Individual differences in perception. Perception. Neurophysiological basis of perception. Classification of perception. General patterns of perception. Individual differences in perception Types of information perception

They appear in perception individual characteristics people, which are explained by the entire history of the formation of each individual and the nature of his activities. First of all, two types of people are distinguished according to their individual type perception: analytical And synthetic.

For people analytical The type of perception is characterized by attention to particulars, details, and individual features of an object or phenomenon. Only then do they move on to identifying common points.

People synthetic type of perception show more attention to the whole, to the main thing in an object or phenomenon, sometimes to the detriment of the perception of particular features. If the first type is more attentive to facts, then the second is more attentive to their meaning.

However, much depends on knowledge about the object of perception and on the goal facing the person. The type of perception is less detectable in involuntary perception and in cases where a person has the goal of comparing two objects.

Psychological studies to identify types of perception have convincingly shown that some subjects predominantly highlight the “absolute” properties of objects, while others predominantly highlight the relationships between these properties. The first is typical for analytical type, the second is for synthetic type . Taking this into account, two types of people are distinguished: analytical and synthetic types of perception. For some, the fact or event itself is important, and for others, how it happened.

Perception is influenced by the feelings experienced by a person. People who are highly emotional and impressionable are much more likely to see objective factors in the light of their personal experiences, their likes and dislikes. Thus, they unwittingly introduce a touch of subjectivity into the description and assessment of objective facts. Such people are classified as a subjective type of perception, in contrast to the objective type, which is characterized by greater accuracy both in relationships and in assessments.

LECTURE 7

Subject: ATTENTION

1. The concept of attention.

2. Functions and theories of attention.

3. Types and main properties of attention.

4. Development of attention.

THE CONCEPT OF ATTENTION

A person is constantly exposed to many different stimuli. Human consciousness is not able to simultaneously comprehend all these objects with sufficient clarity. From the many surrounding objects, objects and phenomena, a person selects those that are of interest to him and correspond to his needs and life plans. Any human activity requires highlighting an object and focusing on it. Attention call the direction and concentration of consciousness on certain objects or certain activities when distracted from everything else.

It is known that if a person does not mobilize his attention, then mistakes are inevitable in his work, and inaccuracies and gaps are inevitable in his perception. Without focusing, we can:

Ø look and not see,

Ø listen and not hear,

Ø eat and not taste.

Attention is of great importance for a person because:

1. Attention organizes our psyche for all the variety of sensations.

2. Related to attention direction and selectivity of cognitive processes

3. Attention are determined:

Ø accuracy and detail of perception (attention is a kind of amplifier that allows you to distinguish the details of the image);

Ø strength and selectivity of memory (attention acts as a factor contributing to the retention of necessary information in short-term and operative memory);

Ø focus and productivity of thinking (attention acts as a mandatory factor in correctly understanding and solving a problem).

4. In the system of interpersonal relations attention promotes better mutual understanding, adaptation of people to each other, prevention and timely resolution of interpersonal conflicts. An attentive person achieves more in life than an inattentive person.

Individual differences in perception are great, but nevertheless it is possible to identify certain types of these differences that are characteristic not of one specific person, but of a whole group of people. Among them, first of all, it is necessary to include the differences between holistic and detailing, or synthetic and analytical perception.

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Whole, or synthetic, the type of perception is characterized by the fact that in those prone to it, the general impression of the object, the general content of perception, and the general features of what is perceived are most clearly represented. People with this type of perception pay the least attention to details and details. They do not specifically highlight them, and if they grab them, it is not in the first place. Therefore, many details go unnoticed by them. They grasp the meaning of the whole more than the detailed content and especially its individual parts. In order to see the details, they have to set themselves a special task, which is sometimes difficult for them to complete.

Persons with a different type of perception - detailing, or analytical, - on the contrary, they tend to clearly highlight details and details. This is precisely what their perception is directed towards. The object or phenomenon as a whole, the general meaning of what was perceived, fades into the background for them, sometimes even not noticed at all. In order to understand the essence of a phenomenon or adequately perceive any object, they need to set themselves a special task, which they are not always able to accomplish. Their stories are always filled with details and descriptions of particular details, behind which the meaning of the whole is often lost.

