• 4.1 Transport market, its features
• 4.2 Segmentation of the transport market
• 4.3 Supply and demand in transport
• 4.4 Factors determining the demand for the transportation of goods and passengers
• 4.5 Methods for quantitative assessment of market capacity transport services

Transport market, its features

Transport is an active and continuous participant in production and social processes in society, the most important production infrastructure of the economy. At the same time, transport performs certain production and sales functions, creating and selling on the market own products, which is transportation of goods and people. Market is a mechanism that brings buyers and sellers together, allowing them to determine prices and quantities of goods.

Therefore, based on the goals economic analysis, several definitions of the transport market can be given. From point of view economic theory transport market can be defined as a set of transport and non-transport enterprises (organizations) and individuals that interact with each other to sell and buy transport products.

From a technical point of view transport market is a range of transport communications in which a set of transport enterprises of one or more modes of transport operates, selling transport products and providing transport services to transport users in a certain territory, based on their technical and economic characteristics, capabilities and consumer demands.

Transport market How economic category can be defined as a system of economic, technological and other connections, firstly, between transport and its users (clientele), and, secondly, between transport enterprises of different types of transport. The main form of connections of the first type is the purchase and sale of transport services, and the second - interaction and competition.

Transport users- these are its clients, shippers, consignees, forwarders, as well as passengers.

Shipper - a person or company that entrusts goods to the care of others (forwarder, carrier/transportation operator) for delivery to the consignee. Consignee- a person entitled to receive delivered goods. Forwarder- an intermediary who organizes the transportation of goods and/or the provision of related services on behalf of the shipper.

Demand in transport, they determine the solvent needs of transport users for transport services.

Offer transport is expressed through its carrying capacity and throughput in a specific direction for a certain period of time.

Characteristics of the transport market are determined by the role of transport in the economy, as well as by the features of the process of production and sale of transport products. These include:

• - universal nature of the transport market. Since transport belongs to the infrastructure sectors of the economy, the need for it arises both in the sphere of production of material goods and in the sphere of circulation in the process of delivering finished products from the manufacturer to the consumer. Transport also occupies a significant share (10-18%) in the structure of actual final consumption, household consumer expenditures and paid services to the population. Thus, both freight and passenger transport provide the material conditions for the functioning of the entire “production-circulation-consumption” system;
• - lack of material form of transport products. Transport products are produced and consumed simultaneously, so they cannot be seen or touched, they have no form, appearance. It cannot be stored for future use; it has no shelf life. The quality characteristics of transport products are not constant and change depending on time, place and other factors. Consequently, advertising and marketing in transport require a specific approach, different from advertising and marketing of industrial and consumer goods;
• - binding of transportation to a specific time and place, which often makes it no alternative. This significantly limits how intra-industry competition, for example between shipping companies or railways, and intersectoral, i.e. between different types transport in the transport market;
• - the need for state regulation of the transport market.

This need arises from a number of circumstances. In-

Firstly, transport is a capital-intensive industry, therefore the role of the state, as well as local authorities power in financing the construction of transport infrastructure is great. Elements of the transport system such as the transport network (railways, roads, hydraulic structures on inland waterways, etc.) are strategic objects and are state property. Secondly, the natural monopoly of a number of transport industries (for example, railway transport), as well as individual transport enterprises (for example, river ports) must be controlled through the implementation of state tariff policy. Thirdly, the functioning of transport is associated not only with its important role in the economy, but also with significant damage to the environment, the population and the entire society in general: harmful emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, noise, street congestion, traffic accidents with death and injury of people, etc. Constant government intervention is required to reduce these negative consequences from transport activities. Fourthly, maintaining the country's defense capability is important state task, in which transport plays a key role. And finally, the development of the country’s economy requires the development of state policy in the field of transport, the development program documents development individual species transport, which formulate the goals and objectives of the at this stage in front of the transport system.

At the same time, government regulation cannot be based on purely command management methods, but primarily involves the use of economic instruments (taxes, tariffs, subsidies, etc.) and legal mechanisms (licensing, certification, etc.).

Definition and content of transport services and transport operations

The basic concept of the transport market is the concept of transport and transportation products. Transport (from the Latin “I move”) is a branch of material production that transports goods and people. Transport occupies a special place in the system of the world economic complex, being one of the basic industries that form the infrastructure of the world economy and have a direct impact on the efficient and dynamic development of production. By ensuring the uninterrupted movement of objects and means of labor, transport creates conditions for continuous operation social production.

Glossary: ​​Product/service - the result of an activity process that has economic, political, social, managerial value for consumers

The movement of a material product from the sphere of production to the sphere of consumption is a continuation of the production process in the process of circulation. The costs of moving products from points of production to points of consumption are related to distribution costs, its transport components and are included in the final price of consumption. Therefore, in the price competition of goods, the transport factor plays a significant role.

Transport belongs to the sphere of material production: the movement of transport itself, its movement, is the production process that it creates. At the same time, movement is a service and this service is specific in that it cannot be accumulated, and the final result (stocks of goods moved) is always limited to some extent.

In modern Russian civil law, services are recognized as one of the leading categories in the system of objects of civil rights and the importance of this category, especially in the system of market relations, increases every year.

Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes services as an object of civil rights, but does not define this concept. Based on the lexical interpretation of the article, works and services supply a separate group of objects civil law along with property. By general rule a service does not have a material result, but is manifested in its effect.

The legislative definition of a service is given in Article 38 (clause 5) of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation - “for tax purposes, a service is an activity whose results do not have material expression, are sold and consumed in the process of carrying out this activity.”

Modern market services is characterized not only by a tendency to grow at a higher rate compared to goods, but also by a growing trend of diversification of services. The service sector, as practice shows, is one of the most promising, fast-growing sectors of the economy. It covers a wide field of activity from trade and transport to financing, insurance and intermediation. According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, services, along with works, are considered as goods, i.e. a product of activity intended for freely equivalent exchange of goods produced.

Unlike other branches of material production, where volumetric indicators prevail, the concept of “quantity of goods transported” does not fully reflect the value of the transport service, because it also depends on the distance of transportation. More precisely, the volume of transport services is expressed in freight turnover, which is equal to the product of the volume of goods transported and the distance of their transportation and is measured in ton-kilometers (t-km) or ton-miles (t-mile). The same value is used to characterize the volume of demand for transportation, since all demand is fully satisfied only due to the constant availability of excess tonnage. Passenger turnover is assessed similarly.

Carrying out transport operations, carriers provide transport services, which themselves are a specific trade product and serve as the subject of purchase and sale in transport markets.

Thus, a transport service is an activity of an economic entity aimed at changing the location of people or consignments of goods and carried out with the prior consent of the service provider and its consumer.

In terms of economic consequences, transport has:

Direct impacts related to accessibility change where transport enables larger markets and enables to save time and costs. Direct impact on the economy and society, associated with a high degree of accessibility to all markets for the production and consumption of goods, thereby expanding them and saving time and costs.

Indirect impact , associated with the economic consequences of the multiplier effect, primarily increased competition in industry markets, which makes it possible to reduce prices for goods and services and increase their variety.

Providing this mobility is an industry that offers services to its customers, employs people and pays wages, invests capital and generates income. The level of transport development is evidenced by indicators determined by:

• At the macroeconomic level(the importance of transportation for a whole economy), transportation and the mobility it concerns are linked to a level of output, employment and income within a national economy. On macroeconomic level (the importance of transport for the entire economy), transport and mobility are associated with GDP growth rates, employment levels and business profitability in the national economy. In many developed countries, transportation accounts between 6% and 12% of the GDP. In many developed countries, transport accounts for between 6% and 12% of GDP.

