Roman numeral 10. Meaning of Roman numerals. Application of Roman numerals

One of the popular trends in the world of tattoos is the date of birth written in Roman numerals. The inscription is striking and will not be very clear to a person not familiar with the basics of writing Roman numerals. In this way, the date is encrypted and becomes understandable only to those who are familiar with elementary numerical expressions of the Latin language.

So, everything in order:

The date of birth is compiled in 3 stages.

Stage 1 – birthday.
Stage 2 – month of birth.
Stage 3 – year of birth.

All stages strictly follow each other and are separated by dots. As an example, let's take the date of birth August 28, 1999.

In normal format, this date would look like this: 28.08.1999 . The month of August has changed to its serial number of the period of the year, namely 08. You can also write it as 28.8.1999 , no difference. In Roman numerals, the date will change to: XXVIII.VIII.MCMXCIX.

Stage 1. Choice of day.

The maximum number of days in a month is 31. Therefore, it is easier to select your day from the table than to do calculations correct spelling numbers:

1 – I	11 – XI	21 – XXI	31 - XXXI
2 – II	12 – XII	22 – XXII
3 – III	13 – XIII	23 – XXIII
4 – IV	14 – XIV	24 – XXIV
5 – V	15 – XV	25 – XXV
6 – VI	16 – XVI	26 – XXVI
7 – VII	17 – XVII	27 – XXVII
8 – VIII	18 – XVIII	28 – XXVIII
9 – IX	19 – XIX	29 – XXIX
10 – X	20 – XX	30 – XXX

Stage 2. Select month.

There are 12 months in a year and they all have their own serial number.

Stage 3. Choice of the year.

The most difficult stage, as it has many spelling options.

Option 1 – shortened. The number consists of the last two digits of the year of birth. For example, the number 99 or Roman XCIX, will stand for 1999, and 18 is abbreviated for 2018 ( XVIII). The only year that cannot be abbreviated is 2000, its Roman version will always be MM, both in abbreviated and full versions.

1 – I	21 – XXI	41 – XLI	61 – LXI	81 – LXXXI
2 – II	22 – XXII	42 – XLII	62 – LXII	82 – LXXXII
3 – III	23 – XXIII	42 – XLIII	63 – LXIII	83 – LXXXIII
4 – IV	24 – XXIV	44 – XLIV	64 – LXIV	84 – LXXXIV
5 – V	25 – XXV	45 – XLV	65 – LXV	85 – LXXXV
6 – VI	26 – XXVI	46 – XLVI	66 – LXVI	86 – LXXXVI
7 – VII	27 – XXVII	47 – XLVII	67 – LXVII	87 – LXXXVII
8 – VII	28 – XXVIII	48 – XLVIII	68 – LXVIII	88 – LXXXVIII
9 – IX	29 – XXIX	49 – XLIX	69 – LXIX	89 – LXXXIX
10 – X	30 – XXX	50 – L	70 - LXX	90 – XC
11 – XI	31 – XXXI	51 – LI	71 – LXXI	91 – XCI
12 – XII	32 – XXXII	52 – LII	72 – LXXII	92 – XCII
13 – XIII	33 – XXXIII	53 – LIII	73 – LXXIII	93 – XIII
14 – XIV	34 – XXXIV	54 – LIV	74 – LXXIV	94 – XIV
15 – XV	35 – XXXV	55 – LV	75 – LXXV	95 – XCV
16 – XVI	36 – XXXVI	56 – LVI	76 – LXXVI	96 – XCVI
17 – XVII	37 – XXXVII	57 – LVII	77 – LXXVII	97 – XCVII
18 – XVIII	38 – XXXVIII	58 – LVIII	78 – LXXVII	98 – XCVIII
19 – XIX	39 – XXXIX	59 – LIX	79 – LXXIX	99 - XIX
20 – XX	40 – XL	60 – LX	80 – LXXX

More than two thousand years ago, Roman numbering appeared, that is, in Ancient Rome, numbers were written using letters of the Latin alphabet.

I - 1; V - 5; X - 10; L - 50; C - 100; D - 500; M - 1000 - these letters are called Roman numerals, and writing a number in Roman numerals is called writing a number in Roman numeration.

Addition and subtraction are used to write numbers in Roman numerals.

We agreed that in cases where the notation of a number implies addition, the smaller digit should be placed after the larger one, and when the notation of a number implies subtraction, the smaller digit (the subtrahend) should be placed before the larger one (the minuend).

An example of writing Roman numerals

VI = 5 + 1 IV = 5 − 1

But writing large numbers in this way is quite difficult, so now Roman numbering is used to write relatively small numbers - chapter numbers in books, centuries, etc.
Note that in writing the number 555, the number 5 is used three times, but the number is read as “five hundred fifty-five.”

Just as when writing numbers in Roman numerals, addition and subtraction are implied, when writing numbers in Arabic numerals, addition and multiplication are implied:

555 = 500 + 50 + 5 = 5 ⋅ 100 + 5 ⋅ 10 + 5

Writing a number in this form is called sum of bit terms.

This means that the significance of a digit depends on its place in the number record, i.e. on its position.

In such cases they say that the number is written positionally.

What came first - Roman or Arabic numbering?

In our usual system of writing numbers, 10 digits are used.
It is counted in tens, hundreds (10 tens), thousands (10 hundreds), etc.

That's why our counting system is called decimal, or decimal number system.

The numbers we use are called Arabic numbering. It was invented in 400 AD in India. In 800 AD. Arabic numbering was adopted by the Arabs, and in 1200 Arabic numbering began to be used in Europe. In Russia, Arabic numbering began to be used under Peter I.

Roman numbering originated in ancient Rome between 900 and 800 BC. Thus, Roman numbering arose earlier than Arabic.

Roman numbering problems

Example #1. Determine the number written in Roman numerals: MMDCCCXXII.

Solution:

Recall that I - 1; V - 5; X - 10; L - 50; C - 100; D - 500; M - 1000.
It is known that when writing numbers in Roman numerals, addition and subtraction are used. We agreed that in cases where the notation of a number implies addition, the smaller digit should be placed after the larger one, and when the notation of a number implies subtraction, the smaller digit (the subtrahend) should be placed before the larger one (the minuend).

Therefore MMDCCCXXII = 1000 + 1000 + 500 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 = 2822.
Answer: MMDCCCXXII = 2822.

Example #2. Determine the number written in Roman numerals: XXIX.

Solution:

XXIX = 10 + 10 + 9 = 29.
Answer: XXIX = 29.

Example #3. Enter the smallest five-digit number.

Solution:

It is known: to write the smallest five-digit number, you need to use only the number 1 - once - and the number 0 - four times.

We get the number 10000.

Answer: The smallest five-digit number is 10,000.

Example #4. Enter the smallest eleven-digit number.

Answer: 10,000,000,000

Example #5. Write the number in words: 79,402,720 (write the number in lowercase letters, without any punctuation).

Answer: seventy-nine million four hundred two thousand seven hundred twenty.

Example #6. Compare the numbers if individual digits in them are replaced by asterisks: 27∗∗∗ and 28∗∗∗.

