Innovation activity is an activity aimed at searching for and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve the quality of products, improve technology and organize production.

Innovation activities include:

• identifying enterprise problems;
• implementation of the innovation process;
• organization of innovative activities.

The main prerequisite for the innovative activity of an enterprise is that everything that exists is aging. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically discard everything that is worn out, outdated, and has become a brake on the path to progress, and also take into account errors, failures and miscalculations. To do this, enterprises periodically need to certify products, technologies and workplaces, analyze the market and distribution channels. In other words, a kind of X-ray photograph of all aspects of the enterprise’s activities should be carried out. This is not just a diagnosis of the production and economic activities of an enterprise, its products, markets, etc. Based on it, managers should be the first to think about how to make their products (services) obsolete themselves, and not wait until competitors do this. And this, in turn, will encourage enterprises to innovate. Practice shows: nothing forces a manager to focus on an innovative idea more than the realization that the product being manufactured will turn out to be obsolete in the near future.

Where do innovative ideas come from? We can name seven sources of such ideas. Let's list internal sources; they arise within an enterprise or industry. These include:

1. unexpected event (for an enterprise or industry) - success, failure, external event;
2. incongruence - a discrepancy between reality (as it really is) and our ideas about it;
3. innovations based on process needs;
4. sudden changes in industry or market structure.

The next three sources of innovation are external because they originate outside the enterprise or industry. This:

1. demographic changes;
2. changes in perceptions, moods and values;
3. new knowledge (both scientific and non-scientific).

Analysis of these situations when considering a particular type of change allows us to establish the nature of the innovative solution. In any case, you can always get answers to the following questions. What happens if we take advantage of the created change? Where can this lead the enterprise? What needs to be done to turn change into a source of development?

However, of the seven sources of change, the third and seventh are the most important, since they are the most radical in nature.

The change caused by the need of the process is much more important than the first two. The old saying goes: "necessity is the mother of invention." In this case, the change is based on the needs of practice, life. (Replacing manual typing in book printing, maintaining the freshness of products, etc.) At the same time, the implementation of this type of change presupposes the need to understand that:

• It is not enough to feel the need, it is important to know and understand its essence, otherwise it is impossible to find its solution;
• It is not always possible to satisfy a need, and in this case only the solution of some part of it remains.

In any case, when solving a problem of this type, it is necessary to answer the following questions. Do we understand what and what changes the process needs? Are they in stock? necessary knowledge or do you need to get them? Do our solutions correspond to the habits, traditions and target orientations of potential consumers?

The most significant changes, one might say radical, occur on the basis of “new knowledge.” Innovations based on new knowledge (discoveries) are usually difficult to manage. This is due to a number of circumstances. First of all, there is usually a large gap between the emergence of new knowledge and its technological use, and secondly, a lot of time passes before the new technology materializes in a new product, process or service.

In this regard, innovations based on new knowledge require:

• careful analysis of all necessary factors;
• a clear understanding of the goal being pursued, i.e. a clear strategic orientation is required;
• organization of entrepreneurial management, since it requires financial and managerial flexibility and market focus.

An innovation based on new knowledge must “ripe” and be accepted by society. Only in this case will it bring success.

What are fundamental principles innovation activity? According to P. Drucker, a clear line needs to be drawn between what should be done and what should not be done.

What do we have to do

1. Targeted systematic innovation activity requires continuous analysis of the capabilities of the above sources of innovation.
2. Innovation must correspond to the needs, desires, and habits of the people who will use it. The question you should ask yourself is: “What does this innovation need to convey in order for future consumers to want to use it?”
3. Innovation must be simple and have a precise purpose. The greatest praise for innovation is: “look how simple it is! How did I not think of this?”
4. Innovate more efficiently with little money, few people, and limited risk. Otherwise, there is almost always not enough time and money for the numerous improvements that the innovation requires.
5. Effective innovation must be aimed at leadership in a limited market, in its niche. Otherwise, it will create a situation where your competitors will get ahead of you.

What not to do

1. Don't be smart. Innovation will be used by ordinary people, and when it reaches a large scale, by incompetent people. Anything overly complex in design or operation is almost certainly doomed to failure.
2. Don't get scattered, don't try to do several things at once. Innovation requires concentrated energy. It is necessary that the people working on it understand each other well.
3. Innovate to meet current needs. If an innovation does not find immediate application, it will remain just an idea.

Innovation is a job that requires knowledge, ingenuity, and talent. It has been noted that innovators mainly work in only one area. For example, Edison focused his efforts only on electricity. Successful innovation requires intense, focused work. If you are not ready for it, neither knowledge nor talent will help.

To succeed, you need to use your strengths, people must take innovation seriously.

Finally, innovation means changes in the economy, industry, society, in the behavior of buyers, producers, and workers. Therefore, it must always focus on the market and be guided by its needs.

For an enterprise to carry out innovative activities, it must have a structure and mindset that would contribute to the creation of an atmosphere of entrepreneurship and the perception of the new as an opportunity. In this case, it is necessary to take into account a number of important points.

The basic organizing principle for innovation is to create a team of the best workers freed from their current jobs.

Experience shows that all attempts to transform an existing division into a carrier of an innovative project end in failure. Moreover, this conclusion applies to both large and small businesses. The fact is that maintaining production in working order is already a big task for the people involved in this. Therefore, they have practically no time left to create something new. Existing divisions, no matter in what area they operate, are generally only capable of expanding and modernizing production.

Entrepreneurial and innovative activities do not necessarily have to be carried out on an ongoing basis, especially in small enterprises, where such a setup is often impossible. However, it is necessary to appoint an employee personally responsible for the success of innovation. He must be responsible for the timely identification and replacement of obsolete products, equipment, technology, for a comprehensive analysis of production and economic activities (x-ray of the business), for the development of innovative activities. The employee responsible for innovation activities must be a person of sufficient authority in the enterprise.

It is necessary to protect the innovation department from unbearable loads. Investments in the development of innovations should not be included in regularly conducted analysis of the return on investment until the new products or services are established in the market. Otherwise, the matter will be ruined.

The profit from the implementation of an innovative project differs significantly from the profit received for the release of well-functioning products. Over a long period of time, innovative endeavors may produce neither profit nor growth, but only consume resources. Then the innovation must grow rapidly over a long period of time and return the funds invested in its development by at least 5-10 times, otherwise it can be considered a failure. Innovation starts small, but its results must be large-scale.

The enterprise should be managed in such a way that it creates an atmosphere where the new is perceived not as a threat, but as an opportunity. Resistance to change is rooted in fear of the unknown. Every employee must realize that innovation is the best way to preserve and strengthen their enterprise. Moreover, it is necessary to understand that innovation is a guarantee of the employment and well-being of every employee. Organizing innovative activities based on these principles will allow the enterprise to move forward and achieve success.

Innovative activities can be carried out both within enterprises by specially created divisions (the so-called internal ventures) and by independent venture (risk) firms.

