For the national economy of the Russian Federation as a whole and the republics (subjects of the Federation) overall economic efficiency is defined as the ratio of the annual increase in national income in comparable prices to the capital investments that caused this increase, according to the formula:

Enk=ΔD/K

Where Enk- indicator (coefficient) of the economic efficiency of capital investments in the national economy as a whole;

ΔD- increase in annual national income, rub.; TO- cap. investments that caused this increase, rub.

Payback period of capital investments for the national economy as a whole is determined by the formula: Тнх=К/ ΔД

The indicators of the overall (absolute) economic efficiency of capital investments obtained as a result of calculations are compared with standards and similar indicators for the previous period.

Capital investments are recognized as cost-effective if the obtained indicators are not lower than the standards and reporting indicators for the previous period.

Standard indicators of the general (absolute) efficiency of capital investments in the national economy are used at the level En = 0.14: for industry En = 0.16; for agriculture En = 0.12; for construction En = 0.22; for trading En = 0.25.

In the future, the value of the standards should increase with the growth of labor productivity, technological progress, and a decrease in material intensity and capital intensity of products.

When calculating the economic efficiency of investing in individual objects, enterprises should take into account the fact that the ruble invested in this year, in 3-5 years will have a different meaning. Over time, money loses its value.

Therefore, when a decision is made to invest in a specific object, an enterprise (organization) must take into account the time factor and evaluate factors such as the volume of product sales, its cost, profit and profitability, taking into account changes over time. This operation is called discounting.

Discounting based on the fact that any amount that will be received in the future has less value (utility) for the investor in the current year.

If this year you put a certain amount of money into circulation and “force” it to generate income, then in 3-5 years it will not only remain, but also increase. Discounting makes it possible to determine the cash equivalent of an amount that will be received in the future. To do this, the amount expected to be received in the future should be reduced by the income accruing over a certain period according to the rule of compound interest.

Future value is determined by the formula: BS = NS(1 + PS) t

Where BS- the amount of money that will be received in t years (future value);

NS- initial cost (current value);

PS- interest rate or rate of return;

t- the number of years for which income is summed up.

Example. This year we invested 4.0 million rubles. at 10% per annum, therefore, in a year you can get 4.0 (1 + 0.1) = 4.4 million rubles.

The impact of inflation, if forecast, should also be taken into account.

Impact of inflation is one of the negative factors that must be taken into account in calculating the efficiency of capital investments, especially in the conditions of Russia, which has been living with continuous inflation for several years. If the inflation index is higher than the accepted interest rate, then the real value of the amount of money deposited in the bank in the future will be even lower than in the current year. Inflation “eats” the amount of money put aside.

The real interest rate (taking into account inflation) can be determined by the formula:

Psreal=[(1+Psnom)/(1+I)]-1

Where PSnom- nominal interest rate; AND- inflation index.

For example, nested cash at a nominal rate of 20% per annum, the inflation index is 10% per annum. By applying the formula to the above example, you can determine the real interest rate, which will be: (1+0.2)/(1+0.1)-1=0.9%

Achievements in the development of the USSR during the “Khrushchev decade”

In general, in the second half of the 1950s. The country's industry has risen to a qualitatively new level. There were about 300 industries and types of production. Thanks to the superconcentration of material resources and human efforts in certain areas, the most impressive successes have been achieved. More than 5,400 large enterprises were built and commissioned, including the Karaganda and Kuibyshev metallurgical plants, the Kremenchug hydroelectric power station, the Beloyarsk and Novovoronezh nuclear power plants, the Sokolovsko-Sarbai and Lisakovsky mining and processing plants in Kazakhstan, the Cherepovets metallurgical and Omsk oil refineries, the Novosibirsk heavy mechanical engineering, automated concrete production plant in Novaya Kakhovka.

IN nuclear energy significant results have been achieved-- for the first time in history, the atom was used for peaceful purposes: in 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk, in 1956 the Institute of Nuclear Research was opened in Dubna, in 1959 the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin" was launched.

The Kuibyshev hydroelectric power station (1958), the Stalingrad hydroelectric power station (1960), the Bratsk hydroelectric power station (1961-1964) and a number of hydroelectric power stations and thermal power plants of local importance were built.

Development of heavy industry.

In the period 1956-65. (“Khrushchev industrialization”) The USSR more than doubled its oil production due to the exploitation of the fields of the Ural-Volga region and (since the early 1960s) Western Siberia. Despite the fact that ten new oil refineries were put into operation during these years, oil production volumes exceeded the needs of the economy and by 1965, a fifth of all oil was exported. This provided the USSR with money to purchase industrial equipment(since 1960 - food) abroad.

New industries appeared and began to develop: gas and diamond. A new source of energy developed rapidly: gas in the Tyumen region (1963).

Electricity production increased from 150.6 billion kWh in 1954 to 507.7 billion in 1965. During the same period, oil production increased from 52.7 to 347.3 million tons, steel production - from 41.4 to 91 .0 million tons, coal production - from 347.1 to 577.7 million tons.

The chemical industry was actively developing, mastering the production artificial materials with given properties (adding to the slogan put forward by Lenin, Khrushchev said: “Communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the entire country and the chemicalization of the national economy”). In 1958, the slogan “chemicalization of the national economy” was put forward. The reason was the catastrophic lag of this industry from Western countries, especially in terms of the production of consumer products (plastics, chemical fiber, etc.). Large resources of hydrocarbon raw materials and income from oil exports made it possible to purchase chemical equipment and technologies in Western countries and to build a series of petrochemical plants in the Ural-Volga region.

As a result, the average annual increase in capital investment in the chemical industry in 1958-1963. 3 times higher than such an increase in the national economy as a whole. In subsequent years, capital investments in the chemical industry were planned to be increased. As a result, in 1965 compared to 1950, production mineral fertilizers increased approximately 6 times, synthetic and plastic masses - 13 times, chemical fibers - 17 times.

The inability of Soviet agriculture, revealed in the early 1960s, to provide food security countries has led to the need development of the mineral fertilizer industry, their production more than doubled during the seven-year plan alone.

On railway transport steam locomotives gave way to diesel and electric locomotives. N.S. Khrushchev overcame the resistance of conservatives who defended the preservation of steam locomotive traction in railway transport, proving that electric traction is 4 times more economical than steam. He proposed in 1956 to accept general plan electrification of railways for a period of 15 years. The plan was successfully implemented, and already in 1967 the share of steam locomotive traction in railway transport was only 7.6%.

New industrial sectors developed--radio electronics, rocket science.

Soviet aviation was actively developing. In 1955, the first passenger jet aircraft, Tu-104, took to the skies. In September 1959, during a visit to the USA, N.S. Khrushchev arrived there on a newly built Tu-114 aircraft. On the field of the New York airfield, he stood proudly at the exit for some time - the greeters did not have a high enough ramp.

The largest scientific and technical achievement was the creation of rocket and space technology. Three rocket science centers were created: Moscow (under the leadership of S.P. Korolev), Ural (under the leadership of V.P. Makeev, Korolev’s student) and Ukrainian (under the leadership of M.K. Yangel). Overtaking the Americans, by the end of 1960 the USSR had created 44 types of intercontinental missiles. Short, medium and long range ballistic missiles were created. The enormous power of military rocket engines made it possible to begin space exploration. For this purpose, the Baikonur Cosmodrome was built in the Kazakh steppe.

On October 4, 1957, the first artificial Earth satellite weighing 80 kg was launched from it. The spacecraft then carried the animals into space, circled the Moon, and photographed its far side. In 1959, a Soviet spacecraft reached the Moon for the first time, leaving the USSR pennant on it. On April 12, 1961, the first manned spacecraft, Vostok, with a person on board, was launched into low-Earth orbit. It was Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. An event of epochal significance has taken place- Soviet man went into space, marking the success of the entire human race and the beginning of a new era of civilization. This flight dramatically increased the international prestige of the Soviet Union.