Solution:

Analyzing the data of numbers in which individual digits are replaced by asterisks:

27∗∗∗ and 28∗∗∗ - we note that both numbers are five-digit, in the highest tens of thousands place there are the same digits, and in the units of thousands place the first number has a smaller digit than the second, which means the first number is less than the second, i.e. e. 27∗∗∗< 28∗∗∗.
Answer: 27∗∗∗< 28∗∗∗

Example #7. Write down the number that is 90 less than the largest four-digit number.

Solution

The largest four-digit number is 9999, and the number that is 90 less than the largest four-digit number is 9999 - 90 = 9909.
Answer: 9909.

Example #8. IN farming 3 hectares are occupied by the estate and buildings, under crops - 380 hectares, under haymaking - 310 hectares, under forest - 40 hectares and under pasture - 110 hectares. How much land does a farmer have in total?

Solution

To determine the entire area of land in use by a farmer, it is necessary to add up the areas occupied by the estate and buildings, crops, haymaking, forest and pasture. We get:
3 + 380 + 310 + 40 + 110 = 843 ha
Answer: 843 hectares.

Example #9. Write the number 2458 as a sum of digit terms in two ways.
Example: 348 = 300 + 40 + 8 = 3 ⋅ 100 + 4 ⋅ 10 + 8.

Solution

Analyzing the example given in the task of writing a number in the form of a sum of digit terms, we apply it to the given four-digit number 2458.

Note that its most significant digit is units of thousands, so the entry will be as follows: 2458 = 2000 + 400 + 50 + 8 = 2 ⋅ 1000 + 4 ⋅ 100 + 5 ⋅ 10 + 8.
Answer: 2458 = 2000 + 400 + 50 + 8 = 2 ⋅ 1000 + 4 ⋅ 100 + 5 ⋅ 10 + 8.

Example #10. Write the number instead of ∗ so that you get the correct equality: 750000:∗=75000.

Solution:

In order for the equality 750000:∗=75000 to be true, instead of ∗ we write the number 10, since the result is a number consisting of the same digits as the dividend, only shifted one digit to the right, i.e. the number has decreased 10 times.
Answer: This is the number 10.

Example #11. Identify all three-digit numbers that are written using only the digits 1 and/or 5.

Solution:

To determine all three-digit numbers in which only the numbers 1 and 5 are used, let’s start thinking like this:

in the first place (in the hundreds place) this number can have the number 1 or the number 5, i.e. we have

1∗∗ or 5∗∗

In the second place (in the tens place) in each of these two cases there may also be one of the numbers - 1 or 5.

In the third place (in the units place) in each of the four cases already obtained there may also be one of the numbers - 1 or 5.

Continuing similar reasoning and going through everything possible options we get
Thus, you can create eight numbers:
111;115;151;155;511;515;551;555.

Answer: 111;115;151;155;511;515;551;555

Example #12. State in what place the number 7 is in the number 7,890,214. Continue the sentence: “The number is in the place __________.”
dozens
hundreds
units millions
units thousand

Solution:

It is known that the significance of a digit depends on its place in the number record, i.e. on its position.

Let's remember the table of ranks and the names of classes.

Table of ranks and classes

Positional , , , , , , , , , , Nega-positional Symmetrical Mixed systems Fibonacci Non-positional Unit (unary)

Roman numerals

1	I	lat. unus, unum
5	V	lat. quinque
10	X	lat. decem
50	L	lat. quinquaginta
100	C	lat. centum
500	D	lat. quingenti
1000	M	lat. mille

In the Russian language, there are mnemonic rules for fixing in memory the letter designations of numbers in descending order:

M s D arim WITH face-to-face L imons, X vatit V seven I X.

M s D we eat C tips L look X ok V well-mannered I to individuals

Respectively M, D, C, L, X, V, I

Number	Designation
1	I
2	II
3	III
4	IV, until the 19th century - III
5	V
6	VI
7	VII
8	VIII (sometimes - IIX)
9	IX (sometimes VIII)
10	X
20	XX
30	XXX
40	XL
50	L
60	LX
70	LXX
80	LXXX
90	XC
100	C
200	CC
300	CCC
400	CD
500	D; IƆ
600	DC; IƆC
700	DCC; IƆCC
800	DCCC; IƆCCC
900	CM; CCIƆ
1 000	M; ↀ; CIƆ
2 000	MM; CIƆCIƆ
3 000	MMM; CIƆCIƆCIƆ
3 999	MMMCMXCIX
4 000	MV; ↀↁ; CIƆIƆƆ
5 000	V ; ↁ; IƆƆ
6 000	V M; ↁↀ; IƆƆCIƆ
7 000	VMM; ↁↀↀ; IƆƆCIƆCIƆ
8 000	V MMM; ↁↀↀↀ; IƆƆCIƆCIƆCIƆ
9 000	IX; ↀↂ; CIƆCCIƆƆ
10 000	X ; ↂ; CCIƆƆ
20 000	XX ; ↂↂ; CCIƆƆCCIƆƆ
30 000	XXX ; ↂↂↂ; CCIƆƆCCIƆƆCCIƆƆ
40 000	XL; ↂↇ; CCIƆƆIƆƆƆ
50 000	L ; ↇ; IƆƆƆ
60 000	LX ; ↇↂ; IƆƆƆCCIƆƆ
70 000	LXX ; ↇↂↂ; IƆƆƆCCIƆƆCCIƆƆ
80 000	LXXX; ↇↂↂↂ; IƆƆƆCCIƆƆCCIƆƆCCIƆƆ
90 000	XC ; ↂↈ; CCIƆƆCCCIƆƆƆ
100 000	C ; ↈ; CCCIƆƆƆ
200 000	CC; ↈↈ; CCCIƆƆƆCCCIƆƆƆ
300 000	CCC ; ↈↈↈ; CCCIƆƆƆCCCIƆƆƆCCCIƆƆƆ
400 000	CD ; CCCIƆƆƆIƆƆƆƆ
500 000	D ; IƆƆƆƆ
600 000	DC ; IƆƆƆƆCCCIƆƆƆ
700 000	DCC ; IƆƆƆƆCCCIƆƆƆCCCIƆƆƆ
800 000	DCCC ; IƆƆƆƆCCCIƆƆƆCCCIƆƆƆCCCIƆƆƆ
900 000	CM; C I ; CCCIƆƆƆCCCCIƆƆƆƆ
1 000 000	M ; I; CCCCIƆƆƆƆ

To correctly write large numbers in Roman numerals, you must first write the number of thousands, then hundreds, then tens, and finally units.

In this case, some of the numbers (I, X, C, M) may be repeated, but no more than three times in a row; thus, they can be used to write any integer no more than 3999(MMMCMXCIX). In early periods, there were signs to indicate larger numbers - 5000, 10,000, 50,000 and 100,000 (then the maximum number according to the mentioned rule is 399,999). When writing numbers in the Roman numeral system, the smaller digit may appear to the right of the larger one; in this case it is added to it. For example, the number 283 in Roman is written as CCLXXXIII, that is, 100+100+50+30+3=283. Here the figure representing a hundred is repeated twice, and the figures representing ten and one, respectively, are repeated three times.

Example: number 1988. One thousand M, nine hundred CM, eight tens LXXX, eight units VIII. Let's write them down together: MCMLXXXVIII.