Internal ventures are small units organized to develop and produce new types of high-tech products and endowed with significant autonomy within the enterprise. Selection and financing of proposals coming from employees of the enterprise or independent inventors are carried out specialized services. If the project is approved, the author of the idea heads the internal venture. This division operates with minimal administrative and economic intervention from the management of the enterprise.

Within a specified period, the internal venture must develop the innovation and prepare New Product or a product to be launched into mass production. As a rule, this is the production of a product that is non-traditional for a given company.

IN Russian Federation internal ventures were created at a number of large industrial enterprises, primarily in the military-industrial complex (MIC).

A venture capital firm is a small business that specializes in the research and development of innovative ideas that involve significant risk. To develop a promising idea, venture capital from large firms interested in innovation is attracted. A large company is usually reluctant to undertake its own development of an innovative idea with significant risk. The consequences of a possible failure are much more severe for it than for a small company. Therefore, the main direction of participation of a large company in research of a probable nature related to the development of innovative ideas becomes the implementation of risky financing of small innovating firms specializing in such developments.

Small firms are characterized by ease of management, wide scope for personal initiative, the ability to implement a flexible scientific and technological policy, and the active involvement of inventors in their activities. This determines the high efficiency of venture firms. Many of them make a significant contribution to innovative progress, development new products, advanced technologies.

The effectiveness of small firms in the innovation process is evidenced by the following data: according to the US National Science Foundation, for every dollar invested in R&D, firms with up to 100 people carried out four times more innovations than firms with 100-1000 employees, and 24 times more than companies employing over 1000 people. Their rate of innovation is one third higher than that of large ones; in addition, small firms take an average of 2.22 years to enter the market with their innovations, while large ones take 3.05 years.

The participation of large firms in risk financing compared to traditional forms of R&D is due not only to increased returns, but also to their direct economic interest. The fact is that independent small firms enjoy tax and other benefits and receive direct financial support under government programs to stimulate scientific and technological progress. As a result, venture financing is currently actively developing in many countries. Venture capital forms are also developing to a certain extent in Russia.

V. Gribov, V. Gryzinov

Innovative activities can be organized at different levels of management - directly at the enterprise, within the framework of enterprise associations, at the regional and state levels. Each level uses its own ways and methods of organizing innovation activities.

Innovation strategy at the micro level, i.e. at the level of an enterprise or organization (Fig. 19.1), is determined by the basic development strategies of the enterprise, the nature of the innovative tasks that arise in this case, and the presence of innovative potential in the enterprise.

The innovation strategy determines the type of innovation activity, its forms, as well as specific methods of its organization. The organization of innovative activities is aimed at streamlining the processes of generating new ideas, searching and developing technical solutions, creation of innovations, their implementation in production and company management, commercialization of innovations.

Rice. 19.1.

Organization of innovative activities includes the formation and reorganization of structures that carry out innovation processes. Such work can take place in various forms, the main ones being creation, absorption, and separation.

Creation - This is the formation of new enterprises, structural divisions or units designed to carry out innovative activities. These can be design, scientific and technical units and independent organizations created both inside and outside the parent organization.

In some cases, a very effective organizational mechanism can be absorption a large company of small innovative firms whose activities are within the scope of interests of this company. This mechanism leads to a significant reduction in the time it takes to introduce a new product to the market, and in addition, it allows you to obtain a synergistic effect from combining innovative achievements. Small innovative firms themselves may also be interested in acquisitions, since they do not always have sufficient funds to continue innovative activities.

A mechanism that complements absorption is the establishment of close ties between a large company and small innovative firms based on long-term contractual relationships. Such a partnership makes it possible to create an innovative environment for a manufacturing company.

Selection - an organizational mechanism that involves the creation of independent innovative companies that were previously part of integral entities. It is advisable to carry out such actions when a new line of activity is formed that is not related to the main specialization of the company, diverting its resources. A dedicated structure can be created as a subsidiary of the parent company, as a separate small enterprise under the founding of a large parent company, in order to then transform into an outsourcing company serving the innovation process of the customer company.

A company's innovation strategies can be divided into two groups: R&D strategies and strategies for introducing and adapting innovations. The first group of strategies includes the following:

• 1) licensing strategy. Unfinished or completed developments are acquired for the purpose of their further development and use;
• 2) parallel development strategy. This strategy involves the simultaneous acquisition of a technological license for a finished product and the implementation and development of its own developments;
• 3) a research leadership strategy aimed at achieving leading positions in the field of certain R&D.

The second group of strategies is related to the introduction of innovations. Among them:

• 1) strategy for supporting the product line. Its meaning is to improve the consumer properties of manufactured traditional goods that are not subject to severe obsolescence;
• 2) a strategy of product and process imitation, in which the enterprise borrows technologies from outside;
• 3) strategy of radical technological and product advance. This is a rather expensive and risky strategy, but in some cases it leads to success;
• 4) strategy of waiting for the leader. Accepted by large leading enterprises during periods when new products enter the market, the demand for which has not yet been determined. Initially, a small company enters the market, and then, if successful, the leader seizes the initiative.

An important factor in the success of an enterprise's innovative activities is stimulating the creative activity of its employees. How to achieve the participation of every specialist in the search for new technologies, products and management decisions? How can everyone develop a creative attitude towards their work? How to awaken motivation for change among employees of a business structure? The answers to these questions lie not only in management theory, but also in the practical activities of the company. In order for the author or authors of an idea to take up its implementation with enthusiasm, they need support. That is why organizations need to develop special programs to support and encourage experiments and experimenters. To everyone who expressed new idea or has developed one or another innovative project, under certain conditions, support from management is guaranteed, which may concern finance, consultations, supplies, production space, working time of other employees, equipment, raw materials, and components.

The main source of change in every business structure is always people. Many specialists have the ability to generate new ideas and implement them. However, this ability is used for the benefit of the company only if the following conditions and prerequisites are met:

• - people are committed to the goals of their organization;
• - employees have a consistent vision for solving problems;
• - each member of the team has a real opportunity to do something in practice, using their ability to innovate.

One of the elements of the innovation climate is the formation of a motivating vision among employees. Vision - This is a set of ideas of employees of an organization (enterprise) about what this organization (enterprise) should become in the future. Creating a vision is a more important task than creating traditional plans. Creating a vision involves not only the mind, but also emotions. In this regard, the formation of the vision involves primarily elements of the organization’s culture.

Often, organizations use external sources of innovation, in particular by creating or participating in the creation of venture capital firms. Venture capital firms, being exposed to increased risk, force almost every employee to generate new ideas and work on their implementation with renewed energy. The result of the activities of most venture firms is known: either they suffer financial failure, thereby “closing” an unpromising direction of search, or they achieve success, and then, as a rule, the strengthened venture company is bought by a large company that participated in its creation, and the founders of the venture firm in As a reward for the risk, successful search and achieved results, they receive a very significant amount, equivalent to the value of their company. Thus, any large innovative company can not only conduct scientific research and development within its own walls, helping in the formation of a number of venture companies, it can expand the field of its research and experiments, and conduct them “with the wrong hands”, acquiring as researchers and experimenters, a team of highly motivated enthusiasts.

