Technology for selling office supplies. Preparation for sale, sale. Point of sale documentation

Includes the following product groups:

• · school writing and stationery supplies;
• · photographic products;
• · household, radio-electronic equipment;
• · toys.

School writing and stationery supplies include:

• · paper and cardboard products:
  • - paper for printing, decorative, writing, typing, drawing, drawing, electrical paper, packaging, etc.
  • - cardboard: it can be bound and packaged according to its intended purpose.
• · The range includes:
• - for drawing (rulers, squares);
• - drawing supplies;
• - felt-tip pens;
• - products for carrying textbooks and notebooks.

Stationery:

• - glue (silicate, casein)
• - accessories for paper binding.

Quality requirements:

• - in accordance with the use of materials, types and brands provided by the standards;
• - special: proper use of the basic functions of the product (the supply of ink or paste for fountain pens, the nibs and ball must slide smoothly across the paper, etc.)

Photo products.

• · According to the frame format and the type of photosensitive material used, they are divided into:
  • - miniature with frame format (13*17 mm);
  • - miniature with frame format (24*36 mm);
  • - medium format with frame format;
  • - large format with frame format
• · Household electronic equipment:

Classified into 2 groups:

• 1. elements of radio-electronic technology (radio components, electrovacuum and semiconductor devices, integrated circuits);
• 2. household radio-electronic equipment.

By purpose they are divided into:

• 1. household audio equipment (radios, tape recorders, CD players and combined audio equipment);
• 2. household video equipment (TVs, VCRs, video players, video cameras, combined video equipment).

Household radio equipment:

Based on their sound characteristics, they are divided into mono and stereophonic.

Main parameters: sensitivity, selectivity, ranges of received and reproduced frequencies.

Tape recorders are classified according to the method of placing the magnetic tape and operating conditions.

According to the method of placing the tape: reel and cassette.

According to operating conditions: stationary, portable and wearable (players).

Appliances:

Televisions are classified:

• · by type of image (black and white and color);
• · by design, parameters and features of use (stationary, portable).

Main parameters: image size, number of channels, reproduced frequency range, sensitivity, power consumption, dimensions and weight.

The size of the image is determined by the type of kinescope used and is expressed by the diagonal size of the screen.

The screen diagonal has a length of 16,23,25,31,32,40,50,51,61,67 cm or more. On imported TVs, the screen diagonal is indicated in inches (1 inch = 2.54 cm).

I For educational (pedagogical) purposes:

• 1. promoting the child’s development, movements and education (rattles, balls, cubes);
• 2. promoting physical development children (hoops, jump ropes, skittles, bicycles, sleds);
• 3. introducing children to the world around them (dolls, figures of people, animals, fish)
• 4. polytechnic toys (constructors, cars);
• 5. introducing labor processes (rakes, gardening tools, sets of carpentry and plumbing tools)
• 6. promoting the musical and artistic development of children ( musical instruments, plasticine, Christmas tree and carnival decorations)
• 7. board games
• 8. fun toys (funny, dancing, jumping figures)

II By age:

• 1. for toddlers (up to 3 years);
• · for the first group of early age (1 year) - rattles, balls, cubes.
• · 2 years - nesting dolls, balls, walkers, naked dolls
• · 3 years - pyramid rings, rocking horses, scoops, shovels.
• 2. toys for children up to school age(from 3 to 6 years);
• · simple musical toys, fun toys, doll furniture and dishes, sand sets, mosaics.
• · Toys with more complex decoration and design, balls, railways, sets of numbers and letters, simple tools, the alphabet, counting sticks, etc.
• 3. Toys for school-age children: assembled toys, chess, checkers, electronic games, table tennis, embroidery kits, etc.

Study the technology of selling cultural goods.

Compile and fill out a table of 10 product names.

Quality requirements

The following requirements apply to the quality of paper and cardboard products.

Products made from paper and cardboard must meet the quality standards.

School notebooks, envelopes and folders for papers are produced in one grade. Spots, knots, small holes are not allowed in the products; they must not have mechanical damage, dirt, peeling, wrinkles and other defects that impair the presentation. The binding must be strong. Traces of glue and paint on the binding are not allowed. The surface of the cardboard should be smooth, without dents, bumps, wrinkles, dirty or dull spots. Modern office paper should have a uniform paper structure, format accuracy, and 101% whiteness.

Products made of paper and cardboard must have good paper sizing, correct shape, size and ruler.

Special requirements provide for the proper performance of the main function of the product, for example, the supply of ink or paste for automatic pens must occur evenly and continuously; the feathers and the ball must slide smoothly over the paper and not pull out fibers; the feathers must have a protective and decorative coating.

Pencils should be made from well-dried wood. The shell of the pencils should have a smooth surface, evenly coated with varnish. It is required that the writing rod has the same hardness along its entire length and does not crumble or scratch the paper.

The hinged joints of drawing instruments must ensure smooth movement of the legs and their stability in any position. Self-unscrewing of screws at such connections is not allowed.

The surface of dry watercolor paints should be smooth, without cracks or delaminations. Handles of brushes must be free of knots, roughness, cracks and chips; When the hair tuft of the brush is wetted, a sharp end should form.

There are strict requirements for the quality of school and stationery products.

The parts of the briefcases must be connected correctly and firmly, without distortions, the material of the top of the briefcases must be evenly painted with a durable dye, the locks and buttons must not have traces of corrosion and function properly.

Each typewriter is accompanied by a passport and instructions for its operation. Quality checks are carried out in accordance with the requirements contained in the operating instructions.

