General name for mass periodicals. Types of periodicals. Leisure edition

CHAPTER 1. Species-typological composition and classification of publications

Concept and general model of the publication

Editorial work in the book business is multifunctional and diverse. Meanwhile, there is a common goal in it that defines, unites and directs all the actions of the editor. This goal is to meet the population's needs for books, which is achieved by publishing publications.

By definition, a publication is “a document intended for the dissemination of the information contained in it, which has undergone editorial and publishing processing, obtained by printing or embossing, independently designed in printing, and having imprint information.”

Without focusing on the fact that a modern publication can be designed not only in printing, we note that its first most important hallmark is the presence of a substantive basis, by which a literary work must actually be understood. Further, among the necessary features, the editorial and publishing processing of the work (document) is noted (and this also deserves special attention). Required condition is a printed or embossed design in the form of an independent object and at least with output information. This is everything without which there cannot be a publication, thanks to which a work of literature then becomes associated with a book.

Book publishing is a rather complex, systematic education. It must be considered as a set of interconnected and interdependent elements. The publication includes a work of literature and apparatus. The work is also a complex formation. Its obligatory element is the text, which consists of a certain set of semantic (content) elements and can have a different structure depending on the type of literature, content and genre of the work. Along with the text, a work may contain non-text elements of content display: illustrations, tables, formulas.

The device is needed in order to distinguish a publication from another, quickly and accurately navigate its contents, be able to identify it and search in streams and arrays of other publications, find the necessary information in a work without necessarily reading the entire text, and obtain additional information on the topic of the publication and so on. In general, the publication apparatus includes: output information, annotation or abstract (in scientific publications), contents (table of contents), bibliographic elements, indexes for various purposes, notes, comments, etc. The composition of the apparatus and its completeness are determined by the type of publication.

Thus, the publication as a whole can be considered as information system, and quite complex, although well organized. At the same time, its two components - the work and the apparatus - form subsystems, each of which has its own set of elements that are in mutual, functionally and informationally determined relationships.

The information contained in the publication (its content) is a product of creativity and expression of the spiritual world of the author of the work. The publication itself is a product of editorial and publishing activity, in which the work plays the role of an object to which the activities of the editor as a subject of the editorial and publishing process are directed. Along with the editor, other specialists take part in the preparation of the publication: proofreaders, computer operators, technical editors, layout designers, artists and graphic designers (designers), printers, and marketers. The editor who runs the publication is the main character.

In all his work he uses a professional method - editorial analysis. He analyzes and evaluates reader needs, book flows and arrays on the topic of the publication, finds the manuscript of the work or author to whom he places an order, forms his own or considers the author’s idea, etc. The editor is the organizer and inspirer of all the work to create a publication, which is always specific, must have certain typological features and meet the requirements for it.

Before starting to prepare the publication, the editor has to answer two questions: should this book be published and, if so, what kind of book it should be. These questions require answers even when the publication is on the plan. After drawing up a plan and preliminary projects relating to that period, until the moment when it is necessary to begin its implementation, some time usually passes, during which the situation may take on a different character. Answers to the questions posed are even more necessary if the author receives an initiative manuscript or the publishing house has its own need to release an unscheduled book.

The editor is usually informed about the situation in book publishing and book trade according to the profile of his publishing house. For this, a modern editor has enough different sources. However, when the question arises about a specific publication, he has to once again study, analyze and evaluate the book flow, the market, reader needs, and the social significance of the proposed publication.

The editor compares the information received with the author's intention of the work, and the idea of the publication is born. At the same time, he also needs to take into account the publishing house’s capabilities in preparing the original layout and further participation in the process of passing the publication before publication and distribution. A special role is played by taking into account the typological characteristics of the future publication: purpose, reader address, nature of information.

Having the initial information, the editor has the opportunity to work out and formulate publication concept.

The concept determines all subsequent creative and other work of the editor on the publication: development of a project plan and writing trial fragments of the future work, analysis, evaluation of the author's original and its improvement; development of a concept for illustrating the work and design of the book; publication modeling and preparation; systematization of publication elements and formation of the publishing original; control and analytical work at the stages of its replication and publication. The creative nature of the editor's activity in solving the listed problems is due to the fact that the subject of his work - each prepared publication, based on a specific author's original work, has its own individual properties. The specificity of the analytical and methodological work of the editor as an independent direction in book publishing is that the editor does not replace the author, but directs his creative potential to implement the plan in a form that ensures the most effective perception of the content of the book by the reader.

Developing a publication concept is an important creative operation performed by the editor. From the point of view of the psychology of creativity, the concept of a concept should be considered as a set of interrelated and interdependent features of a future publication, which develops in the course and as a result of the editorial analysis of the source information, the requirements put forward for the future publication and the justification of its characteristics.

To create a concept means to prepare the basis for the formation of a publication model and its design. The concept is the methodological basis of the entire process of editorial preparation of the publication. Based on the concept, taking into account the specifics of the literary work, a publication model is developed.

The general, fundamental model of a publication should include the most significant and generalized features of the publication necessary to reveal its essence. Such features that can be considered necessary and sufficient include: functional purpose, reader's address, nature of information and design. Of course, in practice, the characteristics of a particular publication are not limited to only the listed characteristics, and this must be taken into account during the editorial preparation of each publication separately. As for the general model, it is proposed as one of the results of a scientific study carried out by the Chamber of Books.

Functional purpose is considered as a clearer and clearer expression of the typological feature " special purpose" The concept of “functional purpose” was developed within the framework of social-functional order and is broader than the concept of “purpose”. In book science, the functional purpose reflects the connection and functional dependence of a group of publications on the needs of a certain sphere of social life and practice. Thus, on the one hand, social needs set the task of creating and publishing certain publications, on the other hand, publications are being prepared to meet these needs.

Functional purpose and intended purpose are partly identical as characteristics of a publication. However, in reality, the functional purpose more fully takes into account the publication’s capabilities to meet the objectives and interests of society. For example, the purpose of scientific publications is mainly (and attention is focused on) to reflect the results of cognitive activity in the system of scientific communications. A scientific publication is a way of scientific communication. When we look at scientific publications from a functional perspective, we see that their functions include recording the results of scientific knowledge, transmitting them in space and time, testing research results and consolidating scientific priority; they play a significant role in increasing the level of scientific knowledge, in the formation of a scientific worldview, have great auxiliary significance, etc.

A similar situation is observed in the field of popular science publications, the purpose of which is usually reduced to the popularization and propaganda of science. Their functions include informational, educational, educational, ideological, practical, career guidance, and a number of others.

