System of social service institutions. Institutions of the social service system for various categories of the population Social service system for citizens
Social protection of the population of our country, which in the 90s was limited to providing social support elderly and disabled people, providing social benefits and benefits, has undergone significant qualitative changes. The population of Russia paid a high social price for the political and economic transformations carried out in the country in the last decade of the twentieth century. The sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production and the emerging social and moral crisis affected the lives of most families. Their real incomes and consumption levels fell catastrophically, and the pricing reform destroyed labor savings. The scale of crime has increased significantly, drug addiction, prostitution, and child homelessness have spread rapidly, like an epidemic.
There have also been significant changes in the formation of civil society. One of them was the emergence and development of social work - a genuine social phenomenon that has become an integral part of Russian reality.
Currently, the development of the social service system for the population is at the stage of creating a network of institutions and testing social service technologies, taking into account the specifics of different regions Russian Federation.
Russia, which is a social state in accordance with the Constitution, has managed, in extremely difficult socio-economic and financial conditions, to create the foundations for the development of a full-fledged system of social services for the population.
The formation of a system of social services for the population required not only new concept social work, but also enormous efforts to train the necessary personnel, ensure regulatory legal regulation issues related to ensuring the activities of social services. Today, the industry employs more than 450 thousand people. social workers who daily face the need to provide assistance to people in critical life situations. By helping veterans, disabled people, women, and children, they make a significant contribution to the normalization of the social situation in the country.
Continuing problems in the economy are causing an increase in the population's need for social protection. The socio-economic situation objectively determines the scale and direction of work of the industry, which is forced to constantly increase the volume of social services, developing the system as a whole.
So, social service institutions are legal entities. The procedure for the creation, operation, reorganization and liquidation of social service institutions and enterprises, regardless of their form of ownership, is regulated by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation. Government agencies social services are not subject to privatization and cannot be repurposed for other types of activities. Social service institutions have the right to conduct business activities only insofar as this serves the achievement of the goals for which they were created.
Social service institutions are, regardless of their form of ownership:
1) Integrated social service centers for the population;
2) Territorial centers social assistance family and children;
3) Social service centers;
4) Social rehabilitation centers for minors;
5) Centers for assistance to children left without parental care;
6) Social shelters for children and adolescents;
7) Centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population;
8) Emergency psychological assistance centers by telephone;
9) Social assistance centers (departments) at home;
10) Night houses;
11) Special homes for lonely elderly people;
12) Stationary social service institutions (boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, psychoneurological boarding schools, orphanages for mentally retarded children, boarding homes for children with physical disabilities);
13) Gerontological centers;
14) Other institutions providing social services.
Social service enterprises include enterprises that provide social services to the population.
Social services are provided by social services free of charge and for a fee.
The procedure for providing free social services is determined by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Paid social services in the state system of social services are provided in the manner established by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Tariffs for social services provided to the population by state social services are established by executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Terms and conditions of payment social services in social services of other forms of ownership are established by them independently.
In accordance with Art. 16 of the Law on the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population, free social services in the state system of social services in the amounts determined by state standards of social services are provided:
1) Citizens who are incapable of self-care due to old age, illness, disability, and who do not have relatives who can provide them with help and care - if the average per capita income of these citizens is below the subsistence level established for the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in which they live;
2) Citizens who are in difficult life situations due to unemployment, natural disasters, catastrophes, victims of armed and interethnic conflicts;
3) Minor children in difficult life situations.
More specific lists of categories of citizens to whom social services are provided free of charge are contained in the legislation on social services of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Since the procedure for the provision of free social services and paid social services by state social services by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation has not yet been determined, the guideline here can be the Regulation on the provision of free social services and paid social services by state social services, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 739.
The procedure and conditions for the provision of free home-based, semi-stationary and stationary social services, as well as on the terms of full or partial payment, are established by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Before the adoption of the relevant regulations, one should be guided by the Regulations on the procedure and conditions for payment of social services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people at home, in semi-stationary and stationary conditions by state and municipal institutions social services, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 473.