The above characteristics of the two types of perception are characteristic of the extreme poles. Most often, they complement each other, since the most productive perception is based on the positive characteristics of both types. However, even extreme options cannot be considered negative, since very often they determine the originality of perception that allows a person to be an extraordinary person.

There are other types of perception, for example descriptive And explanatory. Persons belonging to the descriptive type limit themselves to the factual side of what they see and hear, and do not try to explain to themselves the essence of the perceived phenomenon. The driving forces of people's actions, events or any phenomena remain outside the field of their attention. On the contrary, persons belonging to the explanatory type are not satisfied with what is directly given in perception. They always strive to explain what they saw or heard. This type of behavior is more often combined with a holistic, or synthetic, type of perception.

Also distinguished objective And subjective types of perception. The objective type of perception is characterized by strict compliance with what is happening in reality. Persons with a subjective type of perception go beyond what is actually given to them and bring a lot of themselves. Their perception is subject to a subjective attitude towards what is perceived, an overly biased assessment, and a pre-existing biased attitude. Such people, when talking about something, tend to convey not what they perceived, but their subjective impressions about it. They talk more about how they felt or thought at the time of the events they are talking about.

Of great importance among individual differences in perception are differences in observation.

Observation - This is the ability to notice in objects and phenomena that which is little noticeable in them, does not catch the eye by itself, but which is significant or characteristic from some point of view. A characteristic sign of observation is the speed with which something subtle is perceived. Observation

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ity is not inherent in all people and not to the same extent. Differences in observation ability largely depend on individual personality characteristics. For example, curiosity is a factor that contributes to the development of observation skills.

Since we touched on the problem of observation, it should be noted that there are differences in perception according to the degree of intentionality. It is customary to distinguish between unintentional (or involuntary) and intentional (voluntary) perception. With unintentional perception, we are not guided by a predetermined goal or task - to perceive a given object. Perception is directed by external circumstances. Intentional perception, on the contrary, is regulated from the very beginning by the task - to perceive this or that object or phenomenon, to become familiar with it. Intentional perception can be included in any activity and carried out during its implementation. But sometimes perception can also act as a relatively independent activity. Perception as an independent activity appears especially clearly in observation, which is a deliberate, systematic and more or less long-term (even if intermittent) perception in order to trace the course of a phenomenon or the changes that occur in the object of perception. Therefore, observation is an active form of human sensory cognition of reality, and observation can be considered as a characteristic of the activity of perception.

The role of observation activity is extremely important. It is expressed both in the mental activity that accompanies observation and in the motor activity of the observer. By handling objects and acting with them, a person better understands many of their qualities and properties. For the success of observation, its plannedness and systematicity are important. Good observation, aimed at a broad, versatile study of a subject, is always carried out according to a clear plan, a specific system, with consideration of some parts of the subject after others in a certain sequence. Only with this approach will the observer miss nothing and will not return a second time to what was perceived.

However, observation, like perception in general, is not an innate characteristic. A newborn child is not able to perceive the world around him in the form of a holistic objective picture. The child’s ability to perceive objects manifests itself much later. The child’s initial identification of objects from the surrounding world and their objective perception can be judged by the child’s examination of these objects, when he does not just look at them, but examines them, as if feeling them with his gaze.

According to B. M. Teplov, signs of object perception in a child begin to appear in early infancy (two to four months), when actions with objects begin to form. By five to six months, the child experiences an increase in the incidence of fixation of the gaze on the object with which he is operating. However, the development of perception does not stop there, but, on the contrary, is just beginning. Thus, according to A.V. Zaporozhets, the development of perception occurs at a later age. During the transition from pre-preschool to pre-school school age under the influence of playful and constructive activities, children develop complex types of visual analysis and synthesis, including the ability

216 Part II. Mental processes

mentally dismember the perceived object into parts in the visual field, examining each of these parts separately and then combining them into one whole.

