Superstructure of a submarine. U-class submarines. Marine propulsion system

Traveling along rivers and seas on ships has been known in history for more than five thousand years. Today, according to generally accepted terminology, a sea vessel is a cargo, passenger or commercial large-sized watercraft, and a ship is a military one. The list of ships could take a long time. The most famous maritime ones are sailing ships and yachts, passenger liners and steamships, boats, tankers and dry cargo ships. Ships are aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers and submarines.

Ship structure

Whatever type or class the watercraft belongs to, it has common design elements. First of all, of course, the hull, on which superstructures for various purposes, masts and deckhouses are installed. An important element of all ships are engines and propulsors, in general, power plants. Devices, systems, electrical equipment, pipelines and premises equipment are important for the life of a watercraft.

They are also equipped with spar and rigging.

The bow is the front end, the stern is the rear end of the hull, and its side surfaces are the sides. Sailors call the starboard side in the direction of travel the starboard, the left side the backboard.

The bottom or bottom is the lower part of the ship, decks are the horizontal floors. The hold of a ship is the lowest room, which is located between the bottom and the lower deck. The space between decks is called a tween deck.

Ship hull design

If we talk about a ship in general, be it a warship or a civilian vessel, then its hull is a waterproof, streamlined body, hollow inside. The hull provides the ship's buoyancy and is the base or platform on which equipment or weapons are mounted, depending on the purpose of the ship.

The type of vessel determines both the shape of the hull and its dimensions.

The ship's hull consists of a frame and plating. Bulkheads and decks are elements inherent to certain types of ships.

The sheathing can be made of wood, as in ancient times and today, plastics, welded or riveted steel sheets, or even reinforced concrete.

On the inside, to maintain the strength and shape of the hull, the hull and deck are reinforced by a set of beams, wooden or steel, rigidly fastened together, which are located in the transverse and longitudinal directions.

At the ends of the hull most often ends with strong beams: at the stern - with a sternpost, and at the bow - with a stem. Depending on the type of vessel, the contours of the bow may be different. Reducing resistance to the movement of the vessel, ensuring maneuverability and seaworthiness depend on them.

The underwater bow of the ship reduces water resistance, which means the ship's speed increases and fuel consumption decreases. And on icebreakers, the stem is strongly inclined forward, due to which the ship crawls onto the ice and destroys it with its mass.

Case set

The hull of any vessel must have strong connections in the vertical, longitudinal and transverse directions to withstand water pressure, wave impacts during any storm and other forces that act on it.

The underwater parts of the ship experience the main load. Therefore, in the middle of the bottom frame, the main longitudinal connection is installed, which absorbs the forces arising from the longitudinal bending of the vessel - the vertical keel. It runs the length of the hull, connecting to the stem and sternpost, and its design depends on the type of vessel.

Bottom stringers run parallel to the keel along it; their number depends on the size of the ship and decreases towards the bow and stern, as the width of the bottom becomes smaller.

Often, to reduce the influence of the ship's sideways motion, side keels are installed; they do not exceed the width of the hull and have a different design.

Vertical steel plates, called bottom floors, are installed across the hull and welded to the keel and can be permeable or impermeable.

The side frame continues the bottom frame and consists of stringers (longitudinal beams) and frames (transverse stiffeners). The stem is considered the zero frame in naval shipbuilding, and the middle frame is the midship frame.
The deck set is a system of intersecting longitudinal and transverse beams - beams.

Ship shell

The shell of the vessel consists of outer bottom and side plating and deck plating. The outer skin is made of horizontal separate chords connected different ways: cover, butt, smooth, herringbone.

The underwater parts of the ship must be the strongest, therefore the lower (tongue) plating belt is made thicker than the intermediate belts. The thickness of the plating belt, called shearstrak, on the beams of the upper continuous deck is also the same in thickness.

The deck flooring consists of the longest sheets that rest on the same deck structure and limits the top of the ship. The sheets are placed with the long side along the vessel. The smallest thickness of metal decking is 4 mm. can also be made from boards.

A deck is a combination of decking and decking.

Ship deck

The height of the ship's hull is divided into several decks and platforms. A platform is a deck that does not run the entire length of the ship, but only between several bulkheads.

Decks are named according to their location on the ship: lower, middle and upper. At the ends of the ship (bow and stern), platforms run below the lower deck and are counted from top to bottom.

The number of both decks and platforms depends on the size of the vessel, its purpose and design.

River vessels and mixed navigation vessels have one main or upper deck. Marine ones, such as a passenger ship, or rather a passenger ship, three decks.

Large lake passenger ships have an intermediate deck, in addition to the main one, forming an interdeck space.

A cruise ship can have significantly more decks. For example, on the Titanic there were four of them, stretching along the entire length of the ship, two platforms that did not reach either the bow or the stern, one was interrupted at the bow, and one was located only in the front of the liner. The newest Royal Princess liner has nineteen decks .