At the same time, to determine the right to free or partial payment of social services, the subsistence minimum established for of this region. The Law on the Living Wage determines that the cost of living per capita and for the main socio-demographic groups of the population in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is determined quarterly. The specified values of the subsistence minimum should be established in the order established by laws subjects of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the Regulations, social services are provided at home, in semi-stationary and stationary conditions by social service institutions free of charge:
Single elderly citizens (single married couples) and disabled people receiving a pension in an amount below the subsistence level established for the given region;
Elderly citizens and disabled people who have relatives who, due to remoteness of residence, low income, illness and other objective reasons, cannot provide them with assistance and care, provided that the amount of pension these citizens receive is below the regional subsistence level;
Elderly citizens and disabled people living in families whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level established for a given region.
Social services are provided on a partial payment basis:
Single elderly citizens (single married couples) and disabled people receiving a pension in the amount of 100 to 150% of the minimum subsistence level established for a given region;
Elderly citizens and disabled people who have relatives who, for objective reasons, cannot provide them with help and care, provided that the amount of pension received by these citizens is from 100 to 150% of the regional subsistence level;
Elderly citizens and disabled people living in families whose per capita income is from 100 to 150% of the regional subsistence level.
At the same time, the monthly amount of partial payment for social services provided at home should not exceed 25% of the difference between the pension received by these citizens (average per capita family income) and the cost of living established for a given region.
The monthly amount of partial payment for social services provided in semi-stationary conditions should not exceed 50% of the difference between the pension received by these citizens (average per capita family income) and the regional subsistence level.
Monthly payment for social services provided in inpatient settings is made in an amount not exceeding 50% of the difference between the received pension or average per capita income and the subsistence minimum established for the corresponding region.
Other citizens are provided with social services at home, in semi-stationary and stationary conditions by social service institutions on a full payment basis.
Payment (partial or full) for social services provided to the elderly and disabled does not include the costs of providing medical care in the scope of the basic program of compulsory medical insurance for citizens of the Russian Federation, obtaining education within the state educational standards and enforcement sanitary rules in social service institutions.
The decision on the conditions for the provision of social services (free of charge, with partial or full payment) is made by the administration of the social service institution on the basis of documents submitted by elderly citizens and disabled people or their legal representatives, taking into account the cost of living established for the corresponding region, as well as the fees charged behind inpatient care.
When providing social services on the basis of partial or full payment, social service institutions are required to conclude agreements in the established form with elderly citizens and people with disabilities or their legal representatives, defining the types and volume of services provided, the terms within which services must be provided, as well as the procedure and the amount of their payment.
It should be noted that fees for inpatient services for elderly citizens and disabled people in state social service institutions include not only payment for social services, but also, in addition, costs for the purchase of food and soft equipment, as well as the maintenance of residential premises provided
Now, let's talk about the problem of social services in Russia and ways to solve them.
There are many problems in the field of social services for pensioners:
On the one hand, paid social services are slowly developing, and on the other hand, there is a danger of absolutization paid services, compared to the volume of paid services, the share of free services is reduced;
The problem of priority in obtaining places in institutions remains acute (about 12 thousand people need to receive social services in a hospital setting and about 100 thousand people in non-stationary conditions);
The network of hospices, including home hospices, is insufficiently developed;
The problem of financing social service institutions and services is urgent. At the same time, in the coming period, the demand for social services by older citizens, first of all, for objective reasons, will increase;
The work of existing social service institutions needs significant improvement, replenishment with specialists, improvement of the legal and material and technical base;
The problem of retraining and advanced training of specialists and service personnel in a new type of social service institutions requires due attention.
To improve the social situation of pensioners living in stationary social service institutions, it is planned to build and reconstruct these institutions. The key objects chosen were gerontological centers, general boarding houses, subject to redevelopment into gerontological centers, gerontopsychiatric centers, as well as inpatient institutions.
Another obvious problem complicating the interaction between the state and society in working with older people is the lack of information. For more successful activities of social protection authorities, it would be advisable to have a data bank on public organizations working with older people and operating in the territory of their municipalities. The consistency and accessibility of this information at the regional and federal levels will improve intersectoral interaction and enrich public services new ideas and approaches, and will give public organizations the opportunity to disseminate their successful experience.
The next factor hampering the successful development of the institution of social services is the imperfection of legislation, its inconsistency and fragmentation, duplication of some acts by others. Often, there are no clearly formulated concepts of one or another type of social service. This creates difficulties in study and law enforcement practice.