Quite often, to highlight numbers in the text, a line was drawn over them: LXIV. Sometimes a line was drawn both above and below: XXXII- in particular, it is customary to highlight Roman numerals in Russian handwritten text (this is not used in typesetting due to technical complexity). For other authors, the overbar could indicate an increase in the value of the figure by 1000 times: V = 5000.

It was only in the 19th century that the number “four” was written down as “IV”; before that, the number “IIII” was most often used. However, the entry “IV” can be found already in the documents of the “Forme of Cury” manuscript dating back to 1390. Watch dials have traditionally used "IIII" instead of "IV" in most cases, mainly for aesthetic reasons: this spelling provides visual symmetry with the "VIII" numerals on the opposite side, and an inverted "IV" is more difficult to read than "IIII". There is also a version that IV was not written on the dial because IV is the first letters of the name of the god Jupiter (IVPITER).

The smaller number can be written to the left of the larger one, then it should be subtracted from the larger one. In this case, only numbers denoting 1 or powers of 10 can be subtracted, and only the two digits closest in the number series to the subtrahend (that is, the subtrahend multiplied by 5 or 10) can be used as a minuend. Repetitions of a smaller number are not allowed. Thus there is only six options using the “subtraction rule”:

IV = 4
IX = 9
XL=40
XC = 90
CD = 400
CM = 900

For example, the number 94 would be XCIV = 100 − 10 + 5 − 1 = 94 - the so-called “subtraction rule” (appeared in late antiquity, and before that the Romans wrote the number 4 as IIII, and the number 40 as XXXX).

It should be noted that other methods of “subtraction” are unacceptable; thus, the number 99 should be written as XCIX, but not as IC. However, nowadays, in some cases, a simplified notation of Roman numerals is also used: for example, in Microsoft Excel, when converting Arabic numerals to Roman using the “ROMAN()” function, you can use several types of representation of numbers, from classical to highly simplified (for example, the number 499 can be written as CDXCIX, LDVLIV, XDIX, VDIV or ID). The simplification is that to reduce a digit, any other digit can be written to the left of it:

999. Thousand (M), subtract 1 (I), we get 999 (IM) instead of CMXCIX. Consequence: 1999 - MIM instead of MCMXCIX
95. One hundred (C), subtract 5 (V), get 95 (VC) instead of XCV
1950: Thousand (M), subtract 50 (L), get 950 (LM). Consequence: 1950 - MLM instead of MCML

Large numbers can also be written using Roman numerals. To do this, a line is placed over those numbers that denote thousands, and a double line is placed over the numbers that denote millions. For example, the number 123123 would look like this:

CXXIII CXXIII

And a million is like I, but with not one, but two features at the head: I

Application

Regular Expressions

Conversion

Special functions are used to convert numbers written in Arabic numerals into Roman numerals. For example, in the Russian version of Microsoft Excel there is a function for this ROMAN(argument), in the English version of Microsoft Excel and in any version of OpenOffice.org Calc this function is called ROMAN(argument).

Conversion Functions in JavaScript

Similar functions in C (C89):

#include const int arabar = ( 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 40, 50, 90, 100, 400, 500, 900, 1000); const char *romanar = ( "I", "IV", "V", "IX", "X", "XL", "L", "XC", "C", "CD", "D", "CM", "M"); char *arab2roman(unsigned short int arab) ( static char roman; const int m = sizeof(arabar)/sizeof(int)-1, arabmax=arabar[m]; const char romanmax=romanar[m]; int i, n ; if(!arab) ( *roman=0; return roman; ) i=0; while(arab>arabmax) ( roman = romanmax; arab -= arabmax; ) n=m; while(arab > 0) ( if( arab >= arabar[n]) ( roman = romanar[n]; if(n&1) roman = romanar[n]; arab -= arabar[n]; ) else n--; ) roman[i]=0; return roman; ) unsigned short int roman2arab(char *roman) ( const int m = sizeof(arabar)/sizeof(int)-1; unsigned short int arab; int len, n, i, pir; len=strlen(roman); arab=0; n=m; i=0; while(n >= 0 && i< len) { pir=n&1; if(roman[i] == romanar[n] && (!pir || roman == romanar[n])) { arab += arabar[n]; i += 1+pir; } else n--; } return arab; }

type str2 = string; const Rims: array of str2 = ("M","CM","D","CD","C","XC","L","XL","X","IX","V ","IV","I"," "); Arab: array of integer = (1000, 900, 500, 400, 100, 90, 50, 40, 10, 9, 5, 4, 1, 0); var N, NI, I, J: integer; S:string; function Arab2Rim(N: integer) : string; var S: string; I: integer; begin S:= ""; I:=1; while N > 0 do begin while Arab[I]<=N do begin S:= S + Rims[I]; N:= N - Arab[I] end; I:=I+1 end; Arab2Rim:= S end; function Rim2Arab (S:string) : integer; var I, N: integer; begin I:=1; N:= 0; while S<>"" do begin while Rims[I] = Copy(S, 1, Length(Rims[I])) do begin S:= Copy(S, 1+Length(Rims[I]), 255); N:= N + Arab[I] end; I:=I+1 end; Rim2Arab:= N end; begin WriteLn("Translation from Arabic to Roman numerals. 1999 B_SA"); ( Write("Enter the number to convert:"); ReadLn(N);) for NI:= 26 to 46 do WriteLn(NI," = ",Arab2Rim(NI)," reverse ", Rim2Arab(Arab2Rim(NI)) ); end.

function Arab2Roman(arab:integer):string; var i:integer; d:integer; arab_str:string; arab_len:integer; begin Result:= ""; arab_str:= IntToStr(arab); arab_len:= Length(arab_str); for i:= 0 to arab_len-1 do begin d:= StrToInt(String(arab_str)); if (d+1) mod 5 = 0 then Result:= Copy("IXCM", 1+i, 1) + Copy("VXLCDM", i*2 + (d+1) div 5, 1) + Result else Result:= Copy("VLD", 1+i, d div 5) + Copy("IIIXXXCCCMMM", 1+i*3, (d mod 5)/2) + Result; end; end;

A distinctive feature of this algorithm is that it does not use arrays (unless, of course, you consider a string to be an array of characters).

