Aerobatic team “first flight. Domestic weapons and military equipment A wonderful gift for October

In the history of mankind, this date is engraved in golden letters: on April 12, 1961, the first person, a citizen of the USSR, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, flew into space.

Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin

It all started early in the morning. At 06:07 GMT or 09:07 Moscow time, the Vostok-1 spacecraft took off with Gagarin on board. The trajectory of its less than two-hour flight was just one revolution around our planet in low-Earth orbit. Already at 10:55 Moscow time, Vostok-1 made a successful landing in the Saratov region.

Creation of the Vostok-1 ship

Two years before the historic flight, at the level of the USSR Government, an equally important decision for history was made to create the Vostok manned complex. The initiator of this project was D.F. Ustinov, who at that time held the position of deputy. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and concurrently head of the Commission on Military and Industrial Issues under the Council of Ministers.

This was a serious step, the purpose of which was to promote the USSR to the leaders of the space race. Due to the tight deadlines on many issues during the creation of the Vostok-1 apparatus, hasty decisions were made. Thus, the emergency rescue system at the start and the soft landing system were abolished, and backup brakes were also eliminated. The life support system on board the ship was designed for only 10 days. This was explained by the fact that Vostok is launched into a relatively low orbit (up to 200 km), from which it will in any case descend within the specified period of time due to natural braking on the layers of the atmosphere.

Design features of the Vostok-1 apparatus

As for the parameters of the device itself, its mass is about 4.725 tons, and the maximum diameter is almost 2.5 m. The porthole is made of quartz glass, created by special order in the experimental design laboratory at the glass factory in the town of Gus-Khrustalny.

"Vostok-1"

Engine aircraft Vostok-1 was produced at the Voronezh Chemical Automatics Design Bureau. Its design uses elements of the RD-0105, the world's first engine launched in outer space.

In addition to the internal contents of the spacecraft, ground equipment responsible for Maintenance and the direct launch of the Vostok-1 spacecraft into space. The machine-building plant of the city of Novokramatorsk was responsible for its production.

The role of the astronaut in the first flight

During the first space flight with a man on board, the role of the astronaut was rather passive - he, in fact, was a passenger of the ship, controlling automatic systems. A special two-way radio communication system was created between the astronaut and the ground station. Pilot State space station was constantly under the supervision of specialists using radiotelemetric and television devices.

However, a system for switching to manual control was provided in the ship. Psychologists had serious concerns about the general condition and behavior of a person under conditions of prolonged exposure to weightlessness. Theoretically, the astronaut could turn off the automation and perform any unexpected actions. Therefore, the manual system could only be activated after entering a special code hidden in a sealed envelope. Everything was thought out so that only a person in adequate condition could read the code and take control of the ship. Nevertheless,

The US repeated the success of the Soviet “satellite fighter” only 18 years later

Everyone knows that the Soviet artificial Earth satellite was the first. But not everyone knows that we were the first in the creation of anti-satellite. The decision to develop it, made on June 17, 1963, was put into practice on November 1, 1968. On this day, the Polet-1 spacecraft intercepted a target spacecraft for the first time. And five years later, in 1972, the IS-M complex of the anti-space defense system (PKO) was put into trial operation.

The US led the way in the pursuit of anti-satellite weapons. But only 18 years later, on September 13, 1985, an F-15 fighter with an ASM-135 ASAT missile was able to hit the inactive American scientific astrophysics target satellite Solwind P78-1.

History of IP creation

Already in May 1958, the United States launched a Bold Orion rocket from a B-47 Stratojet bomber to test the possibility of destroying spacecraft with nuclear weapons. However, this project, like a number of others, was considered ineffective until 1985.

The Soviet “answer” was the creation of a PKO system, the final element of which was a complex called IS (satellite fighter). Its main elements are a spacecraft interceptor with a charge explosive, launch vehicle and command post (CP). In total, the complex included 8 radar nodes, 2 launch positions and a certain number of spacecraft interceptors.

The PKO and IS system was developed by the team of the Central Research Institute "Kometa" under the direct supervision of Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences Anatoly Savin and Doctor of Technical Sciences Konstantin Vlasko-Vlasov. The famous Soviet scientist and general designer of rocket and space technology, Vladimir Chelomey, was responsible for the entire project.

The first flight of the Polet-1 interceptor spacecraft was made on November 1, 1963, and in the summer next year a radio engineering complex was created at the command post of the PKO system. In 1965, the creation of a rocket and space complex began to launch an interceptor spacecraft into orbit. At the same time, the Cosmos-394 target spacecraft was also created. A total of 19 spacecraft interceptors were launched, of which 11 were considered successful.

During trial operation, the IS complex was modernized, equipped with a radar homing head (GOS), and in 1979 the Rocket and Space Defense Forces put it on combat duty. According to Vlasko-Vlasov, the complex, designed to intercept space targets at altitudes of up to 1000 km, could actually hit targets at altitudes from 100 to 1350 km.

The IS complex was based on a two-turn method of targeting the target. After the interceptor spacecraft was launched into orbit by a launch vehicle, the radio engineering nodes for detecting satellites OS-1 (Irkutsk) and OS-2 (Balkhash) on the first orbit clarified the parameters of its movement and targets, and then transmitted them on board the interceptor. He made a maneuver, on the second orbit, using the seeker, detected the target, approached it and hit it with a combat charge. The calculated probability of hitting a target of 0.9–0.95 was confirmed by practical tests.

The last successful interception took place on June 18, 1982, when the Cosmos-1375 target satellite was hit by the Cosmos-1379 interceptor spacecraft. In 1993, the IS-MU complex was removed from service, in September 1997 it ceased to exist, and all materials were transferred to the archive.

