Final qualifying work on logistics. WRC topics on logistics for masters. Themes of final qualifying works

1. Automation of the warehouse management system (for example……).

2. Automation of the preparation of warehouse documents (for example ......).

3. Analysis, planning and calculation of the cost of transporting goods (for example ......).

4. Material flows in production: planning and management (for example ......).

5. Modeling of transport processes (for example……).

6. Optimization of warehouse space zoning (for example……).

7. Optimization of the needs of the logistics system and its individual elements (for example……).

8. Optimization of organization resources (for example……).

9. Optimization of transport costs (for example……).

10. Optimization of management of logistics processes in production and distribution (for example……).

11. Organization of supply chains in logistics systems ah (for example……).

12. Making an alternative choice the best option investments (for example……).

13. Assessment of the main parameters of the logistics system (for example ......).

14. Assessment of the main parameters of storage facilities (for example ......).

15. Evaluation of the effectiveness of investment projects (for example……).

16. Evaluation of the effectiveness of capital investments (for example ......).

17. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the logistics activities of the company (for example ......).

18. Improving the efficiency of inventory rationing (for example……).

19. Improving the efficiency of the organization of cargo handling in the warehouse (for example……).

20. Improving the efficiency of the organization of warehouse work (for example ......).

21. Increasing the efficiency of distribution channels (for example……).

22. Improving the efficiency of inventory management (for example……).

23. Development of a business plan for an investment project (for example……).

24. Development of optimal routes (for example……).

25. Development of the parameters of the logistics system (for example ......).

26. Development of a warehouse logistics system (for example……).

27. Development of estimates of transport costs (for example ......).

28. Rationalization of the placement of goods in the warehouse (for example ......).

29. Rationalization of the organization's resources (for example ......).

30. Rationalization of the structure of stocks (for example……).

31. Reorganization of the company's logistics system (for example……).

32. Improvement operational planning material flows in production (for example ......).

33. Improving the planning and organization of logistics processes in the organization (divisions) (for example ......).

34. Improving the planning and organization of intra-production flow processes (for example ......).

35. Improving the order management system at a transport company (for example ......).

36. Improving the management of logistics processes in procurement (for example……).

37. Process management life cycle enterprise supply chain (for example ......).

Option 2

Approximate topics of graduation theses for the graduation of 2016 in the main professional educational program middle vocational education by specialty: 080214 (38.02.03) Operational activities in logistics

1. Development (improvement) of logistics processes in the warehouse.

2. Development of rational solutions in the company's warehouse.

3. The choice of the route for the delivery of goods under many criteria.

4. Multi-criteria approach to the organization of supply chains.

5. Optimization of the distribution network of the trading company.

6. Optimization of logistics infrastructure (warehousing).

7. Improving the company's logistics service.

8. The main ways of development of the company in the implementation of the strategy of logistics outsourcing.

9. The influence of the terms of delivery of goods on logistics costs.

10. Routing of supplies in the supply of the company.

11. Increasing the efficiency of the car fleet Vehicle.

12. Problems of formation and development of the logistics distribution network of the company.

13. Information systems and technologies to support integrated supply chain planning.

14. Application of analytical CRM-systems in logistics.

15. Development and analysis of an optimization model of the supply chain using SCP-systems.

16. Designing a logistics network, tactical planning of material flows and stocks.

17. Information Technology improving the efficiency of operations management in automated warehouses.

18. Application of information technology support for cargo monitoring in a logistics company.

19. Substantiation of the effectiveness of the formation of a rational system of logistics infrastructure.

20. Development of effective logistics solutions in the activities of Russian transport companies.

21. Improvement of existing management processes in the logistics system of the transport infrastructure facility.

22. Rationale for choosing a logistics intermediary in the transportation of goods.

23. Improving the order management system in the distribution network of the company. 24. Development of a system for motivating logistics infrastructure personnel based on a balanced scorecard.

25. Optimization of the logistics business processes of the company.

26. Application innovative technologies for the organization of control over the movement of freight transport.

27. Information support of logistical interaction with external contractors.

28. Optimization of the company's logistics business processes when implementing an integrated information system.

29. Analysis and calculation of transport costs.

30. Analysis of the structure of the logistics costs of the enterprise.

31. Analysis of the management of constraints in logistics and supply chains.

32. Supply logistics for industrial (construction) enterprises (manufacturing, firms, corporations).

33. Strategies for the formation of supply chains in commodity markets.

34. Organization of integrated interaction in supply chains.

35. Organization of logistics activities in small businesses.

36. Optimization of logistics costs of production (trade, service) enterprises.

37. Logistic approach to improving the competitiveness of the enterprise in the market.

38. Formation (optimization) of a system for managing logistics flows in exchange trading (in the field of tourism; in the banking sector, etc.).

39. Forms and methods of quality management of logistics design.

40. Organization of interaction between participants foreign economic activity and logistics operators.

41. Organization of service logistics in business structures.

42. Organization of logistics activities in the service sector.

43. Organization of logistics processes in the warehouse.

44. The effectiveness of the management of logistics systems (enterprises, regions, etc.).

45. Organization of multimodal transportation of goods.

46. Management of reverse flows in industrial and commercial activities.

47. Forms and methods of management production stocks at an industrial plant.

48. The effectiveness of outsourcing by manufacturing (trading, transport, etc.) companies.

49. Integrated planning in supply chains.

50. Interaction of logistics and marketing in business structures.

OPTION 3

1. Optimization of warehouse technological processes

2. Choice basic conditions supplies to optimize procurement activities.

3. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the supply (purchase) department based on a system of indicators. 4. Supplier management as a procurement (or supply) strategy (on the example of a specific enterprise).

5. Procurement management strategy: goals, objectives and stages of formation (on the example of a specific enterprise)

6. Evaluation of the effectiveness of procurement activities and its impact on the economic performance of the enterprise.

7. Modern approaches to quality management of transport and forwarding services (on the example of a particular enterprise).

8. Formation of an effective scheme of relationships between suppliers and consumers in supply chains.

9. Analysis, planning and cost calculation of cargo transportation.

10. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the logistics system of the enterprise

11. Organization of cargo transportation by car based on the use of logistics principles

12. Improving the organization of the terminal complex

13. Organization of transportation of goods in urban traffic in the service of commercial enterprises.

14. Modern tendencies in logistics.

15. Information flows in logistics

16. Material management

17. The choice of a supplier as an element of the supply policy.

18. Analysis of the organization of delivery of goods in a transport company.

19. Optimization of warehouse zoning.

20. Assessment of the main parameters of storage facilities.

21. Improving the efficiency of the organization of warehouse work (for example ......).

22. Improving the efficiency of distribution channels (for example……).

23. Improving the efficiency of inventory management (for example……).

24. Rationalization of the placement of goods in the warehouse.

25. Improving the management of logistics processes in procurement.

26. Transport in the logistics system of the enterprise.

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Suggested Graduation Themes qualifying works
For the specialty 38.02.03. Operational activities in logistics
2017-2018 academic year