This does not mean that the functional purpose as a typological feature should replace the intended purpose. Actually, the intended purpose reflects the fact that the publication (and within it a literary work) is created to convey certain knowledge to readers. And each time, more or less specific goals are pursued: generalization of knowledge in a particular area, its dissemination, exchange of results of scientific knowledge, formation of public consciousness, norms of law, morality, morality, etc. In a broad sense, the intended purpose is also considered as a public purpose, which is understood as the socially necessary impact that the publication should have on the reader. The intended purpose and the reader's address are connected and form a complex feature that is important for the systematization of publications, which is based on a functional approach.

Here it is appropriate to recall that the functional approach was formed in the 1930s by domestic bibliologists and for a long time determined the development of the theory and practice of bibliology and, in particular, the editorial and publishing business. The functional approach is considered as the methodological basis of modern scientific disciplines addressing the subject and phenomena of information, systematicity and management. It is determined primarily by the functional nature of the phenomena themselves, and, as researchers note, the functional nature is apparently inherent in the manifestation of life in all its forms. The advantage of the functional approach is that it breaks down the barriers between different branches of knowledge and concentrates attention on the commonality of functions.

The study of the functions of a book, its types and types, and reader's interests forms the basis of the functional approach in the theory and practice of book publishing.

The functional approach to the formation of a publication model indicates the important methodological significance of the result of this process for the editorial preparation of the publication.

Functional purpose as a feature that is taken to develop a publication model, as well as the intended purpose, is closely related to the reader's address. At first glance, it may seem that the reader's address is an addition to the functional purpose of the publication. However, this only occurs in some cases. For example, the main reader of a scientific publication is a scientist. The readership address of other types of publications can be specified in detail, as can be seen in the example of educational publications. Their readers are divided according to social characteristics - students; in the field of education - school students, vocational schools, college and university students; by form of education - full-time, evening, and correspondence students; by level - primary and secondary school students, undergraduate students, master's students, students who are preparing to become certified specialists.

The reader's assessment has its own functional approach. It is expressed in the reader's study primarily in connection with the book. The typology of the reader is considered in connection with the function of its reading.

Editors prepare publications for various categories readers. The majority of literary, artistic, and popular science publications are published with a focus on a wide readership, without special consideration for education, social status, specialty and sometimes age, i.e. to the “mass reader”. True, in the context of the commercialization of book publishing, such an approach requires caution and confronts the editor and publishing house with the task of seriously studying the book market.

The most important characteristic of a publication, which has a decisive influence on the choice of its type, is the nature of the information. This term was proposed by the Book Chamber to express the special indirect nature of the relationship between the content and the functional purpose, readership and design of the publication. So, on the same topic, on the same material, you can write works of different genres and create a corresponding number of publications based on them. In each of them, depending on the genre of the work and the type of publication, the facts will be presented and covered in its own way, and the nature of the information will be different.

One of the main signs of the nature of information is the depth of development of the problem. A scientific publication requires a high scientific level of elaboration of the topic with the involvement effective methods research, reasoned justifications and evidence, and we need our own linguistic and stylistic means of displaying information. When covering the same problem in a popular science publication, it must be adapted taking into account the reader’s understanding and perception; the publication will have a different language, different from a scientific publication, and other techniques and means of displaying the content. The results of developing a scientific problem will be presented even differently when used in an educational publication.

In connection with the consideration of the “character of information” feature, it should be noted that this typological feature is also characterized by what linguistic and stylistic means are used in the work to present its content. A publication of a certain type uses its own functional style: scientific, popular science, business, fiction, etc. Hence, the nature of the presentation of the material can be considered as an important typological feature, reflecting the way of understanding, mastering and displaying reality. Signs of the nature of information are the degree of normativity of the material, the presence of theoretical or empirical materials in the publication and their relationship, reference in the presentation of the material, etc.

The use of a book to fulfill its functional purpose and its compliance with the reader's address also depend on the design, which is directly related to the nature of the information. The design includes in the system features related to the arrangement of the material, design and printing of the publication. This complex includes mutual arrangement and communication components(structure) of books and artistic design elements.

Structure is usually understood as a whole that determines the character of its constituent fragments. The meaning of the whole was expressed by Aristotle: “The whole is more than the sum of its individual parts.” This is clearly seen in the example of the book. Her cover is a complex artistic whole; typographic design is also a complex whole, which is formed by a specially chosen font, title page, title lines that are in harmony with the content, well-executed and printed illustrations; The text of the book is an artistic and informational whole. “This means that the book as a whole is the unity of its constituent elements, which is far from identical to the sum of its constituent parts. Therefore, by the structure of a book we will understand an internally coordinated set of components, the interconnections of which allow the book to function as a certain integrity.”

Conditioning structural organization edition by its species characteristics is very clearly expressed in the following words of E.B. Adamov about the reference publication: “It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the inextricable connection between the form of the reference publication and its content. This is revealed in the specific characteristic itself, which is based not so much on the nature of the information, as, for example, in scientific publications and publications fiction, not so much the reader's address, as, for example, in publications for children, not so much the intended purpose for a certain type of activity, as, for example, in industrial publications, but the order of placement of the material, a certain principle of its structural organization and, ultimately, a way of working with the book" .

The author's, editorial, editorial, technical and design principles in the formation of a publication are a single process. The work should be carried out with the beginning of editing the author's original. The logical and structural organization of the text, the choice of a method for sequentially arranging structural elements - in all this there are design and design solutions. The content of the publication is not determined only by the content of the work, it is made up of the totality of all the elements that make up the publication.

The foundations of the construction and design (design) of the future edition are to some extent laid by the author in his work, which is primarily manifested in the logical structure of the text, the selection of illustrations, the composition and nature of the functioning of the book apparatus. Therefore, the editor’s task, even at the stage of working on the author’s original work, is to familiarize the author with the project of constructive and design solutions, samples of publications that belong to the same type as the one being created. It is important to maintain contacts throughout the preparation of the publication; thanks to this, the author can, through his actions, contribute to improving the artistic and constructive solution of the publication. If the editor and designer (designer), as a result of the functional and aesthetic understanding of the author’s work, have proposals that relate to the work, for example, adjusting the rubrication system, regrouping parts of the text, introducing additional and eliminating redundant fragments of text, etc., then these proposals can immediately be brought to the attention of the author, discussed, agreed upon and taken into account.

The interaction between the author and the designer (designer) is an important condition due to which the unity of the form and content of the publication can be ensured. The editor working on the author's original work, as the organizer and presenter of the publication being created, cannot remain on the sidelines. The task of actively participating in everything related to the process of preparing the publication obliges him to direct and support the interaction between the author and the designer, and to monitor the results of the design. In addition, the editor, analyzing and evaluating the author's original work, must clearly see and understand how it is possible to have more effective design solutions, how to more rationally correlate these decisions with the implementation of functional tasks and more fully satisfying the interests of readers.