IN Russian society a large number of people with signs of disability. It is no secret that recently the country has been experiencing a deterioration in the health of the nation, an aging society, unemployment, and poverty.
It is obvious that in the area under consideration, solutions require problems in two main areas: in the field of socio-economic development and legislative regulation.
To resolve many issues, measures to reform social services are needed. In particular, it is necessary to transition to a funded system in the field of social services - social insurance, when citizens, through personal contributions to the formed fund, will be able to receive social services if they find themselves in a difficult life situation.
A measure that can change the financial situation is the creation of a state extra-budgetary fund for social services, which will allow to concentrate existing revenues (tax and other) and subsequently spend them exclusively in the field of social services.
The next step could be to develop state system social services, in particular strengthening the role of public organizations (trade unions, religious organizations, public funds, charitable organizations and etc.).
When reforming the sphere of social services, it is also necessary to pursue a policy of regional equalization in order to create an equal level of social services throughout the country. However, it is important here not to allow an equalizing approach and to apply individual measures to different regions.
One of the measures to improve the situation in the field of social services is to provide regions with the opportunity to find additional non-standard solutions, for example, stimulating charitable activities, developing non-traditional types of social services, such as a sanatorium at home or a social service institution on wheels.
In the field of protecting people with disabilities - one of the most vulnerable categories, it is necessary:
increasing the volume and quality of prosthetic and orthopedic products and rehabilitation products produced;
increasing the number of institutions specializing in such production;
equipping places for training people with disabilities in general education institutions, expanding the network of specialized educational institutions.
As part of improving legislation, it is necessary to adopt a codified act at the legal level regulating the main issues in the field of social services. This will streamline and systematize existing legislation on social services.
In further work with legislative framework What matters is the expansion of the subject composition of those in need, moving away from the concept of social service as an institution regulating the relations of a narrow circle of subjects, only the elderly, the disabled and the poor.
Block I
Fundamentals of organizational administrative activities social institutions
Lecture No. 1: Experience in the administrative activities of institutions in the system of social services and directions for its development
1. Features of the activities of social service institutions in the social service system
2. General rules organizations and principles of activity of social institutions
3. Organization of social services for the population at the municipal (district) level
Features of the activities of social service institutions in the social service system
In accordance with the Federal Law of December 10, 1995. No. 195-FZ “On the fundamentals of social services for the population in the Russian Federation” “ State system of social services– a system consisting of state enterprises and social service institutions that are the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the jurisdiction of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.”
Social services can also be provided by enterprises and institutions of other forms of ownership or by citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities in social services to the population without forming a legal entity.
The social services system includes the following institutions:
1. Social service centers;
2. Integrated social service centers for the population;
3. Territorial centers for social assistance to families and children;
4. Social rehabilitation centers for minors;
5. Help centers for children left without parental care;
6. Social shelters for children and adolescents;
7. Centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population;
8. Emergency psychological assistance centers by telephone;
9. Rehabilitation centers for disabled people4
10. Rehabilitation centers for children with disabilities health;
11. Night houses;
12. Specialized homes for single elderly people;
13. Gerontological centers;
14. Other institutions providing social services.
According to GOST R 52498-2005, social service institutions are classified according to the following main characteristics (criteria):
· form of ownership of institutions;
· types of institutions;
· types of institutions;
Based on the form of ownership, institutions are divided into state and other forms of ownership (non-state).
State institutions are institutions that are the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the jurisdiction of the state authorities of these constituent entities.
Institutions of other forms of ownership (non-state) are institutions whose founders are charitable, public, religious and other organizations or individual citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activity for social services to the population without the formation of a legal entity.
Depending on the conditions under which social services are provided to the population, institutions are divided into the following types:
· stationary;
· semi-stationary;
· non-stationary;
· complex;
· social service institutions at home;
· emergency social service institutions;
· institutions of urgent social and counseling assistance.