When writing, typewriters must leave a uniform and clear impression of letters arranged in an even line.

The tape should not have weaving defects, be evenly saturated with paint, and move without twisting or wrinkling.

Labeling, storage

All school writing supplies must be clearly labeled.

Each pack contains markings: manufacturer’s name, trademark, name, brand or number of paper, weight 1 m 2, shape, grade, number of sheets in a pack, standard designation.

The paper must be stored in a dry place. Do not leave paper in open form for a long time to reduce exposure to moisture.

For storing school writing and stationery supplies, the most favorable temperature is 15-20°C, relative humidity 60-70%. Sudden temperature fluctuations should be avoided and dampness should not be allowed. warehouses, storing goods on the floor.

Preparation for sale, sale

School writing and stationery supplies are wiped down, minor defects are corrected, sets for schoolchildren, artists, drawing, writing and drawing are completed. Pencils, pens, erasers, pens and other small items are fixed on tablets with the price indicated.

1. Goods on the sales floor are displayed (laid out) in the full range available in the back rooms, in quantities that ensure the continuity of the trading process.

2. The seller is obliged to promptly, in a clear and accessible form, bring to the attention of buyers the necessary and reliable information about the goods and their manufacturers, to ensure the opportunity the right choice goods. Information must necessarily contain: name of the product; brand name and location of the manufacturer of the goods; information about the main consumer properties of the product; price and terms of purchase of goods.

3. Information about goods and their manufacturers is brought to the attention of buyers in the state language.

4. For samples of goods sold, sellers must ensure the availability of uniform and clearly written price tags, indicating the name of the product, its grade, price per unit of weight or unit of goods, and the signature of the relevant official (appendix).

5. The seller is obliged to transfer the goods to the buyer of proper quality, in containers and (or) packaging, in a specific set (set of goods) and completeness, with documents and accessories related to the product. Requirements for the quality, container and (or) packaging of the transferred goods, their completeness, accessories and documentation, set of goods, as well as the conditions for delivery of the goods are established regulatory documents on standardization. The goods are transferred to the buyer in packaged form without charging additional packaging fees. 6. The buyer must be provided with clear and reliable information about the services provided, their prices and conditions for the provision of services, as well as about the forms of service used when selling goods (sales on pre-orders, sales on samples and other forms. 7. The seller has no right to condition the sale of some goods with the obligatory acquisition of others or the obligatory provision of services in connection with their sale 8. The buyer is prohibited from placing unpaid goods in his bag before paying for the purchase.

9. Goods paid for by bank transfer (by checks, check books, etc.) selected for purchase on credit are stored until they are paid for and received within three working days.

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Technology for selling candy products and stationery

Graduate

Makletsova Maria Mikhailovna

INTRODUCTION

candy stationery sale

Candy is a truly unique product, delicious, capable of delighting and warming just by its presence. For many people, sweets are an integral part of their diet, and their assortment is very large. But these products have not only positive, but also negative properties. For example, excessive consumption of sweets can lead to various types of diseases and loss of appetite. This is a truly unique product, delicious, capable of delighting and warming just by its presence.

The word candy is translated from Latin as “prepared drug.” The first sweets appeared in Ancient Egypt. Sugar was not known then and dates and honey were used instead. In the East, sweets were made from almonds and figs. In Ancient Rome, they boiled nuts and poppy seeds with honey and covered them with sesame seeds. In Ancient Greece, apple juice poured into metal saucers was evaporated in the sun, producing “taffy.” In Rus', candy was made from maple syrup, molasses and honey.

In the modern world, the variety of sweets allows everyone to find a delicacy for every taste.

The purpose of the work is to study the assortment of sweets, assess the quality and sell school writing and stationery products.

1. CANDY PRODUCTS

Candies -- confectionery prepared with sugar base. The candies have a fine-crystalline structure and are distinguished by a variety of additives, shapes and surface finishes.

Candies are produced wrapped, unwrapped, molded in foil or polymer materials, in capsules or fillets, etc.

The surface of the candies can be sprinkled with fine granulated sugar, powdered sugar, crushed nuts, cocoa powder, wafer crumbs, etc.

Candy bodies can be made from various confectionery masses: fondant, jelly-fruit, fruit and berry, praline, jelly, whipped, marzipan, liqueur, cream, roasted, chocolate, milk. There can be one or two or more candy masses; wafers are used for layers.

1.1 Production of confetti raw materials

In modern confectionery factories, the production of sweets is carried out on automatic lines in-line method. Technological process include the following basic operations: preparation of candy masses; and glazes for finishing sweets; candy molding; finishing their surface and wrapping.

The raw materials for the preparation of candy masses are: molasses, fruit puree, cocoa powder and chocolate, milk, butter, confectionery margarine, nuts, egg whites, grape wines and liquors, acids and aromatic essences. Candy bodies are formed from the prepared candy masses into in the form of bars, flatbreads, bars or bottles in several ways: by casting the candy mass into molds squeezed out in corn starch; spreading the candy mass into a layer, followed by cutting and pressing on molding machines; squeezing (pressing) the candy mass on snow machines.

1.2 Classification, assortment of sweets

Candies are classified into wrapped and open; for external finishing: glazed and unglazed.

Chocolate coated candies. These candies have good nutritional and taste properties and increased shelf life. Chocolate glaze is made from cocoa powder and sugar, coconut oil or other valuable edible fats.

Based on the type of candy masses for cases, chocolate-coated candies are grouped as follows.