Many companies successfully use the motivation mechanism, creating internal risk projects within their structures. Internal ventures create additional motives for creative work, form a favorable innovation climate within themselves, a true passion for change, and contribute to changes in the entire company as a whole.

It is impossible to create an innovative climate at an enterprise by order, say, by administratively assigning this responsibility to some structural unit of the enterprise.

Most effective factor The formation of an innovative climate at the enterprise is the creation of autonomous groups (teams) to carry out activities and manage any work. Groups (teams) become the main “building” block of the company. The group may include representatives of all functional services and is provided with the necessary resources.

Leaders of innovative organizations strive to develop the ability of management personnel to innovate, cultivating and encouraging the qualities of people who meet the following requirements:

• openness, receptivity, readiness for new experiences;
• independence, nonconformism;
• flexibility, willingness to abandon previous ideas and models;
• tolerance towards others and other ideas and worldviews.

One of the effective forms of enhancing the innovative activity of employees is the so-called retreats.

Retreat - It is a form of employee training through regularly scheduled staff meetings with a fixed agenda. Retreats are often held after hours, for example on Saturday, and are accompanied by informal communication between employees, which helps to establish productive communications between team members. This form of increasing the efficiency of teams has become a unique form of advanced training and training. It also allows you to unleash the innovative potential of employees, involve them in creativity, in the search for new, better approaches to their work. Retreats take the form of informal discussions, during which employees, in a relaxed atmosphere, put forward own solutions problems of development of a division or company as a whole.

The functions of the state in the field of innovation management include the following:

• formation government programs and setting development priorities in the scientific and technical field;
• financing fundamental research that determines the future level of development of the country, the development of fundamental science;
• development of education, creation of conditions for the fruitful integration of science, universities and business, organization of training of scientific and engineering personnel;
• regulation of activities in special economic and technology innovation zones;
• development venture funds;
• formation and development of national innovation system, providing an innovative climate (Fig. 19.2).

The state develops a strategy and priorities for the development of science, technology and technology. The state places orders for research, development and production of priority products for state needs, and also forms guidelines for national economic needs in certain types and groups of goods, which are advisory in nature.

Rice. 19.2.

Essential Role government agencies power is to ensure the conditions and ability of enterprises for innovative development. The ability for innovative development is a property of the market economic system, which allows you to generate innovations on your own basis that ensure the competitiveness of the system in interaction with external forces. For targeted actions to stimulate and regulate the innovative activities of enterprises, the state has the following levers and tools:

• stimulating financial, tax and depreciation policies;
• a system of economic benefits for innovation subjects and investors;
• support for the production of new products.

The state can act directly as an economic entity (investor) in the implementation of socially significant innovation projects: modern technologies, products and services in the fields of transport, communications, energy, housing and communal services. At the same time, favorable interest and tax rates and the scale of credit resources are of fundamental importance for the implementation of the innovative strategy of enterprises.

The state creates conditions for positive changes in the innovation sphere. It supports and stimulates investors investing in knowledge-intensive, high-tech production by establishing tax benefits, government guarantees and subsidized loans. One of the essential functions of the state in the innovation sphere is to improve the tax system in order to create favorable conditions for carrying out innovative activities by all entities, regardless of forms of ownership and types of financing. In modern economic conditions, this is, first of all, clarification of the tax base, the formation of a depreciation policy that stimulates investment in high-tech equipment.

The state creates conditions for the formation of joint organizations with foreign partners to produce domestic products and sell them on the foreign market. The state can also promote domestic innovations abroad, support exhibition and fair activities, information exchange in innovative areas, and create forms of interaction with EU member countries, the CIS, and other states in the scientific and technical field.

When implementing innovation policy, the state uses tools such as public-private partnerships in the scientific and technical field, a fund for promoting the development of small enterprises in the scientific and technical field, Russian Foundation technological development(RFTR), Development Bank (VEB), Russian Venture Company, technology parks, science cities, special economic and technology-innovation zones. The state's innovation policy is also aimed at increasing the level of intellectual property protection. The implementation of innovation policy involves increasing the degree of compliance with laws, strengthening civil liberties and political rights of citizens. Other areas of government activity to improve the innovative nature of the country's economy include strengthening political stability, strengthening anti-corruption measures, and expanding press freedom. One of the most important objects of government activity in the innovation sphere is education. Improving the quality of both average and higher education, development of business education, increasing the intensity of personnel training in public and private organizations - all these are important areas of the state’s innovation policy.

Modern means of implementing innovative activity both at the state level and at the enterprise level are transformed and modified under the influence of modern information and communication technologies, the capabilities of computers and the Internet. Recently, they have been replenished with the relatively new technology of crowdsourcing, based on the mass exchange of knowledge of many participants.

The term “crowdsourcing” is a neologism; it combines two English terms: crowd - crowd and source - source. Crowdsourcing means the assignment of a task, usually performed by organizational personnel or an external contractor, to an unspecified, usually large group of people in the form of an open proposal. This proposal is aimed at creating new knowledge. It could either be creation new technology, a new product in the form operating system, either creating an encyclopedia (Wikipedia), or processing large quantity data. In other words, crowdsourcing is a technology for using the resources (usually intellectual) of a large number of people within the framework of one project.

A striking example of the use of crowdsourcing in the development of innovative activity is the activity of the company "InnoCntivc", which carries out so-called open innovation. This company widely uses crowdsourcing to conduct research in various fields - from engineering to management. InnoCentive proposes a number of problems for open discussion on the Internet and also accepts proposed solutions. Existing since 2002, this center open innovation brought together a large number of firms and organizations conducting scientific research interested in attracting intellectual resources, as well as more than 125 thousand researchers offering their solutions for specific companies. The company provides rewards for the most interesting solutions, but a significant part of the ideas comes to us free of charge. Anyone with Internet access can become a member of this community.

The results of IBM's use of crowdsourcing are impressive. As part of the program, which was called Innovation Jam, More than 150,000 people from 104 countries participated in a virtual brainstorming session dedicated to new ideas in the field of transport, security environment, finance, commerce. IBM subsequently selected the most interesting ideas from the point of view of commercial use, from which it formed 10 large-scale projects with an initial investment of $100 million, which made it possible to obtain a significant commercial effect in the first year after their implementation. A similar procedure for concentrating innovative activity using modern information technologies was used for innovation in the non-profit sector - in the preparation and holding of the UN Urban Conference in 2006. It was implemented by IBM and was called Value Jam. As part of this procedure, it was possible to achieve mass participation in the development of new ideas regarding the organization of life in cities using the achievements of new technologies.