The system of social institutions on the territory of an administrative unit of the Russian Federation should be built according to schemes that make it possible to ensure the availability of social services to all citizens and the provision of these services in accordance with the requirements of state standards that provide a regulatory framework practical activities these institutions:
1. GOST R 52142-2003 “Social services for the population. Quality of social services. General provisions»;
2. GOST R 52143-2003 “Social services for the population. Main types of social services";
3. GOST R 52495-2005 “Social services for the population. Terms and Definitions";
4. GOST R 52496-2005 “Social services for the population. Quality control of social services. Basic provisions";
5. GOST R 52497-2005 “Social services for the population. Quality system of social service institutions";
6. GOST R 52498-2005 “Social services for the population. Classification of social service institutions";
7. GOST R 52880-2007 “Social services for the population. Types of social service institutions for elderly citizens and disabled people";
8. GOST R 52881-2007 “Social services for the population. Types of social service institutions for families and children";
9. GOST R 52882-2007 “Social services for the population. Special technical equipment social service institutions";
10. GOST R 52883-2007 “Social services for the population. Requirements for personnel of social service institutions”;
11. GOST R 52884-2007 “Social services for the population. Procedure and conditions for the provision of social services to elderly citizens and disabled people";
12. GOST R 52885-2007 “Social services for the population. Social services for families”;
13. GOST R 52886-2007 “Social services for the population. Social services for women."
The state standard of social services for the population is a state standard established by the national standard, an example of various aspects of the activities of social services in providing social services to citizens in difficult life situations.
The main types of social services include:
1. Financial assistance
2. Social patronage
3. Social services in inpatient settings
4. Providing temporary shelter
5. Organization day stay in social service institutions
6. Advisory assistance
7. Rehabilitation services
The main functions of social services, implemented within the framework of the work of social service institutions and essentially serving as the basis of their mission, are:
1. Social assistance function
2. Consulting function
3. Social design and rehabilitation function
4. The function of informing the population, studying and forecasting social needs, within which three relatively independent areas can be distinguished:
5. Function of participation in the implementation of measures to overcome the consequences of natural disasters and social conflicts
Social services are provided on the basis of an appeal from a citizen, his guardian, trustee, other legal representative, government body, local government body or public association to the relevant bodies or institutions for social protection of the population (including institutions of other forms of ownership) that accept this decision to provide the requested services.
When receiving social services, citizens must have the right to:
· selection of institution and form of service in the manner established federal body social protection of the population and social protection bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
· information about your rights, obligations and conditions for the provision of social services;
· respectful and humane attitude on the part of employees of social service institutions;
Confidentiality of personal information that becomes known to an employee of a social service institution during the provision of social services
· protection of your rights and legitimate interests, including in court
· refusal of social services
Summarizing the lecture, it is worth concluding that the activities of social institutions in the system of social services of the Russian Federation are regulated and undergo state standardization of both the types of institutions and the quality of social services provided.
The foundations of the social service system for various categories of the population in our country are laid down in a number of laws, federal and regional programs. First of all, in the law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population of the Russian Federation” (1995) and the law “On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens” (1995), in the federal programs “Children of Russia”, “Disabled Children”, “Development of Social services for families and children" and others.
Now we can already state that new professions have established themselves in our country - social work and social pedagogy, and new system social service institutions. The main place among social service institutions is occupied by institutions of the Ministry of Health and social development RF:
Family social service institutions;
Social service institutions for the elderly and disabled;
Social assistance departments at home;
Emergency social assistance services;
Territorial social centers.
Among the listed institutions, in terms of their importance (not in number), territorial social centers come first as comprehensive institutions for providing assistance to those in need (primarily pensioners, disabled people, low-income families). Moreover, there is a tendency that is expressed in the desire of each primary territorial-administrative unit (district, small city) to have its own social service center.
The actual number of such centers depends, first of all, on the material and financial capabilities of local authorities. The peculiarity of territorial social service centers is that by the nature of their activities they are complex institutions; they can organize various types of services and departments that perform specific functions. Thus, according to the Model Regulations on the Social Service Center, approved by the Ministry of Social Security of Russia (1993), the following departments and services can be opened in the social service center:
Day care department (created to serve at least 30 people);
Department of social assistance at home (created to serve at least 60 pensioners and disabled people living in rural areas, and at least 120 pensioners and disabled people living in urban areas);
Emergency social assistance service (designed to provide emergency assistance of a one-time nature).
The day care department provides for the following positions: head of the department, nurse, cultural organizer (with the duties of a librarian), instructor in occupational therapy(if there are workshops or subsidiary farming), sister-housekeeper, bartender and others.
In the department of social assistance at home - the head of the department, a social worker (specialist in social work) - 1.0 rate for 8 people served in urban areas and 1.0 for 4 people. - in rural areas, a car driver (if there is a vehicle).