This success was confirmed by further space launches: soon the second Soviet cosmonaut, German Titov, was sent into space, then, in 1962, a group space flight of A. Nikolaev and P. Popovich was carried out, and in July 1963 she visited space the first woman is V. Tereshkova. Unmanned astronautics also boasted a number of successes - several spacecraft were safely landed on the Moon, and in November 1962 the Mars-1 research rocket was also launched to Mars.

The conquest of space required enormous expenses, but the effect was large-scale and long-lasting. Confidence grew that the USSR had long and firmly become the leader in scientific and technological progress of mankind.

However, all the achievements of that period should not obscure the fact that the development of many branches of Soviet industry then continued to follow the usual extensive path . The mobilization programs did not in any way affect the economic mechanism of managing a grandiose economy. Structural imbalances grew. If in 1940 the share of production of means of production (group A) was 61.2%, then in 1960 it rose to 72.5% with a corresponding decrease in the share of production of consumer goods (group B). This was largely determined by the rejection of the course proposed by G. M. Malenkov for the priority development of Group B, which N. S. Khrushchev branded in 1955 as “opportunism” and “belching of the right deviation.”

The triumphs of Soviet science and technology (satellite, Gagarin's flight), the high growth rates of the USSR economy in the 1950s. caused an explosion of enthusiasm. They created the illusion that in the coming years the USSR would overtake the USA and become the first economic power in the world.

At the same time, tough centralized system management hampered the development of industry. Qualitative changes in its structure required changes in the forms and methods of management of industrial sectors.

However, despite a number of successes by scientists, already in the 50s. contradictions arose in science, which, constantly growing and intensifying, served as one of the main reasons for our lag behind those profound structural changes in technology, quality and efficiency that occurred in the production of developed capitalist countries.

Growing up in conditions of severe deprivation, it seemed to Soviet people that the level of prosperity in the United States was quite sufficient to make it possible to satisfy the needs of the entire population free of charge - but capitalism prevented this. At the same time, the strengthening of protest sentiments required a convincing answer, and N. S. Khrushchev put forward the slogan: “The current generation of Soviet people will live under communism!” This was reflected in new program CPSU, adopted at the XXII Congress of the CPSU in 1961.

Economic complex of Russia took shape gradually, with the development of new territories, changes in the institutions of state power, internal and foreign policy countries, as well as in close connection with the general cyclical patterns of economic development. Chaotic economic transformations in the 1990s. XX century, which developed with the mistakes of the economic policy of Soviet times, led to a deep economic crisis, the objective reasons for which were:

• serious imbalances that have accumulated in the sectoral structure of the economy;
• monopolization of the economy;
• failure of the administrative and distribution system of economic management;
• high degree of wear of the main production assets countries;
• reduction in public investment;
• deep crisis;
• severance of existing economic ties for the production and consumption of finished products;
• delaying the development and implementation of fundamental economic and social reforms in the country.

As a result of the economic crisis, Russia lost its previous positions in. During the twentieth century, Russia's share (within modern borders) in the world's population decreased by more than half, and in the gross domestic product - almost two times. Russia's share of the world's land surface (13%) is almost 6 times Russia's share of the world population (2.2%) and more than 4 times Russia's share of world GDP (3.1%), calculated by currency.

The main economic indicator of a country’s development is (GDP), which reflects the level of economic development, features of its structure, the efficiency of the functioning of individual industries, the degree of the country’s participation in global integration processes, the volume of investments in the economy and the quality of life of the population.

Total GDP characterizes the value of goods and services produced in the country by all sectors of the economy and intended for final consumption, accumulation and export. Currently, in terms of GDP Russian Federation is in the top ten countries in the world. In 2005, according to the results of international comparisons of GDP in purchasing power parity, Russia took 8th place in the world after the USA, China, Japan, Germany, India, Great Britain and France.

At the end of the 1990s. have emerged improvement trends economic situation. Under influence export growth, acceleration of import substitution, relative reduction of production costs, etc., positive dynamics have been established industrial production and GDP, improved financial condition real sector of the economy. However, positive processes have not yet assumed a sustainable, irreversible and long-term character. Production growth occurs without a significant weakening of the tax burden and on the basis extremely worn technological equipment.

Only in last years There has been an increase in GDP production volumes: if in 1996-2000. the average annual growth rate was 1.6%, then in 2001-2005. - already 6.2%.

The most revealing assessment of GDP is based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP is the number of units of currency required to purchase some standard set goods and services that can be purchased with one currency unit of the base country (or with one unit of the common currency of a group of countries). PPP reflects the real domestic purchasing power of a currency.

Ranking eighth in the world in terms of GDP in terms of PPP in 2005, Russia was inferior to the United States in terms of absolute indicator by 7.3 times, in relative terms (GDP per capita according to PPP) - by 3.5 times, and according to this indicator it was in the top ten among the countries of the world.

With all the difficulties of the modern period of development Russia remains one of the richest countries in the world, possessing unique reserves of natural resources, accumulated production, intellectual, scientific, technical and cultural potential.

Sectoral structure of the Russian economy

Modern Russia - industrial-agrarian country with a multi-structure (mixed) economy, which is a complex economic mechanism formed on the basis of socio-economic development, inter-district territorial division of labor and integration processes. The country's unified economic complex is represented by sectoral and territorial structures.

Industry structure- this is a set of sectors of the economic complex, characterized by certain proportions and relationships. In sectoral terms, the structure of the economic complex is represented by two spheres - material production (production sphere) and non-production sphere.

The basis of the economic complex is the sphere of material production, which employs more than 2/3 of the total population employed in all spheres of economic activity.

• industries that create wealth - industry, agriculture, construction;

• industries that deliver material goods to the consumer - transport and communications;
• industries related to the production process in the sphere of circulation - trade, public catering, logistics, sales, procurement.

The non-productive sphere is the conventional name for sectors of the economy, the results of which primarily take the form of services. The International Monetary Fund identifies the following types of services: freight, other transport services, tourism, other services. At the same time, “other services” include relatively new types of business services related to entrepreneurship (professional, managerial, information, personal, operational, banking, insurance, etc.).

• housing, communal and consumer services for the population;
• passenger transport;
• communications (for servicing organizations and not production activities population);
• healthcare, physical education;
• social Security;
• education;
• science and scientific services;
• culture and art;
• lending, financing and insurance;
• public administration;
• defense and public order.

In the sectoral structure of the economy so far imbalances persist: resource sectors of the economy are of increased importance (the so-called “heaviness” of the economy); the fuel industries remain a priority, while the infrastructure and agro-industrial complexes are experiencing serious difficulties in their development; high concentration and monopolization of production remains.

For modern structure country's economy characteristic feature is the presence of not only industry, but also inter-industry complexes. The process of strengthening production ties and integrating different stages of production is increasingly underway. Inter-industry production (complexes) arise and develop both within a separate industry and between industries that have close technological connections. Currently there are such intersectoral complexes, such as fuel and energy, metallurgical, engineering, chemical and forestry, construction, agro-industrial, transport. More complex structure The agro-industrial and construction complexes, which include different sectors of the economy, differ.

In the conditions of the formation and development of market relations, infrastructure, i.e., a set of material resources that meet production and social needs, is becoming increasingly important. It plays a huge role not only in the efficient support of the production process, but also in the development of the social and living sphere of the population, as well as in the development of the complexity of the economy and in the development of new territories. Depending on the functions performed, production and social infrastructure are distinguished.

The most important inter-industry complexes in Russia*

The production infrastructure continues the production process in the sphere of circulation and creates new value. It includes transport, communications, warehouse and packaging facilities, logistics, engineering structures, heating mains, water supply, communications and gas and oil pipeline networks, irrigation systems, etc.

Social infrastructure includes passenger transport, a communications system for serving the population, housing and communal services and consumer services for urban and rural settlements.

Territorial structure of the Russian economy

The territorial structure refers to the division of the economic system into territorial units - zones, districts of different levels, industrial centers and nodes. It changes much more slowly than the sectoral structure, since its main elements are more closely tied to a specific territory. The territorial structure is the basis territorial organization farms. The development of new territories with unique natural resources changes the structure of individual regions and contributes to the formation of new territorial complexes.