Thus, crowdsourcing has recently become a powerful tool for innovation. Currently, companies can develop and manufacture their own products directly with the participation of consumers, attracting the intellectual resources of a large number of people. The use of crowdsourcing in domestic innovation activities can provide significant results in many areas.

conclusions

• 1. Innovation is an innovation in the field of technology, technology, labor organization or management that provides increased efficiency.
• 2. Innovation management is aimed at studying mechanisms for stimulating and effectively managing innovation processes at the macro and micro levels in order to ensure the development and strengthening of the competitive positions of organizations, countries and regions through the creation, development and commercialization of innovations in various sectors of the economy.
• 3. Innovative activities include, in addition to the development and production of new products wide range work but effective promotion innovations to the market, sales and acquisition of patents and licenses, knowledge management, etc.
• 4. The organization of innovative activity at an enterprise includes the formation of an innovation strategy, stimulation of creative activity, the activities of small creative groups, the use of knowledge management methods, and the organization of internal and external ventures.
• 5. The functions of the state in the field of innovation management are: in the formation of state programs and setting development priorities in the scientific and technical field; financing fundamental research that determines the future level of development of the country; in the development of fundamental science; in the development of education, creating conditions for the fruitful integration of science, universities and business, organizing the training of scientific and engineering personnel; in regulating activities in special economic and technology innovation zones; in the development of venture funds; in the formation and development of a national innovation system that ensures an innovation climate.
• 6. Among modern means of implementing innovative activity both at the state and enterprise levels, under the influence of modern information and communication technologies, the capabilities of computers and the Internet, a relatively new technology of crowdsourcing has emerged, based on the mass exchange of knowledge of many participants. Thanks to this technology, companies and authorities can develop and produce products or services directly with the participation of consumers, attracting the intellectual resources of a large number of people.

Innovation activity is an activity aimed at searching for and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve the quality of products, improve technology and organize production.

Innovation activities include:

Identifying enterprise problems;

Implementation of the innovation process;

Organization of innovative activities.

The main prerequisite for the innovative activity of an enterprise is that everything that exists is aging. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically discard everything that is worn out, outdated, and has become a brake on the path to progress, and also take into account errors, failures and miscalculations. To do this, enterprises periodically need to certify products, technologies and workplaces, analyze the market and distribution channels. In other words, a kind of X-ray photograph of all aspects of the enterprise’s activities should be carried out. This is not just a diagnosis of the production and economic activities of an enterprise, its products, markets, etc. Based on it, managers should be the first to think about how to make their products (services) obsolete themselves, and not wait until competitors do this. And this, in turn, will encourage enterprises to innovate. Practice shows: nothing forces a manager to focus on an innovative idea more than the realization that the product being manufactured will turn out to be obsolete in the near future.

The basic organizing principle for innovation is to create a team of the best workers freed from their current jobs.

Experience shows that all attempts to transform an existing division into a carrier of an innovative project end in failure. Moreover, this conclusion applies to both large and small businesses. The fact is that maintaining production in working order is already a big task for the people involved in this. Therefore, they have practically no time left to create something new. Existing divisions, no matter in what area they operate, are generally only capable of expanding and modernizing production.

Entrepreneurial and innovative activities do not necessarily have to be carried out on an ongoing basis, especially in small enterprises, where such a setup is often impossible. However, it is necessary to appoint an employee personally responsible for the success of innovation. He must be responsible for the timely identification and replacement of obsolete products, equipment, technology, for a comprehensive analysis of production and economic activities (x-ray of the business), for the development of innovative activities. The employee responsible for innovation activities must be a person of sufficient authority in the enterprise.

It is necessary to protect the innovation department from unbearable loads. Investments in the development of innovations should not be included in regularly conducted analysis of the return on investment until the new products or services are established in the market. Otherwise, the matter will be ruined.

Innovative activities can be carried out both within enterprises by specially created divisions (the so-called internal ventures) and by independent venture (risk) firms.

Internal ventures are small units organized to develop and produce new types of high-tech products and endowed with significant autonomy within the enterprise. The selection and financing of proposals coming from enterprise employees or independent inventors is carried out by specialized services. If the project is approved, the author of the idea heads the internal venture. This division operates with minimal administrative and economic intervention from the management of the enterprise.

Within a specified period, the internal venture must develop the innovation and prepare a new product or product for launch into mass production. As a rule, this is the production of a product that is non-traditional for a given company.

In the Russian Federation, internal ventures have been created at a number of large industrial enterprises, primarily in the military-industrial complex (MIC).

A venture capital firm is a small business that specializes in the research and development of innovative ideas that involve significant risk. To develop a promising idea, venture capital from large firms interested in innovation is attracted. A large company is usually reluctant to undertake its own development of an innovative idea with significant risk. The consequences of a possible failure are much more severe for it than for a small company. Therefore, the main direction of participation of a large company in research of a probable nature related to the development of innovative ideas becomes the implementation of risky financing of small innovating firms specializing in such developments.

Small firms are characterized by ease of management, wide scope for personal initiative, the ability to implement a flexible scientific and technological policy, and the active involvement of inventors in their activities. This determines the high efficiency of venture firms. Many of them make a significant contribution to innovative progress, the development of new products, and advanced technologies.

The effectiveness of small firms in the innovation process is evidenced by the following data: according to the US National Science Foundation, for every dollar invested in R&D, firms with up to 100 people carried out four times more innovations than firms with 100-1000 employees, and 24 times more than companies employing over 1000 people. Their rate of innovation is one third higher than that of large ones; in addition, small firms take an average of 2.22 years to enter the market with their innovations, while large ones take 3.05 years.

The participation of large firms in risk financing compared to traditional forms of R&D is due not only to increased returns, but also to their direct economic interest. The fact is that independent small firms enjoy tax and other benefits and receive direct financial support under government programs to stimulate scientific and technological progress. As a result, venture financing is currently actively developing in many countries. Venture capital forms are also developing to a certain extent in Russia.

Answer option 2

The organization of innovation activities is aimed at streamlining the processes of generating new ideas, searching and developing technical solutions, creating innovations, as well as their implementation. The organization mechanism is focused on the formation and reorganization of structures that carry out innovation processes. Such work can take place in various forms, the main of which are creation, absorption, market innovative integration, and spin-off.

CREATION- is the formation of new enterprises, structural divisions or units designed to carry out innovative activities. The most essential elements of new organizational forms are matrix structures, scientific and technical divisions, scientific and technical organizations operating on market principles, and internal ventures.

The processes of creating new innovative organizations are especially important for large enterprises. These enterprises have a complex innovation management system and are often focused on large projects, the implementation of which should ensure high income almost immediately (or in a short period of time). Largely for this reason, the number of innovations in these structures is not as great as in small enterprises. According to the authors, the efficiency of innovation could be significantly increased if new innovation divisions and structural units are created, designed to create new directions in the activities of large enterprises. These innovation units can be created on a permanent or temporary basis.

MATRIX STRUCTURES represent such organizational formations that are created temporarily - for the period of development and implementation of innovations, include specialists of various profiles, administratively subordinate to the heads of the corresponding permanent units, but temporarily sent to work in a temporary implementation structure to carry out work in a certain specialization.

Such temporary units make it possible to unite various specialists during the development and implementation of an innovation. At the end of this process, the matrix association is disbanded and its participants return to the units in which they work on a permanent basis. Similar organizational innovation mechanism allows, firstly, to ensure the completion of work in a short time, secondly, to concentrate specialists of various profiles under a single leadership, and thirdly, to significantly reduce the cost of the development and implementation process (Fig. 7.1).