Improving logistics processes in the warehouse.
Rationalization of logistics solutions in the company's warehouse.
The choice of the route for the delivery of goods under many criteria.
Multi-criteria approach to the organization of supply chains.
Optimization of the distribution network of a trading company.
Optimization of logistics infrastructure (warehousing).
Improving the logistics service of the company.
The main ways of the company's development in the implementation of the logistics outsourcing strategy.
Optimization of logistics costs by influencing the terms of delivery of goods.
Routing of deliveries in the supply of the company.
Improving the efficiency of the vehicle fleet.
Problems of formation and development of the logistics distribution network of the company.
Information systems and technologies to support integrated supply chain planning.
Application of analytical CRM-systems in logistics.
Development and analysis of an optimization supply chain model using SCP-
Improving the logistics network through tactical planning of material flows and stocks.
Information technologies for increasing the efficiency of operations management in automated warehouses.
Application of information technology support for cargo monitoring in a logistics company.
Substantiation of the effectiveness of the formation of a rational system of logistics infrastructure.
Development of effective logistics solutions in the activities of Russian transport companies.
Improvement of existing management processes in the logistics system of the transport infrastructure facility.
Justification of the choice of a logistics intermediary in the transportation of goods.
Improving the order management system in the distribution network of the company.
Development of a system for motivating logistics infrastructure personnel based on a balanced scorecard.
Optimization of the logistics business processes of the company.
Application of innovative technologies for the organization of control over the movement of freight transport.
Information support of logistical interaction with external contractors.
Optimization of the company's logistics business processes when implementing an integrated information system.
Analysis and calculation of transport costs.
Analysis of the structure of logistics costs of the enterprise.
Analysis of constraint management in logistics and supply chains.
Supply logistics for industrial (construction) enterprises (manufacturing, firms, corporations).
Strategies for the formation of supply chains in commodity markets.
Organization of integrated interaction in supply chains.
Organization of logistics activities in small businesses.
Optimization of logistics costs of production (trade, service) enterprises.
Logistic approach to increasing the competitiveness of the enterprise in the market.
Formation (optimization) of a system for managing logistics flows in exchange trading (in the field of tourism; in the banking sector, etc.).
Forms and methods of quality management of logistics design.
Organization of interaction between participants in foreign economic activity and logistics operators.
Organization of service logistics in business structures.
Organization of logistics activities in the service sector.
Organization of logistics processes in the warehouse.
Efficiency of management of logistics systems (enterprises, regions, etc.).
Organization of multimodal transportation of goods.
Management of reverse flows in production and commercial activities.
Forms and methods of managing inventories at an industrial enterprise.
Efficiency of outsourcing by manufacturing (trading, transport, etc.) companies.
Integrated planning in supply chains.
Interaction of logistics and marketing in business structures.
The system of prices and settlements for the supply of products for industrial purposes.
Optimization of warehousing at a separate enterprise.
Costs in the implementation of the process of storage of finished products
Economic efficiency of passenger transportation
Methods of managing freight forwarding companies
Directions for expanding the range of services in the activities of transport companies.
Traffic management (by type of transport).
The procurement system in production economic activity enterprises
Improving the system of material and technical support of the enterprise.
Selecting a supplier in the procurement process.
Transport costs of consumers in the process of cargo transportation.
Evaluation of the quality of services on various types of public transport.
The transport component in the price of delivery of goods on the regional market.
Rationalization of transportation certain types products.
Demand for passenger transportation and the method of their planning.
The effectiveness of the application of the logistics approach to the management of material flows in production.
Outsourcing of logistics services.
Logistics service as management of the marketing activities of the enterprise.
Irrational transportation and ways to eliminate them.
Rationalization of the management of a freight forwarding enterprise.
Optimization of distribution channels in trade organizations
Organization financial planning when providing transport services.
Procurement systems for material and technical resources.
Improving Relationships: Marketing Logistics as a Factor in Effective Entrepreneurship
Optimization of logistics business processes of the information system company
Optimization methods for reducing transportation costs in the implementation of the transportation process
road transport logistics
Innovative technologies for organizing traffic control
Optimization of the procurement system in the production and economic activities of the enterprise
Organization of logistics activities at the enterprise and its improvement"
Ways to improve the choice of the optimal supplier in procurement planning

Final qualifying work

Warehouse logistics on the example of Top-kniga LLC

Introduction

The emergence and development of logistics

1 The concept of logistics

2 Prerequisites for the development of logistics

Logistics functions

1 Logistics operations and functions

2 List of main logistics functions

Logistics systems

1 Properties of logistics systems

2 Types of logistics systems

Material flows and logistics operations

1 The concept of material flow

Inventory and cost management in logistics systems

1. The essence and role of inventory in logistics

2 Inventory management of the organization

3 Applying Inventory Management Models with ABC and XYZ Distributions

The concept, types and functions of warehouses

1 Warehouses, their concept and role in logistics

2 Types of warehouses

3. Warehouse functions

4 Warehouse as an element of the logistics system

Storage system

1 The concept of a storage system

2 Logistics process in the warehouse

3 Cargo handling: goals, principles

4 Organization of goods acceptance

5 Organization of placement, stacking and storage

6 Selection of the assortment by order of wholesale buyers

7 Level of logistics service

Warehouse logistics at TOP-KNIGA LLC

1 a brief description of enterprises

2 Goals and objectives of logistics at the enterprise TOP-KNIGA LLC

3 Enterprise inventory management

Organization of warehousing at the enterprise LLC "TOP-KNIGA"

1 Organization of placement and storage of products in warehouse No. 1 of the enterprise LLC "TOP-KNIGA"

2 Enterprise use of automatic barcode identification

3 Address warehouse

4 Warehouse staff work

Warehouse problems

1 Security measures applied at the LLC "TOP-KNIGA" enterprise

2 Rational use of warehouse space

3 Improving logistics services at the enterprise

4 Tasks solved by the Warehouse Logistics Department

5 Logistic analysis of warehouse operation

Conclusion

Bibliography

Annex 1. Warehouse characteristics

Annex 2. Procurement schedule

Annex 3. Procurement check

Annex 4. Post-shelf check

Annex 5. Spacing Control Sheet

Appendix 6. Combined invoice

Introduction

Activities in the field of logistics are multifaceted. It includes the management of transport, warehousing, stocks, personnel, organization information systems, commercial activity and much more. The novelty of the logistics approach is the organic interconnection, the connection of areas of activity in order to create material-carrying systems that are harmoniously organized, easily managed and highly efficient.

The purpose of logistics as a science is the study of logistically organized systems, their patterns, practical activities and providing them with functions.

The subject of the study of logistics are material and related information flows. The relevance of the study of logistics is due to the potential for improving the efficiency of the functioning of material-carrying systems. Logistics can significantly reduce the time interval between the purchase of raw materials and semi-finished products, and the delivery of the finished product to the consumer, contributes to a sharp reduction in the cost of storage and transportation of goods. The use of logistics speeds up the process of obtaining information, increases the level of service, which helps a modern enterprise not only find its “niche” in the market, but also survive and succeed in the chosen field in the face of existing competition.

The object of the study is the warehousing of the retail and wholesale enterprise TOP-KNIGA LLC - an operating enterprise with a large number of branches (warehouses, shops) in different cities of Russia. The company is engaged in the storage and sale of printed materials, stationery, toys. The range is several hundred thousand items. Warehouses have an address storage system that has been proven over the years.

aim thesis is to familiarize with the basic concepts of logistics and management in logistics systems, in particular, warehouse logistics is considered on the example of the retail and wholesale enterprise TOP-KNIGA LLC.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

consider how logistics systems are built at the enterprise, how they function in relation to the warehouse;

show how, with minimal cost, it is possible to increase the collection speed, thanks to small transformations in the address storage system, how to achieve an increase in the number of order collections;

find out which warehouse is more profitable for the company to use: rented or own;

analyze the organization of warehouse management on the example of TOP-KNIGA LLC;

propose directions for improving the organization of work and technical equipment warehousing of TOP-KNIGA LLC.

theoretical and information base diploma work were the works of domestic economists, regulations, statistical and material reporting of the enterprise.

Structurally, the work consists of an introduction, ten chapters and a conclusion.

1. The emergence and development of logistics

1 The concept of logistics

The term "logistics", known until recently only to a narrow circle of specialists, is now widely used. The main reason for this phenomenon is that the concept has become used in the economy. The beginning of the widespread use of logistics in the economy falls on the 60-70s. XX century and is associated with the achievement in the field of communication technologies.

So what is "logistics"?

Today, logistics includes the management of human, energy, financial and other flows that take place in economic systems. The term "logistics" is beginning to be used in situations associated with a clear planning of an agreed sequence of actions. We can get acquainted with some definitions given to logistics:

Logistics is an interdisciplinary scientific direction associated with the search for new opportunities to improve the efficiency of material flows.

Another group of definitions considers logistics as an economic activity:

Logistics is a direction of economic activity, which consists in the management of material flows in the areas of production and circulation.

The logistic dictionary gives the following definition:

Logistics is the science of planning, controlling and managing transportation, warehousing and other tangible and intangible operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials manufacturing enterprise, intra-factory processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, bringing finished products to the consumer in accordance with the interests and requirements of the latter, as well as the transfer, storage and processing of relevant information.

As an economic activity, logistics is presented in the following definition:

Logistics is the process of managing the movement and storage of raw materials, components and finished products in economic circulation from the moment money is paid to suppliers until the moment money is received for the delivery of finished products to the consumer (the principle of paying money - receiving money).

2 Prerequisites for the development of logistics

The need to use logistics is explained by a number of reasons, among which the main ones are the following:

The development of competition. Its development is caused by the transition from the seller's market to the buyer's market.

The energy crisis of the 70s.

With a logistic approach, a service is allocated and receives significant rights at the enterprise, the priority of which is to manage end-to-end material flows, i.e., flows that come from the outside to supply service warehouses, production workshops, warehouses of finished products and then go to consumers. As a result, the indicators of the material flow at the exit from the enterprise become manageable.

The possibility of using logistics in the economy is due to modern achievements in scientific and technological progress (STP). As a result of scientific and technical progress, various means of labor are being created and are beginning to be widely used to work with material and information flows. It becomes possible to use equipment that meets the specific conditions of logistics processes. At the same time, the computerization of the management of logistics processes plays a key role in the development of logistics.

The main reasons why, since the 60s. XX century in economically developed countries there has been a sharp increase in interest in the logistics idea, is as follows:

transformation of the seller's market into a buyer's market;

ensuring competitive advantages of logistically organized material-carrying systems by reducing the cost of production and improving the quality of supplies;

energy crisis;

scientific and technological progress and, first of all, computerization of management.