The upper deck, also called the main or main deck, withstands the greatest stresses during transverse compression and longitudinal bending of the hull. The deck of a ship is usually made with a slight rise in the center towards the bow and stern and a convexity in the transverse direction, so that water that falls on the deck during rough seas flows more easily to the sides.

Ship superstructures

Deck superstructures are above-deck structures located across the entire width of the vessel. They form closed volumes that are used as office and residential premises. Side walls are called superstructures, the side walls of which continue the side of the ship. But most often the rooms above the upper deck do not reach the sides. Therefore, there is a somewhat conventional division into the superstructures themselves, which are located over a fairly large length of the vessel, and deckhouses, also superstructures, but short.

Since the upper deck of the ship is divided into sections that have their own names, the same names are given to the superstructures located on them: forecastle or bow, stern or poop and middle. The forecastle - the bow superstructure - is designed to increase the bow of the hull.

The tank can occupy up to 2/3 of the length of the vessel. The elongated forecastle is used for cabins on passenger ships, and cargo tween-decks on cargo ships.
In the aft superstructure - poop or poop - living quarters for the crew are arranged.

Between the superstructures, the deck is fenced with bulwarks, which should protect the deck from flooding with water.

On sea ​​vessels, depending on the type and purpose of the vessel, felling is carried out in several tiers.

On river ships, only the rooms containing the helm and radio are called deckhouses, and all other structures on the upper deck are called superstructures.

Ship compartments

The structure of a military or civilian ship implies the presence of watertight compartments, which increase its unsinkability.

The internal vertical walls (bulkheads) are made waterproof, dividing the internal volume of the ship into compartments along the length. They prevent water from filling the entire internal volume in the event of damage in the underwater part of the ship and the spread of fire.

The compartments of the ship, depending on their purpose, have their own names. The main power plants are installed in a compartment called the engine or engine room. The engine room is separated from the boiler room by a waterproof partition. Cargo is transported in cargo compartments (holds). The living quarters for the crew and passengers are called accommodation and passenger holds. Fuel is stored in the fuel compartment.

The rooms in the compartments are protected by light bulkheads. To allow access to the compartments, rectangular hatches are made in the deck flooring. Their sizes depend on the purpose of the compartments.

Marine propulsion system

The power plant on a ship is the engines and auxiliary mechanisms that not only set the ship in motion, but also provide it with electricity.

The ship is driven by a main propulsion unit connected by a shafting.

Auxiliary mechanisms provide the vessel with electricity, desalinated water, and steam.

According to the principle of operation and type of main engine, as well as energy sources, the ship power point can be steam power or steam turbine, diesel, diesel turbine, gas turbine, nuclear or combined.

Ship devices and systems

The structure of a ship is not only the hull and superstructures, it also includes ship equipment, special equipment and deck mechanisms that ensure the operation of the ship. Even people far from shipbuilding cannot imagine a ship without a steering or anchor device. Each ship also has towing, mooring, boat, and cargo equipment. All of them are driven and serviced by deck auxiliary mechanisms, which include steering gears, towing, cargo and boat winches, pumps and much more.

Ship systems are many kilometers of pipelines with pumps, instruments and apparatus, with the help of which water is pumped out from holds or wastewater is supplied drinking water or foam in case of fire, heating, air conditioning and ventilation are provided.

The engine room mechanisms are served by a fuel system to power the engines, an air system to supply compressed air, and cool the engines.

Electrical equipment provides lighting on the ship and the operation of mechanisms and devices that are powered by the ship's power plant.

All modern ships are equipped with sophisticated navigation equipment to determine direction of movement (course) and depths, measure speed and detect obstacles in fog or oncoming ships.

External and internal communication on a ship is carried out using radio equipment: radio stations, ultra-short wave radiotelephones, ship telephone exchanges.

Ship premises

Ship premises, no matter how many there are on the ship, are divided into several groups.

These are living quarters for the crew (officers' cabins and sailors' quarters) and for passengers (cabins of various capacities).

A passenger airliner is already a rarity today. Few people allow themselves to move at low speed over long distances. You can travel by air much faster. Therefore, passenger cabins are more of a property of cruise ships.

Passenger cabins, especially on cruise ships, are divided into several classes based on comfort. The simplest cabin resembles a coupe railway carriage with four shelves and practically no furniture, often facing inside the body and without a porthole or window, with artificial lighting. And the Royal Princess liner also provides passengers with luxurious two-room suites with balconies.

A cabin on a ship, specifically on a military ship, is a rest room for the crew officers. The ship's commander and senior officers have separate single cabins.

Public premises are salons, cinema halls, restaurants, libraries. For example, the Oasis of the Seas cruise ship has 20 restaurants on board, a real ice skating rink, a casino and a theater for 1,380 spectators. night club, jazz club and disco.

Sanitary and utility premises include sanitary and hygienic (laundries, showers, bathrooms, baths) and household premises, which include kitchens, all kinds of storage rooms and utility rooms.

IN office premises Passengers are usually not allowed access. These are the rooms in which the ship is controlled or where radio equipment is located. engine room, workshops, storerooms for spare parts and other ship supplies.
Special purpose premises include cargo holds, solid or liquid fuel storage facilities.