The general meaning of the formation of the structure and design of the publication is (we emphasize this again) to make it an integral thing, which, both from the outside and from the inside, must correspond to its functional purpose, as well as the reader’s address, the nature of the information and the conditions of use.

The main objectives of design are to promote the best perception and understanding of the text, as well as to ensure the integrity of the publication. A book is a single, coherent, naturally constructed structure, which should be embodied in its external form. It has a clearly marked beginning and end, an orderly system of internal division, and an obvious hierarchy of the main and various supporting texts and images. All this requires the attention, care and control of the editor of the publication.

Systematization of book publications

One of the main typological categories in book science is the type of publication. It represents a typological grouping of a significant number of publications, which has been formed and actually exists in practice.

GOST 7.60-90 standardized the following grounds for the formation of groups by type of publication: purpose, degree of analytical and synthetic processing of information, iconic nature of information, material design, volume, composition of the main text, frequency, structure, nature of information.

Among the named characteristics, it is necessary to highlight those that have the greatest commonality for all publications. This is a purpose that essentially reflects in a concentrated form the functional role of the publication and the nature of the information. Both of these characteristics characterize the publication regardless of its other characteristics: volume, iconic nature of information, etc. The types of publications have one more commonality - the reader's address, in the sense that this feature is characteristic of each publication. At the same time, it is distinguished into an independent species group - publications for children.

Each publication also has its own functional characteristics; each book has its own set of functions. However, a certain functional property is not a feature associated with just one specific edition. For example, take a publication such as a catalogue. Its functions are based on information and advertising. Informational, educational, communicative and a number of other functions belong to several types of publications - scientific, popular science, educational. But the function of popularizing scientific knowledge applies only to popular science publications.

When considering functional characteristics, there is no need to confuse the two sides: the relationship of the function to the type of publication and the ability of the publication to perform additional functions are not specific feature any individual species publications In fact, each type of publication can be multifunctional. Thus, from the example regarding the function of popularizing scientific knowledge, one should not conclude that a popular science publication does not have other functions. On the contrary, they are very diverse. Types of publications can be divided into subtypes. Thus, an information publication includes bibliographic, abstract and review publications as subtypes. Subtypes include groups of publications that have developed in practice and are formed on the basis of the common nature of information.

Until now, in book studies there is no unity of views on the typology of publications (books). There are several variants of typological models, some of which represent a certain sign system (diagram, table, etc.), composed of scientific categories and concepts, in their unity reflecting social essence books as a way of information communication. The most complex character is the typological model of the book, presented in a number of works by A. Grechikhin. The author considers the systematization of the book as a logically complex, multi-level process of ascension from the abstract to the concrete, designating each stage of a certain systematic category. The highest level of systematization of the entire real diversity of a book is considered to be “type”. Book type is the most abstract category. In terms of its volume, the “type” reflects all the real diversity of the book in its most general content - at the level of properties, essential features that unite this real diversity. All subsequent systematic categories in the direction from abstract to concrete (from the highest to the lowest) should be richer in content and smaller in volume.

The most specific, single systematic category turns out to be the category that reflects “all the real richness of content inherent in this particular book.” This category is called “individual book”. In its content, it “reflects not only the most general features, the properties of a particular book, uniting it with all the possible variety of such publications, but also its unique individual features, distinguishing it from other individual books.”

Between the upper and lower boundaries of systematization, designated “type” and “individual,” there is possible “an infinite variety of intermediate levels of systematization, reflecting the generic relations of “books-individuals.” Systematic categories of intermediate levels can simultaneously be subordinate, therefore, less specific in content, but broader in scope, and subordinate, more specific in content, but smaller in scope. Accordingly, these intermediate systematic categories are proposed to be considered as generic or specific: the genus of a book is subordinate to the type, at the same time it subordinates the specific categories.

The type of book is a single scientific category that determines the lower limit of systematization. The view reflects only individual books and their properties, which are not subject to further logical division. This is one point of view.

According to another position taken by the Book Chamber, the main place when considering the publishing system is the type of publication, as was already mentioned at the beginning of the section. The concept and type of publication is used, which indicates the lowest limit of systematization. The publication type is considered as a specific publication model, a single typical phenomenon, a separate publication in the subtype system. The type reflects the individual characteristics of a publication, the number of which usually increases as they become more specific.

Different features have different significance in the formation of a typical model. The most significant features allow you to create a clear, defined model of the type of publication. Secondary features may not have a particularly noticeable effect on changing the type of publication.

To form a model of the type of publication included in a specific group of publications, it is necessary to determine the largest possible number of its characteristics that should be included in the model. Based on the example from the “Typology of Publications”, let’s take the type of reference publications. In its composition, the type of publication must have at least the following characteristics: the functional purpose of the publication - reference, popular science, the reader's address - the general reader, the nature of the information - a universal encyclopedic dictionary, alphabetical, with subject and name indexes, design - illustrated, monochrome, letterpress printing, single volume, standard binding, etc. If in a model of this type we change at least some essential features (for example, the functional change will be a reference, scientific publication and readers - specialists), we will get a different type of publication. This is the case with the second approach to the typology of publications.

According to the third option, authored by N.P. Lavrov, the systematization of publications and their typification are based on the concept of type. Types of publications are understood as groups of publications formed according to differences in the purpose and nature of the information.

Of the three concepts mentioned and partially discussed, the typology of the book chamber is widespread and used in the practice of publishing and editing. Publications, their main types, as well as terms and definitions are presented in GOST 7.60-90. The standard defines only types of publications and does not include the term “type of publication”.

Systematization of publications by their types is carried out in all official publications of the Russian Book Chamber and in press materials that consider the issues of preparation, publication and distribution of literature and publications from an official position.

The type of book publications currently used by the Russian Book Chamber is as follows: mass-political, official, scientific, popular science, industrial and practical, educational, reference, informational, advertising, leisure publications, literary and artistic.

The given species classification is based on the intended purpose of the publications. Considering that the intended purpose is closely related to the reader's address, publications for children are classified as a separate type of book publications.

The intended purpose and, in a broader sense, the functional purpose of a book publication are the features that set the program for creating the publication. Publications prepared by the editor under this program must meet the social needs, interests of readers and have certain typological properties. When preparing a publication, the editor must rely on general provisions in the field of editorial and publishing technology and certainly take into account the specifics of a particular publication.

