N Pomeranians top shopping rows.

architectural monument (federal)

GUM(abbreviation for "State Department Store", until 1921 - Upper shopping arcades) is a large shopping complex (department store) in the center of Moscow, which occupies an entire block of Kitai-Gorod and has its main façade facing Red Square. The building, built in pseudo-Russian style, is an architectural monument of federal significance.

Leased until 2059 from Russian company retail Bosco di Ciliegi, which specializes in the sale of luxury goods. The lease is extended without competition, its cost is a state secret.

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On the site of dilapidated shops of the 18th century, under Catherine II, the design of a grandiose shopping center in the style of classicism began. The project was developed by Quarenghi himself, but the construction was carried out hastily by city architects and was not completed. After the fire of 1812, the shopping arcades were rebuilt

The building was located in the block between Red Square and Vetoshny Proezd along a radius: as documents of that time testify, the length of the facade facing Red Square was 116 fathoms, and that facing Vetoshny Proezd 122 fathoms.

The Upper Trading Rows building quickly fell into disrepair and became obsolete. Already in 1869, the Moscow Governor-General demanded that the City Duma consider the issue of reconstructing the shopping complex. The shop owners, who did not want outside interference in their affairs, came up with a counter initiative: they created their own commission to reorganize the rows. For 20 years, representatives of shop owners conducted fruitless negotiations with the city government. On the one hand, the shopping complex consisted of more than 600 separate properties owned by more than 500 individuals; coordinating the interests of this mass of owners was difficult. On the other hand, shop owners hoped to negotiate some preferences from the city. In particular, one of their ideas was for the city to provide free of charge a strip of land cut off from Red Square to widen the aisles; the city categorically disagreed with this demand. In 1880, the city duma, despairing of the success of the negotiations, petitioned the government to create a joint-stock company to rebuild the ranks, participation in which would be mandatory for shop owners. But this initiative did not find sufficient support and died out.

In 1886, the new Moscow mayor N.A. Alekseev managed to achieve some success: at a meeting of shop owners, he achieved the consent of their majority to create a joint-stock company, the committee they elected drew up and published a draft charter for the company. However, even after this the matter did not move forward. The city government this time decided not to retreat, and in the same 1886 closed the Upper Trading Rows under the pretext of their unsafe condition. The shops were moved to temporary buildings on Red Square. The decline in trade as a result of these events was so strong that the shop owners finally decided to begin reconstruction.

In 1888, the charter was approved "Joint Stock Company Upper Trading Rows on Red Square in Moscow". The joint stock company had share capital and bond capital. The share capital consisted of a plot of land occupied by the old Upper Trading Rows. Shop owners contributed their buildings and the plots underneath them to the share capital, and the shares were distributed among them in proportion to the income from existing real estate. Those who did not want to participate in the created society could demand the ransom of their property, in addition, the Moscow city government received the right to forcibly alienate real estate from those who did not want to give it up at all. The charter provided the company with significant benefits: property was transferred to the company without paying serf taxes, and property rights were recognized as existing owners by the very fact of current ownership, without the requirement of bills of sale (for many, ownership documents were lost over the years). The total amount of share capital (which essentially represented the valuation of the land plot) amounted to 9.4 million rubles. The construction itself was financed from bond capital, for which 5% bonds with a total face value of 5 million rubles were issued, to be repaid over 90 years. In order for the Society to be recognized as open, it was necessary to obtain an application to join the society from two-thirds of the owners, which happened in August 1888. The board of the company was headed by industrialist A. G. Kolchugin.

In November 1888, a closed architectural competition was announced, which received 23 projects; one of the conditions of the competition was that the appearance of the new buildings should correspond to the style of other buildings on Red Square. The first prize (6000 rubles) was received by A. N. Pomerantsev, the second (3000 rubles) - R. I. Klein, the third (2000 rubles) - A. E. Weber. Most of the competition projects and all the awarded ones were very similar in both space-planning solutions and style.

The dismantling of the old building began in the fall of 1888, a year later the construction of the foundations began, and the official ceremony of laying the foundation for the new building took place on May 21, 1890. Maximum intensity construction works reached in 1891, when up to 3,000 workers were simultaneously involved in construction. From the end of 1891, separate parts of the complex began to be opened for trade, Grand opening shopping arcade took place on December 2, 1893. However Finishing work in some premises continued until 1896.