A necessary condition for the development of domestic logistics was the elimination of economic prerequisites for the reproduction of monopolistic tendencies and scientific and technological progress in production and circulation.

The specificity of the logistics approach lies in the joint solution of the problems of managing material flows, for example, the joint solution of the problems of organizing storage facilities and related transport.

At the first stage, transport and warehouse, previously connected only by the operation of loading or unloading, acquire close mutual ties. They begin to work for one economic result according to a single schedule and according to a single agreed technology. The interaction of warehousing and transportation with production planning allows you to reduce inventory, improve customer service through timely fulfillment of orders, and improve the use of equipment.

In the areas of production and circulation, the use of logistics allows:

reduce stocks along the entire path of material flow;

reduce the time it takes for goods to pass through the supply chain;

reduce transport costs;

cut costs manual labor nor the corresponding costs of handling the cargo.

The reduction of inventories when using logistics is ensured due to the high degree of coordination of actions of the participants in logistics processes, by increasing the reliability of supplies, the rationality of the distribution of stocks, etc.

The total qualities of logistics systems represent the ability of these systems to realize the ultimate goal, which is called the "Six Rules of Logistics":

PRODUCT - desired product(material product);

QUALITY - required quality;

QUANTITY - in required quantity;

TIME - must be delivered at the right time;

PLACE - to the right place;

COSTS - with minimal costs.

The goal of logistics activity is considered to be achieved if these six conditions are met, i.e. the right product of the required quality in the required quantity is delivered at the right time to the right place with minimal cost.

The novelty of logistics lies, first of all, in the change of priorities between different types of economic activity in favor of strengthening the importance of material management activities.

2. Logistics functions

1 Logistics operations and functions

A logistical operation is any action that is not subject to further decomposition within the framework of the task of research or management, associated with the emergence, transformation or absorption of material and accompanying flows (information, financial, service).

Logistics operations include such actions as loading, unloading, packing, reloading from one mode of transport to another, sorting, labeling, etc. Logistics operations associated with related information and financial flows can be the collection, storage and transmission of information about the material flow, settlements with suppliers, buyers of goods, cargo insurance, etc.

A logistics function is a separate set of logistics operations aimed at the implementation of the tasks assigned to the logistics system and its links.

2 List of main logistics functions

Each of these functions is a fairly homogeneous (in terms of purpose) set of actions, all functions are interconnected and aimed at managing material flows. The carriers of functions are the subjects participating in the logistics process.

Formation of economic relations for the supply of goods or the provision of services, their development, adjustment and rationalization.

Determination of volumes and directions of material flows.

Evaluation forecasts in transportation needs.

Determination of the sequence of promotion of goods through the places of storage, determination of the optimal coefficient of warehouse links in the organization of goods movement.

Development, placement and organization of warehousing.

Inventory management in the sphere of circulation.

Carrying out transportation, as well as all necessary operations along the route of goods to their destinations.

Performing operations immediately preceding and completing the transportation of goods.

Warehouse operations management.

The criterion for the effectiveness of the implementation of logistics functions is the degree of achievement ultimate goal logistics activities expressed by the Six Rules of Logistics.

3. Logistics systems

The concept of a logistics system is one of the basic concepts of logistics. Promotion of material flows is carried out by qualified personnel using a variety of equipment: transport, loading and unloading devices, etc. Various buildings and structures are involved in the logistics process, the course of the process significantly depends on the degree of preparedness for it by the moving and periodically accumulated in stocks goods. Logistics sets and solves the problem of designing harmonious, coordinated logistics systems, with given parameters of material flows at the output.

The logistics system is a complex organizational-complete economic system, which consists of element-links (subsystems) interconnected in a single process of managing material and related flows, and the tasks of functioning of these links are united by the internal goals of the business organization and external goals.

1 Properties of logistics systems

First property: the system is an integral set of elements interacting with each other. At the macro level, when a material flow passes from one enterprise to another, these enterprises themselves, as well as the transport connecting them, can be considered as elements. At the micro level, the logistics system can be represented as the following subsystems:

Procurement is a subsystem that ensures the flow of material flow into the logistics subsystem.

Production planning and management - this subsystem receives the material flow from the procurement subsystem and manages it in the process of performing various technological operations that turn the object of labor into a product of labor.

Sales - a subsystem that ensures the disposal of the material flow from the logistics system.

The second property: there are significant connections between the elements of the logistics system, which, with a natural necessity, determine the integrative qualities. In macrologistic systems, the basis of communication between elements is the contract. In micrologistics systems, elements are connected by intra-production relations.

The third property: the links between the elements of the logistics system are ordered in a certain way, i.e. the logistics system has an organization.

The fourth property: the logistics system has integrative qualities that are not characteristic of any of the elements separately. This is the ability to deliver goods on time at the right time, to the right place, of the required quality, at minimal cost, as well as the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

A macrologistic system is a large material flow management system covering industrial enterprises and organizations, intermediary, trade and transport organizations of various departments located in different regions of the country or in different countries. It represents a certain infrastructure of the economy of a region, country or group of countries. The formation of macro-logistics systems in interstate programs requires the creation of a single economic space, a single market without internal borders, customs barriers to the transportation of goods, capital, information, and labor resources.

Micrologistics systems are subsystems, structural components of macrologistics systems. They represent a class of intra-production logistics systems, which include technologically related production facilities, united by a single infrastructure. Links between individual micrologistics systems are established on the basis of commodity-money relations.

2 Types of logistics systems

There are three types of logistics systems:

Logistics systems with direct connections. The material flow in them passes directly from the manufacturer of the product to its consumer, bypassing intermediaries.

Layered logistics systems. In such systems, there is at least one intermediary on the way of the material flow.

Flexible logistics systems. Here, the movement of material flow from the manufacturer of products to its consumer can be carried out both directly and through intermediaries.

Figure 1 shows an example logistics system.

Rice. 1. Logistics system

The main object of analysis of an integrated logistics system is its logistics cycle - a time-integrated set of functional cycles. In the structure of the logistics cycle, the following cycles-components are distinguished:

order cycle;

The cycle of creation (maintenance) of stocks;

Customer order processing cycle;

Procurement and ordering cycle;

Production cycle;

Consumer order collection cycle and preparation of documentation;

Cycle of analysis and reporting.

Just-in-time logistics systems are pull systems in which the placement of orders for the replenishment of material resources or finished products occurs when their number in certain links of the logistics system reaches a critical level.

The concept of RP "requirements/resource planning" is often contrasted with the concept of "just in time", because it is based on systems of the "pushing" type. Such systems are characterized by the production of parts, components, semi-finished products and the assembly of finished products from them.

4. Material flows and logistics operations

1 The concept of material flow

The material flow is called goods, parts, inventory items, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them and related to the time interval.

Material flows can flow between different enterprises or within one enterprise. Along the way, various operations are carried out with the cargo: unloading, palletizing, moving, unpacking, storage, etc. These are logistics operations. Figure 2 shows the movement of material flows through the sections of the warehouse using logistics operations.

Rice. 2. circuit diagram material flow in the warehouse of the enterprise wholesale trade

The volume of work for a separate operation, calculated for a certain period of time, for a month, for a year, represents the material flow for the corresponding operation. For example, the material flow for unloading wagons and stacking goods on pallets for a wholesale trade enterprise with a warehouse area of 5 thousand m 2 under the project is 4383 tons / year.

Suppose that the cost of performing a particular operation in the warehouse is known exactly and the total storage costs can be represented as the sum of the costs of performing individual operations. Then, by changing the route of movement of the material flow inside the warehouse, the costs can be minimized. It is possible to reduce storage costs as much as possible by directing goods from the storage area directly to the loading area. This means a refusal to select an assortment in the picking area, as well as a refusal to deliver goods to customers (operations in a dispatch expedition). However, refusing to provide services, the company loses its position in the market, something is accompanied by economic losses. The search for an acceptable compromise is possible only with an established cost accounting system that allows you to generate information about the most significant costs that arise in the process of performing logistics operations, as well as the nature of the interaction of these costs with each other.

In the warehouses of a wholesale trade enterprise, material flows are calculated, as a rule, for individual sections. To do this, summarize the amount of work for all logistics operations carried out in this area. The total material flow for the entire wholesale trade enterprise is determined by summing up the material flows flowing in individual sections.

In relation to the logistics system, the material flow can be:

external - proceeds in an environment external to the enterprise. These are not any goods moving outside the enterprise, but those to which the enterprise is related;

internal - is formed as a result of the implementation of logistics operations with goods within the logistics system;

input - enters the logistics system from the external environment;

output - comes from the logistics system to the external environment.