At the microeconomic level(the importance of transportation for specific parts of the economy) transportation is linked to producer, consumer and production costs. On microeconomic level (the importance of transport for individual industries and regions) transportation is associated with the manufacturer, consumer and production costs. The importance of specific transport activities and infrastructure can thus be assessed for each sector of the economy. The importance of specific types of transport activities and the development of its infrastructure is assessed for each sector of the economy as the share of the transport component in the cost of output. Transportation accounts on average between 10% and 15% of household expenditures while it accounts around 4% of the costs of each unit of output in manufacturing, but this figure varies greatly according to sub sectors. Transport constitutes on average between 10% and 15% of household expenditures and its share in each unit of production, for example, engineering 14%, and in each ton of coal 20%. Transportation links together the factors of production in a complex web of relationships between producers and consumers.

The market means:

Place of purchase and sale of goods and services, conclusion of trade transactions.

Economic relations associated with the exchange of goods and services, as a result of which demand, supply and price are formed.

By the type of goods sold, markets for raw materials, materials, means of production, real estate, consumer goods and services, information and intellectual products, innovations, capital, currency, securities, labor, jobs and labor are distinguished.

The market system, as a set of markets for goods and services, began to take shape in Russia in the 90s of the last century. From this period of time, a market infrastructure began to be created - a system of organizations (banks, exchanges, fairs, insurance companies, consulting, information, marketing and logistics firms, etc.) ensuring the free movement of goods and services, including transport organizations providing services for the transportation of goods and passengers.

Coordination of the actions of market participants is carried out by the state, directly by the legislative and judicial authorities, and by the executive only indirectly, by introducing various taxes, fees, benefits, etc.

Part of the market economy is the market for transport services, which is based on the inherent characteristics of all types of markets. general principles:

• entrepreneurship;
• diversity of forms of ownership of the means of production;
• market pricing;
• contractual relations between economic entities - participants in the transport services market (transport companies, suppliers, consumers, banks, insurance companies, investment companies and individuals);
• limited government intervention in the economic activities of transport companies.

The market is a set of acts of purchase and sale of goods and services between sellers (producers) and buyers (consumers), based on supply and demand through commodity and other exchange using market infrastructure, including banks, exchanges, transport, communications.

Transport services market:

“the scope of transportation of passengers, cargo, cargo and baggage, maintenance and repair of vehicles, auxiliary and other types of work (services) related to transportation.” (Federal Law "On Federal Railway Transport" dated July 20, 1995)

The market for transport services is formed by all modes of transport present on it, which interact and compete with each other, providing users with transport services of varying volumes and quality, based on their technical and economic capabilities and characteristics.

When defining the transport services market, we always mean the provision of transportation services, i.e. movement of goods and passengers, as well as services related to the transportation process.

The transport services market has the basic functions of any market:

Information – the transport services market provides information about required quantity and the quality of transport services necessary for consumers and producers;

Intermediary – the transport services market acts as an intermediary between producers and producers;

Pricing – the price for transport services is based on supply and demand, taking into account the market situation;

Stimulating – stimulates the introduction of scientific and technological progress into the transport process, reducing the costs of the transportation process, as well as expanding the range of services offered, both basic and additional and related;

Regulatory – the market for transport services balances supply and demand;

Coordinating – the market for transport services encourages transport companies to create needed by society economic benefits at the lowest cost and receive greater profits;

Sanitizing - the market for transport services cleanses the transport industry from economically weak, unviable units and encourages the development of effective and promising firms and services;

Social – the market for transport services differentiates the income of market participants.

The services market includes both production (services for transporting goods and passengers) and non-production services (communication services, repairs, leasing services, insurance services, legal services, household and cultural services).

Subjects of the transport market are consumers of transport: cargo owners and passengers, as well as producers of transport services: transport companies of various modes of transport, JSC Russian Railways - a network carrier-owner of infrastructure, operators of rolling stock, owners of rolling stock, forwarders, leasing companies, insurance companies, banks, consulting, marketing, auditing companies, etc., which collectively provide the entire range of services that may be in demand in the process of transporting goods and passengers.

IN general view The transport services market is divided into the following hierarchy of segments:

1. By type of destination: transportation; related transport services

1.1. By territory coverage: global (world) transport services market: international, regional, national (domestic) transportation

1.1.1. Subject of transport operations: cargo, passengers, luggage

1.1.1.1. By type of transport: sea (water), rail, air, pipeline, road, mixed

1.1.1.1.1. According to the transport characteristics of goods: dry - bulk (coal, ore), bulk (grain, cement, phosphates), general (piece); Bulk (oil and its products, vegetable oils, wine, etc.);

1.1.1.1.1.1. Frequencies: regular (linear) cargo flows of bulk cargo or passengers and markets for irregular one-time (charter) transportation

1.1.1.1.1.1.1. By type of communication: direct (single mode), by sequential carriers: non-transshipment (intermodal), (mixed - multimodal)

1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. By transport and technological system: batch, container, refrigerated, ro-ro, lighter carrier (platforms)

1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. Transportation to special conditions sensitive cargo: perishable, dangerous, heavy, oversized, etc.

Glossary:

multimodal transportation– from multi- a lot, and model-type, form – transportation associated with the joint technological use of several (many) varieties of technical modules (vehicles) belonging to different modes of transport;

Or, according to the UNCTAD (United Nation Conference on Trade and Development) definition, “multimodal is the transportation of goods by several modes of transport, when the person organizing the transportation is responsible for it along the entire route, regardless of the number of modes of transport involved, and a single transport document is issued »

intermodal transport– from i nter– between and model-type, form – sequential transportation of cargo by several modes of transport in the same cargo unit or vehicle without reloading the cargo itself when switching to another mode of transport;

Or, according to the UNCTAD (United Nation Conference on Trade and Development) definition, “intermodal is the transportation of goods by several modes of transport, when one of the carriers organizes the entire delivery from one point of departure through one or more transshipment points to the destination and, depending on the distribution of responsibility for transportation - issues various types of transport documents";

trailer transportation-represent a movement system railway cars on trailer carts (car trailers) along roads from the railway station to the warehouse of the recipient and sender of the cargo;

counter-trailer transportation– provide delivery of loaded automobile semi-trailers or trailers across railways;

freight transportation– transportation of goods is carried out in non-self-propelled cargo vessels - lighters, which, in turn, are transported by sea on large-tonnage lighter vessels;

royd rail transportation– are based on the use of a special vehicle (road trailer), which is a piggyback trailer with a combined chassis for movement on rail tracks and roads;

Ro-Ro transportation– provide transportation by special ferries (“ro-ro”) of loaded cars and road trains, various self-propelled equipment, as well as large and heavy cargo by the roll-on method;

The total set of all types of transport services in the transport sector common use represents services performed and consumed in accordance with agreements (contracts) concluded between producers of these services (carriers, transport agents and freight forwarders) and consumers (passengers, shippers, consignees).

The following segments of the transport services market are the main ones. At the same time, the following services are available on the market:

· related transport services – objectively necessary and subjectively acceptable to carry out transportation of a certain type, ensuring the required quality of transportation (timeliness, speed, safety, cost-effectiveness of delivery, etc.)

· related transport services - socially necessary to carry out transportation of a certain type, carried out at the request of state regulation (cargo insurance, customs inspection, environmental safety, etc.).

Market relations are increasingly developing in all sectors of the economy of our country. Transport, being a full-fledged subject of the market, must fit adequately into these relations. While observing the general objective economic laws of the market, it must, taking into account its own specifics, ensure the normal functioning of the free economic space of the state and sufficient profitability of transport enterprises, firms and other associations.

The market is a set of acts of purchase and sale of goods and services between sellers (producers) and buyers (consumers), based on supply and demand through commodity and other exchanges using market infrastructure, including banks, exchanges, transport, communications. Thus, transport, on the one hand, “physically” implements this exchange (circulation of goods and services). On the other hand, he himself provides a service to the main subjects of the market: sellers and buyers, i.e. forms a transport market.

