development of new types of equipment, new types of products are contained. The level of production and labor is also reflected here. The degree of utilization of the capacities available to the enterprise also affects.

This indicator also reflects cost-effectiveness and efficient use of material and labor resources.

In order to assess the cost, a whole system of evaluation indicators is needed.

This can be grouped into the following areas:

analysis of cost estimates by economic elements,

production cost analysis:

Information base for production cost analysis

(on the basis of which some conclusions can be drawn, something can be found).

I. Statistical reporting, results, etc. In a planned-regulated economy, statistical reporting took the following forms:

The cost according to the plan was reflected in dynamics (not now)

Form for the entire cost summary (currently not available)

Costs in general (currently none)

Now information can be obtained from the balance, balance applications.

II. The official basis for an economist is accounting (analytical and synthetic accounts, tabulegrams, primary documents: requirements, invoices, contracts). Also needed normative base– norms of labor costs in rubles, convert everything into rubles (for tariff rates, tariff transactions).

Why did they abandon statistical reporting? Because there is a trade secret.

In a planned economy - dissemination of best practices (in terms of costs per ruble of products). CNI regulated everything.

In a market economy we have switched to international standards.

Production costs are heterogeneous in their composition, economic purpose, and heterogeneous in their role in the manufacture and sale of products. This necessitates their classification. According to economic content, production costs are grouped by elements:

Material costs, waste

Labor costs

Contributions for social needs

OF depreciation

There are 8 economic elements, the so-called. material costs:

Raw materials

Semi-finished products

Fuel

Energy

This grouping by elements characterizes production costs, including costs for work and services of a non-industrial nature, i.e. all costs, no matter where they are incurred. Based on these economic elements, an estimate of production costs is formed, including an estimate of costs for upcoming expenses - for the expansion of production.

Analysis of production cost estimates by economic elements is carried out by estimating specific weights as a percentage of total costs.

Table: Analysis of production costs by economic elements.

This is the whole range of costs, taking into account the costs of material production.

As a result of this analysis, a comparison of the costs of the base period or those determined according to the estimate with the actual amount of costs is revealed.

Comparison of the plan in this way is due to the fact that costs are not considered for commodity output, i.e. These costs, as it were, accumulate the costs of future periods associated with the development of new products, with the development of new technical processes, i.e. upcoming payments - these expenses accumulate the costs of accumulating work in progress. That is why comparisons are made not by absolute numbers, but by relative values.

The analysis reveals the causes of deviations, the factors influencing these changes, and then the identified deviations can be reinfected and people will look for the culprits.

When analyzing, complex issues need to be taken into account. The cost of material resources must be assessed:

1. based on the purchase prices of material assets (VAT should not be taken into account, it is accumulated on other accounts)
2. markups, allowances, commissions that are paid by foreign trade organizations, not including in the cost of material costs:

Cost of exchange and brokerage services

Payment for transportation, storage, delivery, if carried out third parties, i.e. TZR.

Depending on the content of the TRP, they can either reduce the profit of the enterprise or be included in direct expenses.

1. Block. We studied the methodology for using material resources in detail.
2. Analysis. M+Z+CH+A=Amount of costs

10.02.98

1. 3. In order to analyze costs at the place of their occurrence and to determine costs per unit of a certain type of product, a grouping of costs (classification) according to costing items is used.

The list of costing items, their composition, and methods of distribution by type of product are determined by industry. Each industry develops its own guidelines taking into account the nature of production, industrial structure. The most complex calculation method in mechanical engineering.

1. 1. Materials (less returnable waste).
2. 2. Purchased semi-finished products
3. 3. Salaries of main production workers according to standards and prices
4. 4. Social insurance contributions
5. 5. Costs associated with the operation and maintenance of equipment
6. 6. Shop expenses.

Workshop cost.

1. 7. Factory overhead
2. 8. Expenses for the development of new products
3. 9. Losses from marriage

Production cost.

10. Commercial (non-production) expenses.

The total cost of a unit of product (or the entire product output).

All costs are divided according to certain criteria:

1. 1) by economic role in the production process (for basic and invoices). Basic items are those costs that are associated with the manufacture of products. The rest - invoices(related to servicing the production process and sales of products).
2. 2) according to the degree of dependence on changes in production volumes (variables - changing in proportion to changes in production volume; conditionally constant - not changing or changing not proportionally).
3. 3) according to the cost-cost ratio method (direct and indirect).

Direct costs: costs of raw materials (main materials that go directly to products, purchased semi-finished products, auxiliary materials, fuel, energy).

The amount of expenses for materials is determined by multiplying the consumption rate by the purchase price of the type of material, taking into account transportation and procurement costs. Those. these costs are included in the cost of the reporting period to which they relate. If costs are incurred in foreign currency, then these costs are determined by converting them into an amount that is determined at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of the transaction.

Salaries of production workers are made as follows: according to the basic piece-rate salary based on production standards and prices. When paying on a time basis, they are based on the number of hours of work in set time and established tariffs. Deductions are calculated according to established by law standard for the basic salary.

All direct costs are analyzed by comparing the achieved level with the actual value; with the past period; in dynamics. It is analyzed either per unit or for the entire commodity output, i.e. assessment of the use of costs at the place of their occurrence. Are emerging deviations considered by factors? formation of organizational conclusions.

Indirect costs:

the cost of inventory for the maintenance of equipment and machines in production shops; expenses for remuneration of workers for servicing workers in the workshops; to pay off the cost of external services; tool wear; depreciation of equipment and inside workshop vehicles; cost of auxiliary production services.

Indirect costs are distributed per unit of product according to the estimated normative method. Those. the amount of expenses is determined according to the estimate, and then this amount is determined as a percentage of the amount of the basic salary production workers. The resulting percentage is distributed per unit of production.

Shop expenses- these are the costs of maintaining the workshop management apparatus and other workshop personnel; MBP wear; depreciation (less others); goods and materials; costs for equipment and safety, labor protection.

The amount of these expenses is determined, and their distribution among the cost of a unit of product is carried out similarly to the RSEO.

Factory overhead:

• to the management staff (director, chief accountant, bosses).
• other personnel (typists).
• the cost of depreciation of general household equipment.
• depreciation of fixed assets of the management structure.
• travel expenses, telephone.
• on training and retraining of personnel.

The amount of costs is determined and distributed under this item similarly to the RSEO.

Non-production expenses related to product sales, packaging, storage, and transportation. This is advertising, participation in fairs and exhibitions.

Analysis of indirect costs is carried out in the following areas:

• The dynamics of indirect costs per 1 ruble of commodity output is studied.
• The influence of changes in the structure of production volume on the value of these costs is considered.

The analysis can be performed based on an assessment of the use of estimates by type or expense group. At the same time, deviations and unproductive expenses are identified, and their values ​​are determined. The structures that influenced the level of these expenses are analyzed.

24.02.98.

Costs are grouped:

• by cost homogeneity. There are single-element and complex costs
• for participation in production: production, non-production.
• By frequency of occurrence: current, simultaneous (costs of preparation and development of new types of products; costs of launching new production facilities). The amount of these expenses is determined based on the calculation of the estimate. When drawing up an estimate, costs are included for the development of design documentation, the development of technological documentation, and the production of a prototype.

The costs associated with the production of design and technological documentation for the manufacture of special tools, as well as the costs of the first set of special tools also belong to this estimate.