According to the natural-material composition, material flows are divided into single-assortment and multi-assortment. Such a separation is necessary because the assortment composition of the flow significantly affects the work with it. For example, the logistics process in a wholesale food market selling meat, fish, vegetables, fruits and groceries will be different from the logistics process in a potato store that works with one item of cargo. On a quantitative basis, material flows are mass, large, medium and small.

Mass flow - a flow that occurs in the process of transporting goods not by a single vehicle, but by a group of them, for example, a train, a convoy of vehicles, a caravan of ships.

Large streams - several wagons, cars.

Medium flows - occupy the gap between large and small. These include flows that form goods arriving in single wagons or vehicles.

Small flows form quantities of goods that do not allow full use of the carrying capacity of vehicles and require combination with other goods during transportation.

5. Inventory and cost management in logistics systems

Inventory management has a serious impact on the activities of the enterprise as a whole. On the one hand, a shortage of raw materials or finished products can lead to large losses in production or a loss of market share, and on the other hand, an oversaturation of warehouses with stocks leads to their moral obsolescence, damage and inefficient investment of working capital of the enterprise.

Logistics costs - the costs of performing logistics operations. The costs of performing logistics operations include both a part of distribution costs and a part of production.

The main components of logistics costs are:

transportation and procurement costs

holding costs

With an increase in the quality of the results of the logistics system to a certain level, logistics costs grow linearly, then exponentially.

Rice. 3. Dependence of logistics costs on the quality of the results of the logistics system

The specifics of cost accounting in logistics is the summation of all costs associated with the implementation of the process. An effective method of managing material flows is the analysis of the total cost. Full cost analysis means taking into account all the economic changes that occur with any changes in the logistics system. The application of this method means the identification of all costs in the logistics system and their regrouping, which will reduce the total costs. The application of full cost analysis implies the possibility of varying the price when searching for solutions, i.e. increase costs in one area if it results in savings in the system as a whole. Figuratively, the idea of the method can be represented as an iceberg, the surface part of which is the clearly visible price of the solution, the total mass of the iceberg is the total costs associated with the solution. A decision made without taking into account the underwater part of the iceberg will be erroneous.

Rice. 4 "Iceberg" total costs

Depending on the behavior of costs when the volume of work with the material flow changes, they are divided into fixed and variable (they change in proportion to the change in the volume of activity). Direct costs are costs that are directly related to the cost object. Indirect - not directly related to the cost object (maintenance of a reserve of equipment, reserve work force). Regulated costs - which can be managed at the level of the responsibility center, unregulated - costs that cannot be influenced (regulated at the level of the company as a whole). Depending on the type of logistics function, costs are divided into transport costs, storage costs, etc.

1 The essence and role of inventory in logistics

Inventories are material values waiting for industrial or personal consumption, a form of material flow that takes place at a certain time in a certain place.

The material flow on the way from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer can be accumulated in the form of stocks at any site. Building inventory always comes with a cost. The main costs associated with the creation and maintenance of reserves are:

frozen funds;

expenses for the maintenance of specially equipped premises;

remuneration of special personnel;

constant risk of damage, theft.

Having inventory is a cost. However, the absence of stocks is also an expense, only expressed in the form of various losses. The main types of losses associated with the lack of stocks include:

losses from production downtime;

losses from the absence of goods in the warehouse at the time of presentation of demand;

losses from the purchase of small lots of goods at higher prices, etc.

Rational inventory management allows you to ensure the continuity of the production and trading process with minimal costs for inventory maintenance.

The main motives that guide entrepreneurs when creating stocks are:

possibility of fluctuating demand. Demand for a product is subject to fluctuations that are not always possible to accurately predict. Therefore, if you do not have sufficient safety stock, the situation is not ruled out when effective demand is not satisfied, i.e., the entrepreneur runs the risk of being left without goods on the shelves and letting the client go with money and without a purchase. It is also important to take into account seasonal fluctuations in demand for certain types of goods. This mainly concerns agricultural products.

discounts for the purchase of a large consignment of goods.

speculation. The price of some types of goods may increase markedly. An enterprise that has been able to foresee this growth creates a reserve in order to profit from a change in the market price.

reduction of costs associated with the placement and delivery of the order. The process of registration and delivery of each new order is accompanied by a number of costs: administrative costs associated with the search for a supplier, negotiations with him, business trips, long-distance negotiations, etc.; shipping costs for the order.

You can reduce these costs by reducing the number of orders, which is tantamount to increasing the volume of the ordered batch and increasing the size of the stock.

probability of violation of the established delivery schedule. In this case, the stock is necessary so that the trading process does not stop, which is especially important for goods that play a significant role in the formation of the enterprise's profit. In production, unplanned process shutdowns are most dangerous for enterprises with a continuous production cycle.

the possibility of uniform implementation of production and distribution operations. These two activities are closely related: what is produced is distributed. In the absence of stocks, the intensity of material flows in the distribution system fluctuates in accordance with changes in the intensity of production. The presence of stocks in the distribution system allows the implementation process to be carried out more evenly, regardless of the situation in production. The presence of stocks in production smooths out fluctuations in the supply of raw materials and semi-finished products, ensures the uniformity of the production process.

the possibility of immediate customer service. You can complete customer orders different ways: produce the ordered item, purchase it or issue it immediately from the available stock. The last method is the most expensive, because it requires the maintenance of the stock. However, in a competitive environment, the possibility of immediate satisfaction of the order may be decisive in the struggle for the consumer.

minimizing downtime due to lack of spare parts. Equipment breakdowns, various accidents can lead to a shutdown of the production process in the absence of spare parts.

simplification of the production management process. We are talking about the creation of stocks of semi-finished products at various stages of production within the enterprise.

The above reasons indicate that entrepreneurs, both in trade and in industry, are forced to create stocks, since otherwise the distribution costs increase, i.e., profit decreases. At the same time, the margin should not exceed some optimal value.

2 Inventory management of the organization

The main goal of inventory management is to prevent shortages in production.

There are many models of enterprise inventory management. The main models include:

inventory management model with a fixed order size (the order size is calculated once and does not change anymore);

inventory management model with a fixed time interval between orders (delivery interval can be adjusted taking into account the peculiarities of the company's logistics system);

inventory management model with a set frequency of replenishment of stocks to a constant level (to prevent overestimation of stocks or their shortage, orders are made not only at the set time, but also when the stock reaches a threshold level);

model of inventory management by minimum-maximum and with a constant frequency of replenishment of stocks (orders are made on the condition that the stocks turned out to be equal to or less than the established level).

3 Applying Inventory Management Models with ABC and XYZ Distributions

In logistics, ABC analysis is used, setting the goal of reducing the size of stocks, reducing the number of movements in the warehouse, reducing the theft of material assets, and also pursuing other goals. The practice of various companies has shown that stocks can be divided into three groups, while the following trend is observed: the stock items of the most expensive group are much less than the average, and the average is much less than the cheapest.

The idea of ABC analysis is to single out the most significant from the point of view of the designated goal from the entire set of objects of the same type. As a rule, there are not many such objects, and it is on them that attention and forces must be paid.

The ABC method, widely used in logistics, provides for the division of a set of managed objects into three parts. In this case, the average distribution has the following form:

Table 1

Percentage of groups in the ABC method

The first key step in conducting an ABC analysis is to determine the purpose of the analysis. One and the same set of objects will be divided into subsets A, B and C in different ways, depending on the purpose of the analysis.

The second stage is the identification of control objects analyzed by the ABC method.

The selection of a sign, on the basis of which the classification of control objects will be carried out, is the third stage. After the classification attribute is determined, each of the objects (range position, supplier, etc.) is evaluated according to the intended attribute. Then, the control objects are grouped in descending order of the selected feature. The top, minor part of the ordered list will play a key role in terms of the intended purpose.

When managing stocks, it is necessary to take into account the nature of the consumption of stocks, as well as the accuracy of predicting changes in their needs. XYZ analysis will help us with this.

The principle of assortment differentiation in the XYZ analysis process differs from the principle of ABC analysis, here the entire assortment is divided into three groups depending on the degree of demand uniformity and forecasting accuracy.

Group X includes goods, the demand for which is uniform or subject to slight fluctuations. The volume of sales for the goods of this group is well predictable.

Group Y includes goods for which demand fluctuates. This group may include goods with a seasonal nature of demand. Possibilities of forecasting in this group are average.

Group Z includes goods, the demand for which arises only sporadically. Predicting sales volumes is difficult.

The following formula is used to determine the group score:

where v is the index of the XYZ group,

xi - the value of demand for goods in the i-th period,

x - average value of demand for the period,

n is the number of periods.

It is very difficult to recommend inventory management models for this type of classification, since it is impossible to accurately correlate the costs of purchasing, storing, inventorying, and shortages. But this classification, together with the ABC classification, allows us to divide the reserves into nine blocks, each of which has two characteristics: the cost of the reserves and the accuracy of forecasting the demand for them.

table 2

Increasing and decreasing forecasting accuracy while sorting by ABC and XYZ methods

				Increasing Prediction Accuracy



Decreased Prediction Accuracy

For AX, AY, AZ, individual control methods are selected. For AX, one can calculate the optimal purchase size and apply a model with a fixed order size. For AZ, this cannot be done, so you need to form a reserve stock and use a stock management model with a set frequency of replenishment of stocks to a constant level.

