Presentation on the topic "Stonehenge". Presentation on the topic "Stonehenge" Presentation on the topic Stonehenge
Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
vocational education
"Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering"
(NNGASU)
Art
Ancient world.
Stonehenge
Student: Arutyunova K.B. gr.DG1.11
2012
stone megalithic
building (cromlech)
on Salisbury Plain
in Wiltshire (England)
Cromlech is an ancient structure consisting of several erected
vertically into the ground of treated or untreated oblong
stones forming one or more concentric circles. Stonehenge is
complex of stone blocks,
bounded by an earthen ditch.
Along the edges of the ditch there are two
earthen ramparts - internal and external.
The latter, in fact, is
border of this entire complex. 1 - Altar Stone, a six-ton monolith of green mica sandstone from Wales
2-3 - mounds without graves
4 - fallen stone 4.9 meters long (Slaughter Stone - scaffold)
5 - Heel Stone
6 - two of the originally four vertically standing stones (on the plan of the early 19th century their position
stated otherwise)
7 - ditch (ditch)
8 - internal shaft
9 - external shaft
10th Avenue, that is, a parallel pair
ditches and ramparts leading 3 km to the river
Avon (en:River Avon, Hampshire);
now these shafts are barely visible
11 - ring of 30 pits, so-called. Y wells;
in the 1930s the holes were marked
round columns, which are now
removed
12 - ring of 30 pits, so-called. Z holes
13 - circle of 56 holes, known as holes
Aubrey holes
14 - small southern entrance
Stones concentrated in the center
Stonehenge, indicated on the plan
color: gray - for boulders
sandstone (sarsen) and blue - for
stones imported from afar, mainly
in the image of blue stones. The outer circle, at one time,
consisted of 30 vertically standing
grayish stones. Height of each
of which 4.1 meters, width 2.1 meters,
the weight of one stone is approximately 25 tons.
These multi-ton blocks were
laid stone horizontal
ceilings Each of them rested
on two vertical stones, in
whose flat tops were
special protrusions are made
20 centimeters high.
Within this circle stood five sarsen trilithons,
forming a horseshoe open towards the avenue. Their huge
the stones weigh up to 50 tons each. Triliths are arranged
symmetrical: the smallest pair of trilithons was 6 m
tall, the next pair is slightly taller, and the most
the only central trilith was large
7.3 m high. By the 19th century, only two had survived
trilith from the southeast and one strongly bent support
central trilith. In the first half of the 20th century
one trilith from the north-west was recovered and
the support of the central trilith was straightened than it was
The view of the complex from the north-west has been completely changed. The so-called avenue departs from Stonehenge - it stretches towards the river
Avon parallel pair of ditches. The ditches, on both sides, are limited by ramparts and have
length is about 3 kilometers.
All this is barely visible on the ground, but apparently it once looked large and
majestically.
Maybe Stonehenge was a powerful energy generator. This is indirectly indicated by
at least an alley leading straight to the river. After all, water is the basis of everything, and it is thanks to it that today we produce
electricity. There is no clear answer here. Modern man knows too little about ancient civilizations and the ways
which they used to obtain the energy necessary for normal life. Stonehenge before and after restoration. View from the northwest
End of the 19th century.
Beginning of the 19th century.
1911
2004 Dating of Stonehenge
The first researchers associated the construction
Stonehenge with Druids. The excavations, however,
pushed back the creation of Stonehenge to
New Stone and Bronze Ages.
Modern dating of elements
Stonehenge is based on radiocarbon dating
method. Currently there are
the following phases:
Phase 1 - construction of the main ditch and ramparts
(Windmill Hill culture). It was in the ditch
a significant number of deer antlers were found from
signs of wear. Because below these horns
no silt was found, it was stated
assumption that the ditch was dug soon
after killing the deer. Last thing
the event was radiocarbon dated
method 3020-2910 BC. e.
Phase 2 - secondary filling of the ditch,
wooden structures and Aubrey holes.
Phase 3 - funeral cut into the top
secondary filling of the ditch, construction
stone rings made of sandstone and blue
stones, avenues and holes Y and Z (Wessex
culture). Material for dating boulders
sarsen, available in very limited quantities
quantity, indicates 2440-2100 BC. e. Purpose of Stonehenge
Legends connected the construction of Stonehenge with
named after Merlin. In the middle of the 17th century, English
architect Inigo Jones put forward the version that
Stonehenge was built by the ancient Romans. Some
Middle Ages scientists believed that Stonehenge
built by the Swiss or Germans. At the beginning of the XIX
century, the version about Stonehenge as a
Druid sanctuary. Some thought it was
tomb of Boadicea - the pagan queen.