The amount of costs determined according to the estimate for these purposes should be distributed over the size of the pilot batch (by the number of products) and reflected in the cost not of all products, but only of these products according to the size of this pilot batch.

• By efficiency: productive (creating use value in the production process at minimal costs) and unproductive (due to a lack of either technology or organization of production). They are always reflected in the reporting period in which they are identified.

Costing per unit of product is necessary for several purposes:

1. to determine the profitability of individual products
2. calculation - for the subsequent development of any measures aimed at reducing the cost of any product.

- must be greater than 0.25.

The next direction for estimating the value of production costs is to analyze the costs per 1 ruble of commodity output.

The increase in the share of new products in the commercial output, as well as the need to link the volume of costs with the amount of possible profit in the production sector, necessitates the introduction of such an indicator as costs per 1 ruble of commercial output. This analysis is performed:

1. to determine the level of change in production costs
2. to determine the level of profitability

The indicator of costs per 1 ruble of commodity output was introduced in 1958. as universal (for all sectors of the national economy), as rewarded? and as a fund-former.

Determination of costs per 1 ruble of commodity output.

Planned cost reduction = (84.9-83.3)*100/84.9=1.81%

Actual cost reduction=(84.9-82.6)*100/84.9=2.71%.

Such cost variances may depend on a number of factors:

• product range and production costs
• the range of products and the prices at which these products are sold.

5. Estimated profit, like cost, is an indicator characterizing production efficiency, reflecting the degree of use of material, labor and other means.

In a planned economy, enormous attention was paid to estimated profits.

In market conditions, profit as a ratio:

It is important that the profit aims the enterprise at increasing production efficiency, maintaining continuity, so that dynamics can be determined.

6. Making a profit from monetary assets in a market economy is required condition enhanced functioning of the enterprise. Those. the viability of the enterprise depends on:

1. to what extent is the return on advances ensured?
2. to what extent the achieved level of profitability creates the possibility of further growth of production (what are the influencing factors, factors of profit growth; how is the structure and range of products affected, changes in production volume, cost level, price level)

The cost analysis method is “CVP” (cost, volume, profit).

The critical sales volume is the sales volume that does not create a profit.

03/10/98. Topic: Analysis of enterprise profitability indicators.

1. Structure of enterprise income.
2. Absolute indicators of enterprise profitability.
3. Relative indicators of enterprise profitability and their relationship.

1. In market conditions, in order to make management decisions, you need to know not only the amount of profit received by the enterprise, but also their profitability. Profitability characterizes the efficiency of the enterprise and the skill of investment management. The main parts of profitability are profit, but the profit that is given in the calculations is a rather conditional value. In practice, it is carried out: in accordance with a number of documents, in accordance with regulatory documents, which are used by the State Tax Service.

The concept of income is more capacious than profit. In the explanatory dictionary, “income” is the flow of cash. Income- These are funds that come to the disposal of the enterprise in various forms. In modern economic conditions, along with profit, an enterprise can receive other income (dividends, interest on deposits, etc.).

Therefore, the final result from financial and economic activities would be correctly called not balance sheet profit, but income on the balance sheet.

The company has at its disposal temporarily free funds that are of a targeted nature, which are regularly received on the account. Such amounts of funds can only be used after a certain period of time. These are depreciation deductions, deductions to any reserve funds, for the creation of other funds provided for by law. When a reserve or other fund is created on the balance sheet, the profit itself decreases. These deductions are not included in the profit, but they remain at the disposal of the enterprise.

To determine the amount of funds of an enterprise, it is necessary to determine:

1. net profit amount
2. amount of depreciation charges
3. the amount of accrued reserve funds from profits.

They characterize the profitability of the enterprise for the reporting period.

2. When determining the degree of return on invested capital, a whole system of interrelated indicators is used. Each of these indicators has its own meaning for reporting users and has its own economic interpretation. When analyzing profitability, several calculation methods can be used, but most often they are calculated as a ratio of some type of income and some kind of comparison base.

Indicators(numerator):

1. Profit or income from the main activities of the enterprise, i.e. profit from the sale of products, services, type of work. This is the financial result of the enterprise for which the enterprise was created.
2. Profit or loss from financing activities. This is the balance between income and loss on operations not related to the sale of products, taking into account interest for using a bank loan.
3. Income from investment activities. This is part of the profit from financial and economic activities, which is the amount of income from any financial investments in shares of other enterprises, shares, bonds.
4. Book income or book profit. This is the amount of income from the financial and production activities of the enterprise.
5. Net profit. This is part of the balance sheet profit minus contributions to the reserve and other similar funds, minus the amount of profitable payments, minus income tax.
6. Profit is at the complete disposal of the enterprise. This is an absolute indicator, equal to income after completion of all distribution operations, differs from net profit by the amount of accrued dividends on shares.
7. Net result of investment exploitation. This economic effect received by the enterprise from the use of invested capital = the amount of book profit + interest on the loan. This indicator can be considered as payment for financial assets placed at the disposal of enterprises or as income from equity or borrowed capital.
8. Cash flow. The amount of funds that an enterprise has at its disposal, albeit temporarily = net profit + accrued depreciation + reserve fund.

Denominator of absolute indicators:

1. Revenue from sales of products excluding VAT and excise taxes.
2. Own capital = authorized capital + amount of reserve capital + amount of reserve funds + amount of retained earnings from previous years + amount of funds social sphere+ amount targeted financing+ the amount of budget revenues + the amount of intersectoral extra-budgetary funds.
3. Net assets are the amount of funds invested in the enterprise = amount own sources funds + amount of long-term liabilities. Or the difference between the total balance sheet for the asset and the amount of short-term liabilities.

Profitability indicators can be calculated either for a specific date or based on average annual data.

3. These indicators are divided into:

1. profitability indicators of the enterprise
2. return on equity indicators
3. indicators of profitability of enterprise assets.

Profitability indicators:

1. Self-financing rate = Balance sheet profit (6) / Amount of products sold * 100. This indicator reflects the profit that the enterprise has from each ruble of products sold. It characterizes the ability of an enterprise to self-finance, it is important in developing financing policies and can be considered as an opportunity for intensive development.
2. Rate of business income = Net profit (5) / Sales revenue * 100. Gives an idea of ​​the results of the enterprise’s economic activities and the degree of strength of its position. This indicator characterizes the strength of the enterprise in the sales market. Decrease – reduction in supply of products.
3. Profitability of products sold = Profit from sales (1) / Revenue from sales * 100. Managers use this indicator to monitor the relationship between the quantity of products sold, their prices, and the value of production costs.

Return on equity indicators:

1. Return on Equity = Net Profit (5) / Equity. This is a key investment indicator; in the West it is called the rate of return on equity. Shareholders and investors pay special attention to this indicator, since it the best way shows how much profit each ruble of own funds brings.
2. Total profitability = Book profit / Equity*100. This indicator characterizes the activity of the enterprise, the profitability of the enterprise from all types of activities per 1 ruble of equity capital. This indicator is used in the analysis working capital. This capital can be characterized by its share in the total amount of assets. This is the ratio of debt capital and equity capital.

Return on assets indicators:

1. Net profitability = Net profit / net assets * 100. Provides an estimate of return on equity.
2. Return on total capital = Net result (7) / net assets * 100. In foreign practice, this indicator is considered as one of the main ones and characterizes the performance of the enterprise.
3. Return on Cash = Cash Flow (8) / Net Assets*100. Provides the opportunity to make profit from all types of activities.