The product of transport is movement. The beneficial effect that appears as a result of movement, its final result is the delivery of goods and people to their destination. This is the main “product”, i.e. a transport service that has an intangible form of consumption. However, like any product, it is characterized by its own quality characteristics, i.e., in order to sell it successfully, it is necessary to provide a high level of quality transport service: delivery exactly on time, without losses, with the maximum degree of convenience for customers.

Ensuring all this requires significant material, labor and financial resources. Consequently, transport services have a certain value (consumer and exchange), which arises during the transportation process and is included in the price of the product at the point of consumption. However, the price of transport products on the market, like any product, should be determined by supply and demand, taking into account socially necessary labor costs and the consumer properties of transportation. So far, prices of transport products (transport tariffs) are regulated by the state, and therefore transport has certain restrictions in the competition of market structures.

Thus, the features of the transport services market are:

the insubstantial nature of transport products, like any service (the inability to accumulate “in reserve”, the coincidence of production and sales processes, etc.);

spatial separation of transport service delivery areas, their non-interchangeability, which limits intra-industry (on one mode of transport) competition;

universality and mass character of the transport market in society, its monopoly;

The role of railway transport in the transport market largely depends on its versatility, productivity, placement of communications, level of technical equipment, carrying capacity, cost, convenience and safety of transportation. These indicators characterize the volume and quality of transport service offerings;

the demand for them is freight transportation form socially necessary needs for material exchange. The relationship between supply and demand for transport services by mode of transport determines the level of participation of each of them in the operation of the transport system and at the same time is a stimulus for their development.

An important principle of the modern market is focus on the final result. In this light, the main thing is not cost savings, but the provision of services of the highest quality that meets the requirements and (or) desires of the consumer. This quality usually requires increased costs. However, due to an increase in demand for such services, an increase in the number of sales (especially at a slightly higher price), the manufacturer’s profit may even increase, the consumer will receive a more durable quality product (thus saving on the frequency of purchases) or the most complete and desired service .

Integrated marketing involves producing not what you want to produce, but what consumers need. At the same time, it is necessary to study the final consumer goals and requests. Often, railroad workers think that customers need cars, but in fact they (consumers) need delivered products, which they can transport either by another mode of transport, or even replace with another type of raw material, fuel or equipment. Today, in developed countries, integrated marketing encourages not so much competition as cooperation (the so-called strategic alliance). Instead of competition between rail and road transport, it is more beneficial for both carriers and customers to integrate them and cooperate in order to provide the best transport service to cargo owners “from door to door” and “just in time”. It is in this direction that integrated marketing in transport should develop.

Transport, acting as a kind of intermediary (together with wholesalers and retailers, dealers, distributors), influences the efficiency of distribution and sales channels. At the same time, the choice of transport and the volume of its work largely depend on which channel to promote its products the company chooses.

The market, as a mechanism that unites buyers (demand providers - clients) and sellers (suppliers) of transport services, has its own specifics and takes various forms. The functioning of competitive markets, which involve a large number of independently operating enterprises interested in transportation, has a direct impact on the operation of transport.

There are many issues and problems being solved at the enterprise:

additional services for insurance of the most expensive transportation, especially during the first year after the introduction of new technologies;

simplification of the procedure for clients to submit applications based on contracts;

information activities;

provision of services upon arrival of cargo, as well as services in all cases when the client has difficulties with loading and unloading using traditional or new technology, etc.

In the whole country, as a rule, there is no lack of demand for transportation, since this demand is a natural need of people and society. Transport is the “blood vessel” of production and economic systems, and without it they cannot function. However, on certain types of transport and in certain regions this situation is quite possible. For example, the desire of cargo owners to use motor transport for guaranteed long-distance delivery of components and other products instead of railways. Another example is a decrease in long-distance passenger travel (falling demand) due to a sharp rise in ticket prices. Irregular demand for transportation is often caused by the irregular operation of some enterprises, the seasonality of production and consumption of certain types of products, etc. In some cases, excessive or irrational demand for transportation is allowed, for example, due to the occurrence of counter, excessively repeated, excessively long and other irrational transportation.

To organize the normal operation of transport, it is very important to know the upcoming demand for cargo transportation, i.e., by balancing the demand with the available resources, develop transportation plans for various periods of validity: for the future, current and short-term periods. In them, with varying degrees of detail, the upcoming volumes of traffic and the size of transport work, as well as the main cargo flows and traffic density in the directions of the transport network should be established. It is very important to establish the structure of upcoming transportation by type of cargo, especially bulk cargo.

Despite the fact that road transport is the most common and in mass form transport, in Russia road transport accounts for a significantly smaller share of the total volume of cargo transportation. Railways are the main artery of freight traffic over long and medium distances. Delivery of goods by rail is today one of the most convenient methods of transportation without the risk of loss of cargo safety.

The role of transport in ensuring the normal functioning and development of the economy is significant and undeniable. It can be argued that the interaction of subjects of the transport industry national economy Russia is carried out through market mechanisms that have formed over the past decades.

Traditionally, the market is viewed as a set of sellers of goods that are regarded by consumers as closely interchangeable products. It should be noted that the interchangeability of goods is determined by estimating the cross-price elasticity of demand. This indicator characterizes the relative change in the volume of demand for one product (service) with a relative change in the price of another product (service) and is determined by the formula

Where E ij – coefficient of cross (point) elasticity of demand for g-th product by price j-ro goods (the coefficient of point cross price elasticity of demand is determined with minor changes in price and quantity of demand); Qi is the amount of demand for the "th product; P j – price j- th product; d– differential sign.

In the case when E ij > 0, the goods (services) under study are interchangeable, when E ij < 0 goods (services) – complementary, with E ij = 0 goods (services) are independent.

There is a close relationship between the categories “market” and “industry”. The industry groups enterprises by production principle, market - according to the commonality of consumer properties and demand. Enterprises that are part of an industry, as a rule, present their goods (services) in separate single markets - markets for goods that satisfy the same need.

In Fig. 1.2 shows a diagram characterizing the functional significance of the market as economic mechanism. Fulfilling a regulatory function means that RTU acts as a regulator of the formation and placement of transport capacity through the relationship between supply and demand. The stimulating function is to stimulate the reduction of transportation costs, improve the quality of transport services, and use innovations. NS is less important information function market – collection of information about the required volume, range and quality of services demanded by customers in a certain period of time. The market's performance of an intermediary function is expressed in providing the opportunity to select a transport service provider that best meets the requirements of the client. The meaning of the sanitizing function is to “cleanse” social production of economically weak ones and encourage the development of efficiently functioning enterprises. Performance social function means differentiation of income of market participants through the use of the market mechanism as a balance of supply and demand.

Rice. 1.2.

Depending on the purpose of economic analysis, the following types of markets are distinguished:

• 1) as an object of commercial transactions: markets for goods and services, markets for factors of production, markets for money and finance;
• 2) according to the level of standardization of services: markets for homogeneous and differentiated goods;
• 3) by the presence and magnitude of entry barriers: markets without barriers with an unlimited number of participants, with moderate barriers and a limited number of participants, with high barriers and a very small number of participants, with blocked entry and a constant number of participants;
• 4) by type of buyer: markets for consumer services (customers - individuals), markets for industrial services (customers are legal entities);
• 5) on the regulation of the market process on the part of the market participants themselves: organized and spontaneous markets;
• 6) by scale of operations: regional, national, international and global markets;
• 7) by type of market structure: markets perfect competition, competitive competition, monopolistic competition, oligopolies and oligopsony, monopoly and monopsony; natural monopoly, cartel, market with a dominant firm.

The structure of the RTU is complex and at the same time unites many organizations - market subjects that have different goals in interaction: service providers, service consumers, suppliers, intermediaries, the state, public (self-regulatory) organizations (Fig. 1.3).

Rice. 1.3.

The classification of market elements is complex and has many features for identifying elements. To regulate each specific market, it is necessary to accurately define the conditions, rights and obligations to the state and other participants, which are enshrined in legislation. Therefore, we present a simplified version of the classification (Table 1.3).