Sweets with fondant bodies make up about 70% of chocolate-enrobed sweets and are produced in the following names: Orange, Cornflower, Spring, Chamomile, Citron, CHIO-CHIO-SAN. Fondant sweets have a delicate consistency, without noticeable sugar crystals, a taste of acid, fruit, melted milk and cocoa.

Sweets with fruit body: Apricot, Michurinskie, Leto, Khorovod. Fruit bodies by boiling the pureed pulp (puree) of apricots, plums and other stone fruits with sugar and molasses to a jelly-like consistency, similar in appearance to marmalade.

Candies with liqueur bodies: Cherry liqueur, Ruslan and Lyudmila, Bronze Horseman, space. Liqueur bodies are obtained by boiling sugar syrup with the addition of alcohol, cognac or port wine. The liqueur mass has a liquid consistency. To form a candy body from it, it is poured into a dry and heated corn starch. Rapid drying causes a thin crust to form on the surface of the liqueur mass; The candies are then coated with chocolate. They are unstable in storage, since the filling quickly becomes candied and dries out in 15-25 days.

Candies with whipped bodies. Zoological, Bird's milk, soufflé. Whipped bodies are made by churning powdered sugar and streams with egg whites, with the addition of fruit puree, condensed milk, butter, food acids and essences. Whipped candies have a fluffy structure, a pleasant taste, and contain protein and fat, with the exception of whipped and fruit fillings, which do not contain fat.

Candies with cream bodies. Krylov's fables, space, truffles. The shells of such candies are obtained by churning butter or coconut oil with powdered sugar, grated nuts or other additives. The candies have a delicate, buttery taste, contain a lot of fat (32-40%) and little moisture (no more than 4-8%)

Candies with marzipan bodies: Elbrus, almond. The bodies of these candies are prepared from roasted or unroasted almond kernels, brewed with sugar syrup and ground with the addition of milk and coconut oil.

Candies with nut bodies: Belochka, Kara Kum, Cockerel-Golden Comb, Well, take it away, Enchantress. Cases are prepared from kernels various types roasted nuts, ground with sugar and molasses. They have a distinct nutty taste, contain a significant amount of fat (21-30%) and little moisture (3-3.5%).

Candies with nut shells and waffles. Slightly larger in size than other candies. The nut shell of these candies is sandwiched between thin, crispy wafers. They are glazed twice, so the chocolate glaze in them is 30-40%.

They are produced under the names: Pineapple, Little Red Riding Hood, Mishka in the North, Teddy Bear.

Candies with grilled bodies: Chocolate roasted, Honey roasted, Cosmonaut. The candy body consists of crushed nut kernels or oil seeds (sesame, sunflower), boiled in sugar and molasses until hardened. The amount of nuts introduced is from 18 to 35%. IN individual species honey, fruit puree and butter are added to the grilled meat. A distinction is made between hard roasted meat with a moisture content of 1.5-2% and soft roasted meat with a moisture content of 8-8.5%.

Candies with combined bodies. Consist of various candy masses laid in layers. These are Arfa, Stolichnye, and Yaroslavna candies.

Sweets coated with fat glaze. They are inferior in taste and nutritional value to chocolate coated sweets. Although the fat and sugar content is similar to chocolate glaze, it is prepared from less valuable raw materials: culinary confectionery fats, ground peanuts, cocoa powder and ground cocoa shells or soy flour. These are Caucasian, Sports, Autumn candies.

Candies glazed with white chocolate. They are produced with fondant bodies, in a limited assortment (Assorted children's and assorted with honey filling) and they are intended for children. The glaze for such candies is prepared from cocoa butter, sugar and milk powder, its color is cream, they do not contain theobromine.

Sweets coated with fondant icing. Fondant icing is made from sugar or milk fondant. They contain 8-10% reducing sugars, 10-12% moisture and have a melting point of 50-55% C. Lipstick set, snowy.

The candies are not glazed. These sweets consist of one of the salted or unroasted almond kernels, brewed with sugar syrup and ground, with the addition of chocolate and coconut oil.

Assorted chocolates.

They are similar in nutritional value to chocolate. “Assorted” sweets consist of hard chocolate glaze (55-60%) and soft chocolate filling (40-45%), into which various flavoring additives (cognac, essences) are added.

These sweets are sold packaged in colorful boxes. /fig.1/

Dragees differ from other candy products in their surface.

Dragee contains sugar (80-90%), fat (dragee with nut shells - about 17%), proteins (in nut and chocolate dragee varieties - 1-5%).

The casings are prepared from candy masses, caramel mass, or nut kernels, dried and preserved berries are used as casings.

Depending on the type of body, the dragees can be liqueur, fondant, jelly, caramel, sound./Fig. 2/ According to the method of processing (rolling), they distinguish between sugar, chocolate and nonpareil (fine sugar granules) dragees. Jelly dragees (barberry, jelly) have a body made of sugar sprat with the addition of gelling substances, similar in appearance to marmalade. Pamadic dragee (spring, sea pebbles, snow) with various flavoring additives. The body of the sugar dragee is lumps of powdered sugar with the addition of honey, fruit puree or chocolate (mint, honey, cauliflower). Caramel dragee has a body made of caramel mass (chocolate-covered roasted nut, golden nut).

The size of the dragee is large (1 kg. 130 - 250 pcs.), medium (250 - 600 pcs.) and small (600 - 700 pcs.)