Sailing vessel

The structure of a sailing ship is not much different from an ordinary vessel. Only sailing equipment, spar and rigging.

Sailing rig - a set of all the sails of a ship. Spar - parts that directly support the sails. These are masts, yards, topmasts, bowsprits, booms and other elements familiar from books about pirates of past centuries.

Special gear, with the help of which masts, bowsprits and topmasts are secured in a certain position, is called standing rigging, for example, shrouds. Such equipment remains stationary and is made of thick resin, made from plant materials, or galvanized iron or steel cable, and in some places - chains.

Movable gear, with the help of which the sails are set and removed, and perform other operations related to the control of a sailing vessel, are called running rigging. These are sheets, halyards and other elements made of flexible steel, synthetic or hemp cables.

In all other respects, even in the number of decks, they are similar to their counterparts.

A multi-deck ship under sail appeared in the 16th century. Depending on the displacement, Spanish galleons could have from 2 to 7 decks. The superstructure was also built in several tiers, which contained living quarters for crew officers and passengers.

The structure of a ship, at least its main structural elements, does not depend on the type and purpose of the vessel, be it sailing ships driven by the force of the wind, inflating sails, or paddle steamers with a steam engine as propulsion, cruise liners with a steam turbine unit, or nuclear icebreakers.

A deck boat is a relatively new type of pleasure craft that receives last years increasingly widespread in countries with warm, sunny summers. This is the development of the so-called pontoon vessels, which are a platform mounted on two pontoon floats - a welded structure made of aluminum alloys or molded from fiberglass. An uncluttered, rectangular, stable platform, fenced along the perimeter with reliable railings and a low bulwark, creates the illusion for passengers of a pontoon boat of being in a familiar coastal environment: there is no cramped cockpit and rooms, which is typical for small vessels. Thanks to the large deck area, such boats are very convenient for Sunday walks with the whole family or picnics for up to eight people. Pontoon boats are usually equipped standard sets furniture (sometimes - a folding summer cottage set) and only a light sun awning, since they are not designed for long-term stay of passengers away from the shore in bad weather(if it gets colder or rains, they usually return to the parking lot at full speed).

Pontoon boats, due to their simplicity of design (the pontoons themselves are most often cylindrical pipes with a diameter of 450-600 mm), are relatively cheap. When disassembled, they can be easily delivered to isolated reservoirs. However, such boats also have a number of disadvantages. First of all, this is a limited navigation area: they can only be sailed along relatively quiet rivers, lakes and well-closed sea bays: it is difficult for a low-sided boat with a developed sail to withstand large waves and strong winds. The planing working area of ​​narrow pontoons in the stern is limited, and this does not allow installing an engine powerful enough to reach high speeds. There is no hold, the volume of which could be used for stowing equipment and supplies.

Boat basic data

An interesting version of a deck boat, adapted for river travel, was developed by the famous designer of small boats, David Beach from Chicago (three of his projects - the motor-sailing yacht "Dolphin", a boat with plywood sheathing and a round-billed floating boat were published in, and collections, respectively).

The project, designed specifically for self-construction, was awarded 2nd prize at an international competition organized by the OMS engine-building concern with the aim of expanding the scope of application of the Zephyr stationary installation with an outboard motor engine ().

The design of the hull is designed to be covered with waterproof plywood (aircraft plywood 8 mm thick or bakelized plywood 7 mm thick can be used) over tight frames (600 mm spacing) and longitudinal stringers made of pine slats. The designer provided for the possibility of operating the boat with one Zephyr installation with a capacity of 15 hp. s., as well as with any other engine or outboard motor in a fairly wide power range - up to 140 hp. With. The simplified flat-keeled hull contours are adapted for economical sailing in displacement mode at the lower power limit, and for planing with an engine power of over 60 hp. With. In the attached drawings you can see the rise of the bottom upward at the transom to reduce water resistance at low speeds and a decrease in the deadrise of the bottom towards the stern to facilitate the vessel's entry into planing mode. The developed keel fin protects the propeller from damage when running aground and prevents the ship from drifting in cross winds.

The boat is designed to be towed on a trailer behind a passenger car, which, by American standards, limits the hull's overall beam to 8 feet (2.43 m). The main part of the deck area is occupied by a shallow (its bottom is 200 mm higher than the waterline) self-draining cockpit, the dimensions of which in plan are 2.08X1.54 m. These three square meters can be used depending on the circumstances and the desire of the crew. For example, you can lay out a couple of air mattresses here and arrange a solarium, or sit down for lunch on folding chairs. It is important that even while underway, passengers in the cockpit are reliably protected from wind and splashes: from the bow and stern - by short and high superstructures, which give the boat such an unusual look, and from the sides - by low bulwarks. A light tubular frame (collapsible design) between the superstructures serves as the basis for a solar awning, but in bad weather or, say, when mosquitoes appear, fabric sidewalls can be fastened to this awning and you will get a cozy cabin with an inside height of 1.9 m. For an overnight stay in it - again on air mattresses - can accommodate 3-4 people. The cockpit platform is equipped with outboard scuppers to drain any water that gets there.