In 1923, the State Department Store (GUM), which was under the authority of the People's Commissariat of Trade of the RSFSR, opened in the building.

In 1934-1936, a competition was held for projects for the construction of the Narkomtyazhprom high-rise building. Some of them included the demolition of GUM along with most of the neighboring buildings. But another project won - the construction of a high-rise building on the site of Zaryadye.

In 1952-1953, the building was restored and in 1953 the State Department Store reopened there. In the 1970s, another restoration of the building was started, which was completed by 1985.

In 1990, the store was corporatized, and in 1992 - privatized. Despite the fact that the store has ceased to be state-owned, the name “GUM” has been retained and is used along with the old name - “Upper Trading Rows”.

In 1997-2001 and 2011-2012, fragmentary restoration work was carried out on the facades, lobbies, and individual retail premises of the building, which were carried out according to the design of the architect-restorer M. B. Kanaev and under the scientific supervision of G. V. Mudrov. During the first stage of restoration, the building was illuminated with lines of electric light bulbs, emphasizing the architectural elements of the facade and the silhouette of the building.

Architecture and decoration

Internal line panorama

The complex of buildings in the Upper Trading Rows was built according to the design of the architect A. N. Pomerantsev, with the participation of the architect P. P. Shchekotov, engineers V. G. Shukhov and A. F. Loleit. The main building is placed parallel to the Kremlin wall, main entrance in rows was arranged in the center of the facade on Red Square. The back of the main building faces Vetoshny Lane, where there is another independent building of rows. The main building was built in the form of a passage - a type of commercial building popular in European architecture of the second half of the 19th century, where shops are located in tiers on the sides of a wide passage-gallery, with a glazed ceiling. The building consists of 16 buildings connected by three longitudinal and three transverse galleries (“lines”), above which skylights are located.

The building is designed in pseudo-Russian style, decorative elements are borrowed from Russian monuments of the era

Children

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GUM is a living historical monument that has managed to preserve its original appearance and spirit of the times, bright personality and a world landmark. The same symbol of the capital as the Kremlin or the Bolshoi Theater, GUM stands on Red Square, in the very heart of Moscow. The project of the architect Pomerantsev, which won the competition in 1889, combined ancient Russian traditions and modern technologies. The majestic building in neo-Russian style has three floors and three lines of shops. Centuries and eras change, but it always remains in the center - the Main Department Store of a large country.

Exactly under the glass arches of the main dome of GUM there is an amazing fountain - a legendary monument of the era, which can be found not only in official chronicles, but also in the home photo archives of millions of people. The fountain was founded in 1906. At its base there is a complex structure, by analogy with which domes were calculated during the construction of churches. The fountain's bowl was originally round, but in 1953 its shape was changed with a new octagonal base made of red quartzite. At the fountain you can take a break from the queues and enjoy the famous Gumovsky ice cream.

Red Square, 3, Moscow

The same thing, in a waffle cup. You can buy it at a kiosk, or you can wait for a bike kiosk to pass by. In Soviet times, ice cream was sold on the run. The ice cream maker brought a tray with ice cream on her shoulder, placed it on a tripod and immediately sold out. It is believed that GOST for ice cream was one of the most stringent in the world and required exclusively natural products.

Ice cream in a cup - 100 rubles

Red Square, 3, Moscow

Children's GUM is a department store, so next to the department for newborns there is a small furniture showroom. Here you can buy cribs, chests of drawers, cabinets, chairs, tables and even swings. Improvised children's rooms were located on the decorative mezzanine. In Children's GUM there is a special room “Magic Apartment”, where every child will find something exciting to do while adults are shopping. Here kids will dance, draw, write and count together with professional teachers. The Magic Apartment is also a wonderful opportunity to celebrate a child's birthday.

Red Square, 3, Moscow

When Pomerantsev was planning GUM (or Upper Trading Rows, as the store was called before), he understood that people would come here not just for shopping, but also for relaxation and entertainment. Therefore, already at the drawing stage in the future GUM building, a huge room for its own toilet room was laid out. A spacious foyer with leather armchairs, a private wardrobe, foreign-made faience, lamps made of bronze and the famous Murano glass, necessary little things on dressing tables - this is what the toilet of today's GUM was like more than 100 years ago. The room was closed in Soviet times as a bourgeois luxury and rebuilt in a socialist manner. Drawings preserved in the archives helped reconstruct it in its original form. Now here you can clean yourself up, take a shower, change your baby, brush your teeth, shave and buy all the necessary little things.