During the process of a child’s education at school, the development of perception actively occurs, which during this period goes through several stages. The first stage is associated with the formation of an adequate image of an object in the process of manipulating this object. At the next stage, children become familiar with the spatial properties of objects using hand and eye movements. At the next, higher stages of mental development, children acquire the ability to quickly and without any external movements recognize certain properties of perceived objects and distinguish them from each other on the basis of these properties. Moreover, any actions or movements no longer take part in the process of perception.

One may ask what is the most important condition for the development of perception? Such a condition is work, which in children can manifest itself not only in the form of socially useful work, for example, in performing their household duties, but also in the form of drawing, modeling, playing music, reading, etc., i.e. in the form of a variety of cognitive subject matter activities. Participation in the game is equally important for the child. During the game, the child expands not only his motor experience, but also his understanding of the objects around him.

The next, no less interesting question that we must ask ourselves is the question of how and in what ways are the characteristics of children's perception manifested in comparison with an adult? First of all, the child does a large number of errors when assessing the spatial properties of objects. Even the linear eye in children is much less developed than in adults. For example, when perceiving the length of a line, a child's error may be approximately five times greater than that of an adult. An even greater difficulty for children is the perception of time. It is very difficult for a child to master such concepts as “tomorrow”, “yesterday”, “earlier”, “later”.

Children have certain difficulties when perceiving images of objects. So, looking at the drawing and telling what is drawn on it, children preschool age They often make mistakes in recognizing the depicted objects and name them incorrectly, relying on random or unimportant signs.

In all these cases, the child’s lack of knowledge plays an important role. his little practical experience. This also determines a number of other features of children's perception: insufficient ability to highlight the main thing in what is perceived; missing many details; limited perceived information. Over time, these problems are eliminated, and by high school age, the child’s perception is practically no different from the adult’s.

DEVELOPMENT OF PERCEPTION IN ONTOGENESIS - from the Greek. ontos - existing + genesis - origin. The process of structural changes in perceptual processes as individual development occurs. Practical steps to transform objects environment are the main factor determining the construction of adequate perceptual actions. As activity develops, there is a reduction in externally practical components and a curtailment of perceptual actions. It is typical for humans that the most significant changes in perception occur in the first years of life. In this case, a decisive role is played by the assimilation of sensory standards developed by society and techniques for examining stimuli. The child develops an integral system of operational units of perception and sensory standards that mediate perception. Already before reaching six months of age, in conditions of interaction with adults, active search actions arise: the child looks to see, grasps and feels objects with his hand. On this basis, intersensory connections are formed between various receptor systems (visual, auditory, tactile). So the child becomes able to perceive complex complex stimuli, recognize and differentiate them. At the age of 6-12 months, the motor system develops rapidly, and objective actions and manipulations act as the leading activity, which requires constant perception. In this case, the main method of perception becomes reproducing movements that model the features of perceived objects. Subsequently, the development of perception occurs in the closest connection with the development various types children's activities (play, visual, constructive and elements of labor and education). After reaching the age of four, it acquires relative independence.

Main types of mental operations: comparison, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization, induction and deduction

Comparison is one of the logical operations of thinking. Tasks for comparing objects, images, and concepts are widely used in psychological studies of the development of thinking and its disorders. The basis for comparison that a person uses, the ease of transition from one of them to another, etc. are analyzed. Comparison. The operation of establishing similarities and differences between objects and phenomena of the real world is called comparison. When we look at two objects, we always notice how they are similar or how they are different.

Analysis is a mental operation of dividing a complex object into its constituent parts. Analysis - this is the selection of certain aspects, elements, properties, connections, relationships, etc. in an object; This is the division of a cognizable object into various components.