The superstructures play the role of utility rooms. In the stern there is a sink and gas stove, as well as a toilet with a removable tank (a device required on board pleasure boats according to the rules of most states). This superstructure can be entered from both the deck and the cockpit via sliding doors. Indoor height 1.83 m; in its upper part there is a niche for laying pipes and awning panels.

There is glass attached to the bow superstructure, protecting passengers from headwinds and allowing forward visibility. Inside there are lockers for clothes and various camping equipment. The boat control panel is attached to the front wall on the console. The driver and one of the passengers are located in comfortable chairs right on the foredeck. The steering wheel is mounted on a reversible console, which rotates in a vertical plane in such a way that any of the people sitting here can control the boat.

The voluminous forepeak serves as a storage room, and to facilitate its use, two hatches are equipped on the deck. A wide double hatch at the stern provides access to the engine compartment, where one or two Zephyrs or another stationary engine can be installed. Fuel tanks are also located here. In addition to the cockpit, a fairly large free deck area is preserved: the covers of all hatches are made “hidden”, there are passages along the boat along the side footpaths.

In general, an amateur boater who has built such a boat will have at his disposal a fairly comfortable floating cottage, suitable for both Sunday relaxation and longer family voyages.

In our conditions, instead of the “Zephyr” installation, an outboard motor can be used, mounted in the usual way on the transom (it is worth equipping an under-engine niche) or installed permanently in the engine compartment (see the book “Boats, boats and motors in questions and answers.” L., “Shipbuilding”, 1977). Considering the relatively low speed of movement with moderate power of 20-25 hp. pp., it is useful to use a propeller with a smaller pitch and a ring-profiled nozzle, which significantly increases the efficiency of the propulsion unit.

Series VII submarines were easy-to-manufacture one-and-a-half-hull boats. The side bulges, bow and stern ends and deck superstructure were welded to the durable hull. The diameter of the pressure hull in the area of ​​the central post was only 4.7 meters. The thickness was 16 mm at the ends 18.5 mm in the center, and together with the connections to the deckhouse it was 22 mm. On the C/41 modification, the thickness increased to 18.5 mm at the ends and to 21.5 mm in the central part.

The durable hull of these submarines could withstand not only the outboard water pressure, but also the fire of machine guns and small-caliber cannons of ships and aircraft. In post-war tests of captured boats, it turned out that 20, 23 mm shells and 37 mm incendiary fragmentation shells caused damage only to the light hull. Also, because of this, the Allies observed problems when trying to ram the submarine. There is a known case when an American destroyer Borie Having rammed the submarine, U-405 received severe damage and was sunk by its own aircraft.

The durable body was welded from eight sections, six of them were sheets of metal, bent and welded into cylinders. The bow and stern sections were welded from three sheets of metal. The sections were sequentially welded to each other, then the deckhouse was welded to them. A fairly large hole was left behind it, through which instruments and mechanisms were loaded into the boat.

The latest to be installed were diesel engines. After installing them, the hole was welded with a steel sheet. This made it clear that the boat was not designed for long-term operation; the destruction of the submarine was expected earlier than the time it was put on average for repairs. Type VII was divided into six compartments. The central post was separated from the concavity side by spherical bulkheads designed for a pressure of 10 atm; it could serve as a shelter compartment.

Placement of instruments and mechanisms in the compartments:

1st compartment (bow torpedo)

This compartment housed four torpedo tubes. two in vertical rows and a supply of six torpedoes. Four were stored under the deck deck and two along the side. For loading and loading torpedoes, the boat had special internal transport and loading devices. Also, along each side there were three pairs of folding, two-tier bunks. At the bottom of the compartment, under the spare torpedoes, there were bow trim and torpedo replacement tanks, as well as a manual control drive for the bow horizontal rudders.

2nd compartment (bow accommodation)

The compartment was divided into two parts by a thin bulkhead and a door. The room located closer to the bow was small; it housed a latrine and places for four sergeants. Next came the officer's quarters with two bunks in two tiers on each side. At the bulkhead of the central post, on the left side there was a captain's berth, separated from the aisle by a curtain. Since it was very small, the only furniture it contained was the bed itself, a folding table, a cabinet built into the wall.

On the starboard side of the boat, opposite the captain’s seat, there were sonar and radio operator posts. Under the deck flooring there was a bow battery group (consisting of 62 elements), air cylinders high pressure and an artillery cellar.

3rd compartment (central post)

The anti-aircraft periscope was located here, the commander's was located higher in the conning tower. Also, control posts for kingston valves and ventilation, drives remote control horizontal rudders. Here was the navigator's combat post. The largest mechanisms in this compartment are two pumps and a hydraulic motor that raised the periscopes.

Along the sides there were tanks with drinking water and hydraulic oil. An equal-strength ballast tank of large volume was located under the central post, it played the role middle group. Fuel tanks are located on both sides of it. Above the central post, in the narrow conning tower, there was the commander’s combat position during a torpedo attack - a folding seat (rotated along with the commander’s periscope), a PSA (counting and solving device) for controlling torpedo firing.