Scientific and technical departments are created on a permanent basis, they do not have economic independence, and their activities are carried out at the expense of the company’s budget as a whole. These divisions can be either decentralized and focused on specific production units, or centralized and report directly to company management.

Their peculiarity is that they transfer their developments to production directly, without establishing internal market mechanisms.

Independent scientific and technical organizations, on the contrary, have their own budget, they sell their developments production units companies. This increases responsibility for performance results, their compliance with the company’s goals and market requirements.

Internal ventures, or the so-called intrapreneurial structures As a rule, they are engaged in the direct implementation of innovations aimed at a new market niche.

These structures are quasi-independent, i.e. they have the attributes of independence, have their own current account (or sub-account), but are structural divisions companies use their production facilities, equipment, etc. Further, if the intrapreneurial structure successfully implements the innovation, it can be transformed into an independent company.

In some cases, a very effective organizational mechanism can be takeover by a large company small innovative firms whose activities are within the scope of interests of this company. This mechanism involves large one-time costs, but leads to a significant reduction in the time it takes for a new product to enter the market, and in addition, it allows for a synergistic effect from combining innovative achievements. Small innovative firms themselves may also be interested in acquisition, since they do not always have sufficient funds for their activities.

A mechanism that complements absorption is the establishment of close ties between a large company and small innovative firms, which are based on long-term contractual relationships and the totality of which the authors call MARKET innovation integration. In this case, innovative firms retain their independence, but fall into the sphere of market production relations of a large company.

The combination of absorption processes and market innovation integration gives grounds to propose the use of the so-called fan organization of the innovation process (Fig. 7.2). Its meaning is to create an innovative environment for a manufacturing company, consisting of firms subject to acquisition (FPI), as well as market-integrated firms (RIF).

Such an organization will be most effective for manufacturing companies having an offensive strategy innovative development. It allows you to develop and commercialize innovations high level, create technological gaps and innovations, in some cases not available to competing companies at the moment.

HIGHLIGHT- an organizational mechanism that involves the creation of independent innovative companies that were previously part of integral production entities.

It is advisable to carry out such actions when a new line of activity is formed that is not related to the main specialization of the company, diverting its resources.

The teacher is an integral part of the process of his professional improvement. For those who work in the traditional system, it is enough to master the technique, which is a complex of teaching skills. This will already allow us to carry out this in full and achieve certain successes. However, to carry out the innovative activities of a teacher, one of his vocational training turns out to be not enough. At the same time, the readiness of the teacher himself to take the path of improvement is also important.

Definition of the concept

What do we understand by the innovative activity of a teacher? This is something new, when compared with the previous one, aimed at increasing the quality level of education. In general, the term “innovation” in its modern understanding means the manifestation of new elements or forms. A synonym for this word is “innovation”.

The modern teacher is considered somewhat more deeply, while having a broader semantic designation. It is understood as the purposeful work of a teacher, based on understanding his own professional experience by studying and comparing the educational process in order to change it and thereby obtain a better education.

We can say that the innovative activity of a teacher is a phenomenon that reflects the creative potential of the teacher. If we consider this term from the point of view of its application to the general educational process, then we can talk about its relative youth. And this explains the existence of different approaches to explaining this concept.

On the one hand, pedagogical innovations are understood as various innovations aimed at changing the technology of education and training to increase their effectiveness. But sometimes this concept has a different meaning. Innovation includes not only the creation and dissemination of innovations, but also changes and transformations in the style of thinking and in the way of activity that are associated with these innovations. In any case, it is something progressive, useful, advanced, modern and positive.

Currently, processes of standardization are taking place in Russia at all levels of education without exception. This led to the creation of the Federal State Educational Standard. The purpose of this work is a certain unification and accessibility for widespread practical use of scientifically supported experimental work in education and training. The innovative activity of a teacher in the context of the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard is designed to bring about positive changes in the current education system. This is necessary for Russia to enter the international market that offers similar services, and to bring the curricula of schools and preschool educational institutions in line with those that are considered generally accepted throughout the world.

Signs of innovative activity

The process of introducing various innovations into the educational process largely depends on the potential of the teacher himself. How to determine a teacher’s readiness for innovative activities? Personal potential in this case is associated with such parameters as:

Having the creative ability to generate and produce new concepts and ideas, as well as design and model them in practice;

Readiness for something different from existing ideas, something new, the basis of which is panoramicness and flexibility of thinking, as well as tolerance of character;

Education and development in cultural and aesthetic terms;

The desire to improve one’s activities, as well as the presence of internal methods and tools that will ensure it.

A teacher’s readiness for innovative activity is also understood as having a high capacity for work, the ability to restrain strong stimuli, a high emotional status and a desire to approach his work creatively. But in addition to personal qualities, a teacher must also have some special qualities. These include knowledge of new technologies, the ability to develop projects, mastery of the latest teaching methods, as well as the ability to analyze and identify the causes of existing shortcomings.

Specifics of innovation

The participation of teachers in innovative activities has its own characteristics. It presupposes the presence of the necessary degree of freedom in the relevant subjects. Indeed, due to its specificity, the innovative activity of a teacher in preschool educational institutions and schools is most often carried out by touch. The fact is that such solutions are beyond the scope of existing experience. It is also worth noting that today the innovative activities of teachers in the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard are only partially regulated and controlled. In this regard, one has to trust the innovator, the researcher, assuming that everything he undertakes in the process of searching for new solutions and truth will not harm the interests of society.

This approach leads to the realization that freedom of creativity must go hand in hand with the high personal responsibility of a teacher engaged in innovative activities.

The importance of innovation

Is it really necessary to organize innovative activities of a teacher? The importance of this direction is due to the fact that in modern conditions The development of education, culture and society is impossible without:

Socio-economic changes, suggesting the need to update the entire education system, as well as technologies and methods for organizing the cognitive process in educational institutions of various types;

Strengthening the humanization of content curricula, which is expressed in the continuous change in the volume and composition of disciplines, the introduction of new subjects, which involve a constant search for improved teaching technologies and organizational forms;

Changes in the attitude of the teacher himself to the use and development of innovations;

The entry of educational institutions into the system of market relations, which will create their real degree of competitiveness.

What, ultimately, causes the need to develop innovative activities of a teacher? The main reason for this direction is the intense competition that every team offering services in the field of education faces almost everywhere.

That's all for today educational institutions must independently improve their level of work, monitor and be able to predict the situation in the relevant market, and be a little ahead of everyone, using the latest scientific and technological achievements.

Signs of innovation

What can we say about the participation of teachers in innovative activities? This question is both complex and simple. On the one hand, one can easily determine latest approaches and methods used by the teacher. After all, they differ from those that were used before their introduction. On the other hand, it is very difficult to describe and justify innovative activities. After all, innovation is not just a fixation of a specific fact. Each form of innovative activity of a teacher represents a whole system.