10 INPUT "ARABIC NUMBER: "; А$ 20 FOR I=0 TO LEN(A$)-1 30 X=VAL(MID$(A$,LEN(A$)-I,1)) 40 IF X=4 OR X=9 THEN B$= MID$("IXCM",I+1,1)+MID$("VXLCDM",I*2+(X+1)/5,1)+B$ 50 IF X<4 THEN B$=MID$("IIIXXXCCCMMM",1+I*3,X)+B$ ELSE IF X>4 AND X<9 THEN B$=MID$("VLD",I+1,1)+MID$("IIIXXXCCCMMM",1+I*3,X-5)+B$ 60 NEXT I 70 PRINT "РИМСКОЕ ЧИСЛО: "; B$

string-join(for $num in (1999) return (("","M","MM","MMM")[($num idiv 1000) mod 10+1], ("","C", "CC","CCC","CD","D","DC","DCC","DCCC","CM")[($num idiv 100) mod 10+1], (""," X","XX","XXX","XL","L","LX","LXX","LXXX","XC")[($num idiv 10) mod 10+1], (" ","I","II","III","IV","V","VI","VII","VIII","IX")[$num mod 10+1]), "" )

use strict; use warnings; my $n = 1999; my $nums = [ ["", qw(I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX) ], ["", qw(X XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC) ], ["", qw(C CC CCC CD D DC DCC DCCC CM) ], ["", qw(M MM MMM) ] ]; my $i = 0; my @res = (); push @res, ($nums->[$i++][ ($n % 10, $n = int($n / 10)) ]) for 0 .. 3; print reverse @res;

import java.util.*; public class IntegerConverter ( public static String intToRoman(int number) ( if (number >= 4000 || number<= 0) return null; StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(); Iteratoriterator = units.descendingKeySet().iterator(); while (iterator.hasNext()) ( Integer key = iterator.next(); while (number >= key) ( number -= key; result.append(units.get(key)); ) ) return result.toString( ); ) private static final NavigableMap units; static(NavigableMap initMap = new TreeMap (); initMap.put(1000, "M"); initMap.put(900, "CM"); initMap.put(500, "D"); initMap.put(400, "CD"); initMap.put(100, "C"); initMap.put(90, "XC"); initMap.put(50, "L"); initMap.put(40, "XL"); initMap.put(10, "X"); initMap.put(9, "IX"); initMap.put(5, "V"); initMap.put(4, "IV"); initMap.put(1, "I"); units = Collections.unmodifiableNavigableMap(initMap); ) )

///

/// The class is designed to convert Arabic numbers to Roman numbers and vice versa ///

/// /// The class initially contains an alphabet of Roman numbers capable of defining Arabic numbers from 1 to 39999 /// If you need to expand the range, you can define additional notations for Roman numerals using the /// field Basic Roman Numbers public static class RomanNumber ( ///

/// Alphabet of basic Roman numerals /// The alphabet is built in the form of a dictionary. The dictionary key is an Arabic number (int), the value is the corresponding /// Roman number (string) ///

/// /// Contains Roman notation for Arabic numbers 1*,4*,5*,9* - where "*" represents 0...N zeros /// When created, it contains the designation of numbers from 1 to 10000 (I...ↂ). Since in a Roman number one symbol cannot /// appear more than three times, it is initially possible to convert numbers from 1 to 39999 into the Roman format. /// If you want to be able to work with big amount Roman numerals, then you must add additional designations to the list /// starting from 40000 without skipping the elements 1*,4*,5*,9*. /// public static SortedList BasicRomanNumbers ( get; set; ) static RomanNumber() ( BasicRomanNumbers = new SortedList (17); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(1, "I"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(4, "IV"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(5, "V"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(9, "IX"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(10, "X"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(40, "XL"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(50, "L"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(90, "XC"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(100, "C"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(400, "CD"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(500, "D"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(900, "CM"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(1000, "M"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(4000, "Mↁ"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(5000, "ↁ"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(9000, "Mↂ"); BasicRomanNumbers.Add(10000, "ↂ"); ) ///

/// Calculates the maximum possible Roman numeral for the current Roman numeral alphabet. ///

/// Maximum possible Roman numeral public static uint MaximumRomanNumber() ( int lastNumber = BasicRomanNumbers.Keys.Last(); int numberWithoutZeros = int.Parse(lastNumber.ToString().Replace("0","\0")); int preliminary=0; switch (numberWithoutZeros) ( case 1: preliminary = lastNumber * 4 - 1; break; case 4: case 9: preliminary = lastNumber; break; case 5: preliminary = lastNumber + lastNumber / 5 * 3; break; default: break; ) return uint.Parse(preliminary.ToString().Replace("0", "9"));; ) ///

/// Converts an integer to a Roman numeral ///

/// Arabic number to be converted to Roman notation /// Generated when a number equal to "0" /// or a number greater than the maximum Roman numeral is passed as a parameter. /// A string representing a Roman numeral public static string ArabicRoman(this int numberArab) ( StringBuilder numberRoman = new StringBuilder(); //Exclude the "-" sign from the Arabic number and make it the first character of the Roman number if (numberArab< 0) { числоРимское.Append("-"); числоАраб = -числоАраб; } if (числоАраб == 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("числоАраб", числоАраб, "Недопустимое значение аргумента: римские числа не могут быть равными\"0\""); else if (числоАраб >MaximumRomanNumber()) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("numberArab", numberArab, string.Format("Invalid argument value: it is not possible to specify a Roman numeral greater than (0)", MaximumRomanNumber())); //We decompose the Arabic number into its constituent Roman numbers and combine them into one line var necessaryBasicRomanNumbers = from to in BasicRomanNumbers.Keys where to<= числоАраб orderby к descending select к; foreach (int тек in необходимыеБазовыеРимскиеЧисла) { while ((числоАраб / тек) >= 1) ( numberArab -= current; numberRoman.Append(BaseRomanNumbers[current]); ) ) return numberRoman.ToString(); ) ///

/// Converts Roman numerals to Arabic numerals ///

/// Roman number to be converted to int type /// Generated when a non-Roman number is passed as a parameter /// An integer representing the Arabic notation of a Roman numeral public static int RomanVArabic(this string Roman number) ( int Arabic number = 0; sbyte negative = 1; string Rome = Roman number.Trim(); if (Roman == "-") ( negative = -1; Rome = Roman.Substring( 1); ) StringBuilder template RomanNumbers = new StringBuilder(); foreach (int to in BasicRomanNumbers.Keys) ( int index = BasicRomanNumbers.Keys.IndexOf(k); string quantifier="?"; if (index == 0 || ( index % 4) == 0) quantifier="(0,3)"; templateRomanNumber.Insert(0, string.Format("(?<{0}>((1))(2))?", k.ToString(), BasicRomanNumbers[k], quantifier)); ) //Ignore case + match must start from the beginning of the string RomanNumber pattern.Insert(0, "(?i) ^"); //Match should be found at the end of the string RomanNumber template.Append("$"); //Simplified checking. Does not check for errors such as IVII if (!Regex.IsMatch(Roman, RomanNumber template.ToString())) throw new FormatException(string.Format("Text \"(0)\" is not a Roman numeral", numberRoman)); Match number = Regex.Match(Roman, RomanNumber pattern.ToString()); foreach (int to in BasicRomanNumbers.Keys) ( numberArab += number.Groups[to.ToString()].Length / BasicRomanNumbers[to].Length * to; ) return numberArab * negative; ) )

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing Roman numerals

“I often think, maybe this is a sin,” said the princess, “and I often think: Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhoy lives alone... this is a huge fortune... and what does he live for? Life is a burden for him, but Borya is just beginning to live.
“He will probably leave something for Boris,” said the countess.
- God knows, chere amie! [dear friend!] These rich people and nobles are so selfish. But I’ll still go to him now with Boris and tell him straight out what’s going on. Let them think what they want about me, I really don’t care when my son’s fate depends on it. - The princess stood up. - Now it’s two o’clock, and at four o’clock you have lunch. I'll have time to go.
And with the techniques of a St. Petersburg business lady who knows how to use time, Anna Mikhailovna sent for her son and went out into the hall with him.
“Farewell, my soul,” she said to the countess, who accompanied her to the door, “wish me success,” she added in a whisper from her son.
– Are you visiting Count Kirill Vladimirovich, ma chere? - said the count from the dining room, also going out into the hallway. - If he feels better, invite Pierre to dinner with me. After all, he visited me and danced with the children. Call me by all means, ma chere. Well, let's see how Taras distinguishes himself today. He says that Count Orlov never had such a dinner as we will have.

