Full title educational institution(indicating the region and locality): Municipal budgetary educational institution "Secondary comprehensive school No. 3" city o. Strezhevoy.

Subject area: technology

Name of the lesson, event within which the presentation will be used: Lesson-presentation on the topic “Silk. History and production of silk"

Age group (class): (girls)

Presentation title: “Silk. History and production of silk"

Number of slides: 14

Environment (editor) in which the presentation was made: MS Power Point

1 slide – title

Slide 3.4 – The Great Silk Road. Brief historical information (see Appendix 1).

Slide 5 – Stages of silkworm development

The slide schematically shows the stages of development of the silkworm. When you click on active pictures, explanations and additional information appear, which can be removed by clicking on it.

Slide 6 (7 – 11) – Obtaining silk (see Appendix 2).

The stages of obtaining silk are highlighted with hyperlinks. When you click on any stage, photographs open showing this stage(slides 7 – 11). Slide 11 shows types of silk, rectangles with the name are active: when clicked, photographs with silkworm caterpillars appear.

Slide 12, 13 – interesting statistics

Slide 14 - information used

List of used literature and Internet resources:

Technology. Service work: Textbook for 6th grade. general education institutions / , . – M.: Bustard, 2008. – 285 p.: ill. The Great Silk Road http://www. /rus/silkroad. shtml Website “Middle Way” Philosophy, religion, culture of China. http://zhongdao. ru/istorija-shelka/

http://zhongdao. ru/proizvodstvo-shelka/

Sericulture in China. The cult of silk in China. http://www. /rus/silkroad/history-of-sericulture-in-china. htm

Annex 1

History of silk

Silk production, or, as it is also called, sericulture, has a long history, full of dramatic moments, surrounded by many legends. For centuries, silk remained a luxury product for most countries of the world, for which people paid their last money. The properties of the silkworm and the secret of making silk were known already 5 thousand years ago.

The birthplace of sericulture is China, which for many centuries remained a monopolist, until in the first centuries of our era the secret of obtaining silk, despite the ban on its disclosure under penalty of death, spread beyond the Celestial Empire. Only women of the imperial family bred silkworms and collected and processed cocoons. Punishment for disclosing the secret of obtaining silk death penalty. If someone tried to take silkworms out of China, then he too would face the death penalty.

During the reign of the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD), silk became a kind of universal monetary equivalent: peasants paid taxes in grain and silk, and the state also paid officials in silk. The value of silk was calculated based on its length and was equal to gold. Silk became, in fact, a currency used in settlements with other countries.

Silk was widely used in the economy. In addition to being used as a fabric for clothing and embroidery, it was used to make strings for musical instruments, bow strings, made fishing lines and even paper.

The volume and quality of silk products gradually increased. The brightness of the colors, the richness and perfection of the embroidery were amazing. From the end of the 2nd century. BC e. we can talk about the functioning of the Great Silk Road as a through route that connected all the great civilizations of the Old World - China, India, the Middle East and Europe. This huge system of caravan routes existed for more than one and a half thousand years. Along caravan routes, some of which existed before, caravans loaded with Chinese goods headed to the West.

Introduced in the Roman Empire, silk was so expensive that it was worth its weight in gold and was often used as currency in trade, and only very rich people were allowed to wear it.

Although the Silk Road routes varied, two main routes connecting East and West can be identified:

– southern road – from northern China through Central Asia to the Middle East and Northern India;

– northern road – from northern China through the Pamirs and the Aral Sea region to the Lower Volga and to the Black Sea basin.

Along the route of the caravans, rich cities, trade and craft settlements, and caravanserais began to emerge and flourish. Turkmenistan - Merv; Uzbekistan - Bukhara, Urgench, Khiva. Kazakhstan - Otrar, Turkestan, Taraz, Ispedzhab. Kyrgyzstan - Jul, Suyab, Novokent, Balasagun, Borskoon, Tash-Rabat, Osh, Uzgen.

Linking Turkey, the Caucasus, Western China, Iran, Afghanistan and India, caravan routes turned them into one huge cultural and economic zone.

It wasn't until 550 AD that two wandering monks smuggled silkworm larvae into Byzantium. This is how silk appeared in Europe. Silk came to India thanks to a cunning Chinese princess, who hid silkworm larvae in her high hair before she was sent on her way to her groom, the Indian king.

In Russia, the beginning of sericulture was laid in the 17th century by Peter the Great. The tsar “in order to have brocade products from his own silk” allocated state lands in the Caucasus for these purposes. Sericulture is still practiced there today.