Its description must include the purpose and content, deadlines for implementation, existing problems and their solution. That is, everything that innovation is aimed at. The methods for analyzing the results obtained should also be explained. It is also necessary to indicate the forms of innovative activity of the teacher.

Classification of innovation

According to their purpose, all the latest implementations in the education system are conventionally divided into:

1. Are common. These are global concepts found in modern education. They find their manifestation in the optimization of educational programs, the development of humanistic principles, practical and information technologies, as well as in the organization and management of pedagogical processes.
2. Private. They occur in cases where innovative experimental activities of teachers take the form of original innovations, developed in accordance with modern directions of the educational process, and are implemented in a single educational institution.

According to their belonging to the educational process, innovative activity is associated with:

1. With the introduction of an integrated approach into the education system. After all, the traditional system of acquiring knowledge is focused on the level of technology and science that has long been achieved and is not able to meet the requirements of a society that is in its dynamic development.
2. With the organization of the entire educational process and the introduction of the latest pedagogical technologies, which are the main factor in the development of innovative methods and means of acquiring knowledge.
3. With specialization and profiling general education. Such directions involve the formation of the necessary conditions for the innovative activity of a teacher with its transition to a system of flexible and open continuous individualized education of the individual throughout his life.
4. With professionalization available management activities. This is one of the conditions for the effectiveness and success of innovative directions in educational institutions.

Based on the concept of renewal and content educational processes The innovative activity of a teacher is divided into method-oriented and problem-oriented. Let's take a closer look at them.

Methodologically oriented activities

When applying it, it is assumed the implementation of one or another educational technology. It could be:

Use of the latest information technologies;

Application of the principle of integration to the content of education.

In addition, based on the experience of the teacher’s innovative activities within the framework of methodologically oriented work, he can use training:

Developmental;

Differentiated;

Design;

Problematic;

Programmed;

Modular.

As part of the use of such technologies, a prerequisite is the preparedness and competence of the teacher, who is able to use such approaches as:

1. Personality-oriented. It can be achieved by introducing a strategy of support and respect, understanding, assistance and cooperation of the administration of the preschool educational institution in the field of choosing the means and methods of the teacher’s work.
2. Essential. It is reflected in the interaction of teachers with students to develop their abilities in order to form essential systemic knowledge and establish interdisciplinary connections.
3. Operational and activity-based. This approach is based on the positions of the Federal State Educational Standard. Students develop their ability to act during the educational process, acquiring knowledge through their practical application.
4. Professionally oriented. This is a competency-based approach. It allows students to develop professional attitudes.
5. Acmeological. This approach is closely related to the essence. It is used in organizing innovative education with the development of new, as well as updating existing methods and teaching aids. This approach allows students to develop creative thinking and contributes to their self-development, self-improvement, self-education and self-control.
6. Creative and developmental. This approach is designed to create productive thinking. It develops in students a creative attitude towards their activities, as well as the abilities and qualities of a creative personality, skills and abilities of a scientific and creative nature.
7. Contextual. This approach makes it possible to bring the content of the subjects of the training program into line with that developed in the country state standard education.

Problem-oriented activity

Such innovative processes involve solving a certain type of problem that is associated with the formation of a high degree of competitiveness in an individual.

The teacher’s activities are aimed at developing in students:

Awareness of your personal and social significance;

The ability to set goals for self-complication of problems and tasks, as well as self-actualization, which is a prerequisite for the creative development of a competitive personality;

An adequate sense of freedom and justified risk, which contributes to the formation of responsibility in decisions made;

Maximum concentration of one’s abilities in order to realize them at the most opportune moment, which is called “delayed victory.”

One of the most current problems that the modern education system is trying to solve is to educate a socially competitive person. This concept includes professional stability, social mobility personality and its ability to carry out the process of advanced training. At the same time, students must be taught to be receptive to innovation. This will allow them to more easily change their field of activity in the future, and to be always ready to move to a new field of work that is more prestigious.

Build a competitive personality at this stage development of society is possible only through the introduction and inclusion of methodological and problem-oriented innovations in the learning process.

Additional classification

The following types of innovations are also distinguished in the education system:

1. In terms of scale - federal and regional, national-regional and at the educational institution level.
2. By - isolated (local, private, individual, that is, not related to each other), modular (a chain of private innovations interconnected), systemic.
3. By origin - improved (modified), combined (attached to a previously known component), fundamentally new.

Problems of innovation implementation

Often, conducting innovative activities causes difficulties for teachers. This is precisely what affects the need for scientific and methodological support for their work. The formal nature of the innovative work carried out, which can often be observed in educational institutions, is caused by:

Low level of basic teacher training;

Formation of an activity environment in a classical, traditional mode;

Low degree of readiness for innovation;

Lack of motivation due to overload;

The inability to determine the highest priority direction for oneself, which causes a scattering of activities and does not produce tangible results.

At the same time, imagine the operation of a modern op-amp without innovative techniques impossible. But to achieve their intended goals, teachers need one or another type of support. For some, psychological support is important, for others, individual consultation with a methodologist or practical teacher. One of mandatory conditions innovative work is the availability of a sufficient amount of special educational and methodological literature, as well as the latest material and technical base.

The innovative activity of teachers in the modern education system should become a personal category, a kind of creative process and the result of creative activity. It also presupposes the presence of a certain degree of freedom in the actions of the relevant subjects.

The main value of the innovative activity carried out by the teacher lies in the fact that it allows the formation of a personality capable of self-expression and the use of their abilities simultaneously with creativity. Those difficulties that arise in the process of such work, in the opinion of many practitioners, can be resolved on their own.

The main result will be:

Creation that will provide learning, sustainable development and further implementation of best practices;

Class leadership position Educational institutions in the field of educational services;

Creating a positive image of the educational institution staff.

Innovation activity is a process aimed at realizing the results of completed scientific research and developments or other scientific and technical achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, as well as related scientific research and development. Innovative activity begins with the emergence of a scientific and technical idea and ends with the distribution of the product.

The essence of innovation activity lies in its directions:

Managing the processes of creating new knowledge;

Managing the creative potential of those who create new knowledge;

Management of the development and dissemination (diffusion) of innovations;

Social and psychological aspects innovations.

The innovation cycle in a fairly detailed interpretation is presented in Fig. 2.1.

Rice. 2.1. Characteristics of the stages of the innovation cycle

Innovation activity as a system has the following properties: interconnection and interaction of all elements, integrity, consistency and synchronicity in time, consistency with the tasks and goals of the organization, adaptability, flexibility to environmental changes, autonomy of the management structure, management functions, multifunctionality and multidimensionality, renewal.

The innovation process is a purposeful activity to transform scientific knowledge into innovation and diffusion of the latter, that is, a conscious sequential chain of events aimed at obtaining a certain type of effect by the innovator by satisfying existing or new needs. This is not just the reproduction of new products, but a conscious, systematic activity for the effective implementation of knowledge.