03.24.98 Topic: Auditing activity and its legal basis.

Literature: Podolsk “Audit”, UNITY.

1. The concept of audit and the prerequisites for creating audit services.
2. Internal and external audit.
3. Regulatory acts on auditing activities.
4. The principle of independence in auditing.
5. Main stages of an audit.
6. Audit of labor relations.

1. Just 3-4 years ago, audit firms were a new thing. Although it was necessary for the activities of enterprises for market purposes.

Auditing is viewed in different ways. Previously, many experts identified auditing activities with checking the reporting of non-state entities. They were wrong. Others identified auditing with accounting activities. This is also not true. Still others emphasized the main aspects of the audit - confidentiality, independence, payment. In fact, the point is different.

Audit – (trans.) accountant, controller.

In a planned economy there was no need for an audit. There was no need for independent oversight. Control was departmental (carried out through line ministries) and non-departmental. This group of controllers included: an accountant, employees of regular services, labor specialists to assess the organization of work, labor standards, technologists and employees of the controller service. Non-departmental control was carried out by territorial control services (KRU - control and audit department).

In a market economy, a situation arose when the reliability of accounting and reporting became necessary for the state, the administration of the enterprise, and shareholders.

Prerequisites for creating audit groups in the Russian Federation:

1. changing the management structure, eliminating line ministries, departmental control systems
2. a process of denationalization of the economy took place. In market conditions, truly expressed competition, intervention government agencies the financial activities of enterprises are limited; and owners and shareholders are interested in the reliability of accounting and the efficiency of business activities. It is important for them to have reliable data and convince the state and third parties of their reliability. Some independent examination can prove the reliability of the data - this is an auditor.

An audit is control and confirmation of the reliability of financial statements of enterprises, banks, insurance companies and other organizations.

2. Internal audit carried out by the enterprise itself. Its main tasks:

• implementation internal control for the formation of costs, as a rule, at the place of their occurrence
• identifying deviations from standard estimates. Determining the causes of deviations. Identification of reserves for providing the management of a company or enterprise with the necessary information to develop management decisions

Unlike internal audit, external audit is always carried out by audit firms on the basis of a contract. The goal is the same. External audit clients can be:

• government bodies, when the audit requirement is established by law
• owners of the enterprise (shareholders, investors)
• banks and other credit institutions that need to confirm the solvency of the enterprise.

There are three types of audits depending on the volume and depth of study of information:

1. Audit of financial statements. Confirmation of the correctness and compliance of their accounting policies in accordance with reporting forms.
2. Audit for compliance with basic requirements. Dive deeper into financial statements. One of the main tasks is to check the activities of the enterprise for compliance with its charter. Confirm the correctness of the accrual of funds for wages or other payments, the validity of writing off expenses for the cost of production...
3. Audit of economic activities. Comprehensive analysis of production and financial activities (marketing, investments, etc.).

Performed at the request of owners, founders, and third-party organizations.

3 The main regulatory act is Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 2263 “On auditing activities in the Russian Federation” on December 22, 1993. This decree introduced new rules and to this day this is the regulatory basis for auditing in our state and the basis for the regulator of a market economy. It was this decree that voluntarism was eliminated. The deadlines for future decisions on the procedure for conducting an audit, licensing, and certification were determined, and criteria should be determined (system of indicators, deadlines, regulations).

A commission under the President of the Russian Federation was created to prepare decisions. Chairmen? main departments and ministries, as well as the full Coordination Council for Audit Activities.

Composition of the Council: chairmen of independent audit organizations, chairmen of boards of auditors and associations of accountants, audit chambers.

Grands are powerful auditing firms.

The core of a market economy is property. It is by trusting the audit that enterprises make decisions to allocate their capital for their further expansion.

Investing capital should be wise. The practice of civilized audit shows the need to use? groups of normative documents:

1. audit law
2. auditing standards

It is auditing standards that make it possible to implement the principles of work of auditors, the content of work, the procedure for drawing up conclusions and other types of activities.

A total of 36 auditing standards have been approved:

1. Professional Auditor Code. It defines the requirements for objectivity, confidentiality, etc. The Professional Code of Auditors was adopted in August 1997.
2. Standards that define the procedure for certifying auditors: who is allowed ( higher education, three years of work in the specialty), who certifies the auditor ( The educational center, financial academy) who issues certificates to auditors (special commission), the procedure for registering audit firms (must have a license).

Sanctions: for illegal activities, the audit firm will be punished:

Fine 500-10000 minimum wage

Withdrawal of income

Deprivation of an audit firm of a legal entity

For evading an audit, penalties may be applied - from 100-500 minimum wages, to the head of the enterprise - 50-100 minimum wages.

Mandatory audit has been prescribed since 1994.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF

KEMEROVSK TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

FOOD INDUSTRY

KemTIPP

Yu.A. Puzanova

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC

ACTIVITIES OF THE ENTERPRISE
Lecture notes
For college students

Kemerovo 2010

Compiled by: Puzanova Yu.A.
Reviewer – Zotov V.P., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
Lecture notes were compiled at the branch of the department “Accounting, Analysis and Audit” and recommended for publication

Protocol No._ 16_ _ from _ 05/24/2010 ______

Reviewed and approved by the methodological commission of STF KemTIPP

Protocol No.___ dated ___________

Lecture notes help to consolidate knowledge in the field of analysis of the use of material, labor resources, fixed assets of production and sale of products, its cost, financial results of operations and financial condition of the enterprise, key methods and techniques, development of the ability to formulate reasonable conclusions and assessments based on the results of the analysis.

Recommended for students majoring 080110 “Economics and Accounting” (by industry) full-time and part-time for conducting lectures on the course “Analysis of Financial and Economic Activities”

annotation
The lecture notes discuss the methodological foundations of a comprehensive analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise. Lecture notes are intended for students of economic specialties and teachers.

The main purpose of the lecture notes is to familiarize students with modern methods economic research into the production activities of an enterprise from the point of view of achieving positive results.

Ensuring the effective functioning of organizations requires economically competent management of their activities, which is largely determined by the ability to analyze it. With the help of a comprehensive analysis, development trends are studied, factors of change in performance results are deeply and systematically studied, business plans and management decisions are substantiated, their implementation is monitored, reserves for increasing production efficiency are identified, the results of the enterprise’s activities are assessed, and an economic strategy for its development is developed. In the economic management system industrial production analysis plays a leading role, as it should help improve production efficiency and better use of material, technical, labor and financial resources.

Comprehensive analysis of economic activity is the field of knowledge that best unites all economic disciplines. It is based on a harmonious combination of production and financial analysis, provides an integrated, broad understanding of the production and financial activities of the enterprise. During the learning process, students must learn to understand the essence of economic phenomena and processes, their interrelation and interdependence, be able to detail, systematize and model them, determine the influence of factors, comprehensively evaluate the achieved results, and identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of the enterprise.