Table 1.3

Classification of market elements

The above classification in its most general form represents the diversity and differentiation of RTU participants, the reduction of which is achieved in markets organized by mode of transport.

The object of commercial transactions at RTU is a transport service, characterized by a combination of economic and consumer properties. Consumer properties express the position and requirements of the clientele regarding the quantity and quality of transport services. They can be presented at the current time or reflect a set of potential requirements determined by the state of the market, supply and demand, the specifics of the goods transported, etc. Economic properties reflect the compliance of the technical, technological, and operational capabilities of the service provider with the requirements of the clientele. For example, one of the constants in the list of consumer properties of a client is the requirement quality, for transport services is implemented through a set of detailed characteristics: urgency, completeness, safety, security, reliability of delivery cargo to the client. For the manufacturer of a transport service, ensuring urgency, completeness, safety, and security is quantitatively expressed in an increased level of transportation costs. And when deciding on the quality level, the manufacturer weighs capabilities and costs. If the ratio allows the level of quality specified by the client to be met, the client and the manufacturer in such a situation are maximally satisfied, and the situation itself can be considered productive for the development of the market as a whole and maintaining a favorable environment.

Research into RTU and the development of methods for its regulation are important not only for studying the supply of services, their properties, quantity, quality and other parameters. More important for research are general laws, patterns, trends, features, proportions of the formation of the market environment, models and processes of functioning and development of the market, its conditions, factors determining the stability of market processes and relations.

Research into the process of formation and change in the structure of RTU allows one to get an idea of ​​the structure, connections, orderliness of interaction of its elements, subjects of market relations, depending on the directions, goals and essence of the study.

Structure(lat. structura– structure, arrangement, order) is a set of stable connections of an object that ensure its integrity and identity with itself, i.e. preservation of basic properties under various external and internal changes.

Using special analysis methods, structural “slices” of the RTU can be compiled according to the characteristic being studied: sectoral structure are called a complex of modes of transport that coexist and interact in the transport industry. Deep detailing of the sectoral structure of the transport services market is carried out according to the following criteria: specializations– distinguish between freight and passenger transport; type of message - international, intercity, suburban, city transport; accessories– departmental and public transport and (or) commercial and government transport.

Market structure called the share representation of many producers and clients of RTU, or supply and demand by type of service and activity. Manufacturers services are divided according to the following criteria: scale of production, quality of service, price level, market share, production concentration etc., and the process of separating service providers is called analysis competitive environment or competitors. Clients divided by type of consumption of transport services: for personal use– individual clients; for industrial consumption – organizations and enterprises; according to other characteristics characteristic of the type of service, and the separation process is called market segmentation. Under the influence of market structure (composition of industries, producer groups, customer segments, general conditions market) the conditions of the transport services market are formed (the ratio of supply and demand at a certain point in time), setting the price level and forming the level of costs for the services provided. This influence is mutual, market structure dynamically transforms to suit the changing environment, the changed structure creates fluctuations in the environment.

Organizational structure RTU allows you to assess the level of controllability and hierarchy of relationships among market participants - carriers, suppliers, clients, and the state. The organizational structure of the market is based on the mechanism and methods of regulation, which will set the market model and determine the level of anarchy and (or) centralization in the regulation of market processes.

Assortment structure RTU is a response to the study of the needs and desires of the clientele in the offer by carriers of demanded, high-quality, modern services that satisfy the real needs and anticipate the desires of the clientele, and therefore purchased services. Analysis of the assortment structure allows us to establish changes in supply and demand and highlight basic services – transportation of goods and passengers, and additional – accompanying or providing transportation, preparing transportation. For example, additional services include selection of packaging, bundling, labeling, counting, weighing, formation of consignments in one direction, fulfillment of customs formalities, etc.

For research, not only the types of market structures listed above can be identified. The goals of researching specific needs can be focused on other types of structures: technological, informational, integration, product, marketing, service etc. Market structuring has a narrow specialization and, as a rule, is used to study specific problems. It is important to study market structures to identify the influence of objective laws and patterns of market formation, functioning and development. For example, for government bodies at the federal level, it is important to identify disproportions in sectoral development; for local governments, deep detail of problems at the level of a region, city, city district, etc. is important.

TO peculiarities of production and consumption of transport services, determined by industry specifics include:

• the impossibility of correcting the committed “defect” (failure to meet customer requirements for the quality of transport service, as a rule, is compensated by paying penalties);
• the transportation process is characterized by increased energy intensity;
• high level of dependence of the transportation process (regularity of movement, labor productivity, cost of transportation, etc.) on the state of factors external environment;
• the transport process is characterized increased danger both for the participants in the process and for the environment (accident rate, industrial injuries, negative impact on environment and etc.);
• in the structure of transportation costs there is no such cost item as “raw materials”, but the share of costs associated with the use of labor is high (1.5–2 times higher than in industry);
• The transport industry is of an infrastructural nature and has significant general economic, social, cultural and strategic significance as an element of maintaining the interconnections of industries in the structure of the economy.

The study and analysis of the market situation requires not only market structuring, but also an assessment of the current and predicted market conditions - the state of the market formed at a certain point in time as a result of the influence of a complex of forces, factors and conditions. Indicators reflecting the RTU environment include; supply and demand for services, market development trends, level of market stability, degree of business activity, level of commercial risk, etc.

Demand for transport services on the scale of an industry market or markets for modes of transport is the ratio between the tariff for the service and the volume of demand for transportation, additional services, and comprehensive freight forwarding services.

Demand studies involve segmentation– dividing the market into groups of clients that are homogeneous based on selected characteristics. The allocation of RTU segments is carried out on the basis of criteria such as geographical, economic, technological, industry, etc. In Fig. Table 1.4 provides a generalized classification of signs of segmenting the transport services market, which allows, using certain signs that correspond to the goals and objectives of the enterprise, to determine current and target market segments and plan a development strategy. When assessing demand in the market, one should take into account the state of demand factors - characteristics of the service and market that influence the amount of demand. Demand factors for RTU include tariffs for the service, customer income, tariffs for substitute services, the number of customers in the market, customer requirements and preferences, etc.

Offering a service– this is the manufacturer’s willingness to sell a certain volume of services at a certain price for a certain period of time. The quantity of supply, as well as the quantity of demand, can be expressed in physical terms and in in value terms. The offer on RTU is the transport capacity of the rolling stock fleet of service providers, depending on the price of the service, taking into account the degree of wear, technical readiness of vehicles, transportation technology, and operating conditions.

Assessing the supply involves determining the type of market structure (model). At the same time, factors such as the number and market share of manufacturers and customers are analyzed; differentiation/homogeneity of services; symmetry/asymmetry of market information; the presence and magnitude of barriers to entry/exit, the possibility of influence of producers and clients on the market price (tariff). Modern RTU is a mixed model of competition, since individual industry markets are characterized by various types structures, as we discussed earlier.

The competitive position of an enterprise in the market is largely determined by the size of its market share. Therefore, when studying supply on the market, the indicator “economic concentration” is assessed, determined by the number of sellers in the market and the degree of their influence on the market price, as a concentration index, defined as the sum of market shares largest producers On the market:

Where CR k . – concentration index; N – the total number of producers on the market; y i – share of production i-th manufacturer in the total volume of market supply; To– the number of large producers on the market.

The concentration index is measured in fractions or percentages. The higher the value of the indicator, the greater the market power of the largest producers, the stronger the degree of concentration in the market, the weaker the competition. The use of the concentration index has certain limitations.

Rice. 1.4.

inconsistency (does not allow us to differentiate the role of producers in the total volume of supply on the market; there are no clear criteria for choosing the number k). This deficiency is corrected by the Herfindahl–Hirschman index, calculated as the sum of the squares of the shares of all manufacturers operating on the market:

Where HHI- Herfindahl–Hirschman index; at i is the share of sales of the i-th manufacturer in the total volume of market supply; n is the total number of producers in the industry.