Visiting the toilet: 100 rubles

Red Square, 3, Moscow

The legendary Gumovsky grocery store is open 24 hours a day. There is a "bag room" where you can leave outerwear or shopping. The bakery department is easy to find by the smell of freshly baked bread, the sausage department is replete with an assortment - on one counter there are only foreign producers, next to it are sausages of domestic brands: Tambov ham, doctor's sausage, sausages, sausages, real lard with garlic. In the fish department you can buy live Kamchatka crab, chilled shrimp, the freshest oysters and much more. In addition, Gastronome No. 1 has departments for gastronomy, fruit and vegetables, dairy products, a wine library and, of course, a confectionery department.

Red Square, 3, Moscow

Don't be surprised if you see Hollywood stars, famous designers or athletes at the next table. It’s just that the food here is really tasty, and the windows offer stunning views of Red Square. The stylish and thoughtful interior is designed in the spirit of the 70s. It is worth paying attention to the VIP room of the restaurant, where it is possible to hold press conferences and business lunches. The mandatory menu includes the legendary Bosco Fresh. The recipe for the drink was invented more than 10 years ago and is still kept secret. It is only known that it is made from fresh berries: raspberries, strawberries, blackberries.

The only boutique of a famous jewelry brand in Moscow. This is where you can choose one of the famous handcrafted diamond engagement rings. Another brand legend is the Tiffany Yellow Diamonds in the precious masterpieces of Jean Flumberger, the jewelry of Elsa Peretti and the vibrant, extravagant creations of Paloma Picasso - all of them are famous Tiffany designers whose work is highly valued in the world of jewelry.

Red Square, 3, Moscow

Cinema appeared in GUM recently. But when you get into a new cinema hall, it seems as if it has always been here. This is a small masterpiece where they show a big movie. Chamber theater, consisting of three halls on the 3rd floor of GUM. The architecture of the building has been carefully preserved. In the halls, for example, there are still windows; during the session they are tightly closed with velvet curtains. Instead of the usual popcorn, the Cinema Hall offers a real “theater” buffet with sandwiches, cakes and champagne, and three designer spaces with excellent “picture” and acoustics. To prevent the viewers' eyes from getting tired by the end of the session, the screen is located at a specially calculated distance from the first row. The GUM Cinema shows only the highest quality films: from fashionable Hollywood premieres to the best auteur films. Retrospective screenings of legendary films and live broadcasts of performances from the stage of the Metropolitan Opera in New York are regularly held here.

Archival documents confirm that already in the 17th century almost all retail and wholesale Moscow. The old Upper Trading Rows, crowded with people and carts, had a decent view only from the side of the square. And only from afar. A two-story building stretched from to, reminiscent of the current one in architecture: two central turrets, eight columns, large rectangular windows on the first floor, semicircular windows on the second. This building blocked the view of the swarm of small, sloppy wooden shops.

These benches burned several times a year. Fires were especially common in winter due to the stoves that clerks and traders used to heat themselves. But ironically, the biggest Moscow fire in 1812 bypassed the shopping arcades.

In 1815, according to the design of Osip Bove, a new building of the Upper Trading Rows was built. This building was divided between private owners, and they could not be persuaded even for major repairs. Not only was there no electricity there and, due to the threat of fire, it was impossible to use candles, but the building was collapsing before our eyes. Once a layer of plaster fell on the customers, and another time a lady, trying on a velvet dress, fell through the rotten floor, broke her leg and was taken to the hospital directly in an unpaid replacement - the owner was afraid to remind her of this.

At the end of the 19th century, the authorities announced a competition for a new building of the Upper Trading Rows. Many people wanted to perpetuate the glory of their talent, so the most famous architects of that time took part in the competition.

The winner was the design of a building in the pseudo-Russian style by A.N. Pomerantseva, V.G. Shukhov and A.F. Loleita. But the most difficult thing was ahead: Moscow merchants did not want to stop trade during construction. Even the construction of temporary ones did not help retail premises. Therefore, the authorities had to take extreme measures - lock the old shops and post guards in front of them.