1.3 Quality requirements

The label of wrapped candies should fit tightly to the product and not stick to its surface, the paint on the labels should be durable and not dirty. It is allowed up to 5% of candies with torn labels in places where they are twisted or not wrapped tightly enough.

The shape of the candies must be correct, corresponding to their name, with iris without broken corners or crumpled edges.

The surface of the candies is dry and not sticky; for unglazed candies - without white spots of crystallized sugar (“hares”), for glazed ones it is covered with an even or slightly wavy layer of glaze, without the body showing through and the glaze falling off.

Chocolate and fat glaze - without fat and sugar bloom. Slight translucency of the body on the underside of the candies is allowed, and in the case of iris, the pattern is unclear and the presence of cracks.

The taste should be sweet and characteristic of each type of candy with the aroma of added products, without sharp aftertaste of acids and essences, burnt sugar and greasy or rancid fat.

The amount of glaze for candies with hard bodies should be 20-25%, with soft bodies (liqueur, whipped) and wafer bodies 30-40%.

The candy body must meet the standard requirements for the content of moisture, sugar, reducing substances and fat. The moisture content of candies depends on the type of case and varies widely from 2 to 25%. Candies with butter-sugar, nut and cream bodies have low humidity (2-4%), medium (8.5-15%) - with roasted, milk, marzipan and fondant, high (22-25%) with fruit, whipped and liqueurs.

Candies that are deformed (crumpled, crushed, and iris with broken corners and cracks on the front side), stuck together, with torn or stuck labels, with crumbling glaze - small bubbles in the glaze, especially on the side surface of the candies, are formed from bad conditions are not allowed for sale. blowing off starch from candy bodies, and toffee with the presence of fruit puree or chocolate (mint, honey, cauliflower).

Caramel dragee has a body made of caramel mass (Grillage in chocolate, Golden nut)

The size of the dragee is large (130-250 pieces per kg), medium (250-600 pieces) and small (600-700 pieces) of insoluble sugar crystals or unstirred toffee mass.

1.4 Packaging and storage of candy products

Candies are sold open and wrapped. Wrapping improves appearance sweets and increases shelf life. For wrapping sweets, label paper, waxed paper, parchment, sub-parchment, cellophane, foil and polymer combined materials are used.

Candies are packed in wooden boxes and cardboard boxes of 5 and 10 kg, wrapped toffees in 7 kg, dragees - no more than 20 kg. With laying in rows and covering them with waxed paper. Store candy products in the same conditions as fruit and berry confectionery products. Warranty periods storage of candy products is as follows: chocolate-coated candies, wrapped for 4 months. Unwrapped 3 months. Glazed with fatty glaze and unglazed for up to 2 months. Sweets and toffees 3-5 days; Assorted chocolates for no more than 2 months. Iris (except for printed soft and viscous 2-5-6 months. Iris printed soft and viscous 2 months dragees depending on the type of body - 1.5-3 months.

1.5 Preparation for sale and sale of candy products

Before entering the sales area, all confectionery products must be checked for quality, sorted and placed at sellers’ workplaces by type and grade. Weighted caramel, candy dragees in wrapping are placed in drawers and cassettes of counters and wall cabinets.

Confectionery products packaged in boxes, jars, packs are placed on cabinet shelves, counters, and slides. In the sales area, on counters and display cases, samples of all types and varieties of confectionery products available for sale should be displayed.

Candy products are sold individually (chocolate, candy in boxes, etc.), pre-packaged or by weight.

Sellers must monitor the quality of goods; selling low-quality goods is prohibited and they must be withdrawn from sale.

2. SCHOOL WRITTEN AND STATIONERY SUPPLIES

School writing and stationery products include paper, paper and cardboard products, writing, drawing and drawing supplies, school and stationery supplies, writing and computing machines and devices.

Paper is a sheet material weighing 1m2 up to 250g (cardboard has a mass of over 250g).

The main raw materials for the production of paper and cardboard are wood pulp, cellulose, and half-pulp rags.

Stationery products make up a large group of non-food products. The main purpose of stationery is to improve the quality of the educational process and increase productivity in labor activity in terms of office work.

Stationery products are used by the following consumer groups: schoolchildren, students, office workers, businessmen and managers, teachers and teachers.

2.1. Classification and assortment of paper and cardboard, school writing and stationery products

According to their purpose, paper is divided into groups:

Printing paper, decorative paper;

Paper for writing, for copiers, for drawing, drawing, packaging, wrapping, photosensitive.

The paper of each group is divided into types, and types into numbers and stamps.

The main types of writing paper: writing paper, consumer paper, colored paper, postal paper, and music paper.

Writing paper is produced in three numbers: 0, 1, 2. They differ in fiber composition, weight per 1 m 2, whiteness, strength and other indicators.

They are used for the manufacture of white goods - stationery products without page numbering, for example notebooks, notebooks, notepads, albums.

Writing paper in consumer formats is made from writing paper No. 0, No. 1, No. 2; A3 - in single sheets; A4 - in single and double sheets. It goes on sale lined in a checkered pattern and one line in packs of 100, 250, 500 single sheets or 50, 125, 250 double sheets. /Fig.4/

Pissing colored paper designed for the production of blanks and forms of accounting and reporting documentation, as well as white goods. It is produced in two grades A and B, differing in density, smoothness and composition.

Posting paper is made from writing paper No. 0, No. 1 and from colored stamp A. It can be lined or unlined. Postage paper is packaged in packs of 100 single or 50 double sheets.