“Mon cher Boris, [Dear Boris,”] said Princess Anna Mikhailovna to her son when Countess Rostova’s carriage, in which they were sitting, drove along the straw-covered street and drove into the wide courtyard of Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhy. “Mon cher Boris,” said the mother, pulling her hand out from under her old coat and with a timid and affectionate movement placing it on her son’s hand, “be gentle, be attentive.” Count Kirill Vladimirovich is still your godfather, and your future fate depends on him. Remember this, mon cher, be as sweet as you know how to be...
“If I had known that anything other than humiliation would come out of this...” the son answered coldly. “But I promised you and I’m doing this for you.”
Despite the fact that someone’s carriage was standing at the entrance, the doorman, looking at the mother and son (who, without ordering to report themselves, directly entered the glass vestibule between two rows of statues in the niches), looking significantly at the old cloak, asked who they wanted whatever, the princesses or the count, and, having learned that the count, said that their Lordships are worse off now and their Lordships do not receive anyone.
“We can leave,” the son said in French.
- Mon ami! [My friend!] - said the mother in a pleading voice, again touching her son’s hand, as if this touch could calm or excite him.
Boris fell silent and, without taking off his overcoat, looked questioningly at his mother.
“Darling,” Anna Mikhailovna said in a gentle voice, turning to the doorman, “I know that Count Kirill Vladimirovich is very ill... that’s why I came... I’m a relative... I won’t bother you, dear... But I just need to see Prince Vasily Sergeevich: because he is standing here. Report back, please.
The doorman sullenly pulled the string upward and turned away.
“Princess Drubetskaya to Prince Vasily Sergeevich,” he shouted to a waiter in stockings, shoes and a tailcoat who had run down from above and was peeking out from under the ledge of the stairs.
The mother smoothed out the folds of her dyed silk dress, looked into the solid Venetian mirror in the wall and walked briskly up the staircase carpet in her worn-out shoes.
“Mon cher, voue m"avez promis, [My friend, you promised me,” she turned again to the Son, exciting him with the touch of her hand.
The son, with lowered eyes, calmly followed her.
They entered the hall, from which one door led to the chambers allocated to Prince Vasily.
While the mother and son, going out into the middle of the room, intended to ask for directions from the old waiter who jumped up at their entrance, a bronze handle turned at one of the doors and Prince Vasily in a velvet fur coat, with one star, in a homely manner, came out, seeing off the handsome black-haired a man. This man was the famous St. Petersburg doctor Lorrain.
“C"est donc positif? [So, is this true?] - said the prince.
“Mon prince, “errare humanum est”, mais... [Prince, it is human nature to make mistakes.] - answered the doctor, rasping and pronouncing Latin words in a French accent.
– C"est bien, c"est bien... [Okay, okay...]
Noticing Anna Mikhailovna and her son, Prince Vasily dismissed the doctor with a bow and silently, but with a questioning look, approached them. The son noticed how suddenly deep sorrow was expressed in his mother's eyes, and smiled slightly.
- Yes, in what sad circumstances did we have to see each other, Prince... Well, what about our dear patient? - she said, as if not noticing the cold, insulting gaze directed at her.
Prince Vasily looked questioningly, to the point of bewilderment, at her, then at Boris. Boris bowed politely. Prince Vasily, without answering the bow, turned to Anna Mikhailovna and answered her question with a movement of his head and lips, which meant the worst hope for the patient.
- Really? - Anna Mikhailovna exclaimed. - Oh, this is terrible! It’s scary to think... This is my son,” she added, pointing to Boris. “He himself wanted to thank you.”
Boris bowed politely again.
- Believe, prince, that a mother’s heart will never forget what you did for us.
“I’m glad that I could do something pleasant for you, my dear Anna Mikhailovna,” said Prince Vasily, straightening his frill and in his gesture and voice showing here, in Moscow, in front of the patronized Anna Mikhailovna, even greater importance than in St. Petersburg, at Annette’s evening Scherer.
“Try to serve well and be worthy,” he added, turning sternly to Boris. - I'm glad... Are you here on vacation? – he dictated in his dispassionate tone.
“I’m waiting for an order, your Excellency, to go to a new destination,” answered Boris, showing neither annoyance at the prince’s harsh tone, nor a desire to engage in conversation, but so calmly and respectfully that the prince looked at him intently.
- Do you live with your mother?
“I live with Countess Rostova,” said Boris, adding again: “Your Excellency.”
“This is the Ilya Rostov who married Nathalie Shinshina,” said Anna Mikhailovna.
“I know, I know,” said Prince Vasily in his monotonous voice. – Je n"ai jamais pu concevoir, comment Nathalieie s"est decidee a epouser cet ours mal – leche l Un personnage completement stupide et ridicule.Et joueur a ce qu"on dit. [I could never understand how Natalie decided to come out marry this dirty bear. A completely stupid and ridiculous person. And a player, too, they say.]
– Mais tres brave homme, mon prince, [But a kind person, Prince,” Anna Mikhailovna remarked, smiling touchingly, as if she knew that Count Rostov deserved such an opinion, but asked to have pity on the poor old man. – What do the doctors say? - asked the princess, after a short silence and again expressing great sadness on her tear-stained face.
“There is little hope,” said the prince.
“And I really wanted to thank my uncle again for all his good deeds to both me and Bora.” C"est son filleuil, [This is his godson," she added in such a tone, as if this news should have greatly pleased Prince Vasily.
Prince Vasily thought and winced. Anna Mikhailovna realized that he was afraid to find in her a rival in the will of Count Bezukhy. She hastened to reassure him.
“If it weren’t for my true love and devotion to my uncle,” she said, pronouncing this word with particular confidence and carelessness: “I know his character, noble, direct, but he has only the princesses with him... They are still young...” She bowed her head and she added in a whisper: “Did he fulfill his last duty, prince?” How precious are these last minutes! After all, it can’t be worse; it needs to be cooked if it is that bad. We women, Prince,” she smiled tenderly, “always know how to say these things.” It is necessary to see him. No matter how hard it was for me, I was already used to suffering.
The prince apparently understood, and understood, as he did at the evening at Annette Scherer’s, that it was difficult to get rid of Anna Mikhailovna.
“Wouldn’t this meeting be difficult for him, chere Anna Mikhailovna,” he said. - Let's wait until evening, the doctors promised a crisis.
“But you can’t wait, Prince, at these moments.” Pensez, il va du salut de son ame... Ah! c"est terrible, les devoirs d"un chretien... [Think, it’s about saving his soul! Oh! this is terrible, the duty of a Christian...]
A door opened from the inner rooms, and one of the count's princesses, the count's nieces, entered, with a gloomy and cold face and a strikingly disproportionate long waist to her legs.
Prince Vasily turned to her.
- Well, what is he?
- All the same. And as you wish, this noise... - said the princess, looking around Anna Mikhailovna as if she were a stranger.
“Ah, chere, je ne vous reconnaissais pas, [Ah, dear, I didn’t recognize you,” Anna Mikhailovna said with a happy smile, walking up to the count’s niece with a light amble. “Je viens d"arriver et je suis a vous pour vous aider a soigner mon oncle. J'imagine, combien vous avez souffert, [I came to help you follow your uncle. I can imagine how you suffered," she added, with participation rolling my eyes.
The princess did not answer anything, did not even smile, and immediately left. Anna Mikhailovna took off her gloves and, in the position she had won, sat down on a chair, inviting Prince Vasily to sit next to her.
- Boris! “- she said to her son and smiled, “I’ll go to the count, to my uncle, and you go to Pierre, mon ami, in the meantime, and don’t forget to give him the invitation from the Rostovs.” They call him to dinner. I think he won't go? - she turned to the prince.
“On the contrary,” said the prince, apparently out of sorts. – Je serais tres content si vous me debarrassez de ce jeune homme... [I would be very glad if you saved me from this young man...] Sits here. The Count never asked about him.
He shrugged. The waiter led the young man down and up another staircase to Pyotr Kirillovich.