6. The concept, types and functions of warehouses

1 Warehouses, their concept and role in logistics

The design of end-to-end processes in most cases gives the best solution for the accumulation of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products in one or another link of the logistics chains for some time. A holistic project shows what needs to be done with the cargo at the place of accumulation. It is possible that the cargo units that have arrived need to be disbanded, the goods repacked, stored for some time, then formed new cargo units and delivered to the consumer at the right time. For this purpose, a warehouse is formed in the logistics chain.

Warehouses are buildings, structures and various devices designed for receiving, placing and storing goods received by them, preparing them for consumption and release to the consumer.

Warehouse is the main production department of the company, the efficiency of which largely depends on the competitiveness of the enterprise. If a company has chosen a constant improvement in the level of customer service as the basis of its strategy, then one of the first steps towards the implementation of the plan will be the optimization of the warehouse, namely, reducing labor costs for picking and improving the quality (minimize the number of regrading and shortages) of the orders themselves. Warehouses are one of the most important elements of the logistics system. The warehouse in logistics is used only when it allows to improve the performance of the end-to-end process, the role of the warehouse is to create conditions for optimizing the material flow.

Logistics sets the task of harmonious organization of intra-warehouse processes with the processes occurring in the economic environment surrounding the warehouse. There are two types of tasks:

tasks associated with warehouses that arise in the design of product distribution systems;

warehouse tasks as independent systems.

2 Types of warehouses

Warehouses are one of the most important elements of logistics systems. The objective need for specially equipped places for keeping stocks exists at all stages of the movement of the material flow, from the primary source of raw materials to the end consumer. This explains the presence a large number various types of warehouses. The sizes of warehouses vary from small premises with a total area of several hundred square meters to giant warehouses covering areas of hundreds of thousands of square meters. Distinguish between warehouses and the height of the stacking of goods. In some, the cargo is stored no higher than human height, while in others special devices are needed that can lift and place the cargo in a cell at a height of 24 meters or more.

Warehouses can have different designs: be placed in separate rooms (closed), have only a roof or a roof and one, two, three walls (semi-closed). Some goods are stored outside the walls in specially equipped areas, in the so-called open warehouses.

A special mode can be created and maintained in the warehouse, for example, temperature, humidity. A warehouse may be intended for the storage of goods of one enterprise (a warehouse for individual use), or it may be leased to individuals or legal entities on a leasing basis (a warehouse for collective use or a warehouse-hotel).

Warehouses also differ in the degree of mechanization of warehouse operations: non-mechanized, complex-mechanized, automated and automatic.

An essential feature of the classification of warehouses is the possibility of delivery and export of goods by rail or water transport. In accordance with this feature, station and port warehouses (located on the territory of a railway station or port), railroad warehouses (having a railway line for supplying and cleaning wagons) and deep warehouses are distinguished. In order to deliver the cargo from the station, pier or port to the deep warehouse, it is necessary to use road transport.

Depending on the breadth of the assortment of stored cargo, specialized warehouses, warehouses with a mixed and universal assortment are distinguished.

Let's take a closer look at the classification of warehouses on the basis of their place in the general process of material flow from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer of finished products. On this basis, warehouses can be divided into two main groups:

warehouses in the area of movement of products for industrial purposes;

warehouses in the area of movement of consumer goods.

In turn, the first group of warehouses is subdivided into warehouses of finished products of manufacturing enterprises, warehouses of raw materials and starting materials of enterprises-consumers of products for industrial purposes and warehouses for the circulation of products for industrial purposes.

Warehouses of the second group are subdivided into warehouses of enterprises of wholesale trade in consumer goods located in the places of production of these products, and warehouses located in the places of their consumption. Warehouses of trade in places of production belong to the so-called output wholesale bases, warehouses in places of consumption belong to trade wholesale bases.

6.3 Warehouse functions

Warehouses have traditionally been viewed as places for long-term storage of goods, and their main function was considered to be warehousing, which consists in maintaining and ensuring the safety of stocks. At present, the role of warehouses has changed, now they are considered rather as an intermediate link through which the material flow is transformed and moved as quickly as possible, which justifies the expansion of the range of operations in warehouse activities.

Thus, the main functions of the warehouse are:

concentration and storage of reserves, ensuring the implementation continuous production or supply when constrained by resource sources and fluctuations in consumer demand;

cargo consolidation - implies the consolidation of cargo into a larger mixed batch of dispatch to consumers geographically located in the same sales area;

disaggregation of cargo - sorting of cargo into smaller lots intended for several customers;

assortment composition management - accumulation and formation of a product range in anticipation of consumer orders with their subsequent sorting in accordance with orders;

consignment assembly - re-sorting of goods received from the supplier and their consolidation in shipments to consumers;

provision of services such as: delivery, packaging, labeling (material); acceptance for temporary storage of material assets, leasing of storage facilities; conclusion of contracts with transport agencies, preparation and delivery of shipping documents, etc.

Consider the functions of various warehouses encountered on the path of material flow from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer.

Warehousing, storage, sorting or additional processing of products before shipment, marking, preparation for loading and loading operations are carried out at the warehouses of finished products of manufacturing enterprises.

Warehouses of raw materials and source materials of consumer enterprises receive products, unload, sort, store and prepare them for production consumption.

Warehouses of wholesale and intermediary firms in the sphere of circulation of products for industrial purposes also perform the following functions: they ensure the concentration of goods, complete them in the right assortment, organize the delivery of goods in small lots, both to consumer enterprises and to the warehouses of other wholesale intermediary firms, carrying out storage of reserve batches.

Trade warehouses located in places where production is concentrated accept goods from manufacturing enterprises in large lots, complete and send large lots of goods to wholesale buyers located in places of consumption.

Warehouses located in the places of consumption receive goods of the production range and, forming a wide trade assortment, supply retail trade enterprises with them.

4 Warehouse as an element of the logistics system

The warehouse network is a significant element of logistics systems. The construction of this network has a significant impact on the costs that arise in the process of bringing goods to consumers, and through them - on the final cost of the product being sold.

The logistics process in a warehouse is very complex, as it requires complete coordination of the functions of stocking, handling, and order distribution. The logistics process in the warehouse is much wider technological process and includes: stocking; supply control; unloading and acceptance of goods; intra-warehouse transportation and transshipment of goods; picking customer orders and shipment; transportation and forwarding of orders; collection and delivery of empty goods carriers; warehouse information service; providing customer service.

The functioning of all components of the logistics process should be considered in relation and interdependence. This approach not only allows you to clearly coordinate the activities of the warehouse service, but also is the basis for planning and controlling the movement of goods in the warehouse at minimal cost. Conventionally, the whole process can be divided into three parts:

) operations aimed at coordinating the purchasing service;

) operations directly related to the processing of cargo and its documentation;

) operations aimed at coordinating the sales department.

The overall concept of the storage system solution must first of all be economical. economic success is ensured if the planning and implementation of the warehouse system is considered from the point of view of the interests of the entire company, being only part of the overall concept of the warehouse, and the profitability of the warehouse will ultimately be the main criterion for the chosen overall concept.

We list the tasks that most often arise in the design of logistics systems and are directly related to warehouses:

how many warehouses to have in the logistics system;

where to place warehouses:

have your own warehouse, or use a hired one;

what functions are assigned to the warehouse in the designed logistics system.

Along with the listed tasks, when organizing a warehouse subsystem, they choose the types of containers, loading, unloading, transport and storage equipment, coordinate the mechanization schemes for PRTS - work on the cycle of cargo movement, and also solve a number of other tasks. The criterion for selection, as a rule, is the criterion of minimum reduced costs, i.e. costs reduced to a single annual measurement.

The value of the reduced costs is determined by:

where Zn - reduced costs for the option;

n is the number of cost items taken into account;

C1 - annual operating costs;

C2 - annual transport costs;

C3 - annual costs for managing the warehouse system;

C4 - annual expenses for the maintenance of stocks;

C5 - other expenses and losses associated with the functioning of the logistics system;

K - full capital investments in the construction and equipment of warehouses, given by the time factor - at the discount rate;

T is the payback period of the option.