Music paper is produced from writing paper No. 1 or lithographic paper weighing 1 m 2 - 120 g. They produce it in the following sizes: 264×373, 250×315, 300×450 mm, packed in 50 unstitched notebooks.

Drawing paper: Whatman paper, tracing paper (thin, transparent, with a high degree of sizing); scale-coordinate.

Drawing paper is produced in white, transparent, natural tracing paper, millimeter paper.

White drawing paper is produced in two grades: B - top quality and O - ordinary quality, two numbers: 1 and 2. The sizing of all types of paper must be at least 2 mm, whiteness at least 75%. Available in rolls and sheets.

Drawing transparent paper is used for drawing drawings on it using the blueprint method on diazo paper. It is produced from machine-smooth bleached cellulose of two grades: D and Ch in rolls of 20 and 40 m and in sheets.

Natural tracing paper is a thin transparent and thick paper designed for copying ink drawings from white drawing paper. It is produced in rolls 40 m long, weight 1 m 2 - 40 g, sizing degree of at least 1.25 mm.

Graph paper is made from paper and tracing paper. It has a grid of cells ranging in size from 1 to 50mm, painted with orange, blue or light green paints. Available in rolls of 10, 20 and 40 m and in the form of sheets in row A format.

Drawing paper is produced in the following grades: ВС - for exhibition artistic works, В - for artistic works, О - for general drawing works, E - for sketches. The whiteness of all grades of paper must be at least 80%, and for grade Bs - 83%, the degree of sizing must be at least 1.75mm. This paper can be machine smooth, velvety, fine-grained or coarse-grained.

Paper for office equipment: for laser printers, copying and fax machines.

Typewritten paper is produced in grades A and B. Weight 1m2 is 25-35g, the degree of sizing is at least 0.5mm, the breaking length on average in two directions is at least 2500m. It is sold in packs of 100, 250 and 500 sheets, measuring 203×288 or 210×297 mm.

Cardboard: according to its intended purpose, it can be bookbinding, packaging, shoe, electrical.

The range of cardboards can be classified according to the following criteria: by fibrous composition (cellulose, waste paper, straw, wood pulp, rag waste paper); manufacturing method (sheet, single-layer, multi-layer); by finishing (with surface pasting with colored paper, polished, embossed); by purpose (binding, packaging, cushioning, shoe, fire-resistant). Thin cardboard (up to 0.6 mm thick) is produced in rolls and sheets, 0.7 mm thick and more - only in sheets.

Paper and cardboard products include:

White goods - albums, notebooks, notebooks, mailing kits, notepads;

Printed products - diaries, envelopes, telephone directories, alphabetical books, forms of accounting and reporting documentation;

Cardboard products - paper folders, binders;

Household and sanitary goods - napkins, towels, handkerchiefs, toilet paper.

Notebooks are produced in the following types: school, general, for drawing, sketching, writing in pencil, music, for writing words.

School notebooks are made from notebook paper or writing paper No. 1, volume 12 and 24 sheets, format 170×205 mm, five types of lines: No. 1 - in two horizontal lines with frequent slanted lines, No. 2 - in two horizontal lines with rare slanted lines, No. 3 and No. 4 - in one horizontal line, respectively, with 20 and 23 lines on the page, No. 5 - in a square measuring 5×5 mm.

For notebook covers, use light-colored cover paper.

General notebooks are made from writing paper No. 1 and No. 2 with a volume of 48 and 96 sheets of two types of rules (No. 4 and No. 5). They can have soft, flexible or hard binding; all-paper, all-cardboard, all-covered from binding oilcloth or binding calico.

The group of school writing products includes a wide range of products: writing, drawing, drawing supplies, as well as products for storing and carrying textbooks, notebooks and accessories.

Writing supplies include: pencils, pens, ink and ink.

Accessories for drawing are drawing boards, rulers, rulers, squares, patterns, protractors, drawing instruments (compasses, drawing boards), sets of drawing tools (ready sets), buttons and other products.

Accessories for drawing - paints - oil and dry, watercolor, gouache, tempera, brushes from No. 1 to No. 24, as well as auxiliary materials - solvents, thinners, varnishes, cardboard, canvas, stretchers, easels.

Products for storing and transporting textbooks, notebooks and accessories include: briefcases, backpacks, bags and pencil cases.

Writing accessories - pencils consist of a writing rod and a sheath. Writing rods are divided into black graphite, copying, and color. The shell of pencils is made from cedar and linden wood. According to the degree of hardness, pencils are divided into 15 groups: from 6M to 7T. The number indicates the degree of softness (M) and hardness (T) of the writing rod. The softest pencil is 6M, the hardest is 7T. There are special pencils with special properties of the writing rod for making marks on glass, leather, and wood.

Felt pens - pencils with a capillary writing rod; There are disposable and refillable refills.

Mechanical pencils - the replaceable core moves freely along the axis of the pencil. The body of mechanical pencils is made of plastic and metal.

Pens - based on the principle of applying ink to paper, automatic pens are divided into fountain pens and ballpoint pens, and fountain pens - into piston and pipette pens based on the method of drawing ink.

U ballpoint pens- the writing unit is a metal cone, in the hole of which a metal ball is fixed. When writing, the ball rotates in its socket and transfers colored paste to the paper.

The range of stationery products includes: typewriters, calculators, glues, hole punch, buttons, paper clips, pins, staplers, stamp inks and pillows; folders for storing papers made of PVC, PE, cardboard. / Fig. 3 /

2.2 Quality requirements

The following requirements apply to the quality of paper and cardboard products.