The innovation process can be represented in different ways. In a broad context, the initial stage of the innovation process can be considered the period of time from determining (awareness) of the need to implement an innovation to creating a working version of an innovation project. The middle stage lasts from the development of the final version of the technical justification and business plan of the innovative project to its practical implementation in the enterprise as an experimental sample. The final stage is the implementation of the transfer of innovations and their further dissemination in the country’s economy and beyond. In Fig. 2.2 presents 10 stages - from decision-making on a new means of satisfying public needs to the implementation of an innovative project.

In a simplified version, the investment process consists of the following main stages:

The origin of the idea of ​​innovation;

Justification of the need for innovative change;

Assessing the effectiveness of innovation;

Development and technical implementation of innovative ideas;

Implementation of innovation in the system;

Promoting innovation on the market.

The organizational and material basis of the investment process includes organizational, production, research and development structures aimed at implementing innovative activities.

Applied research and development

From the point of view of an enterprise, the mechanism for managing innovation activities is always specific, since it is aimed at achieving certain innovative goals by influencing specific factors that ensure the achievement of certain goals, and this influence is carried out through the use of certain resources of the enterprise.

Innovations can be introduced at the initiative of producers or buyers. In modern conditions, large organizations in developed countries have developed sustainable mechanisms for managing innovation processes, reflecting the features of the integration of science and production, and the increasing orientation of research and development to market needs. New tasks introduce changes to the system of connections both vertically between management levels and horizontally between scientific and design-technological departments. In highly developed countries, since the 80s of the 20th century, the development and implementation of innovations has become a continuous controlled process, when innovative ideas (in the future production plans and programs) cover all areas of enterprise activity.

In the process of preparing and mastering technical and product innovations, the enterprise implements types of activities in which all departments are involved:

1. Research work is carried out to the greatest extent at the first stage of generating, selecting ideas and marketing research. At the stage of technological preparation of production and the development of serial production of new products, research work contributes to the improvement of technological processes, the introduction of advanced equipment, technological equipment and control means, increasing the level of mechanization and automation of work, and the like.

2. Design and technological work is carried out at all stages of the creation and development of new products, but they are most extensive in nature at the stage of design and technological preparation of production.

3. Organizational and planning work - a set of interrelated processes of planning, organization, accounting and control at all stages and stages of production preparation, ensuring the readiness of enterprises to create and manufacture new products. Booms aimed at more complete compliance at all stages of production preparation with such principles as specialization, parallelism, continuity, proportionality, straight-precision, automaticity and rhythm.

Organizational and planning work includes: development of long-term and operational schedules for preparing the production of new products as a whole, as well as its individual stages and phases; planning marketing research of consumer needs, research on the positioning of a new product, which will determine the possible competitive strategy; organization of work to create regulatory framework for different stages of production preparation; establishing typical structures and functions of enterprise divisions that create new products; operational management preparation of production; organization of work to ensure the readiness of enterprises and their divisions for the release of a new product, development organizational projects, simulating the process of production preparation - from research work to the use of products by consumers, determining the forecast level of competitiveness of new products, planning the withdrawal of the product from the market.

4. Work of a material and technical nature involves ensuring the material and technical readiness of enterprises to create and produce new products. At the level industrial enterprise- is to ensure timely and complete supplies of basic and auxiliary materials, equipment, spare parts, etc., necessary for the release of new products.

5. Works of an economic nature - a set of interrelated processes that ensure economic justification creation, production and operation of new products. They include: definition economic feasibility creation, production and operation of a new product; calculation of maximum prices for personal products; establishing deadlines and sources of financing for the creation and development of new products; implementation of a number economic calculations related to the creation, development of mass production and operation of new products. At the industrial enterprise level economic aspects preparation of new products also includes reviewing planning and economic information, standards, documentation forms, the current system of planning, accounting and evaluation of the activities of enterprise divisions, taking into account the specifics of new products; development of labor cost standards for product development periods.

6. Work of a socio-psychological nature is a set of interrelated processes that ensure the socio-psychological readiness of enterprises for the creation and production of new products. They consist of explanatory work on the need to create and develop new products of a certain level of quality with established deadlines, production volumes and minimum costs; in informing the team about the need for professional, qualification and organizational changes during the creation and development of new products; in the mobilization by the management of the enterprise of the creative capabilities of personnel for the creation and production of products in as soon as possible at the lowest cost of living and materialized labor.

The main types of innovations in an enterprise include innovations in products, technological processes, personnel and management activities.

Product innovation can be viewed in terms of:

New use of an already known product;

Changes in the appearance of an already known product;

A fundamental change to an already known product (improving certain characteristics, increasing quality, reducing production costs due to the use of new materials or new technological means);

Invention of a radically new product.

Therefore, each new product can be characterized by:

The presence of new technical solutions, their significance (scientific and technical aspect);

Impact on the market, that is, market novelty (marketing aspect).

If new model the product is better than the existing one in terms of technical and economic characteristics (due to the use of new scientific recommendations, inventions and technical solutions) and the costs of its development are small, and there is no market novelty in the product, then its implementation is unlikely to provide profit to the manufacturer. At the same time, market novelty of a product can be achieved without scientific and technical solutions - thanks to changes in appearance, size, shape.

Management should be oriented in market conditions towards improving technology. Technology (Greek Techpe - art, skill, skill, and logic - a set of techniques and methods for obtaining, processing, processing raw materials, materials or products that are carried out in various industries). It is also a scientific discipline that develops and improves these methods and techniques.

The technology includes the technological process, technical control, instructions for performing a technical process, rules, requirements, maps, schedules, etc.

From the point of view of innovative management, it talks about the technology of production, trade, establishing sources of supply, sales, counting and accounting, drawing up documents, information support, personnel selection, making and implementing management decisions, and the like.

The technology must be efficient and cost competitive. Managing technology would be much easier if costs could be ignored.

The basis of innovation policy on manufacturing enterprises Product innovation is what makes up different industries. They are decisive from the point of view of the purpose of the enterprise - to meet certain needs of society. But it is necessary to take into account the connection with other types of innovative activities, because product innovations contribute to technological, personnel and management innovations. The latter, therefore, ensure the successful and efficient implementation of product innovations.

The intra-organizational path of technical innovations is presented in Table. 2.1.

Table 2.1. Internal organizational path of innovation in an enterprise

Based on an analysis of the essential properties of the new technology, it is implemented pre-selection, and the main criterion is the economic efficiency of innovation, which ensures the survival, effectiveness, competitiveness and profitability of the enterprise. The most important indicators characterizing efficiency technological process, are:

Specific costs of raw materials and energy per unit of production;

Quality of finished products;

Quantity of finished products;

Intensity of the process;

Production costs;

Cost of production;

Labor productivity.

Typical mistakes of technology implementation managers:

Attempts to simultaneously introduce several innovations. If failure occurs as a result, it is difficult to detect and quickly eliminate its causes. At the same time, the future of innovation depends on the first tests.

Comparing a new technology with the current level of production, rather than with the level that will be achieved after the innovation is introduced.