Pierre never had time to choose a career for himself in St. Petersburg and, indeed, was exiled to Moscow for rioting. The story told by Count Rostov was true. Pierre participated in tying up the policeman with the bear. He arrived a few days ago and stayed, as always, at his father's house. Although he assumed that his story was already known in Moscow, and that the ladies surrounding his father, who were always unkind to him, would take advantage of this opportunity to irritate the count, he still went after his father’s half on the day of his arrival. Entering the drawing room, the usual abode of the princesses, he greeted the ladies who were sitting at the embroidery frame and behind a book, which one of them was reading aloud. There were three of them. The eldest, clean, long-waisted, stern girl, the same one who came out to Anna Mikhailovna, was reading; the younger ones, both ruddy and pretty, differing from each other only in that one had a mole above her lip, which made her very beautiful, were sewing in a hoop. Pierre was greeted as if he were dead or plagued. The eldest princess interrupted her reading and silently looked at him with frightened eyes; the youngest, without a mole, assumed exactly the same expression; the smallest one, with a mole, of a cheerful and giggling character, bent over the embroidery frame to hide a smile, probably caused by the upcoming scene, the funnyness of which she foresaw. She pulled the hair down and bent down, as if she was sorting out the patterns and could hardly restrain herself from laughing.
“Bonjour, ma cousine,” said Pierre. – Vous ne me hesonnaissez pas? [Hello, cousin. Don't you recognize me?]
“I recognize you too well, too well.”
– How is the count’s health? Can I see him? – Pierre asked awkwardly, as always, but not embarrassed.
– The Count is suffering both physically and morally, and it seems that you took care to cause him more moral suffering.
-Can I see the count? - Pierre repeated.
- Hm!.. If you want to kill him, completely kill him, then you can see. Olga, go and see if the broth is ready for your uncle, it’s time soon,” she added, showing Pierre that they were busy and busy calming his father down, while he was obviously busy only upsetting him.
Olga left. Pierre stood, looked at the sisters and, bowing, said:
- So I’ll go to my place. When it is possible, you tell me.
He went out, and the ringing but quiet laughter of the sister with the mole was heard behind him.
The next day, Prince Vasily arrived and settled in the count's house. He called Pierre to him and told him:
– Mon cher, si vous vous conduisez ici, comme a Petersbourg, vous finirez tres mal; c"est tout ce que je vous dis. [My dear, if you behave here as in St. Petersburg, you will end very badly; I have nothing more to tell you.] The Count is very, very sick: you don’t need to see him at all.
Since then, Pierre was not disturbed, and he spent the whole day alone upstairs in his room.
While Boris entered his room, Pierre was walking around his room, occasionally stopping in the corners, making threatening gestures towards the wall, as if piercing an invisible enemy with a sword, and looking sternly over his glasses and then starting his walk again, uttering unclear words, shaking shoulders and arms outstretched.
- L "Angleterre a vecu, [England is finished," he said, frowning and pointing his finger at someone. - M. Pitt comme traitre a la nation et au droit des gens est condamiene a... [Pitt, as a traitor to the nation and people rightly, he is sentenced to ...] - He did not have time to finish his sentence on Pitt, imagining himself at that moment as Napoleon himself and, together with his hero, having already made a dangerous crossing through the Pas de Calais and conquered London - when he saw a young, slender and handsome officer entering him He stopped. Pierre left Boris as a fourteen-year-old boy and definitely did not remember him; but, despite this, in his characteristic quick and cordial manner, he took him by the hand and smiled friendly.
- Do you remember me? – Boris said calmly, with a pleasant smile. “I came with my mother to the count, but he seems to be not entirely healthy.
- Yes, he seems unwell. “Everyone worries him,” Pierre answered, trying to remember who this young man was.
Boris felt that Pierre did not recognize him, but did not consider it necessary to identify himself and, without experiencing the slightest embarrassment, looked him straight in the eyes.
“Count Rostov asked you to come to dinner with him today,” he said after a rather long and awkward silence for Pierre.
- A! Count Rostov! – Pierre spoke joyfully. - So you are his son, Ilya. As you can imagine, I didn’t recognize you at first. Remember how we went to Vorobyovy Gory with m me Jacquot... [Madame Jacquot...] a long time ago.
“You’re mistaken,” Boris said slowly, with a bold and somewhat mocking smile. – I am Boris, the son of Princess Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya. Rostov's father is called Ilya, and his son is Nikolai. And I didn’t know any m me Jacquot.
Pierre waved his arms and head as if mosquitoes or bees were attacking him.
- Oh, what is this! I got everything mixed up. There are so many relatives in Moscow! Are you Boris...yes. Well, you and I have agreed. Well, what do you think about the Boulogne expedition? After all, the British will have a bad time if only Napoleon crosses the canal? I think the expedition is very possible. Villeneuve would not have made a mistake!
Boris knew nothing about the Boulogne expedition, he did not read the newspapers and heard about Villeneuve for the first time.
“We are more busy here in Moscow with dinners and gossip than with politics,” he said in his calm, mocking tone. – I don’t know anything about it and don’t think anything about it. Moscow is most busy with gossip,” he continued. “Now they’re talking about you and the count.”
Pierre smiled at his kind smile, as if afraid for his interlocutor, lest he say something for which he would repent. But Boris spoke distinctly, clearly and dryly, looking directly into Pierre’s eyes.
“Moscow has nothing better to do than gossip,” he continued. “Everyone is busy with who the count will leave his fortune to, although perhaps he will outlive us all, which is what I sincerely wish...
“Yes, this is all very difficult,” Pierre picked up, “very difficult.” “Pierre was still afraid that this officer would accidentally get into an awkward conversation for himself.
“And it must seem to you,” Boris said, blushing slightly, but without changing his voice or posture, “it must seem to you that everyone is busy only with getting something from the rich man.”
“So it is,” thought Pierre.
“But I just want to tell you, in order to avoid misunderstandings, that you will be very mistaken if you count me and my mother among these people.” We are very poor, but I, at least, speak for myself: precisely because your father is rich, I do not consider myself his relative, and neither I nor my mother will ever ask or accept anything from him.
Pierre could not understand for a long time, but when he understood, he jumped up from the sofa, grabbed Boris’s hand from below with his characteristic speed and awkwardness and, flushed much more than Boris, began to speak with a mixed feeling of shame and annoyance.
- This is strange! I really... and who could have thought... I know very well...
But Boris interrupted him again:
“I’m glad I expressed everything.” Maybe it’s unpleasant for you, excuse me,” he said, reassuring Pierre, instead of being reassured by him, “but I hope I didn’t offend you.” I have a rule of saying everything directly... How can I convey it? Will you come to dinner with the Rostovs?
And Boris, apparently having relieved himself of a heavy duty, getting out of an awkward situation himself and putting someone else in it, became completely pleasant again.
“No, listen,” Pierre said, calming down. – You are an amazing person. What you just said is very good, very good. Of course you don't know me. We haven’t seen each other for so long... since we were children... You can assume in me... I understand you, I understand you very much. I wouldn't do it, I wouldn't have the guts, but it's wonderful. I am very glad that I met you. It’s strange,” he added, after a pause and smiling, “what you assumed in me!” - He laughed. - Well, so what? We'll get to know you better. Please. – He shook hands with Boris. – You know, I have never been to the count. He didn’t call me... I feel sorry for him as a person... But what to do?
– And you think that Napoleon will have time to transport the army? – Boris asked, smiling.
Pierre realized that Boris wanted to change the conversation, and, agreeing with him, began to outline the advantages and disadvantages of the Boulogne enterprise.
The footman came to summon Boris to the princess. The princess was leaving. Pierre promised to come for dinner in order to get closer to Boris, firmly shook his hand, looking affectionately into his eyes through his glasses... After he left, Pierre walked around the room for a long time, no longer piercing the invisible enemy with his sword, but smiling at the memory of this dear, smart and strong young man.
As happens in early youth and especially in a lonely situation, he felt an unreasonable tenderness for this young man and promised himself to make friends with him.
Prince Vasily saw off the princess. The princess held a handkerchief to her eyes, and her face was in tears.
- It's horrible! terrible! - she said, - but no matter what it costs me, I will do my duty. I'll come over for the night. He can't be left like that. Every minute is precious. I don’t understand why the princesses are delaying. Maybe God will help me find a way to prepare it!... Adieu, mon prince, que le bon Dieu vous soutienne... [Farewell, prince, may God support you.]
“Adieu, ma bonne, [Farewell, my dear,” answered Prince Vasily, turning away from her.
“Oh, he’s in a terrible situation,” the mother said to her son as they got back into the carriage. “He hardly recognizes anyone.”
“I don’t understand, mamma, what is his relationship with Pierre?” - asked the son.
“The will will say everything, my friend; Our fate depends on him...
- But why do you think that he will leave anything to us?
- Ah, my friend! He is so rich and we are so poor!
“Well, that’s not a good enough reason, mummy.”
- Oh my god! My God! How bad he is! - exclaimed the mother.