An important feature of Russia is asymmetrical organization of its space, inherited from previous development. The territorial structure of the economy is sharply dominated by the Central region - the Moscow capital, the second city of the country - St. Petersburg - in terms of urban environment parameters, functions and income, it is clearly inferior to Moscow. The opposite pole to the capital is a huge territory and a sparsely populated periphery.

Distribution of productive forces and the efficiency of development of the national economy. The transition to a market economic system did not remove the issues of efficiency of development and deployment of productive forces from the agenda.

It should be borne in mind that it is characterized by progressive quantitative changes (for example, an increase in production volumes), and economic development is characterized by progressive qualitative changes in the state of an economic object (for example, an increase in labor productivity, an increase in production efficiency).

Growth can occur both due to intensive factors, which ensure an increase in productivity with constant resources, and due to extensive factors, when there is an increase in resources while the degree of their use remains unchanged. Development is most often the result of the use of intensive factors.

The most important indicator of the performance of the economy as a whole and individual economic events is production efficiency - the result of a specific production process in comparison with the costs of achieving a specified result or the ratio of effect to costs. In this case, costs are understood as all objectively necessary investments (expenses) of materialized and living labor. In some cases, expenses are associated with shortcomings in the organization of labor, production, transportation of products, etc., leading to losses. Costs together with losses constitute production costs.

The basis of the assessment economic effect the location of production determines the general methodology for determining the economic efficiency of production and capital construction. Indicators characterize the relationship between the results and costs of production activities at different levels of regulation of the national economy (enterprise, industry, region, country). Absolute efficiency is determined by comparing the resulting increase in national income (net output) with the capital investments expended (or all production resources). The comparative effectiveness of different options for locating enterprises and their complexes is established on the basis of calculating the given, i.e., current and comparable one-time costs. The main effective indicator of a market economy - profit - characterizes the efficiency of production location worse than the cost indicator, since it does not directly reflect the influence of influencing factors (energy, raw materials, labor, etc.).

To calculate the reduced costs per unit of product P, we take the sum of all current costs for its production (cost) C and the product of specific capital costs K and their standard efficiency coefficient E, i.e. P = C + KE. Multiplying this value by the quantity of production (determined by balance sheet calculations) gives the total present costs. The calculations take into account not only production, but also transportation costs.

Choice optimal option location of the enterprise produced at a minimum of reduced costs (when comparing many options). The two options can be compared based on the payback period for additional capital investments (or inverse indicators - efficiency ratios). The payback period is calculated by dividing the additional capital investment in a given option by the savings in current costs. The standard investment efficiency ratio E denotes the lower acceptable limit of efficiency. For the national economy as a whole, it is set at a level not lower than 0.12 (the reciprocal value is the payback period of 8.3 years).

The effectiveness of territorial shifts in the location of sectors of the national economy is usually assessed on the basis of regional differences in decisive indicators - capital investments, wages and labor productivity at billing period. Savings of the given costs are calculated on the increase in production transferred between regions in comparison with the initial placement option.

Large-scale reconstruction of the national economy increases the importance of sectoral and regional indicators of production intensification, i.e. its growth due to effective use production resources based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress. This is a much more effective way of increasing production than the extensive one, which means involving additional resources (on the same technical basis).

The share of growth in production of an enterprise or industry due to intensification, i.e., increasing resource use (labor productivity, capital productivity or material productivity) ∆ Pi (%) for given values ​​of increase in production ∆ P and resources (number of workers or fixed assets or raw materials) ∆ P is determined by the formula ∆ Pi = 100 - 100 · 100 (∆ P: ∆ P), (where the subtrahend is the share of the extensive factor).

It is of interest to identify changes in the shares of regions in the location of the industry under the influence of intensive factors: for the production of products in general, including through the development of existing enterprises, through the production of qualitatively new types of products and using new technology and technology, due to resource saving; for capital investments in general, including technical re-equipment and reconstruction, etc.

Fedorov Sergey Fedorovich, CEO JSC "Ryazan Design and Technology Institute", applicant for the Faculty of World Economy and Finance, Volgograd State University, Russia

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Annotation:

The current stage of development of the Russian economy is characterized by a significant increase in the role of innovative, knowledge-intensive industries and their transformation into a decisive condition for ensuring competitiveness.

JEL classification:

The level of economic development of states inThe 21st century will be determined by scientific and technological progress and the intellectualization of the main factors of production. The process of rapid growth of costs for science and education in the structure of material production is reflected in the concept of “knowledge intensity of economic sectors.”

The characteristic features of knowledge-intensive industries that determine their role in the economy as a whole are objectively:

1) growth rates 3-4 times higher than the growth rates of other sectors of the economy;

2) a large share of added value in the final product;

3) increased wages for workers;

4) large volumes of exports and, most importantly, high innovative potential, serving not only the industry that has it, but also other related sectors of the economy.

In Soviet economic literature, knowledge-intensive industries as such were not distinguished in the structure of the national economy; each industry had its own level of knowledge-intensity of production and labor. Industry was divided into three groups of industries: industries with high, medium and low knowledge intensity.

Thus, “the first group included branches of mechanical engineering with a small-scale nature of production, producing technically complex products; the second group includes mass engineering production and the chemical industry; the third includes traditional industries: the construction materials industry, the light industry, the food industry, and the meat and dairy industry.”

Currently, a more precise one is used in Russian economic literature, however, in our opinion, it is not enough full definition knowledge-intensive industries. They are called knowledge-intensive modern production that produce products based on the latest achievements of science and technology, where the share of expenses on Scientific research for improving technology and products is at least 40-50% of all expenses, and the number of scientific personnel is at least 30-40% of the total number of employees.

As a result of the analysis, it should be noted that knowledge-intensive industries include a set of industries that differ:

- scientifically and technologically advanced development strategy, production apparatus and human resources;

- significant financial costs for scientific research and development;

- production and use of technically advanced products.

Science intensity of the industry can be defined as a relation:

R&D costs to the volume of gross production, marketable output, national income generated, volume of shipped products;

The number of specialists employed in science and scientific services to the industrial production personnel of the industry;

R&D costs to the costs of industrial production personnel and the volume of fixed production assets of the industry.

The analysis showed that the majority of domestic scientists offer cost method determination of science intensity, where the main factor is R&D costs. Based on current practice, the level of knowledge intensity as a relative indicator is determined either on a cost basis (based on the financial component of scientific and technical potential) or on the personnel component, that is, there are two most common methods for quantifying the knowledge intensity of an industry.

The essence of the first method is to assess knowledge intensity as a ratio of R&D costs:

• to the cost of a specific product (or sales volume) - at the enterprise level;
• to the cost of manufactured products (or the volume of its sales);
• to the value of gross domestic product (or national income) - at the level of the national economy.

A quantitative assessment of the level of knowledge intensity of production, calculated on a cost basis, is expressed by the ratio of the amount of R&D costs to the indicator of production volume (Table 1-K1), or to the amount of capital expenses (Table 1-K2) for the reporting period.

The knowledge intensity of the national economy of the RSFSR until 1990 and Russia until 2007, calculated on a cost basis, is presented in Table 1.

Table 1

The level of knowledge intensity in general for the national economy of the RSFSR and the Russian Federation /cost approach/

Having analyzed the data obtained in two ways, we can conclude that the decrease in the level of knowledge intensity of production, calculated as the ratio of R&D expenses to the volume of capital investments, far exceeds the rate of decline in the knowledge intensity of production, calculated on a value basis. This clearly indicates a decrease in the share of spending on science in the total volume of capital investments in production and the uneven distribution of capital investments across industries.

The essence of the second comes down to an assessment in terms of the ratio of the number of engineers and scientists employed in R&D to the total number of employees in this industry (knowledge intensity of labor).

Indicators characterizing the level of knowledge intensity of labor in the RSFSR and Russia for the period 1980-2007. are presented in Table 2.

table 2

The level of knowledge intensity in general for the national economy of the RSFSR and the Russian Federation /by personnel component/

According to the data presented in Table 2, the rate of decline of this indicator by more than 3.6 times over the period under review indicates an unfavorable trend in the reduction of scientific personnel in the country.