Introduction 8

Topic 1. Concept, subject and method of economics 10

analysis 10

1.1 Concept of economic analysis 10

1.2 Subject and method of science 11

1.3 Economic analysis as one of the functions 13

production management 13

1.4 Objectives and principles of analysis 13

1.5 Types of analysis 14

1.6 Analysis methodology 16

1.7 Information support for analysis 17

Topic 2. Traditional techniques and methods 19

economic analysis 19

2.1. Comparison method 19

2.2. Method of relative and average values ​​20

2.3. Balance sheet method 20

2.4. Grouping method 21

Topic 3. Deterministic factorial methods 21

analysis 21

3.1. Chain substitution method 22

3.2. Absolute difference method 25

3.3. Relative difference method 25

Topic 4. Analysis of production and sales 27

products 27

4.1. Analysis of the dynamics and implementation of the plan for 29

production and sales of products 29

4.2 Product structure analysis 31

4.3. Product range analysis 34

4.4. Analysis of the rhythm of production 36

quality. 39

4.6. Analysis of shipment and sales of products 41

Topic 5. Analysis of the status and use of the main 44

production assets 44

5.1. Analysis of the volume, dynamics and structure of the main 45

production assets 45

5.2. Analysis of technical condition and movement 50

fixed production assets 50

5.3. Usage efficiency analysis 55

fixed production assets 55

5.4. Analysis of the use of production 58

enterprise capacity 58

Topic 6. Analysis of the use of material 60

enterprise resources 60

6.1. Logistics analysis 61

6.2. Efficiency assessment 63

material resources 63

Topic 7. Analysis of the use of labor resources and 68

wage fund at the enterprise 68

7.1. Analysis of enterprise security 69

labor resources 69

7.2. Labor movement analysis 71

7.4. Labor productivity analysis 76

Topic 8. Analysis of production costs and 79

cost of production 79

8.1. Analysis of total costs for 81

production of products 81

8.2. Analysis of costs per ruble produced 83

products 83

8.3. Cost analysis by costing items 84

Topic 9. Profit and profitability analysis 88

9.1. Analysis of financial results from 89

sales of products (works and services) 89

9.2. Cost-benefit analysis 94

Topic 10. Analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise 97

10.1. Preliminary review of economic and 98

financial position of the enterprise 98

10.2. Solvency and liquidity analysis 102

balance 102

10.3. Analysis of liquidity indicators and 105

solvency of the enterprise 105

10.4. Financial stability analysis 108

10.5. Analysis and assessment of real opportunities 115

restoration of solvency 115

enterprises 115

References 118

Introduction
Analysis and diagnostics of financial and economic activities belong to the cycle of general professional disciplines. The purpose of studying this discipline is to teach the student methods and techniques for analyzing business activities.

Economic analysis is closely related to a number of economic and non-economic sciences. This is, first of all, economic theory and enterprise economics, planning and production management. Without knowledge of accounting, the basics of financing and lending, it is impossible to conduct a comprehensive analysis of economic activity. Analysis is also closely related to statistics and mathematics, production technology.

Analysis and diagnostics of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise - a comprehensive study of the production and economic activities of an enterprise with the aim of objectively assessing its results and its further development and improvement.

Subject The study of economic analysis is the enterprise, its organizational structure, assets and liabilities. Economic analysis, by its definition, deals with economic processes, which include the production and sale of products using fixed and working capital, the formation and distribution of profits, and so on.

Object of study of economic analysis can be considered the economic processes of enterprises, associations, organizations that develop under the influence of objective and subjective factors.

To the most important tasks analysis courses include:

1) ensuring the scientific and economic validity of the enterprise’s activity plans. Economic analysis is scientific base drawing up a business plan, financial recovery plan, production and economic activity plan;

2) an objective and comprehensive study of the quality of implementation of enterprise plans;

3) determining the economic efficiency of using material, labor and financial resources;

4) control over compliance of the enterprise’s activities with the principles of self-sufficiency and self-financing;

5) identification and assessment of internal production reserves for increasing the efficiency of the enterprise;

6) assessment of the solvency of the enterprise in order to diagnose and prevent its bankruptcy.

By consumers The information resulting from the analysis is usually provided by the owners of the enterprise, its administration and potential investors.

The student must be able to solve the following problems

Conduct an analysis of the financial and economic activities of enterprises of various organizational and legal forms;

Conduct diagnostics of the production and economic potential of the enterprise;

Determine enterprise development trends.

In the first part of the discipline we study general issues theories of economic analysis. Such concepts as subject and object of analysis are considered. Modeling of factor systems in deterministic analysis, types of factor models and methods of their construction are studied.

In the second part of the course, various techniques for analyzing the results of business activities are studied. These are methods for analyzing the use of various factors of production, analyzing the financial condition and financial results of operations, analyzing the costs of production and sales of products, etc., that is, a methodology is given for analyzing various aspects of the enterprise’s activities.

Topic 1. Concept, subject and method of economic

1.1 Concept of economic analysis
Analysis (translated from Greek “analyzis” - to divide, dismember) is a way of understanding objects and phenomena environment, based on the division of the whole into its component parts and the study of them in all the variety of connections and dependencies. Thus, analysis consists of determining the essence of a process or phenomenon based on the study of all its component parts and identifying the patterns of its development.

Economic analysis as a science is the result of the development of productive forces and production relations. In the context of expanding the scale of production and the creation of complex production systems, the role of economic analysis in the process of making management decisions is constantly increasing.

A distinction is made between general theoretical economic analysis (macroeconomic), which studies economic phenomena and processes at the level of the global and national economy, and economic analysis at the level of an economic entity (microeconomic), which studies the economics of individual enterprises.

1.2 Subject and method of science
Like all other economic sciences, economic activity analysis studies the economic activities of an enterprise, economic phenomena and processes occurring in the enterprise.

The subject of economic activity analysis are the cause-and-effect relationships of economic phenomena and processes in the enterprise (i.e., up to the balance sheet). The objects of analysis are the economic results of economic activity, such as production and sales of products, cost, use of various factors of production, financial condition and results, profit, etc.

Method economic analysis - a systematic, comprehensive study, measurement and generalization of the influence of factors on the results of an enterprise's activities by processing with special techniques a system of plan indicators, accounting, reporting and other sources of information in order to increase production efficiency.

Characteristic features of the method of analyzing economic activity are the need for constant comparison; the need to study internal contradictions, positive and negative aspects of each phenomenon and process; taking into account all relationships; quantitative assessment of cause-and-effect relationships; systems approach; development and use of a system of indicators.

Economic accounting - operational, accounting and statistical - is used as an additional source of information. The use of primary accounting documentation is important for deepening the analysis. Computer accounting allows you to quickly consolidate current control data and receive daily reports characterizing individual aspects of the enterprise’s work (compliance with production standards, consumption of materials, product output, etc.). This greatly expands information base analysis. Planning information is widely used in economic analysis: data from the long-term, annual plan of an enterprise and its operational plans.

When carrying out the analysis, it is used and regulatory information, i.e. standards for consumption of basic and auxiliary materials, fuel and electricity, standards for time and production standards, standards for depreciation, standards for deductions from profits, value added tax, standards for working capital, standards for the duration of the production cycle. An important source is technical and technological information: technical data sheets for individual machines, technological instructions, state standards, technical conditions, etc.

Also used non-accounting data: reports of surveys, audits, materials of inspections carried out by various organizations (financial, credit, superior, etc.), minutes of production meetings, contracts with customers and suppliers, complaints, press materials, etc. In cases where to identify the nature and size the influence of individual factors does not require systematic information; selective study is used (for example, when analyzing product quality).

1.3 Economic analysis as one of the functions

Production management
Ensuring the efficient functioning of an enterprise requires economically competent management production system, which consists in the implementation of such processes as planning, accounting, analysis and management decision-making. With the help of analysis, development trends are identified, factors of change in the results of the enterprise's activities are deeply and systematically studied, plans and management decisions are substantiated, their implementation is monitored, reserves for increasing production efficiency are identified, the results of the enterprise's activities are assessed, and an economic strategy for its development is developed. Thus, we can say that the analysis of economic activity is a scientific element in justifying management decisions in business.