Synthesis is the mental combination of parts of objects or phenomena into one whole, as well as the mental combination of their individual properties. When we look at the individual parts of a mechanism in front of us, we can understand what the mechanism looks like and how it works. Synthesis, like analysis, is characterized by mental manipulation of the properties of an object. By listening to a description of a person, we can recreate his image as a whole. Synthesis can be carried out both on the basis of perception and on the basis of memories or ideas. After reading individual phrases of any statement or l The process of abstraction is the mental (temporary) abstraction of one property of a thing from its other properties, one object from other objects with which it is actually connected. In order to think abstractly about its properties when analyzing an object, “one must leave aside all relations that have nothing to do with the given object of analysis,” says Marx. Thus, studying the patterns of the athlete’s reaction process at the start, the experimental psychologist identifies only one element of this process - the latent period, distracting (for now, for a while) from such side effects as the influence of spectators on the athlete, his personal attitude to this competition, etc. d. Abstraction allows you to penetrate “deeply” into an object, reveal its essence, forming a corresponding concept about this object.

Abstraction is a mental operation that allows you to think about a given phenomenon in its most general, and therefore most essential, characteristic features. She is the source of knowledge of truth.

ogical statement, we can reconstruct that phrase or statement as a whole.

Specification. Abstraction always presupposes the opposite mental operation - concretization, that is, a transition from abstraction and generalization back to concrete reality. In the educational process, specification often acts as an example for an established general position.

Deduction - (from Latin deductio - deduction), a method of thinking in which a new position is deduced in a purely logical way from previous ones, a conclusion according to the rules of logic; chain of inferences (reasoning)

Induction - (from Latin inductio - guidance) - a conclusion in which the connection between the premises and the conclusion is not based on a logical law, due to which the conclusion follows from the accepted premises not with logical necessity, but only with some probability.

Human perception and observation are characterized by both general patterns and individual characteristics. All people are characterized by common manifestations of the psyche, due to which the basic patterns of reality are reflected. The presence of commonality in reflective mental activity makes it possible for people to understand each other, come to conclusions that are understandable to everyone, and objectively reflect the world around them.

A specific person perceives and observes. Therefore, in the process of perception and observation, each of us discovers our individual characteristics. This is explained by the mental make-up of the individual, apperception. Individual characteristics may also depend on differences in the integration and functioning of the senses. This determines visual acuity, sensitivity of hearing, subtlety of smell, taste, and touch.

Individual characteristics give each person’s perception a special coloring and make the reflection individually unique. The individual nature of perceptions and observations is manifested in their dynamics, accuracy, depth, the degree of their generalization and in the peculiarities of their emotional coloring.

In human practice and in the psychological study of the characteristics of people’s perception, knowledge has developed about the following main types of perception and observation: synthetic, analytical, analytical-synthetic and emotional.

In people synthetic type, there is a clear tendency towards a generalized reflection of phenomena and towards determining the basic meaning of what is happening. They do not attach importance to details and do not like to go into them.

People analytical types are less inclined to generalize the phenomena of reality. They are characterized by the desire to highlight and analyze, first of all, details and particulars. They meticulously delve into all the circumstances and details. Being exaggeratedly attentive to details, such people often find it difficult to understand the main meaning of phenomena.

In people analytical-synthetic type of perception and observation, the desire to understand the basic meaning of the phenomenon and its factual confirmation is equally revealed. Such people always correlate the analysis of individual parts with conclusions, the establishment of facts with their explanation. This type is more common in life than others. The perception and observation of people of this type is most favorable for activity.

People emotional type of perception - those that are characterized not so much by highlighting the essence of a phenomenon and its particulars, but by the desire, first of all, to express one’s experiences caused by this phenomenon.

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Perception-direct, sensory reflection of objects and phenomena in a holistic form as a result of awareness of their identifying characteristics.

Images of perception are built on the basis of various sensations. However, they are not reduced to a simple sum of these sensations. Perception is associated with the identification, understanding, comprehension of objects and phenomena, with their attribution to a certain category based on appropriate characteristics and grounds.

Habitual objects are perceived simultaneously (simultaneously),unfamiliar- step by step (successive).

Perception is carried out through actions.

The effectiveness of perception depends on what features of the object will be identified by the subject as the initial supporting elements.