As a result, in 1890-1893, a new building of the Upper Trading Rows was built on Red Square. It caused genuine admiration! Three spacious passages (trade or business buildings, where shops or offices are located in tiers on the sides of a wide passage with a glazed covering) decorated with Finnish granite and marble, its own power plant, an artesian well for local water supply, underground Railway for delivery of goods. But the most surprising thing was the roof - completely transparent, which let in sunlight during the day and allowed one to admire the moon at night. It took 60,000 glasses to create this miracle.
True, complaints were sometimes made against the architectural style of GUM, they say that the building only pretends to be originally Russian, but in fact is a European arcade dressed up in an inappropriate Russian costume.

The gigantic three-story building of the Upper Trading Rows houses more than 1,000 stores. Now the trading area was divided not into benches, but into salons, decorated with mirrors and furniture. To attract customers, a bank branch, an engraving and jewelry workshop, a hairdresser, a dental office, and a post office were opened in the Upper Trading Rows. That is, GUM became the prototype of modern shopping and entertainment centers, since there one could combine a shopping trip with a visit to a performance or exhibition.

The first price tags in Moscow appeared here. If earlier the seller himself announced the price to the buyer, and it was possible to bargain with him, now the cost of goods has become fixed. The first domestic book of complaints and suggestions appeared here.

After nationalization, the shops were evicted from the Upper Trading Rows building, and officials took their place. The building was dilapidated, there was no electricity or heating, and the power plant in the basement was flooded with water.

GUM owes its new name and revival to Vladimir Lenin. In 1921, he ordered the opening of the country's main store here. And V. Mayakovsky did advertising for him.

Whatever the stomach, body or mind requires -
Everything is provided to a person by GUM.

For a long time, shops had to coexist with government agencies. And in 1934-1936, GUM was planned to be demolished for the construction of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry building in its place. But the plan was not destined to come true.

For the second time, they wanted to demolish GUM in order to erect a monument on Red Square in honor of the victory in the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War. It was also proposed to cover the building with stands or a wall, and rebuild its façade, but GUM again survived. By the way, it was from this building that on May 9, 1945, Levitan conveyed the long-awaited message about the surrender of Germany and the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War.

Few people know that at the beginning of the 20th century, 22 families settled in GUM. Communal apartments were built on the upper floors of the building, and ordinary townspeople were accommodated in these rooms overlooking the sky.

Living conditions in GUM were spartan: the apartments had no toilets or bathrooms, and there was no shared kitchen. But there were “bonuses” in the form of a constantly working fountain, free orchestra concerts and film screenings.

In 1952-1953, GUM was restored, and the residents were housed in other houses. Trade resumed then. The former chief administrator of GUM, Serafima Pavlovna Khrunova, said that people were still living in the mezzanines of the second and third floors of the third line, but GUM was already working at full speed.

The historic showroom has now been restored. Cultural events are still held, and Dining Room No. 57 immerses visitors in the Soviet past with dishes prepared according to the canons of the book about tasty and healthy food.

No less interesting place- a recreated toilet from the time of Alexander III, where you can not only use the appropriate services, but also take a shower, brush your teeth, shave, change your baby and just admire the magnificent interiors.

In 2007, the fountain was restored in GUM. It immediately became a popular meeting place. By the way, it was originally round, and only in 1985 it received an octagonal base. In 1992, the gate icon of the Mother of God, which appeared above the entrance from the side in 1893, was restored. In Soviet times it was covered over, but during restoration it was found.

But the most famous innovation is the illumination of the external facade of the building. This is exactly how residents and guests of Moscow know GUM, flooded with millions of lights.

And although now the shopping complex is not state-owned, the name GUM is used along with “Upper Trading Rows”. But more and more often the store is called the Main Department Store of the country. And in August 2012 shopping mall achieved recognition of the abbreviation "GUM" trademark, and now, perhaps, only one store will bear this name - on Red Square.

They say that......the clerks often made fun of the customers. For example, they caught mice, put them in a box and wrapped them in bright paper with bows. They placed this “gift” in the way of customers and watched as a respectable gentleman or lady with a thieving look picked up the rodent. And sometimes they froze a small coin to the floor and laughed at the attempts of a passerby to pry it off.
...in 1972, the official M. Suslov was going to close GUM. Victoria Brezhneva, ordering a fur coat from the store’s atelier, learned about this threat. The next day the issue of liquidation was dropped.
...in Soviet times, GUM consisted of 30,000 items of goods. Not surprisingly, he attracted huge queues, the participants of which were jokingly called “humanists.” True, there was also a “200th section” where you could get anything you wanted without queuing. But only government members and senior party members had access there. And sometimes foreigners were taken there to show how good it was to live in the USSR.