Threshold values ​​of the concentration level, calculated using the coefficients under consideration, are presented in the form of a diagram in Fig. 1.5.

When assessing supply on the market, it is necessary to take into account supply factors– characteristics of a service or market that influence the amount of supply, which include: prices for resources, level of technology development, taxation and subsidies in the industry, prices of competitors, the number of competitors and intermediaries in the market, non-economic conditions (climatic and geographical factors, activities public organizations) and etc.

Rice. 1.5.

Comparison of quantitative estimates of supply and demand on the market allows us to characterize market conditions. But for a more complete analysis of the market situation it is necessary to evaluate market volume– the volume of services sold on the market over a certain period of time.

Capacity is determined by the ratio of price and purchasing power of the population, measured in monetary and natural equivalents.

Capacity national market for a specific type of service for the year is calculated based on statistical data using the formula

where E is market capacity; P – national production of this type of service in the country; E – export of services; I – import of services; EO – indirect export (export of services accompanying the exported service); I o – indirect import (import of services accompanying the imported service).

The choice of approach to determining the capacity indicator is largely determined by the specifics of the market (segment) being studied. Thus, the capacity of the passenger transportation market can be calculated through the transport mobility of the population using the formula

where T is the transport mobility of the population (the number of trips per capita per year); N – population size of the region under study; l– average length of a passenger’s trip.

The quantitative, as well as structural correspondence of the volume of services provided on the market to existing needs is characterized by the “market saturation” indicator, which is determined by the formula

where II is market saturation; Q pv – transportation capabilities of transport enterprises; E – market capacity.

The market situation depends not only on the number of RTU elements - producers of transport services and clients, but also on their characteristics. Thus, producers of transport services can be differentiated according to the following criteria: scale of activity, quality of transport services, level of tariffs, degree of diversification of activities, etc. Customers are classified primarily by type of consumption, whether for personal or business purposes. For the purposes of analyzing the market situation, it is necessary to rely on statistical data characterizing both the dynamics of economic processes and the identification of cycles in the development of the industry’s economy, the identification of “seeds of crisis” and the prevention of crisis in the near and distant future.

For example, a significant share of road transport in ensuring the volume of cargo transportation in the economy Russian Federation, amounting to 69–74%, as well as a large transport component in the cost of industrial products, Agriculture, trade, service sector requires increasing the efficiency and quality of services of transport enterprises. However, with an increase in Russia’s GDP, the share of road transport in this indicator is insignificant, it does not exceed 4–5%, while financial results activities motor transport enterprises(ATP) are low, many enterprises are unprofitable, which affects the quality and price of the services provided and is a prerequisite for the formation of crisis and the development of a crisis in the economy.

The development of the Russian economy is associated with cyclicality and the regular occurrence of economic crises under the influence of external causes, including factors and trends in the global economy. Cyclicality– regular repetition of processes and phenomena in the economy. A crisis– a state of the economy in which for a certain period of time there is a slowdown in economic and other processes, a shortage of monetary and other resources is formed, and destructive economic processes develop and increase.

Crises of 1985–1988 and 1992–1994 arose under the influence of internal factors, in 1998 and 2008–2009. The crises were triggered by external economic forces, which is confirmed by the data of economic and statistical analysis of performance indicators of road transport enterprises (Fig. 1.6).

Significant changes in the socio-economic situation in Russia, the consequences of the global economic crisis, and the development of the transport services market in conditions of fierce competition have significantly changed the operating conditions of transport enterprises.

The profitability of assets and services remains traditionally low for the industry, which indicates the low profitability of the production of services and the unprofitability of maintaining the assets of motor transport enterprises. Financial ratios fluctuate significantly, indicating cyclicality in the economy. Provision ratios of own working capital, characterizing business activity road transport enterprises, often have negative values ​​and confirm the lack of funding for the current economic activity due to own sources, which, along with high values ​​of autonomy coefficients, indicates the high capital intensity of services and the cost of fixed assets of enterprises in the industry. This also confirms the instability of economic development, which regularly forms cyclicalities and crises.

Statistical data on the functioning of road transport in last years are proof of its crisis development. The dynamics of indicators of enterprises operating in the transport services market also indicates the cyclical nature of their crisis development, which can be identified and described.

A study of data from the Federal State Statistics Service showed that the share of unprofitable transport enterprises is quite high: in the Russian Federation until 2006, the share of such enterprises was 41.6–66.4% after the market stabilized in the early 2000s; in 2008 this figure is significantly lower and reaches in 2012–2013. 39.6%. Many motor transport enterprises, due to the reduction in transportation volumes during the crisis of 2008–2009, faced the problem of survival in the competitive transport services market, which indicates the crisis nature of the development of enterprises in the industry. The amount of loss of large and medium-sized enterprises in the industry is estimated at between 50.2% in 2005 and 38% in 2010 (26.6% in 2008). In St. Petersburg, the share of unprofitable enterprises during the same period was 28–50%.

Rice. 1.6.

A - assessment of changes in financial indicators of road transport in the Russian Federation from 1995 to 2014, %; b– the share of unprofitable enterprises of freight road transport in the country and by region as of January 1 of each year, %

Currently, as a result of the impact external factors current geopolitical situation, limiting the scale of activities of cargo-owning enterprises, the introduction of an embargo on imported goods, the demand for the services of carriers in international transport may sharply decrease, which will lead to a deterioration in the economic results of the industry. Negative trends in the development of transport enterprises are associated, first of all, with crisis phenomena in the economy as a whole, as well as with high level competition in the market, with a general drop in demand for transportation, redistribution of market shares, new customer requirements, as well as internal problems in the functioning of motor transport enterprises in terms of the material and technical base to ensure uninterrupted operation, as well as the dynamic aging of the rolling stock fleet.

However, the cyclical development of the transport and enterprise economy is normal if crises can be prevented. In this case, development is built on the basis of the theory " life cycle", which allows us to talk about the stable instability of a market economy. Consequently, the functioning of enterprises in the transport industry, as well as other sectors of the economy, occurs not only under the influence of economic crises, but also in the conditions of the existence of economic cycles. Crisis situations in an enterprise, they often occur during the transition period from one stage to another, between certain stages of the cycle. Crisis situations are typical for transport enterprises at the stages of development: formation (inception or formation), development (growth), stabilization, decline, development (increase) of crisis, exit from business/crisis (liquidation or exit to a qualitatively new level development).

The dynamics of development indicators of enterprises operating in the transport services market indicates the cyclical nature of their crisis development, which can be identified and described. To prove the cyclical development of transport enterprises, methods for constructing classical dynamics series and phase curves can be used, which can be reflected in two-dimensional space economic cycles in the form of closed contours of industry performance curves. The closed contours of the curves, which can be determined on the graphs, indicate the cyclical nature of changes in indicators. Thus, sequential reflection on the axes X And Y values ​​of the analyzed indicators records the cycles of their development, which are visible in the presence of closed contours on the phase curves. An example of constructing a phase curve is shown in Fig. 1.7. The cyclical nature of development has been recorded over a long period of statistical observations of the average annual index of changes in traffic volumes, calculated according to Rosstat data from 1928 to 2013; a distinct cycle is recorded in the interval 1995–2009. when closing the contour of the curve.

Phase curves make it possible to track the development cycles of enterprises in the transport services market, and their behavior and variability can reflect the dynamics of indicators that, at certain moments in the functioning of enterprises, may indicate an increase in crisis phenomena and help to detect the so-called “crisis shoots.” In addition, the theory of describing cycles has in common their spiral-shaped nature of development, which allows them to be predicted.

Rice. 1.7. Phase curve of the average annual cargo transportation volume index(Iq)

A transport enterprise is a dynamic system that changes its state over time under the influence of economic and other processes. If the function of a system changes over time, then the system is considered non-stationary. To characterize the development of enterprises in the transport services market, the concept of non-stationarity has been introduced, reflecting the prerequisites, germs, impacts and consequences of economic crises and the cyclical nature of economic development.