When preparing to become a certified book specialist with a major in Publishing and Editing, a student should assume that he will have to engage in editorial training when choosing one type of publication or another.

Based on the nature of the information, the following types of publications are distinguished: monograph (scientific or popular science), collection of scientific papers, manual, practical guide, practical guide, textbook, educational visual aid, teaching aid, dictionary (encyclopedic, language, explanatory, terminological), phrasebook, reference book, guidebook, catalog (publishing, exhibition, ideological, etc.), documentary and artistic publication, almanac, anthology, review publication, abstract publication, etc.

Among the listed publications there are those that stand out based on the number of literary works included in them. This feature deserves editorial attention, because a literary work or their combination forms the basis of a book publication, the second component of which is the apparatus. In addition, a literary work (in fact) determines the purpose and readership of the publication as a whole.

Grouping book publications based on the number of literary works included in them is important for editorial and publishing practice and especially for the editorial preparation of publications. Its main feature is the principles of selecting literary works for the main part of a particular publication.

For some time now, groups of publications, taking into account the principle of selection of works into their composition, have been called genres of book publications. These include: mono-edition (publication of a separate work), collection, selected works, collected works. The editor determines the genre of the publication at the stage of its formation, i.e. in the publishing house. Therefore, the name “publishing genre” has a double meaning: the genre of publication and the genre that is formed in the publishing house. Genres of book publications are created by the publishing house on the basis of received author's manuscripts of works and can be determined without the participation of the author. For a mono-edition, works of sufficient volume and high content qualities are usually selected. The purpose of the publication is also important.

Forming a publication of a certain genre is a rather complex editorial and publishing problem. Collected works are especially challenging. Their preparation requires a lot of organizational and creative work, significantly more than work on other publishing genres.

Preparing a publication of a certain genre includes not only the formation of an appropriate set of works, but also the order of their arrangement, as well as the creation of an apparatus corresponding to the nature of the publication. The editor is faced with the task of choosing the composition of the publication: whether it should be problem-thematic, genre, chronological, genre-chronological or some other. In the concept of the publication developed by the editor, in its model, in all work on the preparation of the publication, there must be professionalism, precision and clarity, manufacturability and creativity. Under these conditions, you can count on creating a book that is needed by the reader and society

Edition. A work of printing that has been independently designed in printing, has undergone editorial and publishing processing, has established output information and is intended to convey the information contained in it.

Note. A work of printing is understood as a publication produced by printing or embossing.

Publishing products. A set of publications scheduled for release or released by publishing houses (publishing houses) and (or) other publishing organizations.

Types of publications by material design

Book edition. Publication in the form of a block of sheets of printed material of any format bound at the spine in a cover or binding.

Note. A sheet of printed material means a sheet of paper, cardboard, fabric, transparent film, punched card, the surface of which contains a print (text, illustrations, notes, etc.).

Magazine edition. A publication in the form of a block of sheets of printed material of a set format bound together in the spine, in a cover or binding, publishing adapted to the specifics of a given periodical.

Sheet edition. Publication in the form of one or several sheets of printed material of any format without binding.

Newspaper edition. A leaf publication in the form of one or several sheets of printed material of a set format, publisher-adapted to the specifics of a given periodical.

Poster. Sheet publication in the form of one or several sheets of printed material of any format, printed on one side, intended for exhibiting.

Booklet. Sheet publication in the form of one sheet of printed material, folded by any means into two or more folds.

Card edition. A set of independent sheet-fed publications, united by a common concept, theme or readership, collected in a folder, parcel or enclosed in a cover.

Types of publications based on the iconic nature of information

Text edition. A publication in which most of the volume is occupied by verbal, digital, hieroglyphic, formulaic (chemical or mathematical symbols) or mixed text with or without illustrations).

Sheet music edition. A publication in which most of the volume is occupied by musical notation of musical works with or without text.

Cartographic publication. A publication in which most of the volume is occupied by cartographic images.

Art edition. A publication in which most of the volume is occupied by an image with short text or no text.

Printmaking. Sheet art edition, which is a print of the original artistic image with printed form, made by the author.

Artistic reproduction. A sheet art edition that reproduces an original work of art or artistic photograph.

Fine poster. A book publication in the form of a poster containing a drawing, photograph, montage or some special image with little or no explanatory text.

Fine postcard. Sheet art publication of a set format, one side of which is a reproduction, drawing or photograph, and the other can be used for writing or text explaining the image.

Album. A book publication, usually with a brief explanatory text.

Notes

1. Some albums containing special images (medical, botanical and other drawings, scientific photographs, drawings, diagrams, plans, etc.) and intended for scientific or educational purposes are also traditionally called atlases.
2. Some albums may be produced detachable or in the form of sheets of printed material not fastened at the spine. Such albums are called uvrazh.

Types of publications by frequency and structure

Non-periodical publication. A publication published once, the repetition of which is not planned in advance.

Periodical. An art publication published at certain intervals, with a constant number of issues for each year, not repeating in content, uniformly designed numbered and (or) dated issues, having the same name and, as a rule, the same volume and format.

Ongoing edition. A publication published at indefinite intervals, as material is accumulated, non-repetitive in content, uniformly designed, numbered and (or) dated issues, having a common name and, as a rule, the same format.

Book. Non-periodical text book publication over 48 pages.

Brochure. Non-periodical text book publication of more than four, but not more than 48 pages.

Leaflet. Non-periodical text sheet publication of one to four pages.

Mono edition. A non-periodical publication containing only one completed work.

Note. A work is understood as a result of creative activity in the field of science, technology, literature and art, reproduced using any system of signs, and having independent meaning, for example, a cartographic work.

Collection. A publication containing a number of works by one or more authors, abstracts and various official or scientific materials.

Notes

Depending on the periodicity, non-periodic, periodic and ongoing collections are distinguished.
Depending on the nature of the works included in the collection, a distinction is made between a collection of scientific works, a scientific and technical collection, an abstract collection, etc.

One-volume edition. Publication published in one volume.

Multi-volume edition. A non-periodical publication consisting of two or more numbered volumes, representing a single whole in content and design.

Collected works. A single-volume or multi-volume publication containing part of the most significant works of one author, selected on a specific basis.

Magazine. A periodical text journal publication containing articles or abstracts on various socio-political, scientific, industrial and other issues, literary works, illustrations and photographs, officially approved as this type of publication.

Newspaper. A periodical text and sheet publication containing official materials, operational information and articles on current issues socio-political, scientific, industrial and other issues, as well as literary works, illustrations, photographs and advertising.

Note. In some cases, a newspaper may be published for a short time, limited to a specific event (conference, festival, etc.).