4th compartment (aft accommodation)

In the jargon of submariners it was called "Potsdamer Platz" because of the prevailing noise, din and running around, since this compartment connected the galley, diesel and electric motor compartments with each other. Also in the compartment there were beds for four non-commissioned officers, a second latrine and a second power station. Under the deck flooring there was a second group of batteries, high-pressure air cylinders and a fuel tank.

5th compartment (diesel)

Almost the entire compartment above the deck flooring was occupied by two huge diesel engines. Also here, there were cylinders with compressed air for starting engines and a cylinder with carbon dioxide for extinguishing fires. At the bottom of the compartment under the diesel engines there were oil tanks.

6th compartment (electric motor and stern torpedo)

The compartment housed two high-pressure air compressors, diesel on the starboard side, electric on the left. There were two electric motors, a stern torpedo tube, power and manual control posts for horizontal rudders. Under the deck flooring, between the electric motors, there was a spare torpedo; closer to the stern, there was a trim and torpedo replacement tank. There was a hatch in the roof of the compartment for loading torpedoes. At the end of the war, a device similar to a torpedo tube, but inferior in size, appeared in the compartment; it was intended for the release of imitation Bold cartridges.

Superstructure

Inside the light hull and superstructure there were systems and mechanisms, the most important of which were hydrophones, a capstan device, an anchor, four waterproof cases for inflatable rafts, camouflage nets, two cases for storing spare torpedoes (one case was closer to the bow, the other closer to the stern , they could store G7a torpedoes). There were waterproof fenders for the first shots for the 88 mm deck gun, an air supply shaft for the diesel engines, exhaust valves and diesel mufflers, and most of the high-pressure air system cylinders.

The superstructure deck was made of wooden planks, since wood froze later than iron. The deckhouse fence was used to accommodate anti-aircraft guns, numerous movable and fixed devices, as well as for watchkeeping. Behind, inside the fence, there was an air intake for the air supply shaft to diesel engines and fenders for the first shots for anti-aircraft guns.

Dive and ascent system

The main ballast of the boat consisted of five tanks. The first and fifth tanks were located in a light hull, the fifth tank was in the bow, there was also a quick submersion tank, and the first tank was located in the aft end, the second and fourth tanks were in the side bulges, the third tank was in the durable hull of the 3rd compartment. All tanks, except the first and third, could be filled with fuel.

In addition to the middle group, the main ballast tanks were kingless, and the valve control was located at the central station of the boat. Between the second and fourth tanks, there were two small fuel and ballast tanks, a surge tank and an onboard buoyancy tank. The VVD system was assembled from steel pipes and was not designed for long-term use.

The total volume of VVD cylinders is 3.46 m³, since 1944 the volume has been 5.2 m³. The compressed air was under a pressure of 295 kg/cm². To replenish compressed air supplies there were two 6-liter compressors - diesel and electric. Two pumps were part of the drainage and trim systems, with a capacity of 30 and 18 tons, respectively.

At a signal, the top watch personnel jumped into the wheelhouse and battened down the hatch, the watchmen of the central post shifted the horizontal rudders to dive and opened the ventilation valves of the main ballast tanks from bow to stern. The well-thought-out shape of the horizontal rudders allowed German boats to dive with a large trim on the bow and not be afraid to make a somersault.

To speed up the dive, “live” ballast was used; the entire crew of the boat, free from watch duty, had to run to the bow compartment. These actions were practiced both during the introductory combat training course and during combat campaigns. Within 25-27 seconds, a trained crew could take the boat to a depth of 10 meters.

Power plant

The power plant of the Type VII submarines consisted of two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines F46, which were installed on most boats, or MAH M6V 40/46 engines with mechanical supercharging. Engine power on modifications A was 1169 hp, on all other modifications 1400 hp. The maximum speed on diesel engines was 16.9 knots; when running on diesel engines with electric motors, the speed was 17.4 knots.

In the summer of 1943, due to Allied aviation, German submarine operations in the Atlantic were stopped. In February 1944, after repairs, U-264, the first German Type VII submarine equipped with a snorkel, entered service. The snorkel itself consisted of the following: two pipelines from the diesel compartment were connected in the bow of the wheelhouse to a special folding mast; at the end of this mast there was a valve for air intake and exhaust gas release from diesel engines. The design of the valve provided for its automatic closing when water entered, but the diesel engines did not stop and took air from the internal compartments of the boat, this could create a large vacuum in a closed environment.

Despite the difficulties in operation, the snorkel was a device thanks to which the boat, in a submerged position, fully charged its battery in three hours at a speed of 3-4 knots. Every 20 minutes, the underwater passage using a snorkel and diesel engine was stopped and a hydroacoustic search was carried out.