7. Storage system

1 The concept of a storage system

A warehousing system is a set of interrelated elements organized in a certain way, which ensures the optimal placement of the material flow in the warehouse and its rational management. The warehousing system (SS) involves the optimal placement of cargo in the warehouse and its rational management. When developing a warehousing system, it is necessary to take into account all the interrelations and interdependencies between the external (included in the warehouse) and internal (warehouse) flows of the object and the factors associated with them (warehouse parameters, technical means, cargo features, etc.). The choice of a rational storage system should be carried out in the following order:

) the place of the warehouse in the logistics chain and its functions are determined;

) the general orientation of the technical equipment of the warehouse system (mechanized, automated, automatic) is established;

) the task to which the development of the warehousing system is subject is determined;

) elements of each warehouse subsystem are selected;

) combinations of selected elements of all subsystems are created;

) a preliminary selection of competitive options is carried out from all technically possible ones;

) a feasibility study of each competitive option is carried out;

) an alternative choice of a rational option is made.

The selection of elements of warehouse subsystems is carried out using diagrams and diagrams. The development of a warehousing system is based on the choice of the optimal system, which determines the rationality of the logistics process in the warehouse.

2 Logistics process in the warehouse

The main task of supplying stocks is to provide the warehouse with goods (material) in accordance with the possibilities of its processing for a given period, with full satisfaction of consumer orders. Therefore, the determination of the need for the purchase of stocks must be consistent with the sales department and the available warehouse capacity.

Accounting and control over the receipt of stocks and dispatch of orders makes it possible to ensure the rhythm of processing cargo flows, to maximize the use of the available warehouse volume and the necessary storage conditions, to reduce the shelf life of stocks and thereby increase the turnover of the warehouse.

When carrying out unloading and acceptance of goods, it is necessary to focus on the terms of delivery of the concluded contract. Accordingly, unloading places are prepared for the specified vehicle (trailer, truck, container) and the necessary loading and unloading equipment. Special equipment of unloading points and the right choice of loading and unloading facilities allows for efficient unloading (in the shortest possible time and with minimal loss of cargo), which reduces the downtime of vehicles, which means that handling costs are reduced. Held on this stage operations include: unloading vehicles; control of documentary and physical compliance of delivery orders; documentary registration of the arrived cargo through the information system; formation of a warehouse cargo unit.

Intra-warehouse transportation involves the movement of goods between different areas of the warehouse: from the unloading area to the receiving area, from there to the storage area, picking and loading area.

The process of warehousing and storage consists in placing and stacking cargo for storage. The basic principle of rational warehousing is the efficient use of the storage area. A prerequisite for this is the optimal choice of storage system, and especially storage equipment. Equipment for storage must meet the specific characteristics of the cargo and ensure maximum use of the height and area of the warehouse. At the same time, the space for working aisles should be minimal, but taking into account the normal operating conditions of lifting and transport machines and mechanisms. For decent storage of cargo and its economical placement, a system of address storage is used according to the principle of solid (fixed) or free (load is placed in any free place) choice of storage location.

The picking process is reduced to the preparation of goods in accordance with the order of consumers. Completion and shipment of orders include: receipt of a customer's order, selection of goods of each item of goods according to the order, assembly of selected goods for a specific client, preparation of goods for shipment (packing in a container, on a carrier), documenting a prepared order, control over order preparation, consolidation of orders client to the consignment and execution of waybills, shipment of cargo to the vehicle.

When serving customers, it is important to control the execution of orders. To ensure the coordination of the activities of the sales service, first of all, the operations of monitoring the fulfillment of orders and the provision of services to customers, on the performance of which the level of service depends, are directed. After-sales services cover the range of services provided to consumers of products: installation of products; warranty service; provision of spare parts; temporary replacement of goods; accepting defective products and replacing them.

Rational implementation of the logistics process in the warehouse is the key to its profitability. Therefore, when organizing the logistics process, it is necessary to achieve the following goals:

) rational layout of the warehouse with the allocation of working areas, contributing to cost reduction and improvement of the cargo handling process;

) effective use space when arranging equipment, which allows you to increase the capacity of the warehouse;

) the use of universal equipment that performs various warehouse operations, which gives a significant reduction in the fleet of hoisting and transport vehicles;

) minimization of intra-warehouse transportation routes in order to reduce operating costs and increase warehouse throughput;

) implementation of unitization of batches of shipments and the use of centralized delivery, which can significantly reduce transport costs;

) maximum use of information system capabilities, which significantly reduces the time and costs associated with document management, information exchange, etc.

The main task in inventory management is to provide the warehouse with goods (material) in accordance with the possibilities of its processing for a given period with full satisfaction of consumer orders. Therefore, the determination of the need for the purchase of stocks must be consistent with the sales department and the available warehouse capacity.

3 Cargo handling: goals, principles

Cargo handling is an integral part of the logistics process in the warehouse. The main goals of cargo handling are:

efficient use of storage capacity;

improving operational efficiency;

improvement of working conditions of the personnel;

improving the quality of customer service due to a faster response to their demand;

minimization of logistics costs.

The implementation of these goals depends on the observance of the basic principles of organizing the process of cargo handling:

mechanization and automation of technological operations;

optimal use of space and capacity of premises;

organization of end-to-end commodity flow;

complete safety of goods.

4 Organization of goods acceptance

Incoming transport with goods must be unloaded and accepted as soon as possible. Unloaded goods are delivered to the warehouse receiving area, where they are checked. Along with the goods, the warehouse receives accompanying documents: bills of lading, invoices, etc. These documents are registered in the register of incoming goods and vehicles. During the acceptance process, the actual reconciliation of the parameters of the incoming cargo with the data of the accompanying documents takes place. Identification can be carried out by reading text-numeric information or a barcode located on the package. Acceptance of packaged goods can be carried out by packages or according to the nomenclature. Acceptance of packages consists in checking their number and weight indicated in the transport and accompanying documents. The absence of documents, seals, non-compliance of containers or damage to the packaging does not suspend acceptance. In such cases, a commercial act is drawn up that serves to file claims against the carrier or supplier. Upon acceptance according to the nomenclature, the packaging is opened and the goods are identified, their quantities in each package.

After the acceptance of goods is completed, the following actions are performed:

entering information into the database of the warehouse information system;

sticking warehouse labels on packages or packages of commodity units with the designation of the necessary parameters for warehouse accounting and placement, the batch number of the goods, the number of received packages, etc.;

assigning a product item in the warehouse its own code, which, like the supplier's code, is an important parameter for identifying and controlling the movement of goods.

Schematic diagram of the acceptance of goods at the warehouse of a wholesale trade enterprise.

Rice. 5. Scheme of acceptance of goods in the warehouse by quantity by quality

5 Organization of placement, stacking and storage

For storage, goods in a warehouse are stacked or placed on racks: shelving or stuffed. Stuffed racks do not have passages (passages) between themselves, arrivals warehouse equipment are made directly inside the rack, so they are called travel or walk-through. Convenient are gravity racks, in which the goods are fed to the place of extraction automatically, under the influence of gravity.

Racks significantly increase the cost of storing goods, especially expensive gravity racks. Therefore, a feasibility study is usually done for the acquisition and installation of shelving. The need for shelving is the greater, the higher the height of the warehouse and the wider the range of stored goods.

One of the existing schemes for storing goods can be selected at the warehouse, or several storage methods can be used simultaneously in accordance with its individual characteristics:

varietal. A product grade is understood as its gradation according to one or more quality indicators. With a sorted method of storage, goods of different grades are placed separately from each other.

party. With the batch method, each batch of goods received at the warehouse according to one transport document is stored separately.

batch-varietal. With the batch-varietal method of storage, each batch of goods received at the warehouse is stored separately, and within the batch by grade.

by name;

according to the principle of uniformity;

depending on the size and weight;

according to the specific properties of goods (according to the degree of danger).

Temperature, humidity, lighting form a storage mode, which is established by regulatory and technical documents, in particular, state standards. When placing goods in storage, it is recommended to use the so-called Pareto rule (20/80), according to which only a fifth (20%) of the total number of objects that you usually deal with gives approximately 80% of the results of this business. The contribution of the remaining 80% of objects is only 20% of the total result.

The use of the Pareto method allows you to minimize the number of movements in the warehouse by dividing the entire assortment into groups that require a large number of movements, and groups that are rarely accessed.

A) the zones of acceptance and dispatch of cargo are combined

B) the zones of acceptance and dispatch of cargo are spatially separated

Rice. 6. Separation of flows in the warehouse based on the Pareto method

As a rule, frequently sold goods make up only a small part of the assortment, and they must be located in convenient places as close as possible to the holiday zones, along the so-called "hot" lines. Items that are required less frequently are relegated to the "background" and placed along the "cold lines". Along the "hot lines", bulky goods and goods stored without containers can also be located.

7.6 Selection of assortment by order of wholesale buyers

Operations of manual selection and preparation of goods for release are the most time-consuming. The cost of labor in the picking area can be up to 50% of the cost of all labor used in the warehouse.

The timing of the selector's work shows that his working time is distributed approximately as follows:

selection of goods by order of buyers - 10%;

forced downtime during replenishment of stock in the picking area or while another picker is working in this area - 20%;

work with selection lists - 30%;

movement between sampling sites - 40%.