In the emergency social assistance service - the head of the service, a psychologist, a lawyer, a social work specialist (2 units), a social worker (1 unit), a car driver (if a vehicle is available).
Of course, specialized departments or services can be created in addition to social service centers directly by social protection authorities. Many of these types of services or branches were opened even before territorial social service centers began to function in a particular area.
Along with social service institutions of the Ministry of Health and Social Development, there are institutions of other departments (industry, trade union, youth, etc.). For example, in every region of Russia there are social services for youth.
Various specialized (non-profit) social service centers are organized on the territory of local authorities. These can be centers for providing social and legal services for employment (founders: municipal (territorial) body and several commercial organizations), and rehabilitation centers for the disabled and orphans (founders: territorial body, committee for family and youth affairs, public and commercial organizations) and etc.
It should be emphasized that permission to conduct social protection activities on their territory by various departments and commercial structures is given by the relevant social protection and local government authorities. At the same time, the municipal body as entity, giving permission for social protection activities on its territory, can act in several persons: both as one of the co-founders of a social institution, organized on the initiative of various departments and public associations, and as the initiator and coordinator of most socio-cultural actions in the territory under its jurisdiction.
Introduction
Currently in Russia there is a very contradictory and multidimensional situation, both moral and psychological, socio-economic, and spiritual. The economy is unstable. Tendencies of ill-being (including social deviation) are becoming more and more apparent. The number of people with income below the subsistence level is not decreasing. But the differentiation of the population by income is becoming more acute. All this requires that the state and public associations non-governmental organizations have taken appropriate measures. Firstly, measures in the field of formation of a system for ensuring social security and social protection of the population.
One of the most significant trends social policy today is the formation of a social service system, as well as extensive use in working with the population modern technologies and methods. In some works, social services for the population are analyzed as very effective social technology, which promotes effective social support for citizens in a difficult social economic situation that unpleasantly disrupts the life of a person or social group, in other works - such as newest paradigm social work, thirdly, as a fundamentally important sector of the social sphere.
Analyzing the process of formation social profession, science and practice, its theorists say that in modern conditions social service is inferior as one of the paradigms of social work and organizational form this type of social activity.
With the rapid formation of teams of qualified social workers and other specialists in the field of social pedagogy, social work and psychology and the creation and improvement of a network of territorial social services, the possibility of implementing social services in conditions modern Russia becomes real and noticeable.
Social service is understood differently in all countries of the world, very often this term has different content.
In the “Social Services Act” in Finland, social services are understood as a variety of social services, means of supporting subsistence, social benefits and related activities, serve to strengthen social security and contribute to the development of the community, family, and individual.
The situation in Russian social services shows that the theoretical justification for the content and essence of social services for families, women and children, and other categories of the population is protected.
1. Social service system
The system of social services for the population is determined not just by a set of institutions with the dynamics of their development in certain territories of the Russian Federation, but also by a set of components, namely: interdepartmental relationships, a certain procedure for the interaction of social service bodies, reasonable actions of all institutions in favor of supporting various segments of the population; a certain way of organizing a regionally ordered set of institutions connected by common functions, goals, and objectives; form organizational activities social service institutions, comparison of efforts aimed at developing social services and the results of social services, manifested mainly in the degree of effectiveness of social services and satisfaction of clients of social services.
The federal laws “On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens” and “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation” have introduced a new understanding of the essence of social services for the population.
Article 1 of the federal law “On the fundamentals of social services for the population in the Russian Federation” emphasizes that social services express the activities of social services for social support, provision of socio-medical, socio-legal, social, psychological and pedagogical services and financial assistance, in carrying out social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations. Articles of the Law that reveal the main content of types of social services, namely: social services in stationary conditions, financial assistance, social services at home, provision of temporary shelter, organization of day stay in social service institutions, advisory assistance, social patronage of citizens and families - are the most important for society.
The Law “On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens” significantly expands and clarifies the idea of social services for individual social groups our society.
Its goal is to regulate relations in the field of social services for elderly citizens and the disabled, which is one of the main directions of efforts for social protection of the population. “Social services are activities to meet the needs of specified citizens for social services” - this is how the subject is defined in this law.
Social services cover the entire range of social services provided to disabled people and elderly citizens in social service institutions (regardless of their form of ownership) at home.