Nonstationarity– this is the state of transport enterprises, which is expressed in periodically repeated variability of the parameters of their functioning model with cyclically recurring crises.

The nonstationarity of the market can be expressed in the variability of the mathematical model for describing the processes of its functioning. This does not mean the uncertainty of the basic laws of the market, but only the variability of the parameters of the model built according to these laws. The non-stationarity of market dynamics gives rise to instability of the average performance of enterprises, which manifests itself in the form of a periodic decrease in profits, volume indicators, income, profitability of services and other indicators of the enterprise under the influence of changes in environmental factors and the conditions of their functioning.

Under crisis one should understand the degree of adaptability of a transport enterprise to the impact of crisis factors on it. Crisisiness can be assessed expertly, using score. Crisis phenomena, factors and some symptoms of the crisis can be described by indicators that reflect the efficiency and characteristics of the functioning of road transport enterprises. Such indicators include current indicators that characterize the activities of an enterprise in real time and are of essential importance for assessing the activities of an enterprise from the standpoint of achieving the desired goals in a specific situation, including the non-stationary development of the market ( financial indicators, technical and operational, wear and tear coefficient, indices of transportation volumes and cargo turnover, economic indicators: valuable index of changes in income, chain index of changes in costs, etc.). For different transport enterprises, depending on the factors that caused the crisis, changes in current indicators look different, therefore, to assess the crisis level of enterprises, it is necessary to use different indicators.

Regulation of the transport services market involves a combination of economic and administrative methods of influencing the operation of transport, implementing regulation both in the long term and in the mode of operational influences.

The economic role of the state as a mechanism for regulating the development of the transport services market is based on the following principles:

• – the formation of a unified legal field and social climate that contribute to the effective functioning of business entities;
• – supporting fair competition and protecting property rights;
• – increase economic efficiency functioning of economic entities in the public sector of the economy;
• – support for the real sector of the economy;
• – improving income redistribution policies to ensure social guarantees employees;
• – ensuring the security of the state, population and economic entities.

Let's consider the most effective regulators - methods direct(administrative) and indirect(economic) influence of the state on the market.

Administrative methods– a set of mandatory requirements and orders of authorities government controlled in relation to business entities. The implementation of these regulatory methods is carried out through the issuance of relevant laws and government regulations (federal and regional levels), rules, norms, standards and other regulations of the state and constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In transport, industry-specific regulations also apply. legal acts regulating the operating conditions of rolling stock (rules for the transportation of goods and passengers; regulations on maintenance And current repairs Vehicle; Traffic Laws; environmental safety standards; organization of international transportation of goods and passengers).

Economic methods are associated with the regulation of the economic interests of business entities through the parameters of tariff, tax, accelerated depreciation, and monetary policy.

The strategic role of the state is to use the most effective methods of regulation, focusing on economic (indirect) methods that are based on action market laws and allow a combination of state regulation and self-regulation. The purpose of state regulation in transport is to create equal and favorable conditions for free transportation and trade in transport services in geographical boundaries country (region), creation of a single transport space, dynamic integration of the Russian transport services market into the world market. Government regulation forms or influences, in the process of functioning of the transport services market, the forms of formation of tariffs and mutual responsibility, reproduction production capacity, synchronization of current income and expenses, systems of intra-industry economic relationships. In Fig. 1.8 presents methods of market regulation in transport.

Rice. 1.8.

The regulation of the market for motor transport services over the past 20 years has been carried out by licensing motor transport activities. IN Russian conditions the use of the licensing system has led to distortions in the transport services market and the spread of negative trends. Its main disadvantage is the impossibility of using alternative methods of influencing market participants.

Case Study

With entry into force Federal Law dated 05/04/2011 No. 99-FZ "On licensing of certain types of activities" the licensing of cargo transportation by road with a carrying capacity of less than 3.5 tons was canceled. As a result, the state control behind enterprises and individuals using light-duty freight transport (67% of the market), and a market of pure competition has formed in this segment.

The creation of self-regulatory organizations is one of the world-recognized market methods of regulation. professional activity. The most common in the world organizational form self-regulatory organizations - associations.

Transport industry management is represented by activities federal bodies state authorities and transport management bodies that determine and implement state transport policy, legal regulation relations in this area. At the federal level, the highest transport management bodies are the Government of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation ensures, predicts the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, develops and implements programs for the development of priority sectors of the economy (for example, the Program for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the long term until 2030, the Strategy for the development of transport in the Russian Federation until 2030 and etc.). Direct transport management is carried out by the Ministry of Transport.

Modern conditions of modernization and technological development The Russian economy requires significant restructuring from Russian transport. As part of the transport strategy of the Russian Federation, adequate strategic decisions have been made on the development of the transport complex for the long term in the context of the transition to an intensive, innovative, socially oriented type of development of the country. According to the scenario development of the Russian transport system, the “price – quality” mechanism is being implemented. A special role in the transport strategy is given to the development of planning the activities of the transport transport service, taking into account changes in the quality of the provision of motor transport services, which will ensure the maintenance of a competitive environment and the growth of the competitiveness of industry enterprises.

• Budrina E. V. Transport services market, features of formation and development: textbook, manual: in 2 hours. St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg State Institute of Economics and Economics, 2001-2002.
• Budrina E. V. The transport services market features formation and development. Part 1, 2.
• Economics of road transport: a textbook for students. institutions of higher education professional, education / A. G. Budrin [etc.]; edited by E. V. Kudrina. 5th ed., revised. M.: Academy, 2015.

Federal Agency for Education

Bryansk State Technical University

Department of Economics, Production Organization, Management

COURSE WORK

discipline: Statistics

on the topic of: Analysis of transport services in the Russian Federation

Performed:

Student, group 10-FK2

Petukhova V.Yu.

Checked by: Ph.D., Associate Professor.

Novikova A.V.

Bryansk 2012

annotation

In this course work A statistical study of the transport services market in the Russian Federation was carried out. The main goal of the work is to consolidate and deepen theoretical knowledge, practical skills, their use for calculating and analyzing the main indicators of the transport services market obtained in the process of studying statistics, as well as developing the ability to generalize the results that will be obtained from available statistical data.

The course work consists of two parts:

· the first part is devoted to the study of the theoretical foundations of transport services: types and functions, indicators (freight turnover, passenger turnover, etc.) of activity, prospects for its development.

· in the second part, the calculation and analysis of the main indicators of transport services is carried out based on the studied statistical techniques and methods, such as summary and grouping, calculation of absolute, relative and average values, calculation of dynamics indicators, alignment of time series, etc.

Introduction

1 Formation of the transport services market

2 Structure and features of the transport services market

3 Classification, functions of the transport services market

4 Problems and prospects for the development of the transport services market

Chapter 2. Calculation and analysis of indicators of the transport services market in the Russian Federation

2.1 Grouping

2.2 Calculation of average values

3 Relative values

2.4 Variation indicators

5 Dynamics rows

2.6 Sample observation

2.8 Correlation and regression analysis

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

To effectively manage the transport services market and make decisions on its further organization, data is needed that comprehensively reflects the development of this industry under the influence of various external factors. In a market economy, it is important to achieve an optimal ratio of costs to quality of service for the consumer of services. The latter is attracted by minimum delivery times, maximum safety of cargo, convenience in receiving and delivering cargo and the ability to obtain reliable information about tariffs, conditions of transportation and location of cargo, and then he is ready to bear the corresponding costs. Transport activities should be based on customer needs. The consumer is not interested in the costs of the transport company for providing services. With the tightening of consumer requirements for the quality of goods, the needs of manufacturers for timely and reliable delivery are increasingly increasing.