Both indicators - knowledge intensity of production And knowledge intensity of labor- must be considered as constituent elements one system that complement each other. In our opinion, these indicators are the most acceptable, since in essence they represent the ratio of the most important components of scientific and technical potential. Thus, the content of the knowledge intensity of production reflects both the scientific and technical level of a particular industry, and the novelty of the final product, which, in turn, materializes the results of scientific and technological activity.

4. Scale V.Ya., Zheludkov L.A. Ways to increase the competitiveness of export products. - Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1988.
5. Russian statistical yearbook–2008: Statistical collection. - M.: State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics, 2008.
6. Formation of a strategy for the development of knowledge-intensive production of the machine-building complex [ Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.mirrabot.com/work/work_61157.html.

BRIEF METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR SELECTED STATISTICAL INDICATORS GIVEN IN THE YEARBOOK Gross National Product (GNP) In practice since 1988 economic calculations USSR introduced widely used in foreign countries and international statistics indicator of gross national product (GNP) in additional figures. attention to the system of summary national economic indicators (national income, social product, etc.). GNP is the most general indicator of the final results of economic activity in the national economy as a whole. It is intended to characterize the interrelated aspects of the economic process: the production of material goods and the provision of services, the distribution of income, the final use of material goods and services. GNP covers the results of economic activity of all economic units: enterprises, organizations and institutions in both the sphere of material production and the service sector, personal subsidiary plots of the population, individuals, self-employed labor activity. The results of economic activity appear in the form of material goods and services (material and intangible). GNP is defined as created, distributed (at the stage of income generation) and used (used). Created GNP is defined as the sum of “gross value added” of all sectors of the national economy; GNP does not include the cost of consumed: raw materials, materials, fuel, energy and others material resources, as well as services provided to business units. At the stage of income formation, GNP is defined as the total amount of income of economic units (and the population) from economic activity (wages, profits, net income of collective farms, income received through individual labor activity, etc.), as well as depreciation charges (depreciation estimates ). Used GNP is defined as household final consumption expenditure, government agencies servicing households, gross capital formation, final consumption of government institutions and organizations satisfying collective needs, and the balance foreign trade. Household final consumption expenditures cover household expenditures on the purchase of consumer goods and services from the personal budget, as well as receipts of products and services in non-commodity form. Expenditures on final consumption of households include: - purchases of new short-term and durable goods in state and cooperative trade, on the collective farm market and from private individuals; - purchases of market consumer services (rent and payment utility payments for central heating, water, sewerage, gas, electricity for lighting and household needs, payments for hotel accommodation, payment for household services, purchase of vouchers to sanatoriums, holiday homes, boarding houses, payments for the services of paid medical institutions, payment for transport and communication services, contributions to preschool institutions, expenses for purchasing tickets to movies, theaters, sporting events and other payments, for training courses and other services; - the cost of agricultural and other products produced by households for their own consumption; - the cost of products and services received in kind as wages; - clothing and food purchased by government agencies to supply the army; - imputed rent for dwellings occupied by their owners; - balance of household purchases of antique and second-hand consumer goods. Final consumption expenditures of government institutions serving households cover the cost of free services provided by these institutions and organizations in the fields of education, culture and art, health care, physical culture and tourism, social security. At the same time, the final consumption expenditures of government institutions serving households do not include partial payment for services by the population, taken into account in household consumer expenditures, as well as the cost of services related to intermediate consumption (for example, the cost of socio-cultural services provided by enterprises and organizations their workers and employees, etc.). Gross capital formation includes expenses of all enterprises, organizations and institutions in the sphere of material production and the service sector for capital investments and changes in inventories of material working capital. 1 Capital investments include: - costs for the construction of buildings, structures, reconstruction and technical re-equipment, purchase of machinery and equipment, vehicles, livestock (accounted for as part of fixed assets), for perennial plantings, for reclamation work; - costs for major repairs of buildings, structures, machinery and equipment; - the cost of installation work, drilling work (in terms of deep exploratory drilling), geological exploration work (in terms of certain objects); - the cost of economic construction carried out by enterprises, organizations and institutions of the national economy.

Population expenses for housing construction is considered as capital investments of the population, and the purchase of durable goods (cars, televisions, furniture, etc.) is considered as consumer expenditures of households. The increase in material working capital covers the change in the value of stocks of raw materials, materials, fuel and other items, labor for the year in all enterprises, organizations and institutions of the national economy. This article includes changes in the value of work in progress, as well as changes in the cost of young livestock and fattening livestock. The change in the value of stocks of agricultural products of household plots of the population is also included. Final consumption expenditures of government institutions and organizations that satisfy collective needs cover the value of the services provided by these institutions in the area government controlled, science, defense, etc. The cost of these services is taken in the amount of current costs (including consumption of fixed assets) of the relevant organizations minus payments from the population, enterprises and organizations. This article also includes the balance of foreign trade and income from economic activity (profit, wages, income such as profit) received from abroad. GNP is calculated in actual and comparable (constant) prices. When calculating GNP indices, the following prices were used as comparable prices: for 1976-1985. - prices 1973, for 1986-1988. - prices 1983. For 1989-1990. the calculation was made using a deflator index. Deflator index is a special price index for recalculating cost indicators from actual prices into constant (fixed) prices. GNP, at constant prices, is formed by summing the final use components calculated at constant prices, using price indexes calculated in accordance with international practice based on monitoring changes in prices for representative goods (services). The gross social product is the totality of created material goods and is defined as the sum of the gross output of sectors of material production: industry, agriculture, forestry, construction, freight transport, communications in the part serving material production, trade and public catering, logistics, procurement of agricultural Products, as well as other branches of material production - information and computing, services and others production types activities (publishing houses, film production, collection and storage of scrap metal and scrap, procurement of firewood by the population, picking mushrooms, berries, etc.). 686"

When calculating the gross social product by sectors of material production, the products of the sectors are calculated in actual sales prices, which include, along with other types of net income, that part of it that is sold in the form of turnover tax. At the same time, turnover tax, including that received from the sale of products made from agricultural raw materials, is taken into account in industrial products. When calculating the gross social product, the turnover tax is included in industrial products minus compensation for the difference in prices during the procurement and sale of agricultural products; a small part of the sales tax is included in the production of semi-finished products. The gross social product is divided into a fund for reimbursement of material costs and national income. National income represents the value newly created in the branches of material production. In other words, it is that part of the gross social product that remains minus the means of production consumed in the production process (raw materials, fuel, electricity, etc.). National income is obtained as a result of the net output of individual branches of material production. The net output of a particular industry is calculated as the difference between gross output and material production costs. Like the gross social product, national income is calculated in actual and comparable (constant) prices. When calculating national income indices, the following prices were used as comparable prices: for 1976-1985. - prices 1973, for 1886-1988. - prices 1983. For 1988-1990. the calculation was made using a deflator index. National income is formed by summing up the net output of sectors of the national economy in comparable (constant) prices using price indices calculated in accordance with international practice based on the goods (services) provided. National income indices for long periods during which various comparable prices are calculated by the chain method, i.e. by multiplying growth rates calculated for certain periods on the basis of identical comparable prices.The yearbook, along with data on indices of national income produced, also provides data on indices of national income used for consumption and accumulation. each individual year, the total amount of consumption and accumulation (i.e., national income used for consumption and accumulation) in actual prevailing prices differs from national income as a result of the net production of sectors of material production (produced national income) by the amount of compensation for losses and foreign trade balance. When the national income used for consumption and accumulation is calculated over a number of years in comparable (constant) prices, then J this 687

