Stringing of cases. Category The speech was greeted by deputies with loud applause

26*. Read the sentences. Correct, where necessary, strings of cases that are not justified by the context and impede understanding (see Help 10).

1. The speech was greeted by deputies with loud applause. 2. The speaker dwelled on some of the latest scientific assessments of the influence of chemical production on the nature. 3. Our representative was nominated for the second time by the deputies as chairman of the commission. 4. Given in the work a brief description of methods for determining the cost of agricultural products. 5. In order to further expand student participation and involve members of the Managers Club in active work on economics, regular round table meetings are held. 6. Research is underway into the possibility of creating independent independent publishing houses. 7. The dissertation contains an analysis of the theory and practice of solving the problem of strengthening the economic base of the enterprise of our time. The work is an attempt to generalize the experience of producing consumer goods. 9. With the release of the book, readers will be able to get acquainted with the understanding of our problems by a famous modern writer.

CHOICE OF CASE IN CONSTRUCTIONS WITH WORDS CLOSED IN MEANING AND SINGLE ROOTS

27. Choose words that are close in meaning to these words. Make up phrases with both using case forms. If you have any difficulties, use the table. 13 and certificate 11.

Example: confidence - confidence in success, faith in success.

Implementation, lean, review, superiority, inhibit, warn, identical.

28*. In these phrases, replace the highlighted words with words that are similar in meaning. Read the phrases with synonyms. Pay attention to the case form of dependent words. Use the table. 13 i. certificate 11.

Pay attention to little things, justify with facts, be defeated by an opponent, distinguish between friends and enemies, pay for travel, angry at failure, surprised by perseverance, offended by tactlessness.

Words for reference: pay attention, be offended, surprised, pay, lose, base, get angry, distinguish.

CHOOSING THE CORRECT CASE AND PREPOSITION

29*. Open the brackets using the words from the brackets in in the required form; Use an appropriate preposition where necessary (see Help 12).

1. Seriousness and depth distinguishes the work discussed (many student studies). 2. The monograph provides a description (the state of affairs in the industry). 3. Currently, efforts are directed towards (modernization of production). 4. What happened is difficult to fit into (the framework of democratic traditions). 5. The published article contains a brief overview (scientific achievements). 6. Achievements instill confidence (further increase in performance). 7. Serious scientific work requires (dedication).

thirty*. Correct errors in the use of case forms and prepositions.

1. We will introduce you to this later. 2. The speaker emphasized the need for construction. 3. Criticism is expressed about what we do. 4. The determination of parliament was limited to the provision of powers. 5. A store aimed specifically at schoolchildren. 6. Everyone’s confidence in their future. 7. Monitor the progress of treatment. 8. Concern for border security. 9. Participate in elections. 10. The facts speak for the possibility of using reserves.

31. Come up with sentences (word combinations) with these words. Make sure to use case forms and prepositions correctly.

Assume (what?); manager (what?); to be burdened (by what?); give an account (of what?); honored (of what?); rejoice (what?); amazed (what?); fit in (what?); supervise (who-what?); characteristic of (who-what?)

32*. In the given sentences, correct stylistic flaws in the choice of preposition, as well as the erroneous use of case forms.

1. According to the director’s order, the enterprise switched to round-the-clock operation. 2. The destruction occurred due to bad work water supply systems. 3. Due to the fact that the schedule has been disrupted, builders have to work in very difficult conditions. 4. Due to insufficient lighting, many plants die. 5. At the end of the work, everyone should gather in the hall. 6. Contrary to these provisions, safety violations continue at the plant. 7. After some time, it will be possible to return to this issue again. 8. Due to scheduled work, some will have to work overtime. 9. Due to difficulties, we did not manage to complete the task on time.

33*. Complete the sentences using the words in brackets in the correct case, using the correct prepositions if necessary. Use the table. 14.

1. The project deserves (approval). New leader quickly earned (respect). 2. B last years serious changes have occurred (the life of society). The diagram indicated the change (direction). 3. Preparation (text of the report) is entrusted to the referents. During preparation (exams), students receive consultations. 4. Time has proven the superiority of this method (others). Superiority (technique) helped the team win. 5. All this is done for the benefit (children, homeland).

USE OF ADVERBIALS

REVERSES

34*. Make up sentences with participles, using, where possible, the sentences (phrases) given in the right and left columns. Explain why in some cases the use of participial phrases is impossible (see help 13).

1. I edited 1. I handed over the manuscript to the re- manuscript. to the doctor.

2. Edit 2. The manuscript must be submitted. letter to the editor.

3. I finished my work. 3. I felt happy

4. I have finished the manuscript. 4. The manuscript was transmitted

to the editor.

5. Have free time. 5. There is a lot you can do.

35*. Correct grammatical and stylistic errors in the use of participial phrases. Explain what the errors are.

1. An explanation of these phenomena can be found by taking recent events as an illustration. 2. Thus, having considered functional characteristics structures of the municipality, the following is proposed. 3. Looking at what is happening today, my hands are free. 4. The trading floor was cleared of people for fear that the ceiling would collapse. 5. By raising prices for cars and fuel, this directly affects the cost of agricultural products. 6. Having read the manuscript a second time, I think it needs serious revision. 7. When applying one or another form of labor organization, local characteristics are taken into account in each individual case. 8. Having found out that production volume has decreased, the question arises about the reason for this. 9. Giving great importance to the research methodology, a number of experiments were carried out. 10. Studying the process of denationalization, a certain pattern is discovered.

KEYS TO ASSIGNMENTS

1. An antique piano, your name, a registered parcel post, our reserved seat, an old banknote, a new price, a ripe apple, a large corn, a small mouse, a leather shoe, a wide ice hole, a forest clearing, a ripe tomato, a young giraffe, a black boot, a felt slipper.

2. 1) Every vegetable; 2) apple - green, itself