The relevance of this study lies in the quantitative indicators corresponding to the disclosure of the structure of the transport services market. Since transport is not just one of the sectors of the country’s economy, but also one of the most essential conditions for the successful functioning of the entire economy, which has an active impact on the formation of territorial proportions of the development of production in the country and regions, its study is an important task for statistics.

The purpose of this work is to conduct a statistical analysis of the transport services market in the Russian Federation, taking into account the peculiarities of its formation and functioning. To achieve the set goal of the work, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: study the theoretical essence and system of indicators corresponding to this topic; analyze relevant development indicators; - The objects of accounting in transport services market statistics are the transportation of passengers and cargo various types transports.

Based on this, the subject of research in this work is such indicators of transport activity as passenger and freight turnover, and the density of communication routes.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for studying the transport services market

.1 Formation of the transport services market

From the perspective of a systems approach, transport represents a complex adaptive economic system consisting of regional material and human flows interconnected in a single process of transport services. It can be argued that since the 1970s, there has been an organic fusion of freight transport with the production and distribution process, turning it into a link unified system"production - transport-distribution - sales". Russia is at a new stage of its development - the stage of formation of its new social structure. The further development of the Russian Federation at this stage largely depends on the magnitude of its economic potential.

As the planning principles weakened, the need arose for the country's economy to transition to market relations. The Russian economy, as the material base for the ongoing social reconstruction, is a complex set of industries.

One of the most important sectors of the Russian economy, where it is necessary to use innovative management methods, is transport.

The structure of internal and external cargo flows, which has radically changed over the last decade, the gradual overcoming of the consequences of the systemic crisis of the 90s and the entry into a trajectory of sustainable economic growth, required clarification of the priorities for the development of the Russian transport system and a new strategy for increasing the competitiveness and efficiency of the transport industry.

For many years, the transport infrastructure developed without proper coordination between individual modes of transport and the development of productive forces, which led to direct losses from the implementation of untimely or ineffective projects and did not allow achieving a systemic effect in the operation of transport.

First of all, road transport receives priority development, because It is he who is the connecting element between all other types of transport and consumers of transport services. In addition, the construction of transport arteries of other types of transport is impossible without the participation of automobiles. But road transport consists of at least two technical elements: the road and the car, the development of which is in constant dialectical unity and interdependence. In this case, the primary road is the road.

Road facilities are also included in the transport complex.

The peculiarity is that highways are used by transport, industrial, construction, agricultural and other organizations, as well as by the population, free of charge. Their wear and tear is not included in the cost of transportation, but is reimbursed by directly financing the costs of repair work on roads at established tax rates through road funds.

Therefore, in the road sector there is no direct relationship between the amount of funds allocated for maintenance, repair and construction highways, and a measure of road consumption by road transport, as is the case in reproduction processes in other industries National economy.

One of the first measures of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation to form a system for regulating transport activities on the territory of the republics in the context of the transition to a market economy was the creation of the Russian Transport Inspectorate (RTI) - a body designed to license transport and service enterprises included in the transport and road complex of the republic, to control compliance with transport legislation and the requirements imposed by issued licenses, as well as carry out a number of other functions related to ensuring the normal functioning of the transport services market.

The initial task of RTI units was licensing of transport activities. At the same time, the licensing process was not, and could not be, observed, the main functions of the RTI bodies:

limiting or stimulating the influx of transport into certain sectors of the regional transport services market;

determination of additional benefits and formation of special conditions for enterprises and entrepreneurs engaged in socially significant transportation;

application of sanctions to transport enterprises for violation of licensing requirements, etc.

The transport complex consists of a large number of interconnected industries and is a special transport branch of production, which has common laws of development, homogeneity of production processes and the purpose of the products created.

And the functioning of the economy of the Russian Federation in market conditions poses a number of problems for road transport to adapt to a market economy. The characteristic features of the functioning of motor transport in a market economy are such objective circumstances as:

new economic conditions for the operation of road transport and consumers of its services,

formation of the transport services market,

increased competition between transport enterprises and various modes of transport.

Without taking into account market requirements, no enterprise can develop normally. The ultimate goal of any transport enterprise operating in a market environment is to make a profit based on the production of a service needed by the consumer.

Until the 90s, the concept of transport service was not used in the practice of planning and organizing the work of road transport. The exception was such a field of activity as transport and forwarding services, where this concept is generally accepted.

This approach was due to the traditional consideration of road transport on a par with manufacturing industries. Transport services refer to services that complete and (or) precede the process of material production. Transport services are defined as a subtype of transport activity aimed at meeting the needs of consumers and characterized by the presence of the necessary technological, financial, information, legal and resource support. The service, therefore, means not only the actual transportation of goods, but also any operation that is not part of the transportation process, but is associated with its preparation and implementation.

Road transport services include:

transportation of goods, mail;

loading and unloading services (loading, unloading, reloading, internal warehouse operations);

cargo storage services;

services for preparing vehicles for transportation;

provision of transportation vehicles on lease or rental terms;

forwarding and additional services performed during the transportation of goods, luggage, etc. for servicing enterprises, organizations, and the population;

transportation of new and repaired vehicles, etc.

The share of transport services as the economy develops, as a rule, increases or stabilizes. A similar situation can be observed in almost all countries. Thus, in market conditions, quality is defined as the level of consumer properties and reliability of a service that the market (consumer) needs and that manufacturers are able to provide at an affordable price. In a market economy, it is important to achieve an optimal ratio of costs to quality of service for the consumer of services. Transport activities should be based on customer needs. The consumer is not interested in the costs of the transport company for providing services.

Over the last two decades of the last century and the beginning of this century, the share of transport costs in developed countries has not changed significantly. In absolute terms, transport costs continued to increase. Consequently, there are currently no qualitative changes in consumer preferences for transport - the recipients’ needs for services of this type have developed at an optimal level, corresponding to a high degree of satisfaction.

The development of a competitive market for transport services will require creating conditions for the supply of high-quality transport services to exceed demand, as well as ensuring publicity and information openness of the market regarding prices and quality of services. This will provide consumers with the opportunity to freely choose transport services, make the price-quality mechanism work, and make price and quality the subject of competition. Such a mechanism will ensure a constant increase in the productivity of transport companies, which will contribute to their self-sufficiency. The price-quality mechanism will stimulate research by market participants into the demand for various categories services and analyze the level of competitors, improve the quality of transport services provided, and find the optimal balance between their price and quality. All this creates conditions for further increasing operational efficiency and increasing the competitiveness of national transport companies and the Russian transport system as a whole.

The state policy of forming a competitive market for transport services provides for administrative and economic methods.

Administrative methods should ensure regulation of the activities of natural monopolies, access of vehicle owners, as well as forwarders and carriers to professional activities using licensing or declaration mechanisms (notification of market participant obligations).

Economic methods for creating a competitive market for transport services include the implementation of tax, tariff and investment policy mechanisms.

Economic methods should stimulate the creation of forwarding and transport companies of all types and levels in the field of freight and passenger transportation, which could provide competitive transport services in the field of freight and passenger transportation. In particular, it is advisable to consider a mechanism for stimulating the creation of sufficiently large transport companies capable of investing in the development of highly efficient transport technologies and modern vehicles. It is necessary to provide government support for increasing the competitiveness of national transport companies.

In the context of rapidly increasing inter-country trade flows and movement of people, the importance of all types of transport is sharply increasing. Trade in transport services covers almost all countries and is one of the catalysts for ongoing globalization. Improving transport infrastructure and reducing transportation costs under the influence of scientific and technical progress makes it possible to intensify trade and economic cooperation between geographically distant regions and leads to a reduction in the costs of spatial organization of international economic systems. In the process of deepening Russia's integration into the world economy, the role of domestic transport cannot be underestimated.