1.4 Objectives and principles of analysis
The content and tasks of any science follow from its functions in the system of other sciences.

Basic functions economic analysis:

Studying the nature of the operation of economic laws, establishing patterns and trends of economic phenomena and processes in the specific conditions of the enterprise;

Scientific substantiation of current and future plans;

Monitoring the implementation of plans and management decisions;

Assessment of the efficiency of use of economic resources;

Search for reserves for increasing production efficiency based on the study of best practices and achievements of science and practice;

Assessing the results of the enterprise’s activities in terms of fulfilling plans, the achieved level of economic development and the use of existing opportunities;

Development of measures for the use of reserves identified during the analysis, etc.

The analysis and its results must meet certain requirements.

Analysis of economic activities(lectures).

Topic No. 1 Economic analysis as a science.

1.1 Subject and content of analysis

ACD as a science arose in the 30s.

Reasons for its appearance:

Practical needs of economic management;

Rapid development of economic science.

AHD tasks:

increasing the scientific and economic validity of the business plan;

objective and comprehensive study and analysis of all planned indicators;

determining the economic efficiency of using all types of resources;

control over the implementation of commercial calculation requirements;

assessment of final financial results;

identifying and measuring internal reserves for increasing efficiency;

justification and verification of the optimality of management decisions.

Economic analysis– a system of special knowledge that allows you to study economic processes and the relationship between them, identify the positive and negative influences of various factors influencing economic processes, quantify this influence, identify hidden, intra-economic reserves and determine general trends in the development of economic activity.

The characteristic features of economic analysis are:

factor analysis;

systemic nature;

complex nature;

operational nature;

preliminary forecast character.

The current state of the economy poses the following requirements for economic analysis:

significantly increase the level of analytical work;

expand the information base and methodological arsenal;

widely use computer-based mathematical methods for multivariate forecast and strategic analysis.

The most important tasks of economic analysis are:

increasing the scientific and economic validity of business plans;

objective and comprehensive implementation of business plans and compliance with regulations;

determining the economic efficiency of using labor, material and financial resources;

identification and measurement of internal reserves.

The main goal of AHD- improve financial results activities of the enterprise.

1. Economic analysis as a basis for making management decisions

Economic analysis is an objectively necessary element of managing the economy as a whole and its individual links, the functions of which are reduced to an objective assessment of economic activity, identification, measurement of the influence of factors on the level of economic activity, identification and mobilization of reserves.

Economic analysis as a science is a system of specialized knowledge related to:

with the study of economic processes in their interrelation, developing under the influence of objective economic laws and subjective factors;

with scientific substantiation of business plans, with an objective assessment of their implementation;

with the identification of positive and negative factors and quantitative measurement of their effects;

with the disclosure of trends and proportions of economic development, with the determination of used on-farm reserves;

with the generalization of best practices, with the adoption of optimal management decisions.

Types of economic analysis:

By industry:

Industry (specific economic entity);

Intersectoral (general methodology).

By time:

Preliminary (before carrying out business transactions);

Subsequent;

Operational (situational);

Final (for the reporting period of time).

By spatial distribution:

On-farm;

Interfarm.

By control functions in the system:

Technique;

Technologies;

Labor productivity;

Organization of production.

By region:

Interior;

External;

Complex;

Thematic.

Based on a sample of statistical data:

Solid;

Selective.

By type of analysis:

Financial and economic;

Audit;

Technical and economic;

Economic-statistical;

Economic-ecological;

Marketing;

Comparative;

Diagnostic (rapid analysis);

Marginal.

Principles of economic analysis:

principle of efficiency;

scientific character;

complexity;

systematicity;

objectivity, specificity, accuracy;

reality;

planning;

efficiency.

Subject of economic analysis– economic processes of enterprises, associations and associations, socio-economic efficiency and final financial results of their activities, cause-and-effect relationships of economic processes and phenomena.

ACD is interconnected with the following disciplines:

Accounting;

Economy;

Statistics;

Computer science;

Organization of production;

Control;

Mathematics;

Management;

Marketing.

Economic analysis is an essential element of financial management and auditing. The quality of management decisions made depends entirely on the quality of the analytical substantiation of the decision.

In order to make management decisions in the field of production, sales, and finance, management needs constant business awareness on relevant issues, which is the result of selection, analysis, and evaluation of initial information.

An analytical reading of the source information is necessary based on the goals of analysis and management.

The basic principle of analysis is the deductive method, i.e. from the general to the specific. In the course of such an analysis, the temporal and logical sequence of economic factors and events, the direction and strength of their influence on the results of operations are reproduced.

Economic analysis as a method of understanding economic processes and phenomena occupies an important place in the enterprise management system.

Types of indicators in economic analysis:

Quantitative;

High quality;

Absolute;

Relative;

Cost;

Under financial condition refers to the ability of an enterprise to finance its activities. It is characterized by the provision of financial resources necessary for the normal functioning of the enterprise, the feasibility of their placement and efficiency of use, financial relationships with other legal and individuals, solvency and financial stability.

The financial condition can be stable, unstable and crisis. The ability of an enterprise to make payments on time and to finance its activities on an expanded basis indicates its good financial condition.

Financial condition of the enterprise(FSP) depends on the results of its production, commercial and financial activities. If production and financial plans are successfully implemented, this has a positive effect on the financial position of the enterprise. And vice versa, as a result of underfulfillment of the plan for the production and sale of products, there is an increase in its cost, a decrease in revenue and the amount of profit and, as a result, a deterioration in the financial condition of the enterprise and its solvency

A stable financial position, in turn, has a positive impact on the implementation production plans and providing production needs with the necessary resources. Therefore, financial activity as an integral part of economic activity is aimed at ensuring the systematic receipt and expenditure of monetary resources, implementing accounting discipline, achieving rational proportions of equity and borrowed capital and its most efficient use.

The main goal of the analysis is to promptly identify and eliminate shortcomings in financial activities and find reserves for improving the financial condition of the enterprise and its solvency.

Analysis of the financial condition of the organization involves the following stages.
1. Preliminary review of the economic and financial situation of the business entity.
1.1. Characteristics of the general direction of financial and economic activities.
1.2. Assessing the reliability of information in reporting articles.
2. Assessment and analysis of the economic potential of the organization.
2.1. Assessment of property status.
2.1.1. Construction of an analytical net balance.
2.1.2. Vertical balance sheet analysis.
2.1.3. Horizontal balance sheet analysis.
2.1.4. Analysis of qualitative changes in property status.
2.2. Assessment of financial situation.
2.2.1. Liquidity assessment.
2.2.2. Assessment of financial stability.
3. Assessment and analysis of the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.
3.1. Assessment of production (core) activities.
3.2. Cost-benefit analysis.
3.3. Assessment of the situation on the securities market.