Products made from paper and cardboard must meet the quality standards.

School notebooks, envelopes and folders for papers are produced in one grade. Spots, knots, small holes are not allowed in the products; they must not have mechanical damage, dirt, peeling, wrinkles and other defects that impair the presentation. The binding must be strong. Traces of glue and paint on the binding are not allowed. The surface of the cardboard should be smooth, without dents, bumps, wrinkles, dirty or dull spots. Modern office paper should have a uniform paper structure, format accuracy, and 101% whiteness.

Products made of paper and cardboard must have good paper sizing, correct shape, size and ruler.

Special requirements provide for the proper performance of the main function of the product, for example, the supply of ink or paste for automatic pens must occur evenly and continuously; the feathers and the ball must slide smoothly over the paper and not pull out fibers; the feathers must have a protective and decorative coating.

Pencils should be made from well-dried wood. The shell of the pencils should have a smooth surface, evenly coated with varnish. It is required that the writing rod has the same hardness along its entire length and does not crumble or scratch the paper.

The hinged joints of drawing instruments must ensure smooth movement of the legs and their stability in any position. Self-unscrewing of screws at such connections is not allowed.

The surface of dry watercolor paints should be smooth, without cracks or delaminations. Handles of brushes must be free of knots, roughness, cracks and chips; When the hair tuft of the brush is wetted, a sharp end should form.

There are strict requirements for the quality of school and stationery products.

The parts of the briefcases must be connected correctly and firmly, without distortions, the material of the top of the briefcases must be evenly painted with a durable dye, the locks and buttons must not have traces of corrosion and function properly.

Each typewriter is accompanied by a passport and instructions for its operation. Quality checks are carried out in accordance with the requirements contained in the operating instructions.

When writing, typewriters must leave a uniform and clear impression of letters arranged in an even line.

The tape should not have weaving defects, be evenly saturated with paint, and move without twisting or wrinkling.

2.3 Labeling, storage

All school writing supplies must be clearly labeled.

Each pack contains markings: manufacturer's name, trademark, name, brand or number of paper, weight 1m2, shape, grade, number of sheets in a pack, standard designation.

The paper must be stored in a dry place. Do not leave paper open for long periods of time to reduce exposure to moisture.

For storing school writing and stationery supplies, the most favorable temperature is 15-20°C, relative humidity 60-70%. Sharp temperature fluctuations should be avoided, dampness in warehouses and storing goods on the floor is not allowed.

2.4 Preparation for sale, sale

School writing and stationery supplies are wiped down, minor defects are corrected, sets for schoolchildren, artists, drawing, writing and drawing are completed. Pencils, pens, erasers, pens and other small items are fixed on tablets with the price indicated.

1. Goods on the sales floor are displayed (laid out) in the full range available in the back rooms, in quantities that ensure the continuity of the trading process.

2. The seller is obliged to promptly, in a clear and accessible form, bring to the attention of buyers the necessary and reliable information about the goods and their manufacturers, and ensure the opportunity to correctly select goods. Information must necessarily contain: name of the product; brand name and location of the manufacturer of the goods; information about the main consumer properties of the product; price and terms of purchase of goods.

3. Information about goods and their manufacturers is brought to the attention of buyers in the state language.

4. For samples of goods sold, sellers must ensure the availability of uniform and clearly written price tags, indicating the name of the product, its grade, price per unit of weight or unit of goods, and the signature of the relevant official (appendix).

5. The seller is obliged to transfer to the buyer the goods of proper quality, in containers and (or) packaging, in a certain set (set of goods) and completeness, with documents and accessories related to the goods. Requirements for the quality, container and (or) packaging of the transferred goods, their completeness, accessories and documentation, set of goods, as well as the conditions for delivery of goods are established by regulatory documents on standardization. The goods are transferred to the buyer in packaged form without charging additional packaging fees. 6. The buyer must be provided with clear and reliable information about the services provided, their prices and conditions for the provision of services, as well as about the forms of service used when selling goods (sales on pre-orders, sales on samples and other forms. 7. The seller has no right to condition the sale of some goods with the obligatory acquisition of others or the obligatory provision of services in connection with their sale 8. The buyer is prohibited from placing unpaid goods in his bag before paying for the purchase.

9. Goods paid for by bank transfer (by checks, check books, etc.) selected for purchase on credit are stored until they are paid for and received within three working days.

3.SAFETY

Safety precautions with measuring instruments.

Persons who know the structure of the devices and the rules for their use are allowed to work.

Place the scales on a solid, non-sagging and level surface.

Electric scales must be grounded.

There should be a rubber mat under your feet.

The load should be placed and removed from the scale platform without shocks or impacts. It is prohibited to weigh loads exceeding the specified load capacity on scales. Rinse the weighing platform daily with hot water.

Safety precautions when working with cutting tools.

Cutting tools and devices must be sharp, handles smooth and firmly seated.

Swinging of the knife is not allowed.

When moving with a knife and other cutting tools, you should be very careful.

You cannot carry a knife with its sharp piercing part in front or hold it with the blade towards you. Handle the weights carefully, avoiding dropping or damaging the weights on your feet. When opening containers, be able to use tools (nail puller, axe, knife, etc.).

CONCLUSION

The goals and objectives set at the beginning of this work have been achieved, that is, knowledge about commodity characteristics stationery. Based on theoretical and practical research on this topic, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. Stationery is a large group that includes writing supplies, drawing supplies, drawing supplies, small office equipment, school supplies, and office equipment. Each of these subgroups has its own classification characteristics, materials for production, quality indicators, quality requirements, packaging and labeling principles.