When Anna Mikhailovna left with her son to visit Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhy, Countess Rostova sat alone for a long time, putting a handkerchief to her eyes. Finally, she called.
“What are you talking about, dear,” she said angrily to the girl, who made herself wait for several minutes. – Don’t you want to serve, or what? So I'll find a place for you.
The countess was upset by the grief and humiliating poverty of her friend and therefore was out of sorts, which she always expressed by calling the maid “dear” and “you.”
“It’s your fault,” said the maid.
- Ask the Count to come to me.
The Count, waddled, approached his wife with a somewhat guilty look, as always.
- Well, countess! What a saute au madere [sauté in Madeira] will be from hazel grouse, ma chere! I tried; It’s not for nothing that I gave a thousand rubles for Taraska. Costs!
He sat down next to his wife, resting his arms bravely on his knees and ruffling his gray hair.
- What do you order, Countess?
- So, my friend, what is it that you have dirty here? - she said, pointing to the vest. “It’s sote, that’s right,” she added, smiling. - That's it, Count: I need money.
Her face became sad.
- Oh, Countess!...
And the count began to fuss, taking out his wallet.
“I need a lot, Count, I need five hundred rubles.”
And she, taking out a cambric handkerchief, rubbed her husband’s vest with it.
- Now. Hey, who's there? - he shouted in a voice that only people shout when they are sure that those they are calling will rush headlong to their call. - Send Mitenka to me!
Mitenka, that noble son raised by the count, who was now in charge of all his affairs, entered the room with quiet steps.

In the process of life, we from time to time come across Roman numerals from 1 to 1000, once popular in the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages. They are used to indicate the number of centuries or millennia, blood type on military uniforms, the number of volumes in books, valence in a group chemical elements and much more. Having been popular at the beginning of our era, they gradually lost the palm, and are now used sporadically, under the influence of tradition or ceremony. What are the Roman numerals from 1 to 1000, what is their peculiarity, and why did they give way to their eastern, Arab-Indian competitors? Let's figure it out.

Roman numerals - genesis

Roman numerals (they are often mistakenly called “Latin”) are the development and heritage of Roman civilization. The ancient Romans created them to facilitate counting, in order to make it easier and more convenient to count various goods and services.

Roman numerals were widely used during the existence of a unified Roman state, as well as after its split into the Western and Eastern Roman Empire. Even after the fall of Constantinople, they continued to be used in various barbarian kingdoms until the end of the Middle Ages, until they gradually lost out to the Arab-Indian figures that dominate to this day.

Representation of Roman numerals from 1 to 1000

Roman numerals are represented by seven different letters - I, V, X, L, C, D and M, each of which represents a different number.

You can remember Roman numerals from 1 to 1000 using the following phrase (in descending order):

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These seven letters are used to represent many different numbers, usually using summation. For example, the Roman numeral 2 is written as “II” (just two ones added together). The number 12 is like XII, that is, X+II. Well, number 27 is written as XXVII, that is, as a combination of XX + V + II.

Roman numerals were easily displayed with fingers

As you can see, Roman numerals are written starting from the largest digit and ending with the smallest, from left to right. However, that's not all. The Romans really did not like 4 numbers of the same type in a row, so they developed a special subtraction system.

In Roman numerals the number 3 is written as "III". However, the digit for the number 4 will not be “IIII”, since there are four symbols of the same type here, and the principle of subtraction must be used. In Roman numerals, the number 4 will be written as “IV”, that is, numbers 1 and 5. Since the smaller digit (1) comes before the larger one (5), we subtract the smaller digit from the larger digit and get 4. The same principle is used for the number "9", which in the Roman system is written as "IX" (1 and 10)

Here are six more similar examples that allow you to use Roman numerals from 1 to 1000:

I can come before V (5) and X (10) creating the numbers 4 and 9.
X can come before L (50) and C (100) creating the numbers 40 and 90.
C can come before D (500) and M (1000) creating the numbers 400 and 900.

Number 1994 is an excellent example for this rule. In Roman numerals it looks like MCMXCIV, that is, M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4.