8.1. Preliminary review of the economic and financial situation of the enterprise

The analysis begins with a review of the main performance indicators of the enterprise. This review should consider the following questions:
· property position of the enterprise at the beginning and end of the reporting period;
· operating conditions of the enterprise in the reporting period;
· results achieved by the enterprise in the reporting period;
· prospects for the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

The property position of the enterprise at the beginning and end of the reporting period is characterized by balance sheet data. By comparing the dynamics of the results of the asset sections of the balance sheet, you can find out trends in changes in property status. Information about changes in organizational structure management, opening new types of enterprise activities, features of working with contractors, etc. are usually contained in explanatory note to the annual financial statements. The effectiveness and prospects of the enterprise's activities can be generally assessed based on the analysis of profit dynamics, as well as a comparative analysis of the elements of growth of the enterprise's funds, the volume of its production activities and profits. Information about shortcomings in the operation of an enterprise may be directly present in the balance sheet in an explicit or veiled form. This case may occur when the statements contain items indicating the extremely unsatisfactory performance of the enterprise in the reporting period and the resulting poor financial position (for example, the item “Losses”). The balance sheets of quite profitable enterprises may also contain hidden, veiled items that indicate certain shortcomings in their work.

This can be caused not only by falsifications on the part of the enterprise, but also by the accepted reporting methodology, according to which many balance sheet items are complex (for example, the items “Other debtors”, “Other creditors”).

8.2. Assessment and analysis of the economic potential of the organization

8.2.1. Assessment of property status

The economic potential of an organization can be characterized in two ways: from the position of the property status of the enterprise and from the position of its financial position. Both of these aspects of financial and economic activity are interconnected - an irrational structure of property, its poor quality composition can lead to a deterioration in the financial situation and vice versa.

According to current regulations, the balance is currently compiled in net valuation. However, a number of articles are still regulatory in nature. For ease of analysis, it is advisable to use the so-called compacted analytical balance-net , which is formed by eliminating the influence on the balance sheet total (currency) and its structure of regulatory items. For this:
· amounts under the article “Debt of participants (founders) for contributions to authorized capital» reduce the amount of equity capital and the amount of current assets;
· the value of the receivables and equity capital of the enterprise is adjusted by the amount of the article “Valuation reserves (“Provision for doubtful debts”)”;
· elements of balance sheet items that are homogeneous in composition are combined in the necessary analytical sections (long-term current assets, equity and borrowed capital).

The stability of the financial position of an enterprise largely depends on the feasibility and correctness of investing financial resources in assets.

During the operation of the enterprise, the amount of assets,their structure undergoes constant changes. The most general idea of ​​the qualitative changes that have taken place in the structure of funds and their sources, as well as the dynamics of these changes, can be obtained using vertical and horizontal analysis of reporting.

Vertical analysis shows the structure of the enterprise's funds and their sources. Vertical analysis allows us to move to relative estimates and conduct economic comparisons of economic indicators of enterprises that differ in the amount of resources used, to smooth out the impact of inflationary processes that distort absolute indicators financial statements.

Horizontal analysis reporting consists of constructing one or more analytical tables in which absolute indicators are supplemented by relative growth (decrease) rates. The degree of aggregation of indicators is determined by the analyst. As a rule, basic growth rates are taken over a number of years (adjacent periods), which makes it possible to analyze not only changes in individual indicators, but also to predict their values.

Horizontal and vertical analyzes complement each other. Therefore, in practice, it is not uncommon to build analytical tables that characterize both the structure of financial statements and the dynamics of its individual indicators. Both of these types of analysis are especially valuable for inter-farm comparisons, as they allow you to compare the reporting of enterprises that differ in type of activity and production volumes.

Criteriaqualitative changes The property status of an enterprise and the degree of their progressiveness include such indicators as:
· the amount of economic assets of the enterprise;
· share of the active part of fixed assets;
· wear rate;
· share of quickly realizable assets;
· share of leased fixed assets;
· share of accounts receivable, etc.

Formulas for calculating these indicators are given in Appendix 2.

Let's consider their economic interpretation.

The amount of economic assets at the disposal of the enterprise. This indicator gives a generalized valuation of assets listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise. This is an accounting estimate that does not coincide with the total market valuation of its assets. The growth of this indicator indicates an increase in the property potential of the enterprise.

Share of the active part of fixed assets. The active part of fixed assets means machinery, equipment and vehicles. The growth of this indicator in dynamics is usually regarded as a favorable trend.

Wear rate. The indicator characterizes the share of the cost of fixed assets remaining to be written off as expenses in subsequent periods. The ratio is usually used in analysis as a characteristic of the state of fixed assets. The addition of this indicator to 100% (or one) is the coefficientsuitability. The depreciation coefficient depends on the adopted methodology for calculating depreciation charges and does not fully reflect the actual depreciation of fixed assets. Likewise, the usefulness ratio does not provide an accurate estimate of their current value. This happens due to a number of reasons: the inflation rate, the state of the market and demand, the correctness of the definition useful life operation of fixed assets, etc. However, despite the shortcomings and conventionality of wear and serviceability indicators, they have a certain analytical significance. According to some estimates, a wear rate of more than 50% is considered undesirable.

Renewal factor. Shows what portion of the fixed assets available at the end of the reporting period consists of new fixed assets.

Attrition rate. Shows what part of the fixed assets with which the enterprise began operations in the reporting period was disposed of due to disrepair and other reasons.

8.2.2. Financial position assessment

The financial position of an enterprise can be assessed from the point of view of short-term and long-term prospects. In the first case, the criteria for assessing the financial position are the liquidity and solvency of the enterprise, i.e. the ability to timely and fully make payments on short-term obligations.

Under liquidity anyasset understand its ability to be transformed into cash, and the degree of liquidity is determined by the length of the time period during which this transformation can be carried out. The shorter the period, the higher the liquidity of this type of asset.

Talking about liquidity of the enterprise, they mean the presence of working capital in an amount theoretically sufficient to repay short-term obligations, even if in violation of the repayment terms stipulated by the contracts.

Solvency means that the enterprise has cash and cash equivalents sufficient to pay accounts payable requiring immediate repayment. Thus, the main signs of solvency are: a) the presence of sufficient funds in the current account; b) absence of overdue accounts payable.

It is obvious that liquidity and solvency are not identical to each other. Thus, liquidity ratios may characterize the financial position as satisfactory, but in essence this assessment may be erroneous if current assets have a significant share of illiquid assets and overdue receivables. We present the main indicators that allow us to assess the liquidity and solvency of an enterprise.

The amount of own working capital. Characterizes that part of the enterprise's equity capital that is the source of covering its current assets (i.e. assets with a turnover of less than one year). This is a calculated indicator that depends both on the structure of assets and on the structure of sources of funds. The indicator is especially important for enterprises engaged in commercial activities and other intermediary operations. All other things being equal, the growth of this indicator in dynamics is considered as a positive trend. The main and constant source of increasing equity is profit. It is necessary to distinguish between “working capital” and “own working capital”. The first indicator characterizes the assets of the enterprise (Section II of the assets of the balance sheet), the second - the sources of funds, namely the part of the enterprise's own capital, considered as a source of covering current assets. The amount of own working capital is numerically equal to the excess of current assets over current liabilities. A situation is possible when the value of current liabilities exceeds the value of current assets. The financial position of the enterprise in this case is considered as unstable; immediate measures are required to correct it.

Maneuverability of functioning capital. Characterizes that part of own working capital that is in the form of cash, i.e. funds with absolute liquidity. For a normally functioning enterprise, this indicator usually varies from zero to one. All other things being equal, the growth of the indicator in dynamics is considered as a positive trend. An acceptable indicative value of the indicator is established by the enterprise independently and depends, for example, on how high its daily need for available cash resources is.