An integral part each act of perception are motor processes (movement of the eye along the contour of an object, movement of the hand along the surface of the object, movement of the larynx, reproducing an audible sound).

Neurophysiological basis of perception

The mechanism (physiological) of perception is the complex activity of analyzers.

Since the process of perception establishes relationships between parts and properties of an object, then one of the physiol. mechanisms of perception is education conditioned reflexes to relationships. If the analyzer is constantly exposed to a system of stimuli, then the response begins to depend not on an individual stimulus, but on the connection between the stimuli and their relationships.

One of the main physiological mechanisms of perception is the formation of a dynamic stereotype, as well as the establishment of conditioned reflex connections between analyzers.

A person’s perception is always connected with the activity of the second signaling system.

Classification of perceptions:

1) depending on the modality of the receptors: visual, auditory and tactile perception.

2) complex types of perceptions: perception of space and time.

3) depending on the participation of the will, purposefulness: involuntary (unintentional, not associated with volitional tension and a pre-set goal) and intentional (purposeful), arbitrary.

4) depending on the specifics of the object of reflection (perception of the size and shape of an object, volume and distance; perception of a person by a person, perception of speech, etc.).

5) depending on the complexity of the activity, perception can be one-act or stage-by-stage, sequential.

Perception is usually included in some activity, but it can also act as an independent activity. Observation- this is a special, organized perception for resolving any issue.

General patterns of perception:

1) meaningfulness and generality;

2) objectivity;

3) integrity; 4) structure;

5) selective focus; 6) apperception; 7) constancy.

1. Meaningful and generalized perception.

Perception is associated with the attribution of a given object to a certain category or concept. Only by determining the category of the perceived object do we recognize its characteristics.

The process of recognizing a perceived object has the following structure:

Isolating from the flow of information such stimuli that can be combined into independent complexes;

Updating in memory of a reference object with which the perceived object is correlated (recognition);

Attributing the perceived object to a certain category of objects, searching for additional signs that confirm or refute the correctness of the decision made;

The final conclusion on the identification of the object of perception.

Installation– this is the dependence of perception on experience and tasks of activity. In an object, those aspects of it that correspond to the given task come to the fore.

The simplest form of comprehension is recognition. Here perception is closely related to memory. To recognize an object means to perceive the object and relate it to a previously formed image. Recognition may be generalized, when the object belongs to any general category (table, tree), differentiated when an object is identified with a previously perceived single object.

Recognition is characterized certainty, accuracy And speed. When recognizing, a person does not highlight all the features of an object, but uses its characteristic identification marks(so, we recognize a steamer from a distance by the presence of a pipe and do not think that it is a boat).

2. Psycho. A person perceives images of objects not as images, but as real objects, taking the images outward, objectifying them. Objectivity of perception- the attribution of brain information about objects to real objects. Objectivity of perception means adequacy, correspondence of images of perception to real objects of reality.

3.Integrity of perception. Perception reflects stable connections between components. Integrity of perception- this is a reflection of the subject as a stable systemic integrity.

Even in cases where we perceive only some of the features of a familiar object, we mentally complete the missing features and parts.

4.Structurality of perception. We recognize various objects thanks to the stable structure of their features. In perception, the relationships, parts, and sides of an object are identified (we perceive and interpret a house as a house, regardless of the particular characteristics of this particular house). Awareness of perception is inextricably linked with the reflection of the relationships between the elements of the perceived object. In cases where it is difficult to identify parts of an object, the perception of the object as a whole becomes difficult.

5. Selective focus of perception. From the countless number of objects and phenomena, we highlight some of them. It depends on the direction of a person’s activity, on his needs and interests. (when examining the scene of an incident, the investigator primarily identifies traces of the criminal, physical evidence).

Selectivity of perception - preferential selection of an object from the background. If the object and background are equivalent for a given activity, then they can transform into each other: the background becomes an object, and the object becomes a background (a vase on a black background or 2 profiles on a white one).

The selection of an object from the background is carried out along its contour. The sharper and more contrasting the outline of an object, the easier it is to highlight it.