Years and dates

To write the year in Roman numerals from 1 to 1000, we need large numbers. For example, we start the 2020 entry with MM (2000), add XX (20) and get MMXX.

Years from the 20th century are just as easy to obtain. We start with the number 1900 (MSM), to which we add the required number of years. For example, 1985 would look like MSM (1900) LXXX (80) + V (5) = MCMLXXXV.

Large Roman numerals

Since the digit M (1000) is the largest number in the Roman numeral system, and we can only use three identical symbols when creating a number, the maximum number represented in the Roman numeral system is 3999 (MMMCMXCIX). However, we can write large numbers, we just need to draw a top line over the numbers to multiply them by 1000.

For example, the Roman notation for the number 5000 (5*1000) is written as

1 million (1000*1000) is written as

Accordingly, 1,550,000 is written as

As you can see, everything is quite simple.

Table of Roman numerals from one to thousand

Below I have inserted a table of Arabic (Russian) numerals starting from 1 to 1000 and the corresponding Roman numerals.

Arabic numerals	Roman numerals

Conclusion

The specification of Roman numerals involves the use of only seven letters denoting round numbers from 1 to 1000. Despite their former widespread use, the principles of addition and subtraction of such numbers carry a number of inconveniences for the counter, as a result of which the Roman numeral system lost competition to the more advanced Arabic model. Nevertheless, we can find Roman numerals in sports, military, scientific and other fields, therefore it is important to know the features of their display and application.

We all use Roman numerals - we use them to mark the numbers of centuries or months of the year. Roman numerals are found on clock dials, including the chimes of the Spasskaya Tower. We use them, but we don't know much about them.

How do Roman numerals work?

The Roman counting system in its modern version consists of the following basic signs:

I 1
V 5
X 10
L 50
C 100
D 500
M 1000

To remember numbers that are unusual for us who use the Arabic system, there are several special mnemonic phrases in Russian and English:
We Give Juicy Lemons, That's Enough
We Give Advice Only to Well-Educated Individuals
I Value Xylophones Like Cows Dig Milk

The system for arranging these numbers relative to each other is as follows: numbers up to three inclusive are formed by adding units (II, III) - repeating any number four times is prohibited. To form numbers greater than three, the larger and smaller digits are added or subtracted, for subtraction the smaller digit is placed before the larger one, for addition - after, (4 = IV), the same logic applies to other digits (90 = XC). The order of thousands, hundreds, tens and units is the same as what we are used to.

It is important that any number should not be repeated more than three times, so the longest number up to a thousand is 888 = DCCCLXXXVIII (500+100+100+100+50+10+10+10+5+1+1+1).

Alternative options

The ban on the fourth use of the same number in a row began to appear only in the 19th century. Therefore, in ancient texts one can see variants IIII and VIII instead of IV and IX, and even IIII or XXXXXX instead of V and LX. Remnants of this writing can be seen on the clock, where four is often marked with four units. In old books, there are also frequent cases of double subtractions - XIIX or IIXX instead of the standard XVIII.

Also in the Middle Ages, a new Roman numeral appeared - zero, which was denoted by the letter N (from the Latin nulla, zero). Large numbers were marked with special signs: 1000 - ↀ (or C|Ɔ), 5000 – ↁ (or |Ɔ), 10000 – ↂ (or CC|ƆƆ). Millions are obtained by double underlining standard numbers. Fractions were also written in Roman numerals: ounces were marked using symbols - 1/12, half was marked with the symbol S, and everything greater than 6/12 was marked with an addition: S = 10\12. Another option is S::.

Origin

At the moment there is no single theory of the origin of Roman numerals. One of the most popular hypotheses is that Etruscan-Roman numerals originated from a counting system that uses notched strokes instead of numbers.

Thus, the number “I” is not the Latin or more ancient letter “i”, but a notch reminiscent of the shape of this letter. Every fifth notch was marked with a bevel - V, and the tenth was crossed out - X. The number 10 in this count looked like this: IIIIΛIIIIX.

It is thanks to this recording of numbers in a row that we owe a special system of adding Roman numerals: over time, the recording of the number 8 (IIIIΛIII) could be reduced to ΛIII, which convincingly demonstrates how the Roman counting system acquired its specificity. Gradually, the notches turned into graphic symbols I, V and X, and acquired independence. Later they began to be identified with Roman letters - since they were similar in appearance to them.

An alternative theory belongs to Alfred Cooper, who suggested looking at the Roman counting system from a physiological point of view. Cooper believes that I, II, III, IIII is a graphical representation of the number of fingers of the right hand that the trader throws out when calling the price. V is the extended thumb, which together with the palm forms a figure similar to the letter V.

That is why Roman numerals add up not only ones, but also add them with fives - VI, VII, etc. - this is the thumb thrown back and the other fingers of the hand extended. The number 10 was expressed by crossing the hands or fingers, hence the symbol X. Another option was to simply double the number V, getting an X. Large numbers were transmitted using the left palm, which counted tens. So gradually the signs of ancient finger counting became pictograms, which then began to be identified with the letters of the Latin alphabet.

Modern Application

Today in Russia, Roman numerals are needed, first of all, to record the number of the century or millennium. It is convenient to place Roman numerals next to Arabic ones - if you write the century in Roman numerals, and then the year in Arabic, then your eyes will not be dazzled by the abundance of identical signs. Roman numerals have a certain connotation of archaism. They are also traditionally used to indicate the serial number of the monarch (Peter I), the volume number of a multi-volume publication, and sometimes the chapter of a book. Roman numerals are also used in antique watch dials. Important numbers, such as the year of the Olympiad or the number of a scientific law, can also be recorded using Roman numerals: World War II, Euclid's V postulate.

In different countries, Roman numerals are used slightly differently: in the USSR it was customary to indicate the month of the year using them (1.XI.65). In the West, the year number is often written in Roman numerals in the credits of films or on the facades of buildings.

In parts of Europe, especially in Lithuania, you can often find the days of the week designated in Roman numerals (I – Monday, and so on). In Holland, Roman numerals are sometimes used to denote floors. And in Italy they mark 100-meter sections of the route, marking, at the same time, every kilometer with Arabic numerals.

In Russia, when writing by hand, it is customary to emphasize the Roman numerals below and above at the same time. However, often in other countries, the underscore meant increasing the case of the number by 1000 times (or 10,000 times with a double underscore).

There is a common misconception that modern Western clothing sizes have some connection with Roman numerals. In fact, the designations are XXL, S, M, L, etc. have no connection with them: these are abbreviations of the English words eXtra (very), Small (small), Large (large).

home » How to earn » Roman numeral 10. Meaning of Roman numerals. Application of Roman numerals

Stage 1. Choice of day.

Stage 2. Select month.

Stage 3. Choice of the year.

An example of writing Roman numerals

What came first - Roman or Arabic numbering?

Roman numbering problems

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Roman numerals

Application

Regular Expressions

Conversion

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Notes

see also

An excerpt characterizing Roman numerals

Roman numerals - genesis

Representation of Roman numerals from 1 to 1000

Years and dates

Large Roman numerals

Table of Roman numerals from one to thousand

Conclusion

How do Roman numerals work?

Alternative options

Origin

Modern Application