In this case, the used national income will differ from the produced national income mainly due to the structure of the material composition, which changes differently over time. In this regard, when revalued in comparable (constant) prices, we obtain slightly different dynamics of used and produced national income. f Performance social labor calculated as the ratio of produced national income to the number of workers employed in sectors of material production. When comparing indices of social labor productivity with indices of labor productivity in individual sectors of material production, one should keep in mind: that, in contrast to the productivity of social labor, labor productivity in individual sectors of material production is calculated by gross output; The dynamics of social labor productivity are also influenced by changes in the structure of social production. Consumption of material goods and services by the population, calculated according to Soviet methodology, includes personal consumption of goods and products, as well as paid and unpaid paid services provided to the population by organizations and institutions of the non-productive sphere, as well as the state’s expenses for maintaining the housing stock in terms of what is not covered by low rents. State internal debt is the sum of all types of borrowed funds that the state, represented by the Union government and the governments of the republics, received from the population, enterprises, organizations and credit institutions for expenses and as of a certain date have not paid off their debt obligations. Profitability - characterizes the efficiency of materialized labor resources used in production or the efficiency of current production costs. Profitability is calculated as the ratio of profit to the average annual cost of production fixed assets and material assets. Depreciation deductions - deductions of part of the cost of means of labor to compensate for their wear and tear.Included in the costs of production and circulation in the amount of the cost of means of labor transferred to manufactured products during their service life. Depreciation deductions are made monthly by all self-supporting enterprises and organizations based on established standards and the book value of fixed assets on which depreciation is charged. Working capital - money invested in production working capital and circulation funds. Production working capital includes raw materials, materials, fuel, feed, seeds and other material assets, costs of work in progress and self-made semi-finished products, deferred expenses, low-value and wearable items. Circulation funds consist of the balances of unsold finished products, funds in settlements and cash. 688

Payments and benefits received by the population from public consumption funds include corresponding expenses of the state budget, state, cooperative enterprises and economic organizations, collective farms, trade unions and other public organizations. Payments and benefits include expenses for free training and advanced training, free medical care, expenses for the payment of pensions, benefits, scholarships to students, free discounted vouchers to sanatoriums and rest homes, expenses for maintaining the housing stock in the part not covered by apartment rent. "pay, expenses for annual payments, vacations of workers and some other payments and benefits. When determining the volume of these payments and benefits, expenses for education and other educational activities are taken without expenses for science, printing and art; expenses for all types of social cultural events are taken into account without expenses for capital investments; expenses for sanatorium and resort assistance are taken into account without the share that is partially paid by the population; expenses for preschool institutions and boarding schools - ^ without paying parents; payment for vacations is taken into account in the amount minus taxes paid. The distribution of the population into urban and rural is made according to place of residence, while urban settlements are considered to be settlements approved legislative acts republics as cities, urban-type settlements, workers' settlements, resort villages. All other settlements are rural. Life expectancy at birth is the number of years that, on average, those born in a given period will live if, throughout their lives, the mortality rate at each age remains the same as it was in the years of birth. Age-specific fertility rates characterize average level fertility rates of women in each age group. They are calculated as the quotient of the number of births per year to women of a given age group divided by the average annual number of women of this age, obtained from current estimates. When calculating the coefficient for the age group up to 20 years, the number of women aged 15-19 years was taken as the denominator. When calculating the coefficient for the age group 15-49 years, the numerator takes into account all births, including those born to mothers under 15 years of age and 50 years and older. The total fertility rate shows how many children on average one woman would give birth to over the course of throughout her life, while maintaining the existing birth rate at each age. This indicator does not depend on the age composition of the population and characterizes the average birth rate in a given calendar period. Age-specific mortality rates characterize the average mortality rate in each age group. They are calculated as the quotient of the number of deaths at this age per year

by the average annual number of persons of a given age, obtained from current estimates. Standardized indicators for individual diseases and major classes of causes of death are presented in order to exclude the influence of differences in the age structure of the population that make the usual indicators incomparable. In this case, the influence of differences in the age composition of patients from certain diseases, as well as those who died from different causes of death, is excluded. The population employed in the national economy includes workers and employees of state, cooperative and public enterprises, institutions and organizations; "collective farmers employed in the public economy of collective farms; collective farmers and family members of workers and employees of working age engaged in private farming; persons engaged in individual labor activities. Not included in the population employed in the national economy students of working age, part-time students and military personnel. The labor force refers to the part of the population capable of working. labor resources persons of working age are included, except for non-working disabled people of groups I and It, and non-working citizens receiving a pension on preferential terms; actually working teenagers and working people of retirement age. The tables on the average annual number of workers and employees provide data on average number employees, which takes into account employees on the payroll of enterprises, institutions and organizations, including those employees who were absent due to illness, on annual and additional leave. Some workers are not included in the average number, for example, women on maternity leave, women on additional leave for child care until he reaches the age of three years. By definition, staff turnover refers to the departure of at will, dismissal for absenteeism and other violations of labor discipline. The average monthly cash wage of workers and employees in the national economy and sectors of the national economy is determined by dividing the accrued wage fund and material incentive fund (except for one-time assistance), one-time and other bonuses not included in the wage fund and material incentive fund, by the average annual number of workers and employees. Benefits received by workers and employees from social insurance funds are not included in the wage fund and average wages. 890

Total family income is the sum of monetary and natural (in monetary value) income received by family members in the form of wages and other monetary payments from state, cooperative and rental enterprises and organizations, collective farms, income from personal subsidiary farming And entrepreneurial activity, receipts from government loans, dividends from shares, loans provided to the population and income from other sources, as well as payments and benefits from public consumption funds taken into account in the family budget: pensions, scholarships, benefits and various subsidies. Retail turnover of state and cooperative trade is defined as the volume of sales of goods to the population by a retail trade network, a public catering network, and also in addition to trading network directly by industrial and transport enterprises, etc.; in addition, retail trade turnover includes the sale by the trading network to organizations, institutions and enterprises of food products for feeding the contingents they serve (in sanatoriums, child care institutions, hospitals, etc.) and non-food products for their current economic needs. The volume of trade turnover reflects sales revenue goods (products) by public catering cooperatives, trade, trade and purchasing cooperatives, as well as goods manufactured in the course of individual labor activity and sold through a general distribution network. Consumer cooperative organizations purchase agricultural products from collective farmers at prices according to the agreement, accept products from collective farms on commission and then sell them to the population. This sale is also included in the total volume and structure of retail turnover for the relevant product groups. Sales indices of individual goods and product groups calculated at comparable prices, including the turnover of consumer cooperation for the sale of agricultural products purchased at prices as agreed. The index of retail prices of goods sold through state and cooperative trade for each year is determined by assessing the entire mass of goods sold to the population in the reporting year through retail trade; public catering and chain stores of co-op traders, at prices of the base and reporting periods. Retail price indices calculated up to 1988 (inclusive) reflected both changes in state list prices, carried out by law, and changes in the prices and volume of agricultural products sold at co-op prices. Starting from 1989, the index of retail prices of non-food products, and from the second half of 1990 - of food products, is calculated on the basis of registration of prices of representative goods (1030 types). Based on these observations of prices for goods in 159 regional (territorial), republican centers, summary indices of prices for goods are calculated by 691 enlarged groups. This index, along with changes in prices for comparable products, takes into account hidden price increases for new products, manifested in the setting of prices that do not correspond to changes in the consumer properties of products, the influence of contract prices, seasonal price fluctuations and other price-forming factors, as well as the influence of changes in the ratio of product sales volumes in state trade, cooperative stores, on the collective farm market, cooperatives and as a result of individual labor activities. Consumer Price Index Consumer Price Index is a relative indicator characterizing the change in the cost of the consumer basket of goods and services purchased by the population. It allows you to assess the actual dynamics of prices for a set of goods (services) - representatives for the population and measures the ratio of the cost of a quantitatively and qualitatively fixed consumer basket at the current moment to its cost in the base period and does not take into account the impact of changes in household income, quantity and structure of consumption. If a product is purchased not in a retail chain, but from a reseller, the consumer price index is determined based on the prices at which goods and services are actually purchased by the population. The consumer price index is calculated on the basis of individual indices of retail prices for consumer goods and tariffs for paid services to the population, calculated on the basis of monthly registration of prices and tariffs for a set of representative goods (services). The weights in constructing the consumer price index are the consumption structure of the base period, calculated on the basis of budget surveys of families. The index of retail prices and tariffs for consumer goods and paid services to the population is a relative indicator characterizing the change in the cost of a certain set of goods and services purchased by the average consumer. The index of retail prices and tariffs for consumer goods and paid services to the population is calculated on the basis of individual indices of retail prices for consumer goods and tariffs for paid services to the population, calculated on the basis of monthly registration of prices and tariffs for a set of goods (services) - representatives, weighted by the actual structure of retail turnover of the reporting period. The index of retail prices and tariffs characterizes the change in prices and tariffs for volume goods sold and services, and the consumer price index characterizes changes in prices and tariffs for the volume of goods and services purchased by the population. The volume of acquisition may differ from the volume of sales by the amount of the balance of export and import of goods by the population abroad, consumption by cooperatives and individuals engaged in self-employment, goods for production needs, small wholesale, etc. 692