The urgency of the task of reducing travel time is obvious. Its solution is to allocate a reserve stock storage area and a pick stock storage area in the warehouse. Selected stocks are located on the lower tiers of racks, i.е. in places accessible for sampling. Separation of reserve and withdrawn stock can be carried out in two ways:

) vertical separation - the reserve stock is above the selected product;

) horizontal separation - reserve and selected stocks are located in different places of the warehouse. The zone for storing the selected stock should be divided into "hot" (as close as possible to the dispatch expedition) and "cold" (the rest of the warehouse available for picking operations). In the "hot" zone, the selected stock of goods with a high frequency of orders is placed, in the "cold" zone - with a low one. In order to determine which products to place in the "hot" storage area of the selected stock, it is necessary to identify the items that occur most often in customer orders. It should be borne in mind that the high turnover of goods does not mean at all that the selector has to work hard with it, since the goods can leave in large quantities. Downtime is reduced by storing high-demand items at multiple locations in the picking area. Thus, different assemblers have the possibility of simultaneous collection of products.

Picking personnel and restocking personnel work in the same area, the storage area. The routes of their movement will not intersect if:

replenishment of the reserve stock and the stock of the picking area to carry out with different sides rack. It should be borne in mind that by reducing staff downtime by this method, we worsen the utilization of the warehouse capacity;

the work of personnel replenishing stocks and engaged in selection should be separated in time.

Two methods of selection of goods are used - individual and complex.

Complex selection - is used, as a rule, when performing small orders. The assembler, bypassing the picking area, removes from the storage places the goods for several orders according to the summary picking list. In this case, the chain of operations for the selection of a single order increases. An additional operation appears to transform the complex selection into an individual one, but the total number of chains is reduced. Here it is necessary to find a compromise solution in each specific case.

Individual picking is the sequential picking of an individual order. In this case, the goods must immediately fit into the appropriate container and, at the end of the operation, be ready for shipment.

Loading goods into a vehicle for delivery in the form of a complex picking and turning it into an individual one in the process of issuing goods from the supplier's transport is an interesting solution.

With high turnover and a wide assortment, one order can be simultaneously selected by several assemblers in different parts of the storage area of the selected stock. Subsequently, the assembled parts are combined into a single order.

Information that the assembler should have in the process of fulfilling the order: where the goods are placed; how much product is needed; to whom the product is intended; what to do if the selected product is over; what to do after ordering.

The transfer of information to the collector can be carried out by various means. The timeliness of information transfer is a necessary condition for the high intensity of the material flow passing through the sampling section.

The effectiveness of operations to prepare goods for release can be characterized by the following indicators:

sampling frequency, i.e. the number of selected orders per unit of time;

throughput of the picking section - the number of formed cargo units (containers, boxes, pallets, etc.) per unit of time;

level of customer service;

cases of lack of stock of goods included in the picking list.

7.7 Logistics service level

An important criterion that allows evaluating the service system both from the position of the recipient of services and from the position of the supplier is the level of logistics service. The calculation of this indicator is determined by the following formula:

where ŋ is the level of logistics service;

M - quantitative assessment of the theoretically possible volume of logistics services;

m is a quantitative assessment of the volume of logistics services actually provided.

The growth in the level of service is accompanied, on the one hand, by an increase in service costs, and on the other hand, by an increase in sales and, accordingly, an increase in income.

To assess the quality of a logistics service, the following criteria are used:

delivery reliability;

full time from receipt of the order to the delivery of a consignment of goods;

delivery flexibility;

availability of stocks in the warehouse of the supplier;

the possibility of providing loans.

8. Warehouse logistics at TOP-KNIGA LLC

1 Brief description of the enterprise

Brief history of development. The TOP-KNIGA bookselling enterprise was registered in June 1995. The name of the company was not accidental: initially, the focus was on the best-selling, "top" books. At the same time, the stake was placed on a quick turnover of funds and direct work with publishers, in relations with which the company adhered and adheres to strict principles: pay bills on time, comply with all obligations.

By the end of 1996, "TOP-KNIGA" became the No. 1 bookselling company in the Siberian region. Gradually, the company switched from trading in the so-called "tray" assortment (about 5,000 items) to an expanded one and came to the conclusion that it could satisfy the demand of buyers living at a distance of 3,000 kilometers from the capital to the maximum.

To Work with a wide range possible only if there is a proper software. From the very first sales, a clear computer accounting of the movement of goods was established, for which a software package for warehouse and store accounting was created. "TOP-BOOK" was the first in Novosibirsk to sell books by barcodes. The speed of customer service has increased several times, long and tedious sales reports by phone have stopped, the number of errors has significantly decreased, and the accounting time has been reduced by three times.

The desire of the company's management to satisfy the demand of customers for printed products as much as possible was manifested in the creation of new structural divisions. Yes, in 1997. In the same year, a department of postcards was created, and in the same year, TOP-KNIGA began working with ARPI-Siberia, the largest distributor of periodicals. In 1998, work with stationery became an independent direction. At the same time, the BOOK-by-mail department was formed and the company's online store began to work #"510106.files/image013.gif">

Rice. 7. Diagram of ABC distribution of headings

Of the 18 headings, 3 headings are in the greatest demand - they account for 80% of deliveries per year, they make up only 17% of the total list. These books belong to group A. Group B includes 7 headings - they account for 15% of deliveries per year, they make up 39% of the total list. Group C included 8 headings - they account for only 5% of deliveries per year and they make up 44% of the total list.

Groups A and B are given the most attention both when placing an order and when allocating storage areas in a warehouse.

After analyzing the supply data using the ABC method, we can draw the following conclusions:

1. Fiction, Children's and Household literature are in the greatest demand than all other headings. Moreover, Fiction and Children's literature is more than 4 times more in demand than Household literature. Therefore, the volume of supplies for these headings is the largest.

2. Educational literature and non-standard products are in demand in much the same way as children's literature, but supplies for these headings are lower. At the same time, non-standard products occupy an entire floor in terms of area, which indicates large volumes of products in this category.

It has been experimentally confirmed that Expensive books are in the least demand. These books are rarely purchased, usually bought by collectors, art historians, or as a gift on a special occasion. Therefore, the delivery under this heading is so rare.

XYZ method. Using the XYZ method, you can evaluate rubric consumption rates and be able to manage inventory. For XYZ-analysis, the following indicators are required:

the number of periods n is equal to the number of months in a year, n=12;

xi - monthly supply volumes, they are presented in Table 7;

calculate x and v and show them in Table 9.

Table 9

XYZ analysis (ordered by consumption and forecast rubrics)

		average value* of demand for the year, x
	Politics, art, cinema
	History and military affairs
	Children's literature


	Non-standard products
	Fiction
	Educational literature and manuals
	Household literature
	medical literature
	Legal literature


	Auto Literature
	Musical literature


	Expensive books

*The average value is considered as the arithmetic mean

From the data obtained, it can be seen that group X includes 2 rubrics and makes up 11% of the total list. They are characterized by a stable consumption value, you can safely order the products of this category for a long time. Group Y includes 6 rubrics and makes up 33% of the total list. The need for these headings is characterized by different trends, in some cases it is not immediately possible to predict changes in demand. Group Z includes 10 headings, they make up 55% of the total list. These headings are used irregularly, it is quite difficult to predict the amount of consumption.

Combining the data of ABC-analysis and XYZ-analysis, the following data were obtained (Table 10, 11):

Table 10

Combining ABC Analysis and XYZ Analysis


	Fiction
	Children's literature
	Household literature
	Non-standard products
	Educational literature and manuals
	medical literature

	Philosophy, psychology, parapsychology
	Legal literature
	Politics, art, cinema
	History and military affairs
	Computer and scientific journalism literature

	Auto Literature
	Musical literature
	Albums with reproductions and drawing tutorials
	Foreign literature on foreign language
	Expensive books

Table 11

The result of combining methods


	Fiction - Children's literature	Household literature
Politics, art, cinema	Non-standard products - Educational literature and manuals - Philosophy, psychology, parapsychology	Medical literature - New, - Legal literature
History and military affairs		Computer and scientific-journalistic literature - Auto-literature - Musical literature - Albums with reproductions and drawing tutorials - Foreign literature in a foreign language - Expensive books

2. Products of the CZ category (“Computer and scientific journalism literature”, “Auto-literature”, “Musical literature”, “Albums with reproductions and drawing tutorials”, “Foreign literature in a foreign language”, “Expensive books”) it is necessary to control with a small frequency and monitor the level of demand from buyers.

3. For categories BY and BZ - headings "Educational literature and manuals", "Medical literature", "Legal literature" - seasonal activity is typical, as it is associated with the educational process. Therefore, the stocks of these products must be planned for the school season.