Even the authors of the 18th century noticed that the situation
stones can be linked to astronomical
phenomena. The most famous modern
an attempt to interpret Stonehenge as
grand stone age observatory
belongs to J. Hawkins and J. White. Scientific
it has no confirmation.
It is also often claimed that Stonehenge
used for burials. Indeed, on
burials were found on the territory of the monument, but
they were produced much later than they were built
Stonehenge. For example, a skeleton was found in a ditch
young man, dated by
radiocarbon method 780-410 BC. e.
According to news agencies,
professor of archeology from the City University
Sheffield's Mike Parker Person, who
leads the Stonehenge Riverside project
Archaeological Project, noted that in its opinion
Stonehenge from its very beginnings
and until it flourished in the third millennium BC
was considered by the inhabitants of England as
area for burying the dead. Literature
Brown P. Stonehenge. Mysteries of megaliths / Trans. from English - M.: JSC
Tsentrpoligraf, 2010.
Wood J. The Sun, the Moon and Ancient Stones / Transl. from English - M.: Mir, 1981.
Hawkins J., White J. Solving the mystery of Stonehenge / Trans. from English - M.: Mir,
1973, 1984. - M.: Veche, 2004.
Hawkins J. From Stonehenge to the Incas / Trans. from English - M.: Veche, 2004.
Burl A. The Stonehenge People. - London: Guild Publishing, 1987.
Stonehenge (English: Stonehenge, lit. “stone henge”) is a megalithic structure in Wiltshire, England, which is a complex of ring and horseshoe-shaped earthen and stone structures. It is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world.
Stonehenge was built at the turn of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Moreover, the creation of this amazing magical place took place in several stages. The first occurs around 3100 BC. It was then that a ditch and an internal earthen rampart were created in the form of a circle, with a diameter of 115 m, a width of 2.5 m and a height of 5080 cm. Almost a thousand years later, the “construction” of what would become the main foundation of Stonehenge began. 80 large stones were delivered to Salisbury Plain. They were installed inside the ditch in two concentric circles on the outer and inner sides of the semi-ellipse of triplets. A few more centuries later, a ring of thirty huge sandstone monoliths, 31 m in diameter, was erected. True, at present only 17 of them remain standing. Around 1800 BC, Stonehenge was again “reconstructed” and had already acquired the appearance we are familiar with.
The plan highlights: 1 Altar Stone, a six-ton monolith of green mica sandstone from Wales 2-3 Mounds without graves 4 Fallen Stone 4.9 meters long (Slaughter Stone scaffold) 5 Heel Stone 6 Two of the original four standing upright stones 7 Ditch (ditch) 8 Inner rampart 9 Outer rampart 10 Avenue, that is, a parallel pair of ditches and ramparts leading 3 km to the River Avon; now these shafts are barely visible 11, 12 Rings of 30 holes 13 Circle of 56 holes, known as Aubrey holes 14 Small southern entrance
It is difficult to establish the true purpose of Stonehenge since there are no inscriptions, marks, or anything at all on the ancient stones. One of the most common scientific theories about the purpose of Stonehenge says that it was most likely an ancient astronomical observatory, thanks to which priests could calculate lunar and solar days, mark the dates of important holidays, and so on.
Professor J. Mitchell, having carried out a computer analysis of Stonehenge and tried to restore the original appearance of Stonehenge using modern digital technologies, concluded that it is, no more and no less, an accurate cross-sectional model of the solar system. At the same time, ancient astronomers proceeded from the fact that there are not nine, but twelve planets in the solar system, two of which are located beyond the orbit of Pluto. And the third planet posed even more mysteries for the scientist, because it was supposed to be between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, and in this place there is an asteroid belt.
It is also often claimed that Stonehenge was used for burials. After excavations, scientists came to the conclusion that in total about 240 people were buried in Stonehenge, who were cremated before burial. At the same time, archaeologists believe that most likely representatives of the local elite or the ruling dynasty were buried here.
The English writer and historian Tom Brooks, as a result of his many years of research, concluded that Stonehenge was part of a giant navigation system consisting of isosceles triangles, the top of each of which pointed to the next point
Back in the 20s of the last century, the famous geologist X. Thomas established. that the stones for the construction of the complex were delivered from quarries. which were located more than 300 kilometers from the construction site! Needless to say, transporting the giant stone blocks required incredible effort.