Bulletin. A periodical or ongoing publication containing brief official materials on issues within the purview of the organization issuing it.

Note. In some cases, bulletins may be issued for a short time, limited to a specific event, i.e., they may be non-periodic publications.

Leaf. A periodical or ongoing text sheet publication of no more than four pages, containing mainly socio-political, scientific or industrial and technical information.

Series. A set of publications united by a common concept, theme, overall or reader purpose, published under a common name, in the same design.

Notes

A periodical or continuing series consists of numbered or dated issues.
Non-periodic publications form an open series if the duration of its publication is not established in advance, and a closed series if its publication is limited to a certain time.
A part of a series that has a narrower target and readership or is dedicated to a specific area of knowledge and has its own general title, separate from the series, is called a subseries.

Serial edition. Non-recurring series.

Notes

Each book or brochure included in a serial publication has its own author (authors) and (or) its own title.
Periodicals, continuing publications and serial publications collectively constitute serial publications.

Types of publications according to purpose and nature of information

Official publication. A publication published on behalf of government or public organizations, institutions and departments containing materials of a legislative, regulatory or directive nature.

Scientific publication. A publication intended for scientific work and containing theoretical and (or) experimental research.

Monograph. A scientific publication in the form of a book or brochure, containing a complete and comprehensive study of one problem or topic and owned by one or more authors.

Preprint. A scientific publication containing materials of a preliminary nature, published before the publication of the publication in which they will subsequently be published.

Abstracts of scientific conference reports. A scientific non-periodical collection containing preliminary materials (abstracts, abstracts or communications) published before the start of the conference.

Materials of the scientific conference. Scientific non-periodical collection containing the results of the scientific conference (programs, reports, recommendations, decisions).

Note. By analogy with this and previous names for publications of the same type, the following terms can be constructed: “abstracts of reports of a scientific congress”, “abstracts of reports of a scientific symposium”, “materials of a scientific congress”, “materials of a scientific symposium”.

Collection of scientific papers. A scientific collection containing research materials from scientific institutions, educational institutions or societies on the most important scientific and scientific-technical problems of fundamental scientific importance and practical value.

Documentary scientific publication. Non-periodic scientific collection or mono-edition containing mainly historical documents, cultural monuments, texts of fiction and other works that are sources for further research.

Popular science publication. A publication containing information about theoretical and (or) experimental research in the field of science, culture and applied activities, presented in a form accessible to the non-specialist reader.

Mass political publication. A publication containing materials (works) on socio-political topics, presented in a form accessible to the general reader.

Educational edition. A non-periodical publication containing systematic information of a scientific or applied nature, presented in a form convenient for teaching and studying.

Training program. An educational publication that defines the content, volume, as well as the procedure for studying and teaching any academic discipline or its section, part.

Textbook. An educational publication containing a systematic presentation of an academic discipline or its section, part, corresponding curriculum and officially approved as this type of publication.

Tutorial. An educational publication that partially or completely replaces or supplements a textbook and is officially approved as a given type of publication.

Workshop. Educational publication containing practical tasks and exercises that promote the assimilation, consolidation of knowledge and testing of knowledge.

Educational and methodological manual. An educational publication containing materials on the methods of teaching an academic discipline, its section, part, or educational methods.

Educational visual aid. Educational art publication (text publication) containing materials to aid learning, teaching or education.

Production edition. A publication containing information on technology, equipment, and organization of production, designed for specialists of various qualifications engaged in areas of practical activity.

Practical guide. A production publication that contains primarily descriptive and empirical material and serves to improve the skills of specialists or is intended for individuals who want to independently master any profession or work skills.

Regulatory and production publication. A non-periodical publication that establishes certain rules, requirements, standards in all areas of practical activity.

Reference publication. A publication containing brief information of a scientific or applied nature, arranged in an order convenient for quick retrieval, and not intended for continuous reading.

Dictionary. A reference publication containing an ordered list of linguistic units (words, phrases, phrases, terms, signs) with their brief characteristics or translation into another language.

Encyclopedia. Single-volume or multi-volume reference book, containing in a generalized form basic information on one or all branches of knowledge and practical activity, presented in the form of short articles arranged in alphabetical or systematic order.

Note. Depending on the range of information included, a distinction is made between a universal (general) and a sectoral (special) encyclopedia.

Specialist's reference book. A reference publication in the form of a book or brochure containing the necessary information professional activity information specialist.

Advertising edition. A publication containing messages about various events, publications, industrial products, household services presented in an attention-grabbing, concise, and easy-to-remember form.

Catalog. Regulatory, production, reference and (or) advertising publication containing a systematic list of available items.

Catalog industrial equipment and products. A catalog containing a list of industrial products, giving their classification and accounting.

Nomenclature catalogue. Catalog containing a list and main specifications nomenclature of industrial serial products produced at a given time.

Information publication. A publication containing systematized information about published and unpublished works in a form convenient for quick acquaintance with them, published by scientific and technical information, as well as other organizations carrying out information activities.

Note. Information publications can be bibliographic, abstract or review, non-periodic, periodic or ongoing.

Bibliographic edition. An information publication containing an ordered collection of bibliographic records.

Abstract edition. Information publication containing the publication of abstracts.

Review edition. An information publication containing the publication of one or more reviews.

Literary and artistic publication. A publication containing works of fiction.

The given terms are established by the currently existing standard. They are required for use in all types of documentation, textbooks, textbooks, scientific, technical, reference literature. The given definitions can, if necessary, be changed in the form of presentation, without violating the boundaries of concepts.

Periodicals for children- magazines and newspapers, usually aimed at a fairly narrow specific age category of readers. These publications accustom children to consistent, constant reading, forming a strong habit of “communication” with literature.

According to the standard, periodic A serial publication is called, published at certain intervals, with a constant number of numbers (issues) for each year, not repeating in content, identically designed, numbered and (or) dated issues with the same titles.

The purpose of such publications is to quickly, at set intervals, disseminate information addressed to a specific reader.

OST 29.127-2002 establishes requirements for font design and quality of printing of book and magazine publications for children and adolescents, including applicants.

SanPiN 2.4.7.960-00 establish hygienic requirements for the font design and print quality of book and magazine publications produced using Russian and/or Latin graphic fonts, in order to ensure the readability of publications, which leads to a reduction in visual load when reading, prevents the development of visual and general fatigue, is one from measures to prevent visual impairment.

Readable edition - a publication that does not cause visual fatigue when reading.

Caption for illustration (caption) - text, which is a verbal description of the illustration (name, content, explanation of the main symbols, etc.), allowing you to consider the illustrations independently of the text and linking them with the text to which they relate.