4. For headings " Fiction” and “Children's Literature” are characterized by a stable and high level of consumption, so you can calculate the optimal size of stocks and additionally monitor purchasing activity during the sales seasons.

Conclusion

Using the example of TOP-KNIGA LLC, we got acquainted with the concept of warehouse logistics, warehouse management. We were convinced that the use of logistics reduces the cost of storage and transportation of goods, speeds up the process of obtaining information and improves the level of service. We saw that information logistics can make stocks "transparent", not only within one warehouse, but also in all warehouses and in all stores of the enterprise. We found out that the essence of logistics is the creation of a certain conveyor that streamlines the entire work of the organization, and not its individual parts, and the main goal of logistics is to ensure the competitive position of the organization in the market. They determined the role and importance of warehouse logistics in the logistics system, showed the organization of storage and warehousing of products at a particular enterprise, as well as the advantage of an address warehouse. In this paper, we examined the strategic role of stocks in the activities of the organization, the main models of stock management. We solved the logistical problem for a particular enterprise about making a decision in favor of building its own warehouse. They showed how, with minimal cost, it is possible to increase the speed of collection, thanks to small transformations in the address storage system.

We have fully completed all the tasks set at the beginning of this work.

Bibliography

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Bigel N.I. Manufacturing control. - Moscow, 2000

Volgin G.P. Warehouses - Moscow, 2001

Gadzhinsky A.M. Logistics: textbook-ed. 11th revised, additional, M .: Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and K", 2004

Gadzhinsky A.M. Workshop on logistics. - 4th ed. reworked, and additional - M .: Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and K", 2005

Durovich A.P. Marketing in entrepreneurial activity. - Minsk: NPZh "Finance, accounting, audit", 1997

Kirichenko N.S. Organization of warehouse work at MTO enterprises. - Kyiv, 2001

Kovalev V.V. Warehouse operations // Warehouse technologies, 2007. No. 2.

Kovalev V.P. Transport and warehousing: a reference guide. - Mn.: Higher. school, 1999

Kovalev S.I. Machinery and equipment // Warehouse technologies, 2005. No. 5.

Kozlyuk N.V., Ugrimova S.N. Warehouse accounting and audit. - St. Petersburg, 1999

Kurganov V.M. Logistics. Transport and warehouse in the supply chain of goods. Moscow: Knizhny Mir, 2005

Lobanov N.A. Principles of warehouse accounting // Warehouse technologies, 2006. No. 12.

Logistics: Tutorial. - Ed. B.A. Anikina; T.A. Rodkina and others - M .: Prospect, 2006

Logistics in questions and answers: Textbook. MM. Ardatova, M.: TK Velby, Prospect Publishing House, 2005

Logistics: training and workshop: Textbook. - Ed. B.A. Anikina; T.A. Rodkina and others - M .: Prospect, 2007

Marketing. / Sort., intro. Art. A.I. Kredisova. - K.: Ukraine, 1994

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WRC topics in Logistics for Masters Lecturer Sokolov V.K. Vorobieva N.I. Noskova E.V. Semenov I.A. Bochkarev A.A. Topic of final qualifying work 1. Organization of intermodal transportation of goods in the logistics system. 2. Management of intraport communications when performing logistics operations. 3. Features of modeling the logistics chain for the delivery of containerized cargo. 4. Methods for reducing transport and logistics risks. 5. Construction features organizational structure in transport and logistics companies. 6. Study of logistics operations in the process of shipping containerized cargo by sea. 7. Effective planning of the work of the logistics department. 8. Application of the earned value method during the implementation of the logistics project. 9. Performance indicators of the sea line. Management of internal and external communications of the warehouse system. 1. Increasing the efficiency of inventory management by taking into account the multi-item and discounts in the models for calculating the optimal order size 2. Improving the efficiency of inventory management by taking into account the multi-item and shortage in the models for calculating the optimal order size 3. Improving the efficiency of inventory management by improving the formation of item groups 1. Application of forecasting methods in procurement management. 2. Application of forecasting methods in inventory management. 3. Modeling of logistics processes based on the concept of "just in time". 1. Methods for assessing logistics costs in supply chains. 2. Application of FSA methods in the analysis of total logistics costs. 1. Transport models of linear programming and their use in logistics. 2. Dynamic and stochastic models of linear programming in logistics. 3. Logistics outsourcing in Russia: problems and solutions. 4. Game theory and its use for building a model Belov L.B. Borodulina S.A. 1. 2. 3. 4. Lukinskiy V.S. 1. 2. 3. Lukinskiy V.V. Maiorov N.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. Maevsky A.G. 3. 4. 5. outsourcing of logistics processes. 1. Optimization of the logistics business processes of the enterprise 2. Optimization of the organizational structure of the logistics management of the company 3. Improvement of the organization of supply of the enterprise 4. Improvement of the inventory management system based on their rationing 5. Development of a system for motivating logistics management personnel based on a balanced scorecard system 6. Improvement of the system inventory management in the distribution network of the enterprise 7. Improving the system of controlling logistics activities (logistics business processes) Research and evaluation of the possibilities of introducing innovations in warehouse technological and business processes Researching the features of introducing innovations in transport technological and business processes Methods of managing the sale of services in a micrologistics company Research and methods for assessing the influence of environmental factors on the performance of transport and logistics complexes (or trade, transport enterprises enterprises, airport enterprises, etc. ) Methods of inventory management in conditions of dependent demand. Methods for the formation of distribution networks. Methods for improving the efficiency of transportation in supply chains. Inventory management methods in supply chains. Methods for managing stocks of perishable products. Methods for selecting suppliers in supply chains. Methods for assessing the reliability of supply chains. Methods for solving the static problem of inventory control. Application of the theory of transport processes in the organization of urban transportation. Models of traffic flow management in megacities. Issues of formation of the logistics network of the region Improving the methods of managing return flows Development of strategic decisions on the formation and optimization of the logistics infrastructure

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Chapter 2 -

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Chapter 3 - ________________________________________________________________

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Deadline student completed work- 2015

Date of issue of the task _____________________________________________

Student's signature _______________

Signature of the head _________________________________________________

Calendar schedule for the preparation of the final qualifying work

	Selection and approval of the topic of the final qualifying work. Selection of literature. Drawing up a plan for the final qualification work. Registration of the assignment for the preparation of the final qualification work(2 copies) and delivery of one copy to the department for approval by the head of the department	February
	The study of literature and the collection of factual materials, their processing and analysis using a computer
	Writing the first chapter
	Writing the second chapter
	Writing the third chapter
	Registration of the final qualifying work and its submission to the department
	Filling out an application for the independent nature of the final qualifying work and sending an electronic version of the work for verification by the Antiplagiat system	April
	Preliminary protection (by groups according to the schedule)

Annex 2

Themes of final qualifying works,

for students studying in the specialty:

"Logistics and supply chain management"

Intra-production management of logistics flows.

Supply logistics for a manufacturing company.

Prospects for the development of information logistics.

Development strategies for marketing logistics.

Logistic system for operational regulation of the movement of material and transport flows.

Procurement (purchase) logistics of a manufacturing (trading) company.

Strategies for the formation of supply chains.

Logistic concept of supply chain management.

Innovative forms of purchasing (sales) logistics.

Strategies for the formation of service logistics alliances in the market of engineering products.

Procurement logistics in small business.

The use of the logistics concept in the activities of the enterprise.

Logistical aspects of improving economic relations.

Functional supply logistics strategies.

Logistics strategy for managing the movement of goods.

Analysis and optimization of logistics costs of industrial (trade) enterprises.

Logistic factors for increasing the competitiveness of the company in the market.

Analysis of logistics flows in stock trading.

The use of the logistics concept in the activities of transport companies.

Logistics of the secondary turnover of resources.

Transactional operations in logistics

Distribution (sales) logistics of a manufacturing (trading) company.

Distribution centers in the wholesale distribution system.

Economic monitoring in logistics.

Tourism logistics.

Warehousing logistics.

The effectiveness of the use of containers in logistics systems.

Logistics of road (rail, water, air) transport.

Logistics of foreign trade.

Optimization of the logistics costs of the enterprise.

Study of the efficiency of logistics systems management.

Organization freight traffic various modes of transport.

Organization of multimodal transportation of goods.

Improving the logistics infrastructure of container transportation.

Development of transport and logistics terminals.

Service logistics.

Reverse logistics.

Risk management in logistics.

Information support of logistics processes.

marketing logistics.

Commercial logistics of a wholesale and intermediary company.

Development prospects various kinds transport as elements of the logistics system.

Transport complex of the North-West region of Russia, prospects for its development.

Transport logistics.

The use of modern logistics technologies at Russian enterprises.

Study of the logistics activities of an Internet company.

Optimization of the company's activities through the use of a logistics concept.

Trade enterprise logistics.

Inventory management in logistics.

Outsourcing and cooperation in logistics.

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