2. The most common sign in merchandising for classifying an assortment of office supplies is by purpose. The following characteristics are often used - raw materials, technological, design, recipe, component, structural.

3. The consumer properties of stationery products determine the possibility of their intended use, convenience and reliability in operation, beauty and artistic expressiveness. They depend on the perfection of the author's sample, the properties of the materials and the quality of the products.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Doctorov T.G., Kudin A.N. Merchandising of food products [Text]/ T.G. Doktorov, A.N. Kudin-Moscow: Bustard, 2002-326p.

2. Novikova A.M., Golubkina T.S. Commodity research and trade organization food products[Text]/A.M. Novikova, T.S. Golubkina, Moscow: “Dialect”, 2002-267p.

3. Merchandiser's Directory: non-food products. Volume 3, third edition, revised. M: “Economics”, 1990, N.G.Asaturyan, A.V. Viktorov, E.V. Zaitsev - 398 p.

4. Merchandising of non-food products. Textbook / N.S. Moiseenko. Ed. 3rd, add. and processed - Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2005. - 336 p.

5.http://www.delost.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1310&Itemid=131

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The production of office supplies in Russia is relatively good. Domestic factories cope with the task, offering products to the population High Quality at an affordable price. Foreign brands are represented mainly in the elite category. Some segments already have their own leaders.

The key roles in the paper market are played by the Snegurochka, Maestro and IQ brands. At the same time, the share of the first trademark accounts for up to 50% of all sales in the country.

The main manufacturers of notebooks with plain covers are:

· CJSC "Bumizdeliya";

· Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill;

· Kamennogorsk FOB;

· Polotnyano-Zavodskaya paper mill.

The number of writing instrument manufacturers in the country is growing every year. The most famous brands are ErichKrause, PARKER, Montblanc, Waterman. However, the bulk of products belong to the economy class. A significant share is made up of goods from China.

A special feature of this segment is the long chain of intermediaries between the direct manufacturer and the end consumer. Domestic factories and large distributors do not work with small volumes. They focus exclusively on large wholesale. Owners of retail outlets have to cooperate with commercial warehouses or bases. You can find a reliable partner in special catalogs. There is a sufficient amount of information on the Internet for a comprehensive assessment.

Brief description of demand

Drawing up a business plan involves a detailed study of consumer behavior. The basis should be all-Russian data. They reflect the basic trends of the industry and the needs of the population. Thus, according to reports from the independent agency AS MARKETING, the cost of the product began to play a great role during the crisis. Russians give preference to simple stationery products, abandoning original design and brightness.

Nationally, there are also data on demand for certain types of products.

Important! Paper has been the sales leader in the office stationery segment for several years now. Its volume reaches 59%.

Table No. 1 Approximate product range retail store

During the holidays, the assortment should be supplemented with postcards, souvenirs, and gift wrapping. Owner point of sale must take into account the seasonality of purchases, as well as constantly monitor the preferences of visitors.

Experts identified the sale of creative and school supplies as the most promising areas. The market share accounted for by the segment is only 15%. However, it is precisely these products that are in demand even in the most difficult periods. The main buyers are art school students and professional artists. The increased markup also attracts attention.

Success in selling school supplies is achieved by taking into account seasonality. Store revenue reaches its peak values ​​during the preparation for the school year (from June to September). Russians cannot completely refuse to purchase stationery. Flexibility allows you to beat your competitors price policy, developed taking into account average earnings in the region.

Organizing a business: highlights

Retail trade in office supplies on the territory of the Russian Federation can be carried out in stationary pavilions, through trays in markets or mobile objects. The requirements for the premises of a traditional store are minimal, since non-food products are sold. The presence of:

· lighting;

· sanitary facilities for staff;

· heating;

· area of ​​at least 18 sq. m;

· central water supply or imported water.

The owner is obliged to take care of arranging an isolated entrance. If the store is located on the lower floors of residential buildings, it will be necessary to ensure high-quality sound insulation. To the territorial location of the object special requirements No. Selling stationery is allowed near schools, medical institutions and kindergartens.

The first step is to register a business with the tax service, statistical authorities and extra-budgetary funds. At the same time, the future owner of the outlet will have to resolve a number of organizational and legal issues.

Table No. 2 Scheme for creating a stationery store

Important! The obligation to use company seals has been cancelled. This rule has been applied to individual entrepreneurs for several years. Organizations have recently gained the opportunity to refuse an additional means of individualization. The legislation of the Russian Federation is only being brought into line with the amendments, and therefore problems may arise in practice. If the store is registered in the LLC form, there is no need to save on printing.

Starting a retail business involves purchasing goods. Having found suppliers, you will need to conclude contracts. It is better to entrust their development to a professional lawyer. The specialist will work out in detail the issues of product sampling, delivery, and offer secure system calculations. In addition, a professional human rights activist will explain the rules for selling office supplies.

Let us remind you that certain types of products are classified in a special category. Thus, according to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 55 of January 19, 1998, the return or exchange of non-periodical publications is not allowed. The rule on refusal of quality goods does not apply to books, notebooks, albums, calendars, music notebooks, maps and atlases, as well as forms, brochures and sheet art publications. The buyer has the right to return them to the store only if there are defects.