Publications, depending on the visual load when reading and in accordance with GOST 7.60, are divided into two categories:

first category literary and artistic; popular science; educational for up to school age(developmental education) second category - reference (dictionaries, encyclopedias, catalogues, etc.); for leisure (stickers, albums with stickers, crosswords, etc.).

Publications, depending on the reader’s address and in accordance with the age-related physiological characteristics of the reader’s visual organs and the age-related periodization of the development of the child’s body accepted in the hygiene of children and adolescents, are divided into the following four groups:

for the first age group editions for older children preschool age from 4 to 6 years inclusive; for the second age group, editions for children of primary school age from 7 to 10 years inclusive; for the third age group, editions for children of secondary school age from 11 to 14 years old inclusive; for the fourth age group for children of senior school age (teenagers, including applicants) from 15 to 17 years old inclusive.

The publication should be designed according to the requirements for the youngest of the groups indicated in the reader's address, if the publication is intended for two age categories.

Currently, there is a revival of children's journalism in the best Russian traditions. Publishers of new magazines have an excellent example to follow in the form of a huge array of Russian publications from the late eighteenth to early twentieth centuries.

Now in our country children's printing is an independent component common system MASS MEDIA. Its specificity is determined by a clearly expressed age focus on a children's audience. In connection with this, children's journalism uses special, unique techniques for displaying reality, its own means of expression, forms and methods of contact with the audience.

As an important element of the system of education of children and adolescents, the children's press actively interacts both with other components of the media addressed to children (children's TV, radio journalism), and with various social institutions, taking part in the pedagogical process (education, science, culture).

The main type-forming factor of all children's publications is the nature of the audience for which they are intended. The age characteristics of the young audience and the uniqueness of working with each age group determined the emergence of 4 types of children's publications:

) for preschoolers (magazines “Funny Pictures”, “New Toy”, “Disney for Kids”, “For the Very Little Ones”, “Filya” - a supplement to the magazine “Funny Pictures”, which talks about nature, etc. );

·Publications for preschoolers in an accessible, bright, memorable form tell about the world around them, introduce them to literary works, develop speaking skills, and teach them to count and write. They usually cover one cross-cutting topic.
2) for younger schoolchildren (magazines “Murzilka”, “Karapuz”, “Masterilka”, “Let's Play a Fairy Tale”, etc.);
·Editions for primary schoolchildren have a more complex composition: they include several sections devoted to different topics.

)for teenagers (newspapers "Bibigon", "Glagol", magazines "Pioneer", "Yunga", "Cool", etc.);

·In publications for teenagers with a variety of topics, the process of their differentiation according to the interests of the audience is noticeable. This is due to the fact that children have a need for knowledge, going beyond school programs, interest appears in various fields of activity - science and technology, literature and art, history and archeology, etc.

) for high school students (newspaper "Young Entrepreneur", magazines "Boomerang", "Marusya", "Sixteen", etc.).

·Attracts attention in publications for high school students a large number of rubrics analyzing the complex area of human relations, moral and moral problems modern society.

Depending on the age at which the publication is intended, the editors determine its content, structure, form, and volume.

Children's publications in market conditions, trying to attract the attention of the audience, often address their products to several age groups at once: preschoolers and younger schoolchildren, primary schoolchildren and teenagers, teenagers and high school students. This is explained by the fact that age boundaries are flexible and when moving from one age to another, the child’s attitude to reality does not change immediately.

Children's printing, in the context of developing market relations, strives to cover problems as fully as possible real life children and teenagers, gain popularity among their audience. After all, it is the children's audience that today determines the fate of this or that publication. The child has the opportunity to choose from the flow of information addressed to him exactly those publications that arouse his interest, help him navigate the complex problems of our time, and choose his path in life.

According to their intended purpose, children's publications are divided into 3 main groups:

· informational and journalistic, the purpose of which is to report on the world around us, shape public opinion, influence the conscious choice of means of solving social, production and other problems (“Verb”);
publications that popularize science, technology, art, broaden horizons and religious publications, promote spiritual enlightenment (" Young technician", "God's world", "Sketch");
·entertaining, carrying a hedonic function that promotes relaxation and relaxation ("Funny Pictures" magazine).

There is also a small group of publications, which, in terms of their intended purpose, gravitate more toward art publications and participate in aesthetic education. However, along with literary works, these magazines also contain materials that popularize literature, art, and history. Most children's publications are created on the principle of “entertaining and teaching.” They widely use game forms.

The nature of children's information publications is universal and multi-thematic; traditional and junior.

Universal children's publications reflect all spheres of society, while multi-thematic ones give preference to specific topics (education, culture, art, literature, science, technology, nature, geography, leisure, etc.). The thematic range of children's publications is quite wide. Traditional publications mainly specialize in the work of professional journalists, while junior publications specialize in amateur children's creativity ("Rost", "Window").

In connection with the rapid development of technological progress, with the advent and widespread introduction of the computer and the Internet into all spheres of life, a lot of children's web magazines have appeared, colorfully designed, containing a virtual game beginning: “Karapuz”, “Ladushki”, “Barbie” ", "Winnie the Pooh", "Nakhalenok", "Visiting Cinderella", "Mysterious World", etc.

Today, middle school children with access to the Internet receive complex products, which is a synthesis of the printed word and computer achievements, representing a unique phenomenon in the educational and cognitive sphere. Along with mastering computer skills, the child simultaneously gains knowledge global scale: he can simultaneously read a literary work and participate in an educational quiz, correspond with friends, view wide range graphic images (from photographs of beautiful places on the planet, animals, plants), improve the level of both your native language and an additional one - English, the main one on the Internet, play a game that develops logical thinking - and all this at once!

Consequently, modern periodicals for children try to take into account various features (age, thematic, target, etc.) as much as possible, thereby providing the young reader and his parents with the opportunity to choose.

A newspaper is a periodical publication published at short intervals, containing official materials, operational information and articles on current socio-political, scientific, industrial and other issues, as well as literary works and advertising. Depending on the type and purpose, newspapers have different publication dates - from one to seven times a week, different circulations and formats. A newspaper can be published for a short time, limited to a specific event - a conference, festival, etc. Along with the main issue, the newspaper can be published in an expanded version through supplements. Newspapers can be general political or specialized, which cover individual problems of social life, science, technology and other areas of activity and are addressed to certain categories of readers.

A magazine is a periodical journal publication that contains articles or abstracts on various socio-political, scientific, industrial and other issues, as well as literary works and advertising. Below, more will be said about the magazine. Now we give definitions of other types of periodicals.