Interestingly, the mystery of silk production remained unsolved for a long time. Many fantastic explanations have been proposed. Thus, Virgil (1st century BC), for example, believed that silk was made from fleece from leaves. The Greek historian Dionysius (1st century BC) believed that silk was made from flowers. It was suggested that shiny silk threads grew on trees, or that it was created by huge beetles, or that it was made from the down of birds. Roman historian of the 4th century. Ammianus Marcellinus provided this explanation: “Silk fabrics are made from soil. Chinese soil is soft as wool. After watering and special processing, it can be used to form silk threads.”

Appendix 2

Silk production

Silk is obtained from the cocoons of silk moths (silkworms). The female silkworm lays up to 500 or more eggs and soon dies. Only healthy eggs are selected for further use. They are sorted and tested for infection. Sick eggs are burned. They are very small and light - the weight of a hundred barely reaches 1 gram. Around day 7, small worms hatch, the size of which does not exceed 2 mm. It is this larval stage of the moth that is actually called the silkworm. Then, for about a month, the silkworms constantly eat, increasing their weight and size. So, at the age of 4-5 weeks their length reaches 3 cm or more, and during this time their weight increases thousands of times! They feed exclusively on mulberry leaves, which are collected and selected for them by hand, and then crushed. Feeding occurs regularly, day and night. During this time, thousands of feeding worms are kept in special trays that are placed one on top of the other. The thousands of jaws crushing the mulberry leaves produce a constant hum, reminiscent of the sound of heavy rain drumming on a roof.

Finally the time comes to spin a cocoon. The silkworm begins to worry, shaking its head back and forth. The caterpillars are placed in separate compartments. With the help of two special glands - spinnerets, the worms begin to produce a gelatinous substance that hardens upon contact with air. In three to four days, silkworms spin a cocoon around themselves, placing themselves inside it. They look like white fluffy elongated balls. At this time, the cocoons are sorted by color, size, shape, etc.

Then another 8-9 days pass, and the cocoons are ready to unwind. If you miss time, the pupa will turn into a moth and break through the cocoon, damaging the integrity of the thread. Therefore, the pupa must first be killed. To do this, it is subjected to heat, after which the cocoon is immersed in hot water to dissolve the adhesive substance seracin, which holds the threads together. Find the end of the thread and carefully begin to unwind it, winding it onto the bobbin. Each cocoon produces a thread, on average, from 600 to 900 m long, and individual individuals - up to 1000 meters or more! Then 5-8 threads are twisted together to make one thread. When one of the threads ends, a new one is twisted to it, and thus a very long thread is formed.

Silk fabrics are named after the type of silkworms:

Mulberry is the threads of the silkworm.
This type of silkworm is bred better than others in captivity. This silk is the most produced in the world.

Tussar is a very strong thread. It is obtained from wild silkworms, collecting cocoons in the forest. These threads are used to make fabric for curtains and upholstery.

Oak silkworm tussar is much thinner than ordinary tussar.
The fiber color ranges from beige to chocolate.
The fabric made from it is thinner and very durable. Therefore it is valued much more.

Eri is the lowest quality silk.
The cocoons of these caterpillars are collected after the butterflies emerge. That's why the threads in them are cut. After the cocoons are washed, they are processed and woven like wool or cotton.

Muga is the most expensive type of silk.
Caterpillars of this species feed only on leaves of aromatic trees.
The fiber is very thin and strong, and has a bright golden color.
Fabrics made from such threads do not lose their elasticity, natural golden hue and shine for up to 50 years.

Interesting statistics: silk for men's tie On average, 111 cocoons are required, and for silk to sew a women's blouse - 630!

Despite the fact that many artificial fibers have now appeared - polyester, nylon, etc., none of them can compare in quality with real silk. Silk fabrics keep you warm in cool weather and cool in hot weather; they are pleasant to the touch and pleasing to the eye. In addition, silk thread is stronger than steel thread of the same diameter!