Coefficient current liquidity. Gives a general assessment of asset liquidity, showing how many rubles of current assets account for one ruble of current liabilities. The logic for calculating this indicator is that the company pays off short-term liabilities mainly at the expense of current assets; therefore, if current assets exceed current liabilities, the enterprise can be considered to be operating successfully (at least in theory). The value of the indicator can vary by industry and type of activity, and its reasonable growth in dynamics is usually considered as a favorable trend. In Western accounting and analytical practice, the lower critical value of the indicator is given - 2; however, this is only an indicative value, indicating the order of the indicator, but not its exact normative value.

Quick ratio. The indicator is similar to the current ratio; however, it is calculated over a narrower range of current assets. The least liquid part of them - industrial reserves - is excluded from the calculation. The logic of such an exception consists not only in the significantly lower liquidity of inventories, but, what is much more important, in the fact that the funds that can be raised in the event of a forced sale inventories, can be significantly lower than the costs of their acquisition.

The approximate lower value of the indicator is 1; however, this assessment is also conditional. When analyzing the dynamics of this coefficient, it is necessary to pay attention to the factors that determined its change. So, if the increase in the quick ratio was mainly due to growth. unjustified receivables, then this cannot characterize the activity of the enterprise from a positive side.

Absolute liquidity (solvency) ratio is the most stringent criterion for the liquidity of an enterprise and shows what part of short-term borrowed obligations can be repaid immediately if necessary. The recommended lower limit of the indicator given in Western literature is 0.2. Since the development of industry standards for these coefficients is a matter of the future, in practice it is desirable to analyze the dynamics of these indicators, supplementing it with a comparative analysis of available data on enterprises that have a similar orientation of their economic activities.

The share of own working capital in covering inventories. Characterizes that part of the cost of inventories that is covered by its own working capital. Traditionally, it is of great importance in analyzing the financial condition of trading enterprises; the recommended lower limit of the indicator in this case is 50%.

Inventory coverage ratio. It is calculated by correlating the value of “normal” sources of inventory coverage and the amount of inventory. If the value of this indicator is less than one, then the current financial condition of the enterprise is considered unstable.

One of the most important characteristics of the financial condition of an enterprise is the stability of its activities in the light of a long-term perspective. It is related to the general financial structure enterprise, the degree of its dependence on creditors and investors.

Financial stability V long term characterized, therefore, by the ratio of own and borrowed funds. However, this indicator provides only a general assessment of financial stability. Therefore, a system of indicators has been developed in global and domestic accounting and analytical practice.

Equity concentration ratio. Characterizes the share of enterprise owners in total amount funds advanced for its activities. The higher the value of this coefficient, the more financially sound, stable and independent of external loans the enterprise is. An addition to this indicator is the concentration ratio of attracted (borrowed) capital - their sum is equal to 1 (or 100%).

Financial dependency ratio. It is the inverse of the equity concentration ratio. The growth of this indicator in dynamics means an increase in the share of borrowed funds in the financing of the enterprise. If its value drops to one (or 100%), this means that the owners are fully financing their enterprise.

Equity capital agility ratio. Shows what part of equity capital is used to finance current activities, i.e. invested in working capital, and what part is capitalized. The value of this indicator can vary significantly depending on the capital structure and industry of the enterprise.

Long-term investment structure coefficient. The logic for calculating this indicator is based on the assumption that long-term loans and borrowings are used to finance fixed assets and other capital investments. The ratio shows what part of fixed assets and other non-current assets is financed by external investors.

Long-term leverage ratio. Characterizes the capital structure. The growth of this indicator in dynamics is a negative trend, meaning that the company is increasingly dependent on external investors.

Ratio of own and borrowed funds. Like some of the above indicators, this ratio provides the most general assessment of the financial stability of an enterprise. It has a fairly simple interpretation: its value, for example, equal to 0.178, means that for every ruble of own funds invested in the assets of the enterprise, there are 17.8 kopecks. borrowed money. The growth of the indicator in dynamics indicates the increasing dependence of the enterprise on external investors and creditors, i.e. about some decrease in financial stability, and vice versa.

There are no uniform normative criteria for the considered indicators. They depend on many factors: the industry of the enterprise, lending principles, the existing structure of sources of funds, turnover of working capital, reputation of the enterprise, etc. Therefore, the acceptability of the values ​​of these coefficients, assessmenttheir dynamics and directions of change can only be established as a result of comparison by groups.

8.3. Assessment and analysis of the effectiveness of financial and economic activities

8.3.1. Grade business activity

Business activity assessment is aimed at analyzing the results and effectiveness of current core production activities

An assessment of business activity at a qualitative level can be obtained by comparing the activities of a given enterprise and related enterprises in the area of ​​investment of capital. Such qualitative" (i.e. non-formalizable) criteria are: the breadth of markets for products; the availability of products exported; the reputation of the enterprise, expressed, in particular, in the fame of clients using the services of the enterprise, etc. Quantitative assessment is done in two directions :
· the degree of fulfillment of the plan (established by a higher organization or independently) in terms of key indicators, ensuring the specified rates of their growth;
· level of efficiency in using enterprise resources.

To implement the first direction of analysis, it is also advisable to take into account the comparative dynamics of the main indicators. In particular, the following ratio is optimal:

T pb>T R>T ak>100%,

where T pb>T R-, T ak- accordingly, the rate of change in profit, sales, advanced capital (Bd).

This dependence means that: a) the economic potential of the enterprise increases; b) compared to the increase in economic potential, the volume of sales increases at a faster rate, i.e. enterprise resources are used more efficiently; c) profit increases at a faster pace, which, as a rule, indicates a relative reduction in production and distribution costs.

However, deviations from this ideal dependence are also possible, and they should not always be considered as negative; such reasons are: the development of new prospects for the application of capital, the reconstruction and modernization of existing production facilities, etc. This activity is always associated with significant investments of financial resources, which for the most part do not provide immediate benefits, but in the future can fully pay off.

To implement the second direction, various indicators can be calculated that characterize the efficiency of use of material, labor and financial resources. The main ones are production, capital productivity, inventory turnover, operating cycle duration, and advanced capital turnover.

Atanalysis of working capital turnover Particular attention should be paid to inventories and accounts receivable. The less the financial resources in these assets are deadened, the more efficiently they are used, the faster they turn over, and the more they bring new profits to the enterprise.

Turnover is assessed by comparing the average balances of current assets and their turnover for the analyzed period. Turnovers when assessing and analyzing turnover are:
· for inventories – costs of production of sold products;
· for accounts receivable – sales of products by bank transfer (since this indicator is not reflected in the reporting and can be identified from accounting data, in practice it is often replaced by an indicator of sales revenue).

Let us give an economic interpretation of turnover indicators:
· turnover in revolutions indicates the average number of turnovers of funds invested in assets of this type during the analyzed period;
· turnover in days indicates the duration (in days) of one turnover of funds invested in assets of this type.

A generalized characteristic of the duration of the death of financial resources in current assets isoperating cycle time indicator , i.e. how many days on average pass from the moment funds are invested in current production activities until they are returned in the form of revenue to the current account. This indicator largely depends on the nature of production activities; its reduction is one of the main internal tasks of the enterprise.

Indicators of the efficiency of using individual types of resources are summarized in indicators of equity capital turnover and fixed capital turnover, characterizing, respectively, the return on investment in the enterprise: a) the owner’s funds; b) all means, including those involved. The difference between these ratios is due to the degree of borrowing to finance production activities.

General indicators for assessing the efficiency of using an enterprise's resources and the dynamism of its development include the resource productivity indicator and the coefficient of sustainability of economic growth.