A bulletin is a publication that is published promptly and contains brief official materials on issues within the purview of the organization issuing it. It can be either periodic or ongoing. Periodic newsletters, as a rule, have constant headings. In some cases, bulletins may be issued for a short time during certain events. There are normative bulletins, reference bulletins, advertising bulletins, chronicle bulletins, tabular bulletins, and statistical bulletins.

Subject index. A regulatory bulletin contains materials of a normative, directive or instructional nature; it is usually published by some government agency. Reference materials include bulletins that contain any reference materials arranged in an order that is convenient for quickly finding them. As the name suggests, an advertising newsletter includes promotional materials containing information about products, services, events, etc., with the aim of generating demand for them. subject index The chronicle bulletin contains messages that reflect the activities of the organization that publishes it. subject index The bulletin-table is obliged to highlight the form of presentation of information in an independent form: it contains factual data of a digital or other nature, arranged in tabular form. It must be assumed that such a bulletin can be both reference and statistical. The latter is defined as a bulletin-table, the content of which consists of operational statistical data characterizing a certain area of life and activity of society.

Calendars are also varied. In general, a calendar subject index is a reference publication that contains a sequential list of days, weeks, months of a given year, as well as various other information. Based on periodicity, calendars are divided into annuals, monthly, and weekly; Calendars can also be issued once. Based on other characteristics, calendars are divided into table calendars, tear-off (leaf) calendars, book-type calendars, and calendars of significant dates.

The timesheet calendar is a yearbook calendar in the form of a sheet publication containing a list of days of the year, which are arranged by month in the form of a table. Tear-off calendars, as well as flip calendars, belong to wall- or table-top yearbook calendars; In them, for each day (week, month), separate sheets of paper are torn off or thrown over. subject index Book-type calendars are published in the form of a book edition and contain materials that are selected in accordance with a specific topic and/or address. In the form of a book publication, calendars of significant dates are most often published, which are a calendar that includes a selective list of days that are associated with any memorable events, and information about these events. Such calendars can be produced as yearbooks, quarterlies, monthlies, and weeklies.

Abstract collection and express information are a type of abstract publications. In the system of scientific and technical information, a subject index is considered to be an abstract collection of publications that includes abstracts of unpublished documents; it can be periodic or one-time. subject index Express information is compiled from extended and consolidated abstracts of the most informative, usually foreign, published materials in order to promptly inform readers. In express information, part of the volume may also be allocated to abstracts of domestic, usually departmental, unpublished documents.

In addition to those listed, periodicals should also include such publications as subject indexes and bibliographic indexes. These are publications that contain bibliographic information about sources of information (documents). They can be different in terms of frequency of publication, volume of information, description of types of documents, affiliation with the publishing organization, and their intended purpose and reader's address are also different.

Depending on the nature of processing of the data they contain, documents are usually divided into primary and secondary.

Published documents are books, brochures, monographs, collections, abstracts, periodicals and ongoing publications, preprints, standards, regulatory technical documents, price lists, catalogs, advertising publications, etc.

Official publication - contains materials of a normative or directive nature published on behalf of government bodies, public organizations, institutions and departments. The scientific publication reflects cultural monuments and historical documents prepared scientifically for publication and the results of theoretical or experimental research in various fields of knowledge.

The most important types of scientific publications:

Collected Works - a single-volume or multi-volume publication that contains all or a significant part of the author’s works and gives an idea of his work as a whole.

Selected works - a single-volume or multi-volume publication, including some of the author's most significant works, selected according to a certain principle.

Monograph is a scientific or popular scientific book publication containing a complete and comprehensive study of one problem or topic and owned by one or more authors.

Collection of scientific papers - research materials of scientific institutions, educational institutions or societies.

Abstracts of reports or communications of a scientific conference, congress, symposium - a scientific non-periodic collection containing preliminary materials published before the start of the conference - annotations, abstracts of reports and (or) communications.

Proceedings of a conference, congress, symposium - a non-periodic collection, with the results of the conference in the form of reports, recommendations, decisions.

A preprint is a scientific publication containing preliminary materials published before the publication of the publication in which they may be published.

Educational publication - a publication that includes systematized information of a scientific or applied nature, presented in a form convenient for study and teaching, and intended for students of different ages and degrees of training.

Types of educational publications:

A curriculum is an educational publication that determines the content, volume and order of studying and teaching any academic discipline, its section or part.

A textbook is an educational publication containing a systematic presentation of an academic discipline, its section or part, corresponding to the curriculum and officially approved as this type of publication.

A textbook is an educational publication that complements or partially or completely replaces a textbook officially approved as a given type of publication.

Workshop is an educational publication containing practical tasks and exercises that facilitate the assimilation of the material covered.

Educational and methodological manual - an educational publication containing materials on the methods of teaching an academic discipline (its section, part) or educational methods.

Production and practical publication is a publication containing information on technology, equipment and organization of production, as well as other areas of social practice, designed for specialists of various qualifications.

A practical guide is a production and practical publication intended for practical workers to acquire knowledge and skills when performing any work.

Regulatory production and practical publication is a publication containing norms, rules and requirements in various areas of production activity.

Types of regulatory and production publications:

Standard is a normative production and practical publication containing a set of norms, rules, requirements for the object of standardization, which are established on the basis of achievements of science, technology and best practices and approved in accordance with current legislation. The designation of a state standard consists of an index, registration number and the last two digits of the year of approval or revision, for example: GOST 7.1-2003 “Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules of compilation."

Descriptions of copyright certificates and patents provide information about new technology, about individual improvements in equipment, tools, and devices. A copyright certificate or patent is a document that defines the legal rights of inventors.

Nomenclature catalog - a catalog containing a list and main technical characteristics of the range of industrial serial products produced at a given time.

An industrial catalog is a list of products produced by industry. They contain technical characteristics of a product or group of products, their images and instructions for use.

Price list is a normative production practical and (or) reference publication containing a systematic list of materials, products, equipment, production operations, services indicating prices and sometimes brief characteristics.

Information sheet is an abstract non-periodical publication reflecting information about advanced production experience or scientific and technical achievements.

Unpublished documents are documents not intended for wide distribution. These are reports on research and development work, translations of articles, dissertations, descriptions of algorithms and programs, projects, estimates, rationalization proposals, unpublished applications for inventions, etc.

Scientific and technical reports, or reports on the results of completed research and development work, are an important source of information for the further development of science and technology, the introduction of their achievements into production and for the improvement of technological processes.

A scientific and technical report, as a rule, contains a preliminary analysis of information on a specific topic, a description of the experimental part, the results obtained and their comparison with the results of previous studies, conclusions and recommendations for possible use in practice.