JOURNEY THROUGH THE FABRIC SEA Classification of textile fibers Textile fibers Natural plant origin cotton Chemical animal origin wool flax jute kenaf etc. silk of mineral origin asbestos Natural fibers of animal origin YUNGA! These animals are bred for wool. How to identify wool? Wool fibers under a microscope Microscopic characteristics of sheep wool The shape and location of the scales affects the degree of shine of the wool: tightly fitting scales, strongly reflecting light, give a silky shine; steep ones, on the contrary, scatter light incorrectly, and therefore the hairs seem less shiny. Sometimes the cortical layer is very thin, sometimes it expands to almost the entire hair; It can be either without stripes or with narrow or wide, regularly or incorrectly located stripes. The core, wool, if only it is available, can A the finest noble merino -Wool, similar in characteristics, - and long and coarse wool (called dachshund or very narrow, reaching 4/5 of the microscopic width of a hair; from 1- 4 rows of round oblong cells, filled with sharper fine-grained stripes. air, and under somewhat concave flat lying one and next to the other. The medullary layer with or mass with individual microscopy appears to be comparative cells with the rest of the scales in groups of more (C). dark, medullary b. parts. Characteristics - "comb" Worsted ++ n = worsted "comb" Worsted wool, = worsted mill, - "combed wool" worsted comber. Combing shop Remember new words! Fleece - wool taken from sheep. Down - the thinnest, softest, crimped fiber. Awn (transitional hair) is a thicker, stiffer and less crimped fiber. Dead hair is a low-strength and very stiff fiber. Fine wool consists of thin, crimped, downy fibers that are uniform in thickness and length. Semi-fine wool contains thicker down and transition fibers. Semi-coarse wool includes downy and thicker transitional fibers. Coarse wool contains thick fibers. Sorting Scraping Washing Drying Fleece Properties of wool fiber Wool fibers range in length from 20 to 450 mm and vary in thickness. The strength of wool fibers depends on their thickness and structure. The color of the coat can be white, gray, red and black. The shine of the coat depends on the size and shape of the scales. Wool fiber has high hygroscopicity and good elasticity and heat protection. Due to their good elasticity, wool products do not wrinkle. Wool's resistance to sunlight is much higher than that of plant fibers. Reaction to combustion Wool fibers sinter during combustion; when the fibers are removed from the flame, their combustion stops. A black sintered ball forms at the end, which is easily rubbed with your fingers. During the combustion process, the smell of burnt feathers is felt. Wool fiber is used to make dress, suit and coat fabrics. Thanks to its feltability, wool can be used to make cloth, drape, felt, felt, and other textile products. Wool fabrics go on sale under the names: gabardine, cashmere, drape, cloth, tights and others. The secret of making silk was first discovered in China five thousand years ago. An ancient legend says that one day Xi Ling Chi, the wife of the third emperor of China, Huang Di, who was also called the “Yellow Emperor,” was drinking tea in the garden of the palace under the crown of a mulberry tree and a silkworm cocoon fell from the tree into her cup of tea. The young empress and her maids were extremely surprised to see how the cocoon began to unfold in the hot water, releasing a thin silk thread. Having become interested, the girl began to watch how the cocoon unfolded. Xi Ling Chi was so amazed by the beauty and strength of the silk thread that she collected thousands of cocoons and wove clothes for the emperor from them. So the tiny silkworm butterfly gave silk to all of humanity, and the empress, in gratitude for such a valuable gift, was elevated to the rank of deity. Stages of development of the silkworm 1st stage 2nd stage The caterpillar is active from the 4th moment of hatching: it crawls and disappears in search of leaves of the mulberry tree and the Caterpillar, having found them 3rd stage 10 days after molting, the caterpillar becomes gluttonous and it stops gnawing altogether. The silkworm butterfly lays yellow eggs, the butterfly is about 4 stages long. At 20-25°C, after 20-24 days, a butterfly emerges from the pupa. begins to eat greedily. A caterpillar's life is spent eating. Newly hatched caterpillars gnaw exclusively on finding a suitable place on a branch. He stops, settles there, and quickly moves his head from side to side, soft parts of the sheet, making small holes. A little later they eat the entire leaf, leaving only 1.5 mm of it sticking. It is usually covered with a substance, as a result of which it firmly releases transparent saliva, which softens the threads of the cocoon wall, begins to stretch the sticky, frozen silk in the air, numerous threads of silk in all directions. The veins begin and turn the leaf into a thin lace. Later they eat them too. cocoon curling. surface, most of which is deposited. The number of eggs in a meal, clutch varies from jaws 400 to 800 pieces, sticks the silkies into the head, tears them apart with legs and comes out. When between the