Typically, electric motors were used to move underwater. The Type VII boats had two twin-anchor electric motors from the company Siemens , A.G. or Brown Boweri with a power of 375 hp As on Soviet submarines, electric motors and diesel engines were connected to the propeller shaft by mechanical couplings. Battery 124 cells types 27-MAK 800, later 33-MAL 800W. The ventilation of the elements is individual, the flooring of the pits is hermetic.

The normal supply of fuel in the internal tanks was 62.14 tons, the total supply in the fuel and fuel-ballast tanks was 105.3 tons, when the surge tank was filled with fuel, it was 113.47 tons. The supply of fresh water on board the boat was 3.8 tons, oil 6 tons, and oxygen - 50 liters. The endurance of Type VII submarines is approximately 40 days. The cruising range at a speed of 10 knots is 8500 miles; with diesel-electric transmission, the range increases to 9700 miles. The diving range depended on the type of batteries, 130 miles at 2 knots or 80 miles at 4 knots.

Submarines- a special class of warships, which, in addition to all the qualities of warships, have the ability to swim underwater, maneuvering along the course and depth. According to their design (Fig. 1.20), submarines are:

Single-hulled, having one strong hull, which ends at the bow and stern with well-streamlined ends of a lightweight design;
- half-hulled, having, in addition to a durable body, also a lightweight one, but not along the entire contour of the durable body;
- double-hulled, having two hulls - strong and lightweight, the latter completely encircling the perimeter of the strong one and extending the entire length of the boat. Currently, most submarines are double-hulled.

Rice. 1.20. Design types of submarines:
a - single-hull; b - one and a half hull; c - double-hull; 1 - durable body; 2 - conning tower; 3 - superstructure; 4 - keel; 5 - light body

Rice. 1.21. longitudinal section of a diesel battery submarine:
1 - durable body; 2 - bow torpedo tubes; 3 - light body; bow torpedo compartment; 5 - torpedo loading hatch; 6 - superstructure; 7 - durable conning tower; 8 - cutting fence; 9 - retractable devices; 10 - entrance hatch; 11 - stern torpedo tubes; 12 - aft end; 13 - rudder blade; 14 - aft trim tank; 15 - end (aft) watertight bulkhead; 16 - aft torpedo compartment; 17 - internal waterproof bulkhead; 18 - compartment of the main propulsion electric motors and power plant; 19 - ballast tank; 20 - engine compartment; 21 - fuel tank; 22, 26 - aft and bow groups of batteries; 23, 27 - team living quarters; 24 - central post; 25 - hold of the central post; 28 - bow trim tank; 29 - end (bow) waterproof bulkhead; 30 - nasal extremity; 31 - buoyancy tank.

The structurally sound hull consists of frames and plating. The frames, as a rule, have an annular shape and an elliptical shape at the ends and are made of profile steel. They are installed one from the other at a distance of 300-700 mm, depending on the design of the boat, both on the inside and outside of the hull skin, and sometimes in combination on both sides closely.

The shell of the durable hull is made from special rolled sheet steel and welded to the frames. The thickness of the skin sheets reaches up to 35 mm, depending on the diameter of the pressure hull and the maximum immersion depth of the submarine.

Bulkheads and pressure hulls are strong and light. Strong bulkheads divide the internal volume of modern submarines into 6-10 waterproof compartments and ensure the ship's underwater unsinkability. According to their location, they are internal and terminal; in shape - flat and spherical.

Light bulkheads are designed to ensure the ship's surface unsinkability. Structurally, bulkheads are made of frames and sheathing. A bulkhead set usually consists of several vertical and transverse posts (beams). The casing is made of sheet steel.

End watertight bulkheads are usually of equal strength to the strong hull and close it in the bow and stern parts. These bulkheads serve as rigid supports for torpedo tubes on most submarines.

The compartments communicate through watertight doors having a round or rectangular shape. These doors are equipped with quick-release locking devices.

In the vertical direction, the compartments are divided by platforms into upper and lower parts, and sometimes the boat’s rooms have a multi-tier arrangement, which increases the useful area of ​​the platforms per unit volume. The distance between the platforms “in the light” is made more than 2 m, i.e., slightly greater than the average height of a person.

In the upper part of the durable hull there is a strong (combat) deckhouse, which communicates through the deckhouse hatch with the central post, under which the hold is located. On most modern submarines, a strong deckhouse is made in the form of a round cylinder of small height. On the outside, the strong cabin and the devices located behind it, to improve flow around when moving in a submerged position, are covered with lightweight structures called the cabin fencing. The deckhouse casing is made of sheet steel of the same grade as the robust hull. The torpedo-loading and access hatches are also located at the top of the durable hull.

Tank tanks are designed for diving, surfacing, trimming a boat, as well as for storing liquid cargo. Depending on the purpose, there are tanks: main ballast, auxiliary ballast, ship stores and special ones. Structurally, they are either durable, that is, designed for maximum immersion depth, or lightweight, capable of withstanding pressure of 1-3 kg/cm2. They are located inside the strong body, between the strong and light body and at the extremities.