GUM in photographs from different years:

The ancient building of the Upper Trading Rows, the Main Department Store - GUM in Moscow is located. This is the largest department store in the country. It is an architectural monument of federal significance.

GUM in Moscow - history

Not many stores in the country and in the world have such an interesting and rich history as the largest one in the capital. The building of the Upper Trading Rows (the former name of the department store) was built in 1893 according to the design of the architect A. Pomerantsev and engineer V. Shukhov. Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov and Princess Elizaveta Fedorovna were present at the opening. The length of the building along the Kremlin wall is about 250 meters. And its shape is presented in the form of three longitudinal three-story galleries. Engineer V. Shukhov created a unique openwork glass roof, the construction of which took more than fifty thousand pounds of metal. Its diameter is 14 meters.

The entire area of ​​the opened Upper Trading Rows was divided between merchants into 322 stores, which sold all kinds of food and industrial goods. A bank branch and a post office, a jewelry workshop and a hairdresser were also opened here. Price tags began to be used for the first time. Books of complaints and suggestions appeared. And the slogan “The customer is always right” became the rule of trade. Soon the restaurant opened. Musical evenings began to be held. Exhibitions of paintings were organized. Now people came to the Upper Trading Rows not only for shopping. Here we rested and had fun. It was possible to use a storage room, an information desk, and a cloakroom.

After the revolution, like others outlets, GUM was nationalized. This led to a decline in trade. Officials were located in the offices. The NEP revived trade. In 1935, a project appeared, fortunately not implemented, according to which it was proposed to demolish the building to expand Red Square. On May 9, 1945, from the department store building, Yuri Levitan announced the unconditional surrender of Germany. In the post-war years, the department store was again in danger of being demolished. A place was needed to install a monument in honor of Victory in the war. But this plan was not implemented either.

1953 was the year of the building's second birth. It was decided to remove all institutions from it and leave only retail outlets and salons there. The building has been reconstructed. More than 30 thousand items of goods were presented in 11 large departments.

During Brezhnev's time, they wanted to close the department store again. But chance helped. The wife of a high-ranking official sewed her outfits here - in the atelier. Thanks to her request to save it, the department store was also saved.

In December 1990, the department store became known as Joint stock company « Trading house GUM." That is, the form of activity has become the same as 100 years ago. In 1993, the 100th anniversary of the opening of the department store was celebrated. The entrance was opened from Red Square.

GUM - modernity

Modernity brings its own features to the appearance of GUM. The department store is constantly evolving. The showroom was restored. It hosts various cultural events. Illumination was installed on the external facade. Since 2006, an ice skating rink has been opened on Red Square in winter. A match was held here between the stars of the USSR and the stars of the World. The skating rink has become a place of relaxation and meeting. The festive atmosphere and celebrity performances always delight the guests of the skating rink. In 2007, a fountain opened in the center of the department store, where visitors meet. This fountain is almost the same age as the Upper Trading Rows.

Familiar objects of the capital have also appeared here, in which the appearance of the 50s and 60s has been preserved. Thus, Gastronom No. 1 was opened, where tea “with elephants” is sold. Dining room No. 57 has a self-service line with dishes of Russian and European cuisine. Soft and alcoholic drinks are also available here. The Festivalnoye cafe was opened, named after the Youth Festival held in the capital in 1956. The menu includes dishes from various countries.

GUM is not only an architectural monument. It is a holiday destination with restaurants and cafes, as well as a venue for cultural events. Like the rest of Red Square, it is an integral part of Russian history.

GUM stores

The department store is conventionally divided into 3 lines, along which there are many shops, boutiques, and salons on three floors. There are more than 200 of them. A wide variety of products from popular domestic and foreign brands are presented - Adidas and Nike, Levi’s and Ecco and many others. There is a pharmacy and a bank branch, photo services and an order desk. Although the department store is no longer state-owned, the name GUM remains popular. Its main owner is the Russian company Bosco di Ciliegi. Owners of Bosco di Ciliegi family cards in the Optika and Hogl, Gabor and some other salons enjoy fixed discounts from 5 to 15%. More than 30 thousand people visit the department store every day.

For visitors to GUM in Moscow, parking is provided on Vetoshny Lane.

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