Presentation "The Origin of Birds". External structure of birds

Presentation for the lesson “Birds” Compiled by biology teacher Popova Natalya Stepanovna archeopteryx Passenger pigeon Class Birds Birds are a class of highly developed warm-blooded vertebrates, the forelimbs of which, during evolution, turned into wings. External structure External structure The body of a bird consists of a head, neck, torso, fore and hind limbs and tail. The head contains the oral cavity and sensory organs. The jaws end in horny coverings that form a beak. Internal structure The internal organs of birds have a complex structure, resulting in a new level of development: - high and constant body temperature, independent of the external environment; - a four-chambered heart, in which there is a complete separation of arterial and venous blood; - fusion of many bones, presence of a tarsus; - presence of air bags; - higher level of development of the central nervous system. Group 1 Group 2 Mating games seagulls geese Mating games koshenka Mating games Great crested warblers Habitat Birds are an ecologically successful group of animals that have “captured” the air elements from the Arctic to Antarctica, from sea level to the highlands. Bird protection Recently, the numbers of many bird species have been declining. This is due to environmental changes (atmospheric pollution, massive deforestation, the appearance of human-introduced predators in bird habitats, etc.) and hunting. Over the past four centuries, about 90 species of birds have become extinct, many others were listed in the Red Book. To increase the number of birds and attract them to cities, favorable conditions for their habitat are created: birdhouses are hung, winter feeding is carried out. During the breeding season, hunting of many wild birds is prohibited. In recent years, people have started thinking about nature conservation. June 5 is recognized as WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL DAY. But ornithologists alone, with all their desire, cannot cope with the problem of bird conservation. Of course, many security measures can only be carried out by specialists. And there are so many things that each of us can do! Birds are extremely responsive to any help. Remember the main rule: even if you can’t help, it’s always in your power not to interfere, and that’s not enough! It is very important that birds, such beautiful creatures, tireless workers, full of attractive secrets, live happily on our planet! After all, where it’s bad for our neighbors on the planet, it’s bad for us ourselves. Don’t ruin the bird’s nest, - The bird is so happy in its home! She is calm in the nest even when the storm is angry over the grove. Don't ruin the bird's nest! THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Used media resources pictures http://www.google.com.ua/search?q=%D 0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0% B8%D0%BD%D0% BA%D0%B8+%D0%B F%.

Archeopteryx In 1861, as controversy surrounding Charles Darwin's new theory of evolution by natural selection reached its height, the fossilized skeleton of Archeopteryx was found. This feathered fossil was classified as the first bird, although it still retained some reptilian features. The connection between Archeopteryx and reptiles became even more clear when a small bipedal dinosaur, Compsognathus, which walked only on its hind limbs, was discovered ten years later in the same limestones. Compsognathus, one of the smallest carnivorous dinosaurs, was very similar to Archeopteryx, although it did not have feathers.

Archeopteryx was a medium-sized bird, about the size of a magpie. Its length from the muzzle to the tip of its long tail was about 50 cm; standing it reached 25 cm in height. The bird's eyes were large, the visual lobes of the brain were well developed. This means that the main sense for Archeopteryx was vision. The beak-like jaws were lined with sharp, widely spaced teeth, and each of the three long fingers on the forelimbs ended in a curved claw. The hind limbs were typically avian, with the outer toe pointing backwards.

Archeopteryx The foramen magnum, which connects the cranial cavity with the vertebral canal, is located behind the skull in Archeopteryx, similar to the position in dinosaurs, while in modern birds it is displaced to the bottom of the skull. The cervical vertebrae of Archeopteryx are biconcave at the front and back, like those of dinosaurs.

Archeopteryx The sacral vertebrae of Archeopteryx did not fuse with each other, whereas in modern birds the lumbar, sacral and part of the caudal vertebrae are fused into a single bone - a complex sacrum. The sacral spine of Archeopteryx consists of 5 vertebrae, which is comparable to the number of sacral vertebrae of dinosaurs. The sacral spine of modern birds includes 1 vertebra, which is part of the complex sacrum. The unfused caudal vertebrae of Archeopteryx formed a long bony tail.

Archeopteryx Like modern birds and dinosaurs, the clavicles of Archeopteryx fused to form a furcula. The bones of the pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium and pubis) in Archeopteryx did not fuse into a single bone, unlike the condition in modern birds. Archeopteryx lacks a keel.