The transport industry is extremely important for the development of the economy and foreign economic relations of our country. On the one hand, transport is a key infrastructural component of foreign trade in goods, and on the other hand, it is a large and growing item in trade in services, providing about a quarter of all Russian foreign trade turnover in the services sector. Russia has favorable natural and geographical conditions for increasing international transport operations, which is an important prerequisite for obtaining significant economic benefits from these operations. But they do not fully ensure the international competitiveness of Russian transport. To strengthen Russia's position in the world market, it is necessary to create a modern transport infrastructure and radical organizational restructuring of the entire transport system of our country.

Occupying the central part of the Eurasian continent, Russia objectively plays the role of a geopolitical bridge in relations between the countries of the West and the East. Its simultaneous presence in Europe and Asia affects the content of economic, political, and cultural processes in these parts of the world. Occupying a huge space, having access to the seas, using a large territory for international transit, and also possessing a system of space, air, and sea navigation, Russia thanks to this has unique opportunities to participate in international integration and influence global processes.

Transit makes it possible to effectively use the reserves of carrying capacity of national transport systems and stimulates their reproduction and improvement. As a consequence of this, transport engineering and its supporting industries are actively developing.

In general, the use of national pipeline transport and power transmission systems for transporting gas, oil products and electricity from one country to another through the territory of the Russian Federation is also an essential element of the country’s transit potential. Transit should be considered not only as a part of business contributing to GDP, but an important element of the country’s international positioning. Russia has its own niche in the global transit business.

.2 Structure, features of the transport services market

New economic conditions have expanded the concept of “transport service”. Today, a transport service means not only the actual transportation of goods or passengers, but any operation that is not part of the transportation process, but is associated with its preparation and implementation.

Transport services include:

· transportation of goods and passengers;

· loading and unloading operations;

· cargo storage;

· preparation of transportation means;

· provision of transportation means on a lease or rental basis;

· transportation (delivery) of new and repaired vehicles;

· forwarding services;

· other services.

In the general relationships of transport with other subsystems of the national economy, it is especially important to identify shifts in the type structure of transport and the type structure of transportation. When studying structural changes in transport itself in the species aspect, the socio-spatial role of its automobile component is most noticeable; It is road transport that is closest to the everyday needs and actions of people.

The fact is that means of transport, focused mainly on long-distance trunk communications and transportation, provide mainly the resource and production sphere of the functioning of society. Under the influence of motor transport, forms of settlement and daily movements of the population are changing. Motor transport is increasingly becoming a socio-technical means of self-organization of the population and economy.

In conditions of transition to market relations and the ongoing decline in production, it is important to understand what structure-forming processes occur in transport in general, what is the relationship between the motor transport component and the national economy.

The structure of transport is understood as the composition, quantitative relationships and forms of interconnection of individual industries and productions. Indicators of industry structure are: the number of independent industries; the ratio of all types of transport in the total volume of cargo transportation of the entire transport complex; share of transport sectors; share of passenger and freight transport.

In the practice of planning and accounting, the sectoral structure of transport is determined by finding the share of industries in the total volume of transport production. The structure of the country's transport complex is formed under the influence of many factors, the most important of which are:

scientific and technical progress;

planned rates of development of all transport and its individual sectors;

concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination of production;

growth in the material well-being and cultural level of workers;

socio-historical conditions in which transport develops;

international division of labor;

strengthening Russia's position in the world market.

Transport specialization is expressed in the splitting of existing industries and the creation of new industries with homogeneous products or services, as well as in the division of labor between enterprises in a given industry.

At the dawn of the existence of railways, the track development of stations and hauls, the locomotive fleet, and, to a large extent, service personnel were not specialized by type of activity. However, the beginnings of specialization in some parts of transport were already present in that period. The further railway transport developed, the more clearly the specialization of its main elements became apparent, the longer their operational and technical differentiation took. Over time, railway transport in its organization, technology and technical equipment is moving further and further away from its original state, specialization is increasingly spreading to areas of transport that have not yet been covered by it. If you go beyond the boundaries of railway transport and look at the transport system as a whole, then within it the specialization of individual modes of transport also becomes increasingly clear, and the areas of the most effective use of railway, road, water, air and pipeline transport are more clearly delineated.

Since the transportation process in very rare cases begins and ends within any one mode of transport, in the transport system, along with specialization, cooperation between the activities of different modes of transport occurs.

Due to specialization, the transport system gains greater productivity, and through cooperation, greater flexibility, stability in changing conditions and, therefore, greater efficiency.

The alternation of fundamentally different phases in the development of the transport system - specialization and cooperation - in the absence of a sufficiently definite pattern in the duration of individual phases in time and the depth of changes occurring, makes it extremely difficult to formalize the processes of development of transport as a whole and its individual parts.

To use one or a combination of several modes of transport in transportation, it is necessary to carefully study various factors that reveal both the advantages of any transport service option and limit the area of ​​interchangeability of modes of transport, where the choice of option is based on technical and economic calculations.

Thus, the features of the transport services market are:

· intangible nature of transport products, like any service (impossibility of accumulating “in reserve”, coincidence of production and sales processes, etc.);

· spatial separation of transport service delivery areas, their non-interchangeability, which limits intra-industry (on one type of transport) competition;

· universality and mass character of the transport market in society, its monopoly;

· the role of railway transport in the transport market largely depends on its versatility, productivity, placement of communications, level of technical equipment, carrying capacity, cost, convenience and safety of transportation. These indicators characterize the volume and quality of transport service offerings;

· the demand for them for freight transportation is formed by socially necessary needs for material exchange. The ratio of supply and demand for transport services by mode of transport determines the level of participation of each of them in the operation of the transport system and at the same time is an incentive for their development .

.3 Classification, functions of the transport services market

There are different classifications of transport services. Based on the relationship with the main activities of enterprises, services can be transportation (i.e., including in one form or another an element of transportation) and non-transportation services. Based on the type of consumer to whom the service is provided, a distinction is made between external (provided by a non-transport enterprise) and internal (provided by another transport enterprise). Based on the nature of the activities related to the provision of a particular service, technological, commercial, informational, etc. are distinguished.

A scientifically based classification of transport sectors is important for proper planning of production and ensuring a certain proportionality in its development. The classification of transport sectors is based on the following principles:

economic purpose of the service provided;

the nature of the functioning of transport products in the production process;

the nature of the impact on the subject of work, etc.

The most important principle for classifying industries is the economic purpose of the service provided. In accordance with this, all transport is divided into external and internal.

Since transport is used not only for external transport, but also for internal transport, i.e. transportation within production, then in addition to public transport, the national economy has intra-production or departmental transport . The transport complex of the Russian Federation includes: road, sea, inland waterway, railway, aviation and other types of transport. Each type of transport has its own specifics regarding its use for transporting goods.

In the process of material production, transport satisfies the needs of sectors of the national economy for transportation of various types: intra-production, inter-industry within the region, inter-regional, transportation of workers, etc.

Types of transport are divided into water(sea and river), land (rail, road, pipeline) and air. All types of transport, except pipelines, are used to transport goods and passengers. These types of transport are traditional. Non-traditional types of transport include slurry pipelines (Bulk cargo is crushed and pumped through pipes together with water), pneumatic transport, and magnetic levitation transport.

Interdistrict and intradistrict transportation of goods and passengers determine the division of regional transport into mainline and intradistrict.

Transport functions:

One of the main functions is stimulating . Stimulation of economic growth is realized through investments in the transport complex.

· Distributive - ensuring the physical movement of commodity flows in the global economic system.

· The integration function of transport is implemented through the formation of a unified network of transport routes.

· Also performs a structure-forming function - participates in the formation of the sectoral structure of world production and inter-sectoral proportions.

· The social function of transport is providing equal access to social and economic infrastructure to all members of society through increasing the degree of transport accessibility.

The so-called “unified transport system” of Russia is characterized by such features as:

) uneven development of various types of transport;

) extremely uneven distribution of the transport network across individual regions;

) weak interdependence and interaction of individual modes of transport when carrying out transportation (freight and passengers);

) a high level of monopolization of the transport services market combined with administrative pressure on economic agents, which dismembers the unified transport system.

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