Thanks for watching. Sites that served as sources of material for the presentation:
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Stonehenge
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In southern England on Salisbury Plain there are the remains of an ancient stone temple. The stones form a composition of vertically installed menhirs, forming a circle with a diameter of 29.6 meters. This circle of stones is connected on top by horizontally lying flat stones.
This ancient structure is located in England. Now archaeologists agree that this architectural monument was erected in three stages between 3500 and 1100. BC.
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Stages of construction of Stonehenge.
At the beginning (3100-2800 BC) a ring ditch was made with two embankments, open from the northeast. Before the entrance to the ring, four holes were dug, the purpose of which is unknown. Two more holes were made on the lintel of the ends of the inner embankment. The heel stone - the first stone of Stonehenge - is dug 30 meters from the ring to the southeast of the entrance axis. 56 holes were dug inside the ring, forming a closed circle.
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The final stage began around 2100 BC. Near the center, a “horseshoe” of five “trilithons” (groups of two vertical and horizontal stones installed in the shape of the letter “P”) was built. The trilithons are surrounded by a ring of 30 vertically standing stones, covered with horizontal ones. The axis of the “horseshoe” coincides with the main axis of the complex. Triliths have a height of 6.6.5 and 7.2 m.
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In the very heart of Stonehenge, a six-ton monolith made of green mica sandstone was erected - the so-called “Altar”. In addition, the northeast entrance was moved slightly to the side and widened so that it looked directly at the sunrise on the summer solstice.
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Russian Stonehenge. Mount Vottovaara.
In the early 90s, on the northwestern coast of Lake Onega, a Neolithic sanctuary was opened, called Pegrema, which included zoomorphic idols, sandstone disks, etc., which testified to the development of the religious-magical cult and deep skills in stone processing from our distant ancestors.
In 1993, the now widely known, but still insufficiently studied, ancient pagan complex was discovered on Mount Vottovaara, in the Muezersky district.
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At the top of Vottovaara, on an area of about 6 km, there are huge rectangular stones, amazing structures made of stones in the form of a regular circle, called cromlechs by archaeologists, and about 1600 seid stones, laid in some mysterious order.
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1 slide (beginning)
We, students of grade 6A - Denis Grechko, Daria Guida, Makar Kostyuchenko and Anastasia Frolova, present to you the project - “The Secrets of Stonehenge”.
2 slide In the very center of Europe there is a stone mystery - the gigantic structure of Stonehenge.It is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world.
3 slide The purpose of our project: to study the history of the origin and legends associated with the monument of historical heritage.
4 slide The tasks that we solved during our work were the following:
1. Get acquainted with the history of the creation of Stonehenge.
2. Study of various legends about Stonehenge.
3. Summarize and systematize the information received.
4. Prepare a presentation
5 slide We learned that StonehengeCRY is located approximately 130 km southwest of London.
6 slide The modern name of the monument was given by the Saxon conquerors of Britain - it comes from the wordsstan ( stone-stone) andhange ( hinge- rod or fence) this is not the only translation, here are several more: blue stones, hanging stones. The ancient British called it the Dance of the Giants or the Round Dance of the Giants.
See what Stonehenge looks like today.
7 slide Film fragment
8 slide Stonehenge is a structure consisting of vertically installed large megalith stones located along several circular perimeters.
Slide 9 About 40 stones form a circle with a diameter of 33 m, their height is just over 4 meters, and their weight is 25 tons. On top of them are placed lintel stones more than 3 m long, so that the tops of the lintels are at a height of just under 5 meters above ground level.
10 slide During the construction of Stonehenge, two types of stones were used: strong boulders from which trilites were formed, and smaller dolerites. Famous scientists have established that the stones for the construction of Stonehenge were delivered from quarries that were located more than 300 km from the construction site.
11 slide Stonehenge is called a “stone mystery” because scientists and archaeologists still cannot answer the questions of who and why erected this monument on the territory of modern England. It was considered a palace, a temple, a tombstone, a defensive structure, and even a special device for hunting wild animals. There are more than 200 versions. We will present to your attention the 4 most popular ones.
Makar Kostyuchenko will talk about the first two.Slide 12
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Version one.
Slide 13 It first appeared in 1136 and says that the construction of the megalith was associated with the name of the legendary British wizard Merlin.He moved Stonehenge from the land near the Dnieper rapids to the meadows of England. In its new location, the granite structure froze in its grandeur.