Archeopteryx Archeopteryx had flight feathers, tail feathers (functionally important for flight), and contour feathers covering the body. The flight and tail feathers of Archeopteryx correspond in structural structure to the elements of bird feathers (feather shaft, first-order barbules and second-order barbules, with hooks extending from them). The flight feathers of Archeopteryx are characterized by the asymmetry of the webs, which is typical of modern birds capable of flight. The tail feathers were less asymmetrical

Archeopteryx Traditionally, Archeopteryx was thought to be a tree climber and glider from tree to tree in search of food. Over time, gliding developed into full-fledged flight on wings. But, as studies have shown, birds descended from small running predatory dinosaurs, so the first flights occurred when they took off from the ground while running. Moreover, there were not many tall trees growing around the lagoon where the birds lived, so it cannot be said that there were ideal conditions for planning there. On the other hand, the asymmetrical arrangement of the main flight feathers shows that Archeopteryx undoubtedly knew how to fly. In flightless birds, feathers are arranged differently.

The discovery of the first Archeopteryx fossils in 1860 shocked the scientific world. For the first time, a person saw a creature resembling a half-bird, half-reptile.

   Squad - Extinct birds
   Family - First Birds
   Genus/Species - Archaeopteryx lithofraphica

Basic data:
DIMENSIONS
Length: 35 cm.
Weight: about 300-400 g.

REPRODUCTION
Nesting period: most likely throughout the year.
Incubation period: modern birds of the same size incubate eggs for about 4 weeks.

LIFESTYLE
Habitat: tropical jungle.
Food: possibly insects, mainly Coleoptera and grandmas.
Habits: lived on the ground, possibly in trees, flew poorly or did not fly at all.

CLASSIFICATION
Class: Birds.
Subclass: Lizardtails.
Squad: Extinct birds.
Genus/Species: Archaeopteryx lithographica.

Archeopteryx lived 150,000,000 years ago. He is the oldest animal, most reminiscent of modern birds. Fossils of this early bird show that its body was covered with feathers and its long legs were similar to those of a bird.

FOOD

The large jaws of Archeopteryx were lined with numerous sharp teeth. They were not designed for grinding plant food. But Archeopteryx could not have been predators, since most animals of that period were very large and could not be prey for them. The main diet of Archeopteryx most likely consisted of insects. During the Mesozoic era, there were many insects that they could feed on. Most likely, Archeopteryx knocked down dragonflies with their wings or, with the help of their long legs, collected Coleoptera and other insects on the ground.

LIFESTYLE

Archeopteryx had fused collarbones and a body covered with feathers. It is believed that he could, if not fly, then at least glide. It is likely that he ran along the ground on his long legs until the rising air current picked him up.
The plumage of Archeopteryx was more likely to help maintain temperature than to fly. The wings could serve as nets for catching insects. It is believed that Archeopteryx could climb trees using the claws on its wings. He spent most of his life in the trees.

REPRODUCTION

The body of Archeopteryx was covered with a thick layer of feathers. There is no doubt that Archeopteryx was a warm-blooded animal. So the researchers suggest that it, like modern birds, incubated eggs, unlike its closest relatives, the Coelurosauria dinosaurs, which probably did not.
Archeopteryx most likely laid eggs in its nests, which it placed on rocks and trees to protect them and the chicks from predators. The babies that hatched from dinosaur eggs were immediately able to fend for themselves. They looked like their parents, only smaller. Scientists believe that Archeopteryx chicks, like the offspring of modern birds, were born without feathers. Consequently, in the first weeks of life they were probably not independent and required parental care. This means that Archiopteryx must have had some form of parental instinct, including providing the chicks with food.

NATURAL ENEMIES

In a world in which many dangerous predatory species of dinosaurs lived, Archeopteryx should have had many natural enemies. With the ability to run quickly, climb trees and glide, and possibly fly, Archeopteryx was not an easy prey. The main enemies of modern small birds were birds of prey, such as hawks and falcons. In the era of Archeopteryx, there were most likely no predators that could fly. True, pterosaurs lived during the same period - flying lizards with membrane wings, but they did not fly very well and could not pursue other animals in the air.

LIVING FOSSIL?

Of the modern birds, the most similar to Archeopteryx are the hoatzins, living in the northeast of South America. Hoatzin chicks have claws on their wings, which are used for climbing trees. The muscles intended for flight are poorly developed, so hoatzins often climb trees.

DID YOU KNOW THAT...

Some scientists believe that modern birds are the only living descendants of dinosaurs.
The name Archeopteryx translated from ancient Greek means “ancient wing.”
Today, researchers believe that Archeopteryx evolved from small dinosaurs that began to climb trees using their claws.
To date, no fossils of birds that lived 30,000,000 years after Archeopteryx have been found.
The remains of Archeopteryx found in Bavaria were so well preserved (these are entire skeletons with imprints of feathers) that at first scientists had doubts about their reliability.

STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETON OF ARCHAEOPTeryX

   Archeopteryx mostly resembles small dinosaurs, but it also has bird-like features. For comparison - the skeleton of a pigeon.
   Jaws: resemble a bird's beak, but they had sharp teeth.
   The skeleton of Archeopteryx resembles that of small dinosaurs: he has the same long tail and a similar skull structure. However, there is a difference in the structure of the facial bones.
   Clavicles: fused, which is characteristic only of birds. But there is no evidence that Archeopteryx flew.
   Three fingers with claws: on each wing. Archeopteryx, like bats, needed claws for climbing trees.
   Typical paws birds with one finger pointing backwards.

- Archeopteryx fossil finds
WHERE AND WHEN HE LIVED
Currently, 6 fossils of Archeopteryx have been found. Everything is in Bavaria. At the time when Archeopteryx lived, the territory of Germany was part of a continent that looked completely different, and was located in the tropics. Based on geological dating of the shales in which the fossils were found, it is known that Archeopteryx lived in the Upper Jurassic period, which is about 150,000,000 years ago.

LessonNo. 53 7th grade Date:________

Topic: The origin of birds from ancient reptiles. Archeopteryx

Target:

1) show the similarities in the organization of birds and reptiles

2) lead to an independent conclusion about the origin of birds from ancient reptiles

Equipment:

computer, CD-RV disk, “Compsognathus” table, “Protoaves” table, “Archaeopteryx” table, “Confuciozornis” table, table. "Embryonic similarity of embryos", model of "Archaeopteryx".

Lesson progress:

I. Org. moment

II. Homework survey

Individual work using cards.

Individual work at the board - drawing up table 1.

Frontal survey (conversation)

III. Learning new material

a) Checking the table “Comparative characteristics of reptiles and birds”

Statement of the problematic question: What classes of animals have we studied before?

What class of animals do you think birds came from? How can you prove your assumption is correct?

(Note: the proposed table briefly characterizes the structural features of animals of each class.)

Table 1 “Comparative characteristics of reptiles and birds”

Class Reptiles	Bird class
Body shape, movement	Body shape, movement
Leather, leather derivatives	Leather, leather derivatives

Kroven. system	Kroven. System
They are breathing. system	They are breathing. system
Digests. system	Digests. System
Highlights. system	Highlights. System
Reproductive system	Reproductive system
Development	Development
Nervous system	Nervous system

b) Question: What is the similarity between birds and reptiles?

c) General conclusion: Based on the data in the table, we can formulate the conclusion that the similarity in these classes is expressed in the structure ...

But there is also a difference in the structure of animals of these classes, which is manifested in ...

Since we found more similarities in the structure of organ systems in birds and reptiles, we can assume that the ancestors of birds were ancient reptiles. Now we will try to prove this.

So, if our assumptions are correct, then we must look for the first evidence in ancient reptiles. The fact that the ancestors of birds were ancient reptiles is evidenced by paleontological data (short reports from students):

Message "Compsognathus" - slide show

"Protoaves" message - slide show

Message "Archaeopteryx" - slide show

Message "Confuciozornis" - slide show

There is also confirmation of the origin of birds from reptiles and according to embryological data - an explanation of the similarities in the structure of embryos of birds and reptiles (table “Embryonic similarity of embryos”), a brief mention of K. Baer’s law of embryonic similarity.

And the last confirmation of our theory can be found in the table “Comparative characteristics of reptiles and birds” - these are similarities in the structure of various organ systems in birds and reptiles. Otherwise, this is called comparative anatomical data.

So, based on all the evidence, we can safely say that the ancestors of birds are ancient reptiles.

Now, let's list these three main pieces of evidence: (note taking in notebooks)

Proof of origin:

Paleontological data:

a) fossil forms – listing, emphasis – the appearance of progressive features

Embryological data - K. Baer's law of germinal similarity.

Comparative anatomical data - similarities in the structure of the main organ systems.

Phys. just a minute

IV. Consolidation

a) Filling out the proposed table

"Fossil ancestors of birds"

Fossil animal species	Signs of reptiles	Signs of birds
1. Compsognathus	Uniform teeth, scales, reptile skeletons, etc.	The hind limbs are like those of birds, some horny scales have been transformed into feathers, etc.
2. Archeopteryx	Homogeneous teeth, skeletal bones do not have cavities, etc.	The appearance of feathers, the formation of the primary beak, the “fork”, etc.
3. Protoweight	Uniform teeth, skeletal structure - there are features of reptiles, etc.	Changes in the structure of the skull bones - enlargement of the eye sockets, more avian features in the structure of the skeleton, etc.
4. Confuciozornis	The hind limbs are covered with scales and have claws	There is a keel, sternum, crow bones, and the skeleton bones are partially hollow. The forelimbs are transformed into wings, etc.

(note - table 2 is compiled by students using a textbook, as well as independent analysis of the proposed tables depicting fossil species of animals)

V. Summing up:

1) Explanation of homework

2) Lesson grades

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