Translations of articles from foreign journals and collections are sources of information within the organization concerned. Translations are valuable for getting acquainted with the latest in foreign science and technology. They are usually distributed in small quantities per order.

Dissertations - Scientific research, submitted for a scientific degree. Materials prepared for printing, i.e. manuscripts and proofreading scientific works.

Deposited manuscripts are mainly scientific works of interest to a narrow circle of specialists, the publication of which in traditional publications intended for wide circulation is impractical. Due to the growing number of scientific works and limited opportunity for their publication in scientific journals The system of depositing manuscripts gradually began to cover not only highly specialized works. Its advantages are that it does not limit the author to the volume of the article, and necessary information information about the work quickly reaches the consumer, since the abstract of the manuscript is published in abstract publications of all-Russian information bodies.

Types of periodicals and continuing publications:

A periodical is a work of print published at regular intervals. For example: daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, once every two months or every six months with a constant number of issues for each year, not repeating in content, uniformly designed, numbered and (or) dated issues, having the same name and, as a rule, same volume and format.

Traditional types of periodicals are magazines and newspapers. An abstract journal is a periodical publication that contains abstracts and annotations of primary documents on any branch of knowledge. Abstract journals are a means of disseminating information about new achievements in science and technology.

Express information is a periodical abstract publication containing extended and consolidated abstracts of the most relevant foreign published materials or domestic unpublished documents that require prompt notification.

An abstract collection is a periodical or ongoing abstract publication published in the form of a collection. Continuing publication - a publication published at indefinite intervals, as material is accumulated, in non-repeating content of the same type, numbered and (or) dated issues with a common title.

Usually these are collections of scientific papers, works of scientific research institutes, universities, scientific societies, etc., published without strict periodicity under the general title “Proceedings”, “Scientific Notes”, “Izvestia”, etc.

Typology of information publications:

Information publications include publications containing systematized information about documents, published, unpublished, unpublished; or the result of analysis and synthesis of information presented in primary sources issued by an organization engaged in scientific information activities, including organizations. Information publications are usually issued in the form of books, magazines, sheet publications, and electronic databases.

Based on the nature of the information included and the intended purpose, information publications are divided into bibliographic, abstract and review. A bibliographic publication is a bibliographic manual published as a separate document. Bibliographic publications include bibliographic indexes, reviews, lists, and information publications. A bibliographic index is a bibliographic manual of significant volume with complex structure and scientific reference apparatus. Examples of bibliographic indexes are the publications of the Russian Book Chamber (RCB): - “Book Chronicle”, “Chronicle of Journal Articles”, “Chronicle of Reviews”, etc. A bibliographic list is a bibliographic manual that includes information about documents on a specific topic or issue. It is small in volume, simple in structure, has no reference apparatus.

A bibliographic review is a bibliographic manual that, in written or oral form, represents a coherent narrative about documents.

An abstract publication is an information publication containing an ordered set of bibliographic records, including abstracts. Abstract publications include: express information, abstract journals, abstract collections, information sheets.

An abstract is a brief summary of the content of a document or part of it, including basic factual information and conclusions necessary for an initial familiarization with the document and determining the advisability of referring to it. Express information (EI) is a periodical abstract publication containing extended and consolidated abstracts of the most relevant foreign published materials or domestic unpublished documents that require prompt notification. Processing of primary documents during their preparation takes no more than 1-1.5 months. Issued at frequent intervals. Extended abstracts allow the consumer to avoid having to refer to the primary document.

Abstract journals (RJ) cover, as completely as possible, both domestic and foreign publications published on a particular topic. The period for preparing the RJ is 3-4 months from the date of receipt of the primary document. Abstract journals are publications containing abstracts (1200 journals in the world).

Functions of the Russian Journal: - a means of current notification of all currently published literature, makes retrospective searching possible, allows one to overcome the negative consequences of scattering of publications, and reduces interlingual barriers;

Disadvantages of RJ: lack of factual information, subjectivity of abstracting processes. A review publication (RO) is the most advanced type of secondary documents, providing complete and qualified coverage not of individual works, but of an entire topic in a condensed and generalized form.

Analytical reviews are the result of a comprehensive analysis of primary scientific documents, containing a reasoned assessment of the material and giving reasonable recommendations regarding the prospects for the development and use of relevant achievements of science and technology.

GOST 7.60-90 contains a list of the following types of periodicals: newspaper, magazine, bulletin, calendar, abstract collection, express information.

A regulatory bulletin contains materials of a normative, directive or instructional nature; it is published, as a rule, by some government agency. Reference materials include bulletins that contain any reference materials arranged in an order that is convenient for quickly finding them. As the name suggests, an advertising newsletter includes promotional materials containing information about products, services, events, etc., with the aim of generating demand for them. The chronicle newsletter contains messages that reflect the activities of the organization that publishes it. The bulletin-table must be a separate form of presentation of information: it contains factual data of a digital or other nature, arranged in tabular form. It must be assumed that such a bulletin can be both reference and statistical. The latter is defined as a bulletin-table, the content of which consists of operational statistical data characterizing a certain area of life and activity of society.

Calendars are also varied. IN common calendar is a reference publication that contains a sequential list of days, weeks, months of a given year, as well as various other information. Based on periodicity, calendars are divided into annuals, monthly, and weekly; Calendars can also be issued once. Based on other characteristics, calendars are divided into table calendars, tear-off (leaf) calendars, book-type calendars, and calendars of significant dates.

The timesheet calendar is a yearbook calendar in the form of a sheet publication containing a list of days of the year, which are arranged by month in the form of a table. Tear-off calendars, as well as flip calendars, belong to wall- or table-top yearbook calendars; In them, for each day (week, month), separate sheets of paper are torn off or thrown over. Book-type calendars are published in the form of a book edition and contain materials that are selected in accordance with a specific topic and/or address. In the form of a book publication, calendars of significant dates are most often published, which are a calendar that includes a selective list of days that are associated with any memorable events, and information about these events. Such calendars can be produced as yearbooks, quarterlies, monthlies, and weeklies.

Abstract collection and express information are a type of abstract publications. In the system of scientific and technical information, an abstract collection is considered to be a publication that includes abstracts of unpublished documents; it can be periodic or one-time. Express information is compiled from extended and consolidated abstracts of the most informative, usually foreign, published materials in order to promptly inform readers. In express information, part of the volume may also be allocated to abstracts of domestic, usually departmental, unpublished documents.

In addition to those listed, periodicals should also include such publications as bibliographic indexes. These are publications that contain bibliographic information about sources of information (documents). They can be different in terms of frequency of publication, volume of information, description of types of documents, affiliation with the publishing organization, and their intended purpose and reader's address are also different.

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