The volume of sales on the collective farm non-village market includes the sale of agricultural products by collective farms, collective farmers and other groups of the population with subsidiary farming to workers, employees and organizations at prices agreed upon. The sale of goods by collective farms and collective farms to each other constitutes intra-village market turnover, which is not included in the turnover of the extra-village collective farm market. Unsatisfied demand (forced monetary savings) of the population characterizes part of the savings formed due to insufficient opportunities to sell them on the market for goods and services and through other channels. The amount of unsatisfied demand includes both a part of current income not realized due to a lack of goods and services, and a part of previously accumulated forced savings that turned into unsatisfied demand due to a decrease in the population’s propensity to save. The determination of unsatisfied demand is carried out using a macroeconometric model based on information on the dynamics of household income (without compulsory payments and voluntary contributions), cash savings (in the hands of the population, in deposits, certificates, shares, etc.), as well as various trade turnover and paid services. Paid services to the population include: domestic services, services of passenger transport, communications, housing and communal services, services for the maintenance of children in preschool institutions, tourist excursion and sanatorium-resort services, services of cultural institutions, health care, physical culture and port, legal services and Savings institutions Bank of the USSR, etc. The volume of sales of services by type in accordance with the current methodology includes: then household services ^ - all paid household services performed according to individual orders of the population for cash, as well as services on orders medical and preventive institutions, preschool institutions, orphanages, boarding schools, boarding schools and homes for the elderly and disabled; for passenger transport services - public transport services: railway (including subway), Jurassic, air, river and road; urban electric transport (tram, trolleybus); transport of ministries and departments engaged in the transportation of passengers; for Housing and communal services - amounts received from the population for an apartment, for accommodation in hostels, hotels, and other payments for various public utilities, (for the supply of electricity, gas, water supply, central heating, etc.); for health services - amounts received from the population for different kinds medical care and sanitary services provided by self-supporting health care institutions or their divisions; 693

for tourist and excursion services, cultural services, physical culture and sports, sanatorium-resort and health-improving services - amounts received from the population, as well as the amount of surcharges from trade union funds included in the price of the voucher, entrance ticket, subscription; = for communication services, for the maintenance of children in preschool institutions, legal services, institutions of the Savings Bank of the USSR, other services - amounts received from the population for services provided to them by these institutions, "Housing stock - a set of residential apartments and rooms with auxiliary premises, located both in residential buildings, So. and in non-residential buildings, but with residential premises (a doctor’s apartment at a hospital, a teacher’s apartment at a school1, etc.). The housing stock does not include dachas, summer garden houses, other buildings and premises intended for seasonal or temporary residence, regardless of the length of residence of citizens in them. Housing records are maintained according to four main forms of ownership: state housing stock - residential buildings owned by the state; public housing stock - residential buildings owned by collective farms and other cooperative organizations, their associations, trade unions and others public organizations; housing construction cooperative fund - owned by housing construction cooperatives; individual housing stock - privately owned by citizens. The total area of ​​residential buildings consists of living space and the area of ​​utility rooms. Utility (auxiliary) spaces include premises located inside apartments; kitchens, corridors, sanitary facilities, bathrooms and dressing rooms, pantries, built-in wardrobes. In dormitories, auxiliary (auxiliary) premises, "in addition to the above, include premises for cultural and social purposes and medical services. The area of ​​auxiliary (auxiliary) premises also includes covered apartment verandas, loggias, terraces and balconies with established reduction coefficients, if provided technically -economic indicators of residential projects, The total area of ​​residential buildings does not include the area of ​​lobbies, vestibules, landings, common corridors, as well as the area of ​​residential buildings intended for built-in and attached non-residential premises. Residential area is the area of ​​living rooms in residential buildings and premises: bedrooms, dining rooms, rooms for recreation and extracurricular activities in boarding schools, orphanages and dormitories educational institutions, in nursing homes; residential apartments consisting of one living room, which also serves as a kitchen; living rooms in non-residential buildings and indoors - in schools, hospitals, clinics, etc. ,.. . The living area does not include: the area of ​​kitchens, corridors, bathrooms, storage rooms and other auxiliary and utility rooms; area of ​​apartments and rooms, although intended 694

for living, but used for other purposes (offices, shops, pharmacies, child care facilities, etc.). Fresh water consumption is the volume of use of water taken from 43 different sources for household needs. This does not include recycled water consumption, as well as the reuse of waste and collector-drainage water. Recycling and consistent use of water - the amount of savings in fresh water intake through the use of recycling and recycling water consumption systems, including the use of waste and collector-drainage water. TO recycling use does not include water consumption in heating systems. Regulatory-treated wastewater - the volume of industrial and municipal wastewater that has been treated and discharged into water bodies does not lead to a violation of established standards for the quality of natural water resources. The total number of registered crimes in general and by certain species- identified and officially registered socially dangerous acts provided for by the criminal law. National wealth, taken into account in statistics at the present time, is the totality of accumulated maternal wealth created by the labor of people, which the Society has at its disposal at a given point in time. In accordance with the economic purpose, the elements of national wealth are divided into the following groups: production and non-productive fixed assets, material circulating assets, as well as personal property of the population. Fixed assets constitute the most important part of the country’s national wealth. Fixed assets include buildings, structures, transmission devices, machinery and equipment (working and power machines and equipment, measuring and regulating instruments and construction equipment, laboratory equipment, computer equipment), vehicles, tools, working and productive equipment and other types of fixed assets. Fixed assets, according to their purpose, are divided into production and non-production. Production fixed assets include labor and operating assets in the sphere of material production, which repeatedly participate in the production of material goods, [the latter, while retaining their natural form, wear out gradually and transfer their value to the created product in parts in the form of depreciation charges, Fixed assets that are not directly involved the production process are non-productive basic backgrounds. Funds of housing and communal services, organizations and institutions of health care, education, science, culture, art, credit institutions and government bodies are classified as production fixed assets, regardless of whether they are listed on the balance sheets of production or non-production enterprises and organizations. Fixed assets include fixed assets of state, cooperative and public enterprises and organizations; collective farms, as well as fixed assets owned by the population. The main assets of the population include residential buildings, outbuildings, perennial plantings, working and productive livestock. The dynamics of fixed assets is calculated in comparable prices at the end of the year. The renewal rate of production fixed assets is defined as the ratio of the cost of commissioning production fixed assets to their availability at the end of the year (excluding the cost of livestock). The retirement rate of production fixed assets is defined as the ratio of the value of liquidated production fixed assets to their availability at the beginning of the year (excluding the cost of livestock). The capital productivity of production fixed assets is calculated as the ratio of produced national income to the average annual value of production fixed assets (in comparable prices). Material intensity of national income (without depreciation) is calculated as the ratio of the costs of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy and other items of labor to the produced national income. The energy intensity of produced national income is understood as a general indicator characterizing the level of gross consumption of primary energy and its equivalents within the country per unit of produced national income. The metal intensity of produced national income is understood as a general indicator characterizing the level of metal costs to the final result of social reproduction, and is defined as the ratio of metal costs in natural units of measurement to the volume of national income produced. . The reported intersectoral balance of production and distribution of products (MOE) is an economic table that allows you to obtain a detailed description of the reproduction process. social product in terms of material composition and value (in actual prices) in a detailed sectoral breakdown. MOB -component Balance Sheet of the National Economy (BNH). The MOB represents a further development and detailing of the BNK and, first of all, its most important section - the consolidated material balance. . The MOB is compiled for “pure industries,” which represent the totality of production of products of certain groups. The MOB scheme is built in the form of a chess table, in which both the subject (rows) and the predicate (graphs) are highlighted in