6.Apperception(from Latin perception) - the dependence of perception on experience, knowledge, interests and attitudes of the individual, according to which a person selectively perceives various aspects of objects. Apperception happens personal And situational.

Looking at a burning fire from a distance, we do not feel its warmth, but this quality of it is included in the perception of the fire. In our experience, fire and warmth entered into a strong connection.

7. Constancy of perception(from Latin constant) is the independence of the reflection of the objective qualities of objects (size, shape, characteristic color) from the changed conditions of their perception - illumination, distance, angle of view.

When perceiving a rectangular object (a folder, a sheet of paper) from different points of view, a square, a rhombus, or even a straight line may appear on the retina of the eye. However, in all cases we retain the inherent form of this object.

Non-constancy- visual illusions (distortions). They are called physical, physiological. and mental reasons.

So, if we look down from a great height, then objects familiar to us may be perceived somewhat distorted (people, cars seem unnaturally reduced to us).

Features of the perception of space and time

Perception of space consists of perception size, shape, volume, distance, location of objects and their movement.

Shape perception- a complex process of visual perception of the configuration of an object, in which fast, spasmodic movements of the eyes are of great importance: they seem to feel the object.

When perceiving planar forms, a clear distinction of the outlines of an object, its contour, plays an important role. When perceiving volumetric forms, depth vision plays a significant role.

When perceiving the shape of an object, it is essential to interaction with the background. The background provides information about the situation of perception and ensures the constancy of perception. In situations where the object and background are equivalent, the effect occurs dual figure. In this case, periodic fluctuations in attention occur - its fluctuation occurs.

Relief and volume of objects, depth of space are perceived due to the fact that the image of the object appears on non-coinciding (disparate) points of the retina of the two eyes; in this case, there is no complete coincidence of the image in the retinas of both eyes, and as a result, stereoscopic effect.

Remoteness of objects is also perceived through binocular vision (seeing with two eyes). The perception of the distance of an object depends not only on the size of its image on the retina, but also on the strength of the tension of the eye muscles, the curvature of the lens, and the relative position of the visual axes.

The change in curvature of the lens depending on the distance of objects is called accommodation. Accommodation provides information about the distance of objects only within a range of up to 6 m. If objects are located at a greater distance, then information about their distance comes to the brain from the relative positions of the visual axes. But determining the depth of space is limited by the threshold of depth vision (=5).

The distance from which objects are identified is called spatial discrimination threshold.

The spatial movement of objects, their movement is perceived due to the movement of their image on the retina. Head movement and paired eye movements are also essential for the perception of movement.

The ability to correctly assess the spatial relationships of objects is called eye. There are static and dynamic eye meters:

-static eye meter - determining the size of fixed objects taking into account their distance;

-dynamic eye meter - the ability to determine the relationship between moving objects.

There are significant individual characteristics of the eye. The ability to see the smallest objects is called visual acuity or the resolution of the eye.

Touch-one of the main sources of our spatial ideas. Feeling movements of the hands reproduce the contour, volume, relief and texture of the object.

There is a distinction between passive and active touch:

-passive touch forms a tactile image of the contour of an object when it is moved on a resting hand;

-active touch characterized by active palpation of the object;

-bimanual touch - touch with two hands - optimizes the perception strategy.

Perception of time- reflection of the duration, speed and sequence of phenomena. Temporary relationships are reflected by:

-chronometry - counting time, measured using uniform movement of objects (clock hands);

-chronology - reflections of time in accordance with events common to all (seasons, historical events);

-chronognosia - subjective time (subjective experience of the duration of events depending on their significance and emotional coloring).

When assessing time intervals and duration of events, the peculiarities of subjective perception of time should be taken into account.

The duration of small periods of time is usually somewhat exaggerated, and large intervals of time are slightly reduced. A fast tempo also tends to exaggerate the time interval, while a slow tempo tends to understate it. The period of time associated with interesting, significant events seems shorter (and when recalled, on the contrary, longer). With positive emotions, time is underestimated, and with negative emotions, it is overestimated.