Basic principles of social services: totality, confidentiality, humanity, targeting, voluntariness, priority, provision of social services to minors, elderly people and disabled people in difficult life situations; respect for human and civil rights.
The law provides the opportunity to receive social services sufficient to meet basic needs. These services are included in the territorial and federal list of social services provided by the state.
The term "social service" describes some ideal object. Based on its systemic properties, social services are many subsystems and elements. From another point of view, social service is a type of social activity implemented through a network of social services interacting with each other to achieve the transitional and final goals of providing social services to clients.
1.1 Concept and principles of social service
An integral element of the state system social security in the Russian Federation there is social service for the elderly, disabled and families with children, which includes different kinds social services aimed at meeting the special needs of this group of people. Currently, the state is making great efforts to create a comprehensive system of social services for the population and allocate financial resources for its development. The basic laws that form the legal basis for its functioning have already been adopted: the federal law dated December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ “On the fundamentals of social services for the population in the Russian Federation”; Federal Law of 02.08.95 No. 122-FZ “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons”; Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ “On the social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation”, etc.
Social services are the activities of social services for social support, provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, socio-legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations.
Social services by state social services are provided free of charge (to the extent determined by the state):
o Minor children who are in a difficult life situation due to disability, conflicts and abuse in the family, illness, orphanhood, neglect, low income, etc.
o Citizens who are not capable of self-care due to disability, old age, illness, or if they do not have relatives who can provide them with help and care, provided that the average per capita income of these citizens is below the subsistence level established for the region in which they live. citizens in difficult life situations due to unemployment, natural disasters, catastrophes;
For the first time in domestic legislation, the concept of such a socially significant circumstance as difficult life situation.
Difficult life situation- a situation that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen, which he cannot overcome on his own. The reasons for its occurrence can be a variety of circumstances: disability, old age, illness, orphanhood, abuse in the family, unemployment, lack of a specific place of residence, etc.
The following have the right to social services:
· citizens of the Russian Federation;
· foreigners and stateless persons, unless otherwise established by international treaties of the Russian Federation.
1.2 Principles of social services
Social services are based on the following principles.
Targeting, i.e. provision personalized to a specific person. Work to identify and create a data bank of such persons is underway local authorities social protection of the population at the place of residence of disabled people, the elderly, large and single families. Information about orphans, lonely and large families public education authorities are also located; about refugees - the migration service, about persons without a fixed place of residence - internal affairs bodies, etc.
Availability. The opportunity is provided for free and partially paid receipt of social services that are included in the federal and territorial lists of state-guaranteed social services. Their quality, volume, order and conditions of provision must comply state standards established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Reducing their volume at the territorial level is not allowed.
Elderly people and disabled people in the Russian Federation have all the socio-economic and personal rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the constitutions of its constituent republics, and others. legislative acts. However, a change in the social status of a person in old age and a disabled person associated with the termination or restriction of labor and social activities; transformation of values, lifestyle and communication; experiencing difficulties in social, everyday and psychological adaptation to new conditions, gives rise to serious social problems.
The most acute problem is the limitation of life activity of the elderly and disabled. Limitation of life activity is understood as a complete or partial lack of a person’s ability or ability to carry out self-care, movement, orientation, communication, control over one’s behavior, as well as engage in labor activity. In solving this problem, improving the system of social rehabilitation and social assistance for the elderly and disabled is of paramount importance.
Social rehabilitation is a complex of socio-economic, medical, legal, professional and other measures aimed at providing the necessary conditions and returning these population groups to a full life in society. An integral element of social protection for older people and disabled people in modern stage is provision of social assistance i.e. provision in cash and in kind, in the form of services or benefits, provided taking into account those legally established by the state social guarantees on social security. It is, as a rule, in the nature of periodic and one-time additional payments to pensions and benefits, in-kind payments and services in order to provide targeted, differentiated social support for these categories, eliminate or neutralize critical life situations caused by unfavorable socio-economic conditions.
conditions.
Thus, along with the provision of traditional forms of social security: cash payments(pensions, benefits); in-kind provision; services and benefits; stationary and non-stationary types of services - great importance is attached to new forms of emergency social assistance to disabled citizens of the Russian Federation in dire need.