Resource productivity (turnover ratio of advanced capital). Characterizes the volume of products sold per ruble of funds invested in the activities of the enterprise. The growth of the indicator in dynamics is considered as a favorable trend.

Economic growth sustainability coefficient. Shows the average rate at which an enterprise can develop in the future, without changing the already established relationship between various sources of financing, capital productivity, production profitability, dividend policy, etc.

8.3.2. Profitability assessment

The main indicators of this block, used in countries with market economies to characterize the return on investment in a particular type of activity, includereturn on capital advanced Andreturn on equity. The economic interpretation of these indicators is obvious - how many rubles of profit account for one ruble of advanced (own) capital. The calculation of these indicators is given enough attention in topic No. 7.

8.3.3. Assessment of the situation on the securities market

This type analysis is performed in companies registered on stock exchanges and listing their securities there. Analysis cannot be performed directly on financial statement data - additional information is needed. Since the terminology for securities in our country has not yet been fully developed, the given names of indicators are conditional.

Earnings per share. It is the ratio of net profit reduced by the amount of dividends on preferred shares to the total number of ordinary shares. It is this indicator that significantly influences the market price of shares. Its main drawback in analytical terms is spatial incomparability due to the unequal market value shares of various companies.

Share value. It is calculated as the quotient of the stock's market price divided by its earnings per share. This indicator serves as an indicator of demand for shares of a given company, since it shows how much investors are currently willing to pay for one ruble of earnings per share. The relatively high growth of this indicator over time indicates that investors expect faster profit growth for this company compared to others. This indicator can already be used in spatial (interfarm) comparisons. Companies that have a relatively high value of the economic growth sustainability coefficient are, as a rule, characterized by a high value of the “share value” indicator.

Dividend yield of a stock. Expressed as the ratio of the dividend paid on a stock to its market price. In companies that expand their activities by capitalizing most of their profits, the value of this indicator is relatively small. The dividend yield of a stock characterizes the percentage return on capital invested in the company's shares. This is a direct effect. There is also an indirect one (income or loss), expressed in a change in the market price of the shares of a given company.

Dividend output. Calculated by dividing the dividend paid by the stock by the earnings per share. The most clear interpretation of this indicator is the share of net profit paid to shareholders in the form of dividends. The value of the coefficient depends on the investment policy of the company. Closely related to this indicator is the profit reinvestment coefficient, which characterizes its share aimed at developing production activities. The sum of the values ​​of the dividend yield indicator and the profit reinvestment ratio is equal to one.

Share price ratio. It is calculated by the ratio of the market price of a stock to its book price. The book price characterizes the share of equity capital per share. It consists of the nominal value (i.e. the value indicated on the form of the share at which it is accounted for in the share capital), the share of share premium (the accumulated difference between the market price of shares at the timetheir sales and their nominal value) and the share of profit accumulated and invested in the development of the company. A value of the quotation ratio greater than one means that potential shareholders, when purchasing a share, are willing to give a price for it that exceeds the accounting estimate of the real capital per share at the moment.

In the process of analysis, strictly determined factor models can be used to identify and provide comparative characteristics the main factors that influenced the change in a particular indicator.

The above system is based on the following strictly determined factor dependence:

WhereKFZ - coefficient of financial dependence,VA - the amount of assets of the enterprise,SK - equity.

From the presented model it is clear that return on equity depends on three factors: profitability of economic activities, resource productivity and the structure of advanced capital. The significance of the identified factors is explained by the fact that they, in a certain sense, generalize all aspects of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, in particular financial statements: the first factor summarizes Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement”, the second is a balance sheet asset, the third is a balance sheet liability.

8.4. Determination of an unsatisfactory balance sheet structure of an enterprise

Currently, most Russian enterprises are in difficult financial condition. Mutual non-payments between business entities, high tax and bank interest rates lead to the fact that enterprises become insolvent. An external sign of the insolvency (bankruptcy) of an enterprise is the suspension of its current payments and the inability to satisfy the demands of creditors within three months from the date of their due date.

In this regard, the issue of assessing the balance sheet structure becomes particularly relevant, since decisions on the insolvency of an enterprise are made upon recognition of the unsatisfactory structure of the balance sheet.

The main purpose of conducting a preliminary analysis of the financial condition of an enterprise is to justify the decision to recognize the balance sheet structure as unsatisfactory, and the enterprise as solvent in accordance with the system of criteria approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 20, 1994 No. 498 “On certain measures to implement insolvency legislation ( bankruptcy) of enterprises." The main sources of analysis are f. No. 1 “Balance sheet of the enterprise”, f. No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement.”

Analysis and assessment of the structure of the enterprise's balance sheet is carried out on the basis of indicators: current liquidity ratio; security ratio own funds.

The basis for recognizing the structure of the balance sheet of an enterprise as unsatisfactory, and the enterprise as insolvent, is one of the following conditions:
the current liquidity ratio at the end of the reporting period is less than 2;(TO tl ) ;
the equity ratio at the end of the reporting period is less than 0.1.(TO oss ) .

The main indicator characterizing whether an enterprise has a real opportunity to restore (or lose) its solvency during a certain period is the coefficient of restoration (loss) of solvency. If at least one of the coefficients is less than the standard (TO tl <2, а TO oss <0,1), то рассчитывается коэффициент восстановления платежеспособности за период, установленный равным шести месяцам.

If the current liquidity ratio is greater than or equal to 2, and the equity ratio is greater than or equal to 0.1, the loss of solvency ratio is calculated for a period set to three months.

Solvency recovery ratioTO sun is defined as the ratio of the estimated current liquidity ratio to its standard. The estimated current liquidity ratio is defined as the sum of the actual value of the current liquidity ratio at the end of the reporting period and the change in the value of this ratio between the end and the beginning of the reporting period, recalculated for the period of restoration of solvency, set equal to six months:

,

WhereTO NTL - standard value of the current liquidity ratio,
TO NTL = 2;6 - period of restoration of solvency for 6 months;
T - reporting period, months.

The solvency restoration coefficient, which takes a value greater than 1, indicates that the enterprise has a real opportunity to restore its solvency. The solvency restoration coefficient, which takes a value less than 1, indicates that the enterprise has no real opportunity to restore solvency in the next six months.

Loss of solvency coefficient K atis defined as the ratio of the calculated current liquidity ratio to its established value. The estimated current ratio is defined as the sum of the actual value of the current ratio at the end of the reporting period and the change in the value of this ratio between the end and the beginning of the reporting period, recalculated for the period of loss of solvency, set equal to three months:

,

WhereT at - period of loss of solvency of the enterprise, months.

The calculated coefficients are entered into the table (Table 29), which is available in the appendices to the “Methodological provisions for assessing the financial condition of enterprises and establishing an unsatisfactory balance sheet structure.”

Table 29

Assessing the structure of an enterprise's balance sheet

p/p

Indicator name

At the beginning of the period

At the time of establishing solvency

Norm

coefficient

Current ratio

At least 2

Own funds ratio

Not less than 0.1

The coefficient of restoration of solvency of the enterprise. According to this table, calculation using the formula:
page lrp.4+6: T(page 1gr.4-page 1gr.Z)

Not less than 1.0

The coefficient of loss of solvency of the enterprise. According to this table, calculation according to the formula: line 1gr.4+3: T (line 1gr.4-tr.1gr.Z), where T takes values ​​of 3, 6, 9 or 12 months

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