Slide 14 The mighty Merlin was the mentor and advisor of King Arthur -legendary leader of the Britons in the 5th-6th centuries. Thus, according to this legend, King Arthur and (Slide 15) his Knights of the Round Table used Stonehenge for their meetings.
Slide 16 Apparently the largest trilith was the image of King Arthur himself, and the rest of the knights were imprinted in blocks of stone, inextricably connected by powerful ceilings. The entire complex was an image of a knightly brotherhood, bound by bonds of honor and friendship.Slide 17
Slide 18 The next version says that Stonehenge is the tomb of a woman named Boadicea or Boudicca.This woman was the wife of the leader of the Iceni tribe. The Iceni were one of the tribes of the Britons (Celts) who inhabited the southeastern region of Britain during Roman rule.
Slide 19 The Iceni leader led a war against Rome, but was killed. His wife continued his work. But in a fierce battle the Iceni were defeated.
The warlike and courageous woman did not want to surrender to the Romans. She took poison. This tragic fact happened in 61 AD.
Slide 20 Boudicca has become a symbol of Britain; a monument to this fearless woman has been erected in the center of London.
Slide 21 Boudicca's funeral was a luxurious spectacle. She was accompanied on her last journey by the Romans, the Iceni, and other tribes of the Britons. It is unknown where her body was buried. Hence the legend that tells that especially for the fearless woman, as a sign of respect for her, the Romans built an extensive stone burial - Stonehenge.
The next version will be presented by Denis Grechko.Slide 22
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Slide 23 The next version is more like a legend.In the 19th century, it was decided that this was the place of power of the Druids.Druids worshiped the spirits of nature, were considered soothsayers and were carriers of ancient knowledge among the Celtic tribes. Theyalso served as judges, practiced healing and astronomy.The Druids passed on information from the past orally, from generation to generation, in the form of poems or tales. These were talented and creative people.
Slide 24 In modern times they can be called the intelligentsia of the Celtic peoples. It was they who supposedly built Stonehenge. It was their sanctuary, serving as a gathering place for this intellectual creative elite.
Slide 25 Here the Druids performedserious rituals, combining their communal forces with the forces of nature - the megalith was believed to be located at the intersection of energy lines.
Slide 26 All these legends - about the Wizard Merlin, Boudicca and the Druids, most likely, have nothing to do with reality.CRY Using radiocarbon dating, scientists were able to prove that Stonehenge was built when neither the Druids nor Merlin existed.
Slide 27 Excavations were carried out on the territory of Stonehenge and the burial of about 240 people was found, who were cremated before burial. At the same time, archaeologists believe that most likely representatives of the local elite or the ruling dynasty were buried here.
Slide 28 Scientists have determined the age of the bones found. The largest portion of the remains date back to 2570 BC, and the first portion of ashes that were discovered in the oldest part of Stonehenge was dated to 3030 BC.
I give the floor to Nastya, she will tell you about another very common version about Stonehenge.Slide 29
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Slide 30 There is also speculation that Stonehenge was a place for astronomical observations by ancient people: the location of the stones is tied to the apparent annual movement of the Sun. In different months, the star closest to our planet shines through different intervals between the stones, and on the day of the summer solstice, the sun rises over the so-called Heel Stone, placed outside the large circle of the structure.
And only thanks to the many years of work of the English professor and astronomerGerald Hawkins , who used the latest electronic computing technology in his research, managed to prove that Stonehenge was the largest megalithic observatory of ancient civilizations, by the position of the megaliths of which solar and lunar eclipses, winter and summer solstice days, etc. were determined.
In 1998, astronomers recreated the original appearance of Stonehenge using a computer and conducted various studies. Their findings were shocking to many.
It turns out that this ancient monolith is not only a solar and lunar calendar, as previously thought, but also representsan accurate cross-sectional model of the solar system. According to this model, the solar system consists not of nine, but oftwelveplanets, two of which are beyond the orbit of Pluto, and another one is between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where the asteroid belt is now located. In principle, this model confirms the assumptions of modern astronomical science and is fully consistent with the ideas of many ancient peoples, who also believed that the number of planets in our solar system was twelve.
CRY
Daria We have done a lot of work on the project on the theme “Stonehenge”.
Denis The result of our work is as follows: modern people reliablyonly age is known this colossal building.
Nastya Butby whom and for what purpose Stonehenge was built and remains an unsolved mystery.cry
Makar The famous English artist John Constable painted the painting “Stonehenge”. His