Keel - a welded or riveted beam of box-shaped, trapezoidal, T-shaped, and sometimes semi-cylindrical section, welded to the bottom of the boat hull. It is designed to enhance longitudinal strength, protect the hull from damage when placed on rocky ground and placed on a dock cage.

Light hull (Fig. 1.22) - a rigid frame consisting of frames, stringers, transverse impenetrable bulkheads and plating. It gives the submarine a well-streamlined shape. The light hull consists of an outer hull, bow and stern ends, deck superstructure, and wheelhouse fencing. The shape of the light hull is completely determined by the outer contours of the ship.

Rice. 1.22. Cross section of a one-and-a-half-hull submarine:
1 - navigation bridge; 2 - conning tower; 3 - superstructure; 4 - stringer; 5 - surge tank; 6 - reinforcing stand; 7, 9 - booklets; 8- platform; 10 - box-shaped keel; 11 - foundation of main diesel engines; 12 - casing of a durable hull; 13 - strong hull frames; 14 - main ballast tank; 15 - diagonal racks; 16 - tank cover; 17 - light hull lining; 18 - light hull frame; 19 - upper deck

The ends of the light hull serve to streamline the contours of the bow and stern of the submarine and extend from the end bulkheads of the pressure hull to the stem and sternpost, respectively.

The bow end houses: bow torpedo tubes, main ballast and buoyancy tanks, a chain box, an anchor device, hydroacoustic receivers and emitters. Structurally, it consists of cladding and a complex set system. Made from sheet steel of the same quality as the outer casing.

The stem is a forged or welded beam that provides rigidity to the bow edge of the boat hull.

At the aft end (Fig. 1.23) there are located: aft torpedo tubes, main ballast tanks, horizontal and vertical rudders, stabilizers, propeller shafts with mortars.

Rice. 1.23. Diagram of stern protruding devices:
1 - vertical stabilizer; 2 - vertical steering wheel; 3 - propeller; 4 - horizontal steering wheel; 5 - horizontal stabilizer

Horizontal and vertical stabilizers provide stability to the submarine when moving. Propeller shafts pass through horizontal stabilizers (with a two-shaft power plant), at the ends of which propellers are installed. Aft horizontal rudders are installed behind the propellers in the same plane with the stabilizers.

Structurally, the aft end consists of a frame and plating. The set is made of stringers, frames and simple frames, platforms and bulkheads. The casing is of equal strength to the outer casing.

Superstructure(Fig. 1.24) is located above the upper waterproof stringer of the outer hull and extends along the entire length of the durable hull, passing beyond its limits at the tip. Structurally, the superstructure consists of sheathing and frame. The superstructure contains various systems, devices, bow horizontal rudders, etc.

Rice. 1.24. Submarine superstructure:
1 - booklets; 2 - holes in the deck; 3 - superstructure deck; 4 - side of the superstructure; 5 - scuppers; 6- pillers; 7 - tank cover; 8 - casing of a durable hull; 9 - strong hull frame; 10 - light hull lining; 11 - waterproof stringer of the outer casing; 12 - light hull frame; 13 - superstructure frame

Rice. 1.25. Retractable devices and systems of a submarine:
1 - periscope; 2 - radio antennas (retractable); 3 - radar antennas; 4 - air shaft for diesel operation under water (RDP); 5 - RDP exhaust device; 6 - radio antenna (collapsing)

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French military developers have stunned the world with a new warship. Revolutionary is a “submersible frigate” or, as the designers themselves call it, a “surface submarine.”

At the European naval salon EURONAVALE-2010, which opened on October 25 in the Parisian suburb of Le Bourget, many projects of promising warships of the near future were presented. Experts clearly identify two trends: the creation of missile defense ships and ships specially designed to host unmanned aerial vehicles. Among them there are both conventional surface ships and very futuristic projects like the “submersible frigate” SSX-25, proposed by the French concern DCNS.

The French themselves call the unusual ship a “surface submarine”: this is how the French name Sous-marin de surface can be translated into Russian. The 109-meter-long ship has a semi-submersible underwater hull optimized for high speeds on the surface. For this purpose, especially powerful gas turbines are installed in the elongated knife-shaped hull of the ship, driving three water-jet propulsors, while the “surface submarine” will be able to travel at least 2,000 nautical miles at a 38-knot speed.

Turbines and underwater diesel engines are located on a single base in a massive deck superstructure. Upon arrival in the combat area, the ship makes a “dive”, partially turning into a submarine.

At the same time, the air intakes of the turbines and exhaust devices are closed with special dampers, “snorkels” (devices for underwater supply of diesel engines with air) extend from the superstructure, azipods are installed from the central part of the ship, and depth rudders are located in the bow. When submerged, the ship's displacement is 4,800 tons and it is capable of moving at speeds of up to 10 knots.

To observe the surface, a special retractable mast like a periscope, equipped with a radar and various kinds of optical sensors, can be used.

The company does not say whether the ship is capable of operating in a fully submerged state, that is, without retractable devices for taking in atmospheric air, only on electric power. The company emphasizes that its diving ship is not optimized for combating underwater targets, however, it has eight torpedoes in its bow torpedo tubes for self-defense.