number of adults are busy, the rustling of their chewing produces The main thing in the design of the cocoon is that the caterpillars are that it consists of one continuous silk thread, the length The average clutch contains about five hundred noises. A small furry characteristic noise comes out of the egg, between which there is rain and eggs. falling tree leaves. cocoon. which varies by 300 and 1500 can be compared with m. Coconut has an oval shape. Its color can be silvery-white, pale. During 30-40 days of its development, the caterpillar eats about 30 g of mulberry leaf, and by the time the cocoon is formed, the caterpillar is about 3 mm long. pink. After finishing the cocoon, the caterpillar turns into a pupa. its length reaches 8-9 cm, and its weight is 3-5 g. This means that from the moment their egg is released, the caterpillar increases in length by 2530 times and in weight by 6-10 times. Continuous growth entails periodic molting of the shell. From time to time the shell bursts, separates from the body, and falls off it. The silkworm caterpillar has five molts. “SILK” - “CHINA”, “fabric from China” “sericus” - “Chinese matter” “seres” - China “silki” “silk” “selk” “selk” “silk” processing of cocoons before transportation and storage steam treatment with in order to soften the silk glue, steam treatment to kill the pupae, drying with hot air to remove moisture, winding silk threads together from several cocoons. The purpose of the primary processing of silk is to unwind the cocoon thread. Properties of silk fiber The thickness of the cocoon thread is uneven throughout its entire length. The length of the unwound cocoon thread is 600-900 m. The strength of silk is slightly higher than the strength of wool. The color of boiled cocoon threads is white, slightly creamy. Natural silk has good hygroscopicity, quickly absorbs moisture and dries quickly. It feels cool to the touch. When exposed to direct sunlight, silk breaks down faster than other natural fibers. Reaction to combustion. Silk fibers sinter during combustion; when the fibers are removed from the flame, their burning stops. A black sintered ball forms at the end, which is easily rubbed with your fingers. During the combustion process, the smell of burnt feathers is felt. Natural silk is used to produce various dress fabrics, as well as headscarves, scarves, and so on. Silk fabrics go on sale under the names: satin, velvet, crepe de chine, chiffon and others. Practical work Comparative characteristics of fabrics made from wool and silk fibers Materials and tools: fabric samples, textbook, workbook, matches, container with water Safety rules: wear protective clothing, handle fire carefully, match carcass in a container with water. 1. 2. 3. 4. Progress of work Examine pieces of cotton and linen fabrics. Compare them with each other appearance and to the touch Select a thread from the fabric, carefully set it on fire, determine how it burns, what smell it emits. Write the results in a table. Type of fiber Wool Distinctive features of the fabric By appearance To the touch Surface Soft, rough feeling, matte heat Silk Surface smooth, shiny Soft , a feeling of coolness Reaction to combustion When taken out of the flame, the burning stops, a black sintered ball is formed, which is easily rubbed with your fingers. When taken out of the flame, the burning stops, a black sintered ball is formed, which is easily rubbed between the fingers. Help Masha and the bear put the cubes into words on topic "Materials Science". ? A C B T Homework of your own choice Compose and design a collection of fabrics and other textile products. The themes of the collections can be varied: “Varieties of fabrics by fiber”, “Varieties of fabrics by purpose”, “Varieties of fabrics by finishing method”, etc. Select or draw illustrations for the topic: Cotton and linen, wool and silk fabrics. Prepare interesting messages on this topic. Pick up riddles, proverbs, sayings about fabrics. We use

Slide 2

Novorossiysk city Natukhaevskaya Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 26

Labor education teacher Rima Ivanovna Boshchenko

Slide 3

They learned to make silk in Ancient China about 5 thousand years ago.

Slide 4

Only women of the imperial family bred silkworms and collected and processed cocoons. Disclosure of the secret of obtaining silk was punishable by death. If someone tried to take silkworms out of China, then he too would face the death penalty.

Slide 5

Silk came to India thanks to a cunning Chinese princess, who hid silkworm larvae in her high hair before she was sent on her way to her groom, the Indian king.

Slide 6

SILK IN EUROPE. Only in 550 AD, two wandering monks secretly took silkworm larvae to Byzantium. This is how silk appeared in Europe.

Slide 7

In European countries, silk was in great demand and was very expensive. Only noble people were allowed to wear silk clothes. In ancient Rome, a pound of gold was paid for a pound of silk.

Slide 8

In the 13th-15th centuries, silkworming became the main industry in Italy. Silk was woven in Venice, Genoa, Florence and Milan. And only in the 18th century did people learn to weave silk in Russia.

Slide 9

Silk curtains XVIII century