Life experience, knowledge, interests, level of mental development determine individual characteristics of perception– its selective focus, completeness and accuracy.

Synthetic type perception is characterized by greater integrity and emotionality. Holders analytical type show a greater tendency to highlight and explain individual aspects of an object. The most common is medium analytical-synthetic type of perception.

People with insufficient development of differentiation activity are characterized by incompleteness And inaccuracy perception. A person’s exposure to rigid stereotypes has a significant impact on perception.

The incompleteness of experience and knowledge causes fragmentation of perception, its lack of meaningfulness and integrity. Perceiving objects and phenomena, a person evaluates them.

2. As an object of perception, a person has a special social significance. When perceiving a new person, the subject identifies in him those features of his appearance that provide information about his mental and social qualities. Particular attention is paid to posture, gait, gestures, facial expressions, voice, speech, behavioral habits, and manners.

One of the first places is occupied by a person’s professional characteristics, his social status, basic moral and communicative qualities: angry, kind, cheerful, withdrawn, sociable, etc. Individual features of his face are also selectively highlighted.

A generalized image of a person that arises from external signs influences interaction with him.

The perception of a person by a person is subject to certain socially formed stereotypes, standards, and standards.

People's assessments and feelings when they perceive each other are multifaceted. But basically they are divided into conjunctive - uniting and disjunctive - disconnecting. Disjunctive feelings are caused by what is condemned in a given environment.

3. Speech perception. From a physical point of view, speech is a combination of sounds that varies in pitch and intensity. Maximum speech intelligibility occurs at a speech intensity of 40 dB. At a speech intensity of 10 dB, speech sounds are not perceived as connected words.

Speech is especially drowned out by low-frequency noise.

Speech intelligibility increases with visual control of the speakers, the vocabulary of speech that is familiar to listeners, significant intensity of speech, and repetition of complex phrases in their original form.

The optimal speech rate is 70 words per minute, the upper limit is 120 words per minute. Long words are understood and recognized better than short words. The volume of the phrase should not exceed 7 ± 2 words.

The most significant words should be placed in the first third of the phrase. The monotony of sound frequencies, long pauses, as well as the absence of pauses, make speech perception difficult.

Taking into account the patterns of perception in investigative practice.

When questioning a witness, the investigator must separate objective facts from subjective layers, it is necessary:

Find out the conditions in which the incident was perceived (illumination, duration, distance, meteorological conditions). It should be borne in mind that people are often unable to accurately assess quantity item V, distance between them, their dimensions.

Correctly establish the time of occurrence of the event under investigation, its duration and sequence.

Take into account the peculiarities of human perception by man. Depending on the importance people attach to various personality traits, they relate to each other differently, experience different feelings, and when testifying, they bring to the fore certain individual aspects of the other person.

When presenting for identification, it is necessary that identification be carried out according to specific characteristics (at least 3x). When presented for identification, it is necessary to take into account objective and subjective conditions.

Objective conditions include the physical conditions of the initial perception of an object (lighting, angle, distance).

The subjective factors of identification include the psyche. the state of a person at the moment of observing the object and at the moment of its identification (fear, disgust, nervousness, etc.), as well as the psyche. human properties (development of one or another type of memory, perception, ability to make correlations, group characteristics).

When presented for identification, the investigator must exercise extreme caution in verbal influences on the identifier, remembering that the first signal system (the person’s immediate impression) depends on the second signal system (words).

To conduct a qualified interrogation, the investigator needs some information about speech perception person.

Investigator's observation is a form of perception thing doc, scene of incident, conducts interrogation and confrontation or investigative experiment in order to resolve the issue.

Observation is not an innate quality; it is developed through practice and exercise. It is useful for the investigator to specifically practice the following:

1) in comparison and comparison of similar objects;

2) in the quick perception of the greatest number of features of an object;

3) in detecting insignificant, barely noticeable changes in objects;

4) in highlighting what is significant from the point of view of the purpose of observation.

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