The main armament of the ship is 16 universal vertical launchers for placement of both cruise (including anti-ship) and anti-aircraft missiles.

Thus, as a promising ship, French designers propose a kind of hybrid URO frigate ( high speed, seaworthy, powerful missile system) and attack submarine (stealth, ability to attack targets from an underwater position). The submerged hull will provide the hybrid ship with less vulnerability from pitching, making it a stable launch platform, and the developed superstructure will partially get rid of such a drawback of the submarine as cramped space. Moreover, the submerged body also means less visibility in all ranges and high efficiency due to less resistance to movement at the boundary of media.

In addition, as experts note, the developed superstructure allows it to accommodate various fairly comfortable rooms for special forces and their specific equipment - an advantage that special-purpose submarines lack. The superstructure, of course, can also accommodate a special hangar for UAVs (unmanned aircraft), rotorcraft with vertical take-off. Such robotic helicopters can be stored in automated racks on the sides of the hangar with a retractable roof that will open to release and receive the UAV.

Obviously, in this configuration, the ship should be considered, first of all, as a reconnaissance aircraft, designed for secretive and long-term collection of information in any coastal area, for one reason or another, not accessible to space or aviation reconnaissance. Another possible purpose of such a ship is clearing a bridgehead for commandos, covert strikes on coastal targets, and clearing beaches before the arrival of the main landing forces. It is clear that it will be most valuable against an enemy who does not have modern anti-submarine warfare capabilities.

One should not think that the French invented something fundamentally new. Diving and semi-submersible submarines have been known since the century before last; some of these ships were even used in combat. Thus, the English K-class squadron boats of the First World War, equipped (due to the lack of powerful diesel engines) with steam turbine units, were actually diving ships and in battles operated from a semi-submerged position, hoping for protection of the hull by the water column. The famous “Monitor” can also be considered a semi-submersible vessel: the first self-propelled iron screw artillery ship, used by the northerners during the American Civil War to shell the Hampleton raid.

One can also recall the German mini-submarines of the Seehunde and Seeteufel types: the former were an attempt to create a kind of naval analogue of a single-seat fighter aircraft, and the latter were a sabotage vessel with the ability to go ashore with the help of tracks.

Various projects of diving ships were also created in the USSR. These were actually the early Soviet Pravda-class submarines. To achieve high surface speed, designer Andrei Asafov tried to give the submarine contours destroyer- the fastest surface ship at that time. But destroyers are characterized by a ratio of length to width and width to draft that is absolutely not characteristic of submarines. As a result, the ship was poorly controlled when submerged, and the high reserve of buoyancy extremely slowed down the dive.

The diving project also looked extremely original. torpedo boat 1231 "Dolphin". The idea was personally submitted by Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. Once inspecting high-speed boats of the TsKB-19 and TsKB-5 projects at the naval base in Balaklava and observing the submarines based there, he expressed the idea that in order to ensure the secrecy of fleet actions, which is especially important in a nuclear war, it is necessary strive to “submerge” the fleet under water, and proposed to “submerge” a missile boat first.

In accordance with the TTZ, the Project 1231 ship was intended to launch surprise missile attacks on warships and transport in bottlenecks, on approaches to enemy naval bases and ports, to participate in the defense of the coast, fleet basing areas and coastal flanks of ground forces, and to repel landings landings and disruption of enemy sea communications, as well as for carrying out hydroacoustic and radar patrols in places where the fleet is dispersed. It was assumed that when solving these problems, a group of similar ships was supposed to deploy in a given area and remain in a submerged position for a long time in a waiting position or approach the enemy also in an underwater position, maintaining contact with him by hydroacoustic means.

Having approached, the missile carriers surfaced, high speed reached the missile salvo line, fired missiles, then dived again or broke away from the enemy with maximum speed in a surface position. The presence of missile carriers in a submerged position and high speed during an attack should have reduced the time they spent under enemy fire, including air attack weapons.

The project developed quite successfully from 1959 until Khrushchev's resignation in 1964, when it was frozen and later closed

The only application in which diving ships have proven themselves are high-speed semi-submersible landing craft, used, for example, by North Korean saboteurs, and for some time now by their Iranian colleagues. The same type of vessels, but “homemade” ones, are also used by Colombian drug traffickers to deliver their goods to the United States. These are low-slung boats up to 25 meters long, the surface part of the boats protrudes above the surface to a height of no more than 45 centimeters, they can take on board up to 10 tons of cocaine. American military and law enforcement agencies they call them self-propelled semi-submersible boats, Self-Propelled Semi-Submersibles (SPSS). Detection of such vessels is extremely difficult even for such a well-equipped service as the US Coast Guard.

Apparently, this is what the French designers are guided by: some Somali pirates will most likely really not notice a large semi-submersible or diving ship. But is the game worth the candle? Will it turn out that a ship of this class will be more expensive than a frigate and a submarine combined, and worse in efficiency than each individually? It is clear that at the moment no one can answer this question, but it still seems that the future belongs to less exotic ships.

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