The use of quantitative indicators to evaluate new technology, which is aimed at improving production quality. Before starting implementation, managers must develop a specification for the new technology, criteria for its evaluation, and create the necessary infrastructure ( Information Support, accounting, calculation methods).

In fact, we must proceed from the extent to which the technology meets consumer requirements. For example, it is impossible to achieve the desired success in the market if you offer an overly expensive sports car when there is a need in the market for cheap subcompact models for a small family.

New technology can introduce an economically and technologically efficient enterprise. At a high rate of scientific and technological progress, it changes equipment, technology, and brings new products to the market.

The choice of a specific technology occurs using a rating system based on a qualitative professional analysis of intermediate and final results. The main purpose of the assessment is to identify the need for changes regarding resource provision, management practices, and organization of project implementation. The conclusions of the people who carry out this assessment influence the following aspects:

Amount of funding;

Balance between various measures (directions)

Implementation plans.

The extension, change or termination of technological innovations, as well as the formation of new ones, depend on these assessments. Execution stages and evaluation criteria are inextricably linked. At the first stage, they decide whether the enterprise can afford to introduce a new technology, assessing the technical advantages and compliance of the innovation with the specialization of production.

The assessment is carried out by technical experts and managers. There is a natural phenomenon: the more innovations correspond to the directions production activities enterprise, the less severe the assessment of its technical advantages. And vice versa, in order to convince the management of the feasibility of the project, which is fully consistent with the previous specialization, it is necessary to select weighty arguments to prove the advantages of the project.

The assessment system may include internal and external examinations. The internal one provides for the formation of an evaluation commission from among employees. This is an economic, but too subjective composition of experts. Involving an independent external commission completely solves this problem.

In the second stage, managers decide whether they should implement a particular technology. To do this, the payback period of investments and other indicators are calculated.

With this formalized assessment method, various forms of determining the rating are used, as a rule, according to financial criteria “cost - result”. In addition, it provides for the assessment of non-financial indicators: compliance with specialization, completion date of the implementation program, market size, demand growth rate, competitiveness, etc.

Each enterprise chooses its own assessment methodology according to the selected criteria. An example of an expert assessment of the criteria for a new technology is given in Table. 2.2.

Table 2.2. Criteria for evaluating new technology at an enterprise

Continuation table 2.2.

For each innovative project, its own rating is calculated. The method takes into account various characteristics the latest technology, so the manager can comprehensively evaluate efficiency. In addition, this method allows us to identify points on which discrepancies between experts were identified. So the discussion is directed to the weak points.

Allows you to evaluate a project with financial and non-financial criteria;

Allows you to combine assessments and accurate information about the enterprise into a single whole;

The criteria are formed based on the specifics of a particular enterprise.

As the project progresses to the implementation stage, the assessment must be specific, for which specialists from various industries are involved in the decision-making process. The task of the innovation manager is to skillfully manage the diversified opinions of specialists.

The process of technological innovation in an enterprise as an activity depends on the extent to which it will ensure the creation of a commercially profitable product. Therefore, an innovation manager must:

Investigate the compliance of existing and new technologies with the mission and strategic goals of the enterprise;

Determine technology capabilities for created products that have or may have high demand in the future;

Conduct research to realize these opportunities, develop a new product (product);

Design production facilities for the production of a trial batch of products;

Conduct tests of the prototype on the crossbar;

Implement technology for mass production.

This scheme for organizing the innovation process and managing it within the enterprise provides for close interaction between the functional units of management

systems, especially those involved in the development, production and sale of new products and customer service.

Technological innovations, like product innovations, are based on the life cycle concept, that is, technologies also have their own life cycle. The sequence of technological innovations is shown in Fig. 2.3.

With this model of introducing innovation at an enterprise, the focus is on the constant search for new ideas, which is carried out by special research units (laboratories), creating automated data banks.

“Deficiencies” in an enterprise are identified through job certification. A passport is a document that makes it possible to characterize the capabilities effective use production capacity, equipment, the use of specialists, evaluate the economic and social efficiency of innovations, rank their selection taking into account costs. Experience confirms that the rapid spread of innovation is facilitated by:

The advantage of the new technology compared to previous ones;

Compatibility with existing systems, procedures, infrastructure, etc.;

Ease of use;

Ease of testing and testing, copying without excessive costs.

Rice.2.3. Sequence of technological innovations

The new technology differs not only in production characteristics, but also in consumer ones ( New product must necessarily be better than its predecessors). Key Features new technology: expected benefits, requirements for product characteristics, etc. create grounds for quantitative justification of the project, most often in the form financial analysis. At this stage, estimates are made of the planned sales volumes of the new product, which will determine their sufficiency to obtain the planned income. After preparing a sales plan, enterprise management evaluates possible expenses and income. Cost estimation is carried out by the IIDR department, production, marketing and financial departments. They calculate forecasts of sales, costs and income associated with the introduction of new technology and the release of new products on the market.

The effectiveness of technological innovations is also calculated on the basis of average annual indicators without discounting or taking into account discounting based on an assessment of comparative effectiveness. The integral effect of technical innovation (E) can be calculated using formula (2.1) * 3:

* 3: (Orlov P.A. Determination of the effectiveness of real investments // Finance of Ukraine. - No. 1. - 2006. - P. 57.)

(2.1)

Where WITH- saving current expenses per year t; A - depreciation during renovation, due to investments; K - capital costs per year and; N - profit tax on the amount of savings in current expenses; E - the cost of associated economic, social, environmental results; T - innovation life cycle; α is the discount factor.

Characteristics of innovation infrastructure

The defining feature of the modern innovation process is the industrial use of the results of applied scientific research, that is, the integration of science and production. This creates conditions for the application of the achievements of scientific and technological progress and the development of economic organizations. At the same time, the competitive potential of enterprises increases, new consumer needs are met, and the demand for innovative developments grows.

Such conditions contribute to scientific and technical cooperation, new organizational forms such interaction, a modern infrastructure is created. The content of the concept of “infrastructure” is extremely broad; the main types and organizational forms depend on the purpose. Increase market supply innovative products puts forward quite important tasks for the innovation infrastructure - commercializing the results of innovative activities, giving them the form of a product, ensuring access to the market and facilitating successful implementation, that is, implementation. How important this is is evident from the assessment provided by the surveyed enterprises: 18.3% of them note a lack of information about sales markets, 16% - a lack of demand for innovative products, and 14.5% - the insensitivity of enterprises to innovations. The presence of these problems is a direct consequence of insufficient attention to such forms of infrastructure support for innovation activities as the development of a trading network, marketing support, advertising, exhibition complexes, service of innovative products. However, we must not forget that these services are important not only at the final stage of innovation activity. The problem of commercializing an intellectual product arises even at the initial stage of developing an innovative idea, and in many ways it is on its solution at all stages of the innovation process that it depends whether this idea will turn into an innovative product.

The features of material, technical, resource and system-wide support for innovation activity have been considered, making it possible to submit the composition of the innovation infrastructure according to the classification given in Table. 2.3.

Table 2.3. Composition and classification of innovation infrastructure

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