the same sequence of branches of material production. Following the list of industries, the subject of the table contains articles that characterize individual elements of net production (wages, profits, turnover tax, etc.), and in the predicate - elements of the final use of products (non-productive disposal, accumulation, etc.). Each line represents the introductory material balance of the industry's products, which shows how the products of each industry are used for production consumption (by consumer industries), non-productive consumption, accumulation and other expenses. Each column shows the balance of the industry's products by value. In the yearbook, the MOB is presented in final consumption prices with the inclusion of trade, transport and procurement costs associated with the delivery of products to consumers, i.e. in the prices of actual consumption of products, in contrast to the prices of producer gels (without trade, transport and procurement costs). The number of specialists who carried out research, design, design and technological work included specialists with higher and secondary specialized education (including graduate students) who were directly involved in the implementation of scientific and technical work, as well as heads of scientific organizations and departments, carried out scientific and technical work. The number of specialists who performed research, design and technological work does not include managers and specialists of economic planning and financial departments, logistics departments, scientific and technical information bodies, scientific, scientific and technical and other special libraries, patent services, laboratory assistants who do not have higher and secondary education, accounting workers, personnel services, typists and HR- "." The total volume of production of industry as a whole and of individual industries is determined as the sum of data on the volume of production of individual industrial enterprises, recorded using the factory method. Products, industrial enterprise the cost of all finished products produced by the enterprise during the reporting period and semi-finished products sold externally (both from its own raw materials and materials, and from the customer’s raw materials and materials), as well as the cost of work performed of an industrial nature on orders from outside or non-industrial enterprises is considered and organizations of their enterprise. The cost of production is not included in the products of an industrial enterprise (with certain exceptions). own production, spent on industrial production needs within a given enterprise. 697

Indices of the total volume of industrial production compared to the previous year are calculated based on data on production in comparable periods, i.e. at the same prices, while the products are assessed at these prices directly at the enterprises. Indices for long periods during which different comparable prices were used are calculated using the chain method, that is, by multiplying the indices for individual periods during which comparable prices were used. Indices are calculated in the same order when changing the methodology for planning and accounting for products and changing organizational structure enterprises, Distribution of industrial products and* production of means of production (group “A”) and production of consumer goods (group “B”) is carried out in accordance with the actual use of products. At the same time, some types of products entirely belong to group “A” (machines, equipment, ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, mineral fertilizers, cellulose, etc.), other types of products entirely belong to group “B” (sewing and knitwear finished products, food fish products, bread and bakery products, household refrigerators, radios, furniture, etc.) A number of types of products used for production and non-production purposes (electricity, coal, finished fabrics, flour, meat, animal oil, etc.) , is distributed between group "A" and group "B" according to their actual use. The production of industrial products in physical terms is shown, as a rule, by gross output, that is, including products spent on industrial production needs within a given enterprises. Labor productivity indices in industry are determined by output in comparable prices per worker. When calculating indices for long periods, the method of chain indices is used. The indicator of change in costs per ruble of marketable products is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the difference between the actual costs per ruble of marketable products of a given year (in prices comparable to the previous year) and the costs per ruble of marketable products for the previous year to the costs per ruble of marketable products of the previous year. Capital productivity by industry sector is calculated based on the volume of products (work, services) in comparable wholesale prices enterprises and the average annual cost of production fixed assets in comparable prices. Depreciation of industrial and industrial fixed assets is defined as the ratio of depreciation charges accrued for renovation (restoration) to the original cost of fixed assets.

The level of production capacity utilization is determined based on the average annual capacity operating in the reporting period and production output, extraction or processing of raw materials during operating hours. For enterprises and facilities under development, the volume of production of products to be released is determined in accordance with the standards for the development of design capacities. Data on the production of consumer goods (in retail prices) includes: food and non-food consumer goods, including alcoholic beverages . General indicators for the agro-industrial complex are given according to the composition of industries determined by the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 14, 1985 “On further improvement of management of the agro-industrial complex.” The agro-industrial complex includes: agriculture and forestry, procurement of agricultural products, food industry, flour-milling-cereals and feed milling industry, rural construction, repair of agricultural machinery, primary processing of non-food agricultural raw materials, state and cooperative trade food products and catering. Enterprises and organizations producing means of production and other resources for the agricultural sector closely coordinate their work with the agro-industrial complex. Selected data characterizing the agro-industrial complex are presented in the collection, including these industries. The industries providing the agro-industrial complex with means of production include: tractor and agricultural engineering, production of technological equipment for the food, feed industry and for trade and public catering enterprises; production of mineral fertilizers, chemical plant protection products, agricultural tools, limestone and dolomite flour, peat extraction for agriculture, microbiological industry and some other industries. The given indicators for individual industries or groups of homogeneous industries of the agro-industrial complex are calculated according to the methodology of the corresponding industries. Indicators characterizing the agro-industrial complex in a generalized form were calculated according to the methodology adopted for the formation of corresponding indicators for the national economy as a whole. The volume of capital investments for the development of the agro-industrial complex (including industries that provide agriculture with means of production) includes costs: for the development of agriculture throughout the entire range of work, in the food, microbiological, fly-harm, cereal and feed industry, for the production of mineral fertilizers, for development tractor, agricultural and food engineering, trade, as well as capital investments of consumer cooperation and cooperative and individual housing construction for workers of agricultural enterprises.

The volume of capital investments for the development of agriculture for the entire range of works includes capital investments in agriculture, for the development of agricultural research institutions, as well as capital investments for the construction of enterprises for processing agricultural products, for the production of building materials and for the development of the production base of the construction industry contracting organizations serving agriculture for the construction of housing and cultural and community facilities for agricultural enterprises. . The remuneration of collective farmers includes total amount money and the cost of products determined to be issued to collective farmers for work in all sectors of the public economy. At the same time, for the purpose of comparability with indicators of wages of workers and employees, in-kind payments to collective farmers are valued at state retail prices. The average annual number of collective farmers employed in the public economy is determined by summing the number of all workers (able-bodied collective farmers, teenagers and elderly people, regardless of the number of days they worked) for all months of the reporting year and dividing the resulting amount by 12. The average annual number of state farm workers is determined by summing the average payroll number of employees for all months of the reporting year and dividing the resulting amount by 12. Monthly data is calculated by summing the number of employees on the list for all its calendar days, including holidays and weekends, and dividing the resulting amount by the number of calendar days of the month. Number temporary workers recruited for agricultural work from among pensioners, housewives, students working on certain days, is calculated by dividing the number of man-days worked by them by the number of working days in a month. Labor productivity in public agriculture is calculated: annual - by dividing agricultural products in monetary terms (in comparable prices) by the average annual number of workers employed in agriculture, hourly - by dividing agricultural products in monetary terms (in comparable prices) by the number man-hours worked in agriculture per year. Direct labor costs in man-hours for the production of 1 centner of agricultural products on collective and state farms include the costs (excluding general production and general economic costs) of able-bodied, adolescents and elderly people employed directly in the production of this type of product. 700