Risks of retailing office supplies and methods of protection

Opening a store will require great responsibility from the entrepreneur, because he will have to work with ordinary citizens. Unlike cooperation with commercial entities such relationships cannot be called equal. The law always remains on the side of the consumer. Besides, retail sales are considered among the most risky from a tax point of view. On-site inspections rarely come without additional charges. Securing interests must be taken care of at the stage of drawing up a business plan. Otherwise, the likelihood of disputes and conflicts will be too high. The legal security system is built on a combination of several elements at once.

Point of sale documentation

First of all, the store owner should be concerned with the quality of the goods sold. The majority of office supplies are not subject to mandatory certification, but responsible manufacturers undergo this procedure on a voluntary basis. Confirmation of compliance with current standards will be required when selling the following products:

· products intended for minors;

· packaging paper, including textbook wrappers;

· calculators classified as low-voltage devices.

For these goods, the entrepreneur must have copies of certificates or declarations certified by the supplier.

The store also needs to install an information stand with a full set of documents for consumers. We talked about the list of required papers in the previous article.

Personnel registration

Customer service can be provided by the owner of the outlet or by a hired employee. Attempts to save on insurance premiums by refusing to formally register may result in large fines, shortages and even criminal prosecution. An employment agreement and a labor contract must be concluded with the seller. financial liability. You will also need to create:

· The order of acceptance to work;

· job description;

· rules internal regulations indicating the terms of payment of earnings;

· employee's personal card.

Unified forms for setting up personnel records can be found in banks of free reference and legal systems.

One more important issue the seller will undergo a medical examination. The obligation to send a future employee for examination to specialized institutions is provided for in Art. 213 Labor Code of the Russian Federation, art. 34 federal law 52-FZ. It is considered mandatory for trade workers to have medical books, regardless of the type of product. This is directly stated in SP 2.3.6.1066-01.

Internal control system

Owners of retail outlets devote undeservedly little time to setting up accounting. Especially often, a formal approach is demonstrated by store owners whose assortment includes a large number of names. Contributes to the formation of a disdainful attitude towards internal control and application of the UTII regime. An entrepreneur is not obliged to record income and expenses, and therefore audits are made dependent on trust in the seller. As a result, businessmen are faced with major thefts, embezzlement, and negligence.

It is important to establish competent accounting of material assets from the first days. Special programs will help to significantly simplify the audit processes. The leading developer of such products is, for example, 1C, but there are numerous analogues on the Internet. Some of them are even distributed free of charge.

The mechanism should be based on:

· system of primary accounting documentation;

· scheme of individual responsibility for sellers and managers trading floor;

· modern control programs;

· Regular inventory and audits.

Despite the fact that accounting records are required to be maintained only legal entities, it is impossible to refuse basic primary reporting. Only if it is available will it be possible to prove the fact of theft or other property crime.

Protection from additional tax charges and fines

There are quite a few methods to reduce the frequency of disputes with territorial inspectorates. Among the most effective options are:

· competent choice of tax regime;

· rejection of dubious schemes for optimizing the fiscal burden;

· involvement of a qualified specialist in reporting;

· setting up internal accounting of the movement of material assets;

connection electronic systems exchange of documents with the inspection and extra-budgetary funds.

The store owner must remember the specifics of the chosen commercial direction. Yes, according to judicial practice, the sale of goods under municipal or state contracts will no longer be considered retail trade. Income from transactions will need to be reflected separately from UTII, and tax will be calculated according to special rules.

Refusal to do so also carries certain risks. cash register equipment. Until 2018, UTII payers have the right not to use cash registers. However, this does not relieve them from the need to issue sales receipts to customers. At the request of the client, the seller is obliged to draw up a document containing all the required details. Failure to comply with the rules may result in a hefty administrative fine.

Thus, opening a stationery store will require not only the development of a commercial plan or marketing research. The future businessman will have to get acquainted with a number of industry regulations, study the basic rules of accounting, personnel and tax accounting. An analysis of practice will be of considerable importance, because the direction has existed for a long time, and the experience of predecessors can be successfully used in building effective strategies.

13.12.2011 15:57:00 180

Selling stationery is profitable and promising business. But there is high competition among firms in this area, and in order to win the “battle” for a client, you must become a true professional in your field.

Instructions

1. When organizing the sale of stationery, take into account the specifics of these products. Firstly, due to the small size of most office supplies, it is extremely difficult for a first-time buyer to find the required product. Therefore, you should speed up and facilitate this process as much as possible. Place large, colorful signs above counters with matching graphics of different types of office supplies. This will make it much easier for visitors to navigate.

2. Secondly, arrange the products so that they are easy to view and take. Large and similar products (file packaging, notebook covers, printer paper, etc.) that do not need to be carefully examined and studied for their functional properties, place them down. A small items(pencils, pens, erasers, scissors, etc.), the quality of which needs to be checked, place them on the middle and top shelves.

3. When purchasing stationery, the buyer pays attention primarily not to the appearance of the product, but to its functional properties. Therefore, for successful trading, provide people with the opportunity to get to know the products better. If you work in a self-service store, place paper sticky notes next to the counter where the writing utensils are. Then each buyer will be able to test their favorite pen or pencil and make sure that the chosen model writes.

4. Place stickers near the rack with proofreaders. This will not only help create comfortable conditions for the buyer, but will also significantly reduce the number of complaints about the quality of the product. The fact is that due to specific chemical properties pen-shaped concealers often thicken before use. This makes it difficult to squeeze the product through the narrow opening, so the concealer does not work. If you give customers the opportunity to try the selected product and they come across a defective one, they will simply choose another one.

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