Social services and provision for older people include pensions and various benefits; maintenance and services for the elderly and disabled in special institutions of social protection bodies; prosthetics; benefits for disabled people; providing assistance to the homeless. Social security is carried out government agencies, enterprises, individuals, through contributions (deductions from wages) workers. In the latter case, payment from the funds is not determined
labor contribution and length of service, and the size of contributions. This practice is very common in Western countries. In 1995, the social protection system of our country included 959 inpatient institutions for the elderly and disabled, more than 700 social service centers, 900 social assistance departments at home, as well as a number of other social assistance institutions (psychological and pedagogical, emergency psychological assistance and etc.).
One of the primary tasks of social assistance departments at home is the active identification of disabled citizens in need of home care. The emergency social assistance service of the Social Services Center provides a wide range of services: one-time provision of free hot meals or food packages to those in dire need; provision of clothing, footwear and basic necessities; one-time provision of financial assistance; assistance in obtaining temporary housing; provision of emergency psychological assistance, including via a “helpline”: provision of legal assistance within the limits of its competence;
provision of other types and forms of assistance determined by regional and other characteristics.
In the context of the crisis situation in Russia, targeted social protection of older people is essential. It turns out primarily to those most in need: single pensioners, disabled people, elderly people over 80 years old. Sociological studies in our country have shown that the main directions for ensuring the well-being of the elderly (in their opinion) are: increasing pensions, improving pension provision, developing home care services, increasing the number of nursing homes and improving living conditions in them.
Improving pension provision is one of the most important areas of social security in modern states. It is necessary to pay attention to social services for the elderly. Here it is important to provide, taking into account the loss of self-care ability, the provision of special comfortable shoes, clothing, various kinds of instruments and devices that would make it easier for old people to move along the street, drive household, performing some hygiene procedures. To solve these problems, architects, designers, and gerontologists have long identified promising directions for the development and production of appropriate household appliances.
These proposals boil down to the creation of: - automated kitchen complexes that allow programming of food preparation operations; - lift systems for caring for bedridden patients and providing them with sanitary and hygienic assistance; - special furniture and mechanisms for cleaning premises, taking into account the age specifics of the elderly, etc., as well as a number of simple but very necessary devices and devices that create convenience for the elderly and increase the safety of household operations; - systems of handrails and support brackets for an old person to take a bath; - special stands that make it easier to put on shoes; - gentle ramps instead of thresholds, etc. The proposals are good, but, unfortunately, in our country they are being implemented extremely unsatisfactorily.
Since 1986, so-called Social Service Centers for Pensioners began to be created in our country, which, in addition to social assistance departments at home, included completely new structural units- day care departments. The purpose of organizing such departments was to create unique leisure centers for older people, regardless of whether they live in families or are alone. It was envisaged that people would come to such departments in the morning and return home in the evening; During the day, they will have the opportunity to be in a cozy environment, communicate, spend meaningful time, participate in various cultural events, receive one hot meal and, if necessary, pre-medical care.
The main task of such departments is to help older people overcome loneliness, a secluded lifestyle, fill existence with new meaning, and create an active lifestyle, partially lost due to retirement. Initially, such Centers were created at boarding homes for the elderly, since these institutions have such a material and technical base that could provide the department with the appropriate space, its equipment, and provide visitors with hot meals. The branches were designed for 25-50 visitors per day. During the first period of operation of the branches, there was no limit on the duration of visits. Payment for food was charged from visitors to the department on a differentiated basis, depending on the size of the pension received. When the first centers were created, rotation of visitors to day care departments after a certain time was not yet provided for.
However, the positive experience of these institutions made them popular among the population of retirement age, and found a large number of people willing to use the services of the day care department. In this regard, taking into account the number of pensioners living in the service area of the Center and the number of applicants to visit the branch, in many territories the time frame for which one group should be recruited was calculated, so that during the year everyone could visit the center twice and more than times. The department enrolls pensioners and disabled people, regardless of their marital status, who have retained the ability for self-care and active movement, on the basis of a personal application and a certificate from medical institution about the absence of contraindications for admission to the department. The department provides premises for a first-aid room, club work, a library, workshops, etc.
Thus, the considered issues of creating and developing social assistance services for disabled citizens in Russia give grounds to predict their further improvement, in which effective
New cadres of social work specialists will take part, the training of which is currently being given the most serious attention.