Agricultural products in monetary value at comparable prices are defined as the sum of crop and livestock products. Comparable prices were obtained as the weighted average prices of the commodity and non-commodity parts of agricultural products. The commodity part of the products is valued according to actual sales: sales of products to the state by collective farms, so-farms, inter-farm and other production agricultural enterprises and the population - at state procurement prices, sales by collective farms and the population on the market - at prices collective farm market. The non-commodity part of the products on collective farms, state farms, inter-farm and other production agricultural enterprises is valued at cost price. On household farms, the non-commodity part of the products, spent for personal consumption and in agricultural production, is valued at average commodity prices. In Currently, the USSR average prices of 1983 have been taken as comparable prices. From 1975 to 1985, the volume and indices of agricultural production were determined in 1973 prices, since 1986 - in 1983 prices. The volume of crop production is determined the size of the sludge collection of agricultural crops, which is estimated at comparable prices. In addition, to the cost of the gross collection i given year the increase (or deduction) of the cost of work in progress in crop production for the year is added, as well as the cost of growing young perennial plantings. Work in progress in crop production is characterized by expenses for sowing winter crops and preparing the soil for spring crops, made in a given year for the harvest of the future year. The cost of growing young perennial plantings includes the cost of establishing and growing perennial plantings to fruiting age. The volume of livestock production is determined by the size of the produced offspring and the increase in young animals raised per year, the weight gain of adult livestock obtained as a result of fattening, as well as the amount of milk, wool, eggs and other livestock products obtained in the process of economic use of livestock and poultry and not related to their slaughter. The volume of livestock production is determined in monetary terms at comparable prices. Meat production includes meat of all types of livestock and poultry, raw kir, and food by-products. Data are provided for both industrial and on-farm slaughter of livestock and poultry. Milk production is characterized by actual milk yield<оровьим, овечьим, козьим, верблюжьим, кобыльим молоком, независимо от того, было ли оно реализовано или часть его потреблена з хозяйстве на выпойку телят и поросят. Молоко, высосанное теля- 701

Tami, when kept under suckling, is not included in the production and is not taken into account when determining the average milk yield from one cow.

Wool production includes all actually sheared sheep, goat, camel wool and goat down, regardless of whether it was sold or used for on-farm needs. Wool obtained from sheepskins during industrial processing into leather (the so-called “sour wool”) is not included in the products. The wool weight is shown physically (i.e. the weight of unwashed wool), immediately after shearing the sheep. Egg production includes their collection during the year from all types of poultry, including eggs used for poultry reproduction (incubation, etc.). Government purchases of agricultural products constitute the bulk of marketable agricultural products. The volume of government procurement takes into account all products sold to the state by collective farms, state farms and other industrial agricultural enterprises and the population. Livestock sold after fattening in interfarm organizations is included in the volume of livestock sales to the state by collective and state farms. Data on purchases of grain, sugar beets, oilseeds, flax fiber, hemp, tobacco, shag, potatoes, milk are given in the credit weight, that is, in the weight taking into account premiums or discounts for deviations in the quality of products from the established standard. Data on purchases of livestock and poultry are given both in the weight of live livestock and poultry, and in terms of slaughter weight, which is calculated based on the meat yield coefficients for the slaughter of livestock and poultry in industry. The forest fund area is the part of the territory of the USSR occupied by forests, as well as not occupied by them, but intended for the needs of forestry. The forest fund includes forest area, i.e., territory covered with forest (actually occupied by tree species forming plantations) and not covered with forest, but intended for forest growing (burnt areas, clearings, wastelands, clearings, open areas, areas of dead plantings). In addition, the forest fund includes non-forest areas: agricultural lands (arable lands, hayfields, pastures), areas special purpose(roads, clearings, ditches, estates, etc.), as well as areas of swamps, sands, ravines, steep slopes and other territories. 702

Forest management is a system of measures, including the determination of boundaries, division of the forest into divisions and areas of forest plantations, groups, categories of protection (water protection, protective, sanitary and hygienic and recreational, etc.); forest inventory (forest area and timber stock); determination of the size of annual forest use (calculated cutting area), reforestation, etc. The inclusion of young plantations in the category of valuable (highly productive) forest plantations is determined based on the area classified as valuable tree plantations, grown forest crops (planting and sowing) and young stands, as a result of measures to promote natural reforestation, reconstruction of low-value plantings and thinning. Capital investments include costs for new construction, reconstruction, expansion and technical re-equipment of existing industrial, agricultural, transport, trade and other enterprises, costs for housing, utilities and cultural and community construction. Capital investments include costs for construction works all types; equipment installation costs; for the purchase of equipment that requires and does not require installation, provided for in construction estimates; for the purchase production tool and household equipment included in construction estimates; for the purchase of machinery and equipment not included in construction estimates; for other capital works and expenses. Capital investments do not include the costs of drilling and geological exploration carried out using estimates of operating funds from the state budget or funds from core activities, for the acquisition and formation of the main herd; costs for the purchase of equipment and inventory for government operating institutions (schools, hospitals, preschool institutions), carried out through allocations from the budget, as well as for major repairs of buildings and structures, equipment, vehicles and other fixed assets. Capital investments by sectors of the national economy: industry, agriculture, forestry, construction, transport, communications, trade and catering, logistics and sales, procurement, information and computing services are shown only by object industrial purposes; capital investments in housing, utilities, cultural amenities and other non-productive 703

Industrial construction is not included in these industries, but is reflected in the corresponding non-manufacturing industries. For the main national economic complexes, data are presented according to the composition of industries. From the total total of capital investments in industry, capital investments are allocated for the construction of new ones, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment and maintenance of the capacities of existing enterprises and other production facilities intended for the production of industrial goods (group “A”) and for the production of consumer goods ( group "B") Capital investments in industry in group “A” include costs for the construction of new ones, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment and maintenance of the capacity of existing enterprises and other production facilities^ as well as costs for the purchase of equipment, tools and household implements of the entire mining and manufacturing industry, for with the exception of enterprises engaged in the production of consumer goods. Capital investments in industry in group “B” include costs for the construction of new, reconstruction, expansion and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, including costs for the purchase of equipment, tools and household equipment for the manufacturing industry, ensuring the production of consumer goods (clothing, footwear, food , furniture, etc.). Some enterprises produce products used as means of production and as consumer goods. In this case, the distribution of capital investments in industry into group “A” and group “B” is made depending on the predominant purpose of the products of these enterprises. Capital investments of collective farms include costs incurred by all collective farms (including fishing farms) and inter-farm enterprises. Capital investments of the population include the costs of constructing their own residential buildings with the necessary buildings and utility rooms. The commissioning of fixed assets indicator includes the cost of completed and commissioned enterprises, buildings and structures of production and non-production 704

water destinations; cost of commissioned equipment of all types (requiring and not requiring installation); stand, most tools, equipment and other items included in fixed assets; the cost of irrigation and drainage work; cost of completed drilling and commissioning of oil and gas production wells, I also have exploration wells with the required oil and gas flow rates transferred for operation; Capital costs for land improvement and other costs associated with an increase in the value of fixed assets. Labor productivity in construction is determined by the volume of construction and installation work at an estimated cost per employee engaged in construction and installation work and in ancillary production (construction and production personnel) listed on the balance sheet - construction organizations. Labor productivity indices for long periods are calculated using the chain method, that is, by multiplying rates. The average annual number of workers employed in construction "organizations" includes the number of employees of all "contractor construction organizations, as well as enterprises and organizations performing construction and installation work in an economic way, the coefficient of renewal of production basic backgrounds. The value of construction assets1 is defined as the ratio of the cost of commissioned production fixed assets "for construction purposes" to their value at the end of the year. " "> The retirement rate of production fixed assets for construction purposes is defined as the ratio of the value of liquidated production fixed assets for construction purposes to their availability at the beginning of the year. Depreciation of production fixed assets for construction purposes is defined as the ratio of the amount of accrued depreciation to the original the cost of production fixed assets for construction purposes at the end of the year. "Transport of the national economy includes transport of general and non- common use. Public transport transports any cargo and any passengers, and non-public transport transports not any cargo, but only cargo and passengers of its enterprise and its ministry or department. - Dispatch of cargo in tons is calculated as the mass (weight) of all shipments of cargo, including packaging, accepted for transportation by transport. Freight turnover in ToshkomsshkAgetry represents the mileage of cargo and is defined as the sum of the products of the weight of each shipment (dispatch) of transported cargo in tons by the distance of its transportation in kilometers.

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