US response

It is clear that the United States, which was the first to develop anti-satellite weapons back in the late 1950s, responded to the creation of the IS. However, the attempts were far from successful. Thus, the program for using an anti-satellite missile with supersonic bomber B-58 Hustler. The program of anti-satellite missiles with powerful nuclear warheads, which the United States tested in the 1960s, also did not develop. High-altitude explosions in space led to damage by electromagnetic pulses to a number of their own satellites and formed artificial radiation belts. As a result, the project was abandoned.

The LIM-49 Nike Zeus missile defense system with nuclear warheads also did not give a positive result. In 1966, the project was canceled in favor of the Program 437 ASAT system based on Thor missiles with a 1-megaton nuclear charge, which, in turn, was phased out in March 1975. The US Navy's project to use anti-satellite missiles from carrier-based aircraft was also not developed. The US Navy's project to launch anti-satellite weapons from a modified UGM-73 Poseidon C-3 SLBM came to a disastrous end in the late 1970s.

And only the above-mentioned project with the ASM-135 ASAT missile was implemented. But the successful launch in January 1984 was the only and last. Despite the obvious success, the program was closed in 1988.

But all this was yesterday. What about today?

Nowadays

Today, no country officially has deployed anti-satellite weapons systems. In the early 1990s, by unspoken agreement, all tests on these systems were suspended in Russia and the United States. However, the creation of anti-satellite weapons is not limited by any of the existing treaties. Therefore, it would be foolish to think that work on this topic is not being carried out.

After all, it is space reconnaissance and communications means that underlie modern concepts armed struggle. Without satellite navigation systems, the use of the same cruise missiles and other high-precision weapons is problematic; accurate positioning of moving ground and air objects is impossible. In other words, the removal of the necessary satellites from service will have a sharply negative impact on the capabilities of their owner.

And the work in this direction, as well as the expansion of the club that owns such weapons, is confirmed by the facts. Earlier, the head of the US Air Force Space Command, General John Hyten, named Iran, China, North Korea and Russia among those leading such work.

Back in 2005 and 2006, China tested such a system without actually intercepting satellites. In 2007, the Chinese shot down their Fengyun-1C weather satellite with an anti-satellite missile. During these same years, the Pentagon reported facts of irradiation of American satellites by ground-based lasers from Chinese territory.

The United States is also conducting anti-satellite work. Today they are armed with the Aegis ship-based missile defense system with the RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 (SM-3) missile. It was precisely such a missile that shot down the American military satellite USA-193 on February 21, 2008, which did not enter the intended orbit. According to American media reports, the Pentagon has already created a new generation of anti-satellite systems based on so-called non-destructive technologies that force the satellite not to carry out work or send “false” commands.

According to other reports, in the 1990s, stealth satellites were developed and tested in the United States under the MISTY program. Their detection in orbit is almost impossible using existing means. The presence of such invisible satellites in orbit is admitted by the head of the international network of amateur astronomers, Canadian Ted Molzhan.

What about in Russia? For obvious reasons, this information is secret. However, in May of this year, a number of foreign and domestic media reported the successful testing of a rocket as part of the Nudol development work. And in December 2015, Bill Hertz, an author for the American publication The Washington Free Beacon, reported that Russia had tested an anti-satellite missile. In 2014, Russian media reported about the test " new rocket long-range for air defense systems,” and the information that this weapon is being developed within the framework of the Nudol R&D was confirmed by the Almaz-Antey air defense concern to the Rossiya Segodnya news agency back in 2014.

And one last thing. A book of memoirs of the creators of the “satellite fighter” and military veterans is currently being prepared for publication. In the preface to it, Lieutenant General Alexander Golovko, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Aerospace Forces, says: “... our country is currently working on creating new means of combating the spacecraft of a potential enemy.” Here, the General Director, General Designer of JSC Kometa Corporation, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Viktor Misnik also expressed his opinion. According to him, “the means created in the country will be capable of hitting space targets in the required quantities.”

As they say, he who has ears, let him hear. In other words, “we are peaceful people, but our armored train is on a siding.”

The “First Flight” aerobatic team includes representatives of sports aviation. These are young sports pilots, winners of the Russian Championships and the World Aerobatics Championships: group leader: Dmitry Samokhvalov, right wingman: Anton Berkutov, left wingman: Roman Ovchinnikov and in the role of tail wingman Irina Markova.

The performance program includes Yak-52 and Yak-54 aircraft. The YAK-52 training aircraft, developed at the A.S. Yakovlev Design Bureau, was adopted back in the USSR for initial flight training of young pilots in the DOSAAF system, still occupying a special place in world sports aviation. The Yak-54 was developed on the basis of the aerobatic Yak-55M in 1993. Designed for training sports pilots, teaching aerobatics and participating in aviation competitions.

Piston aircraft have their own characteristic features during performances, for example, low speeds and small turning radii. The demonstration program area fits into a square of 1.5 x 1.5 km. All this allows the viewer to observe in great detail the nimble planes, spectacular figures and coordinated work of the pilots.

Each aerobatic team has its own unique style of piloting. Clarity and confidence in management, minimum distances between planes, incredible figures, synchronicity and ease of execution characterize all programs of the First Flight aerobatic team. During the performance, the emotional tension of the audience, the graceful gliding of the planes, the roar of the engines working at the limit, the hard work of the pilots, each individually and the entire group as a whole, merge together, and this is how the holiday atmosphere is born.

home » Earn money online » Aerobatic team “first flight. Domestic weapons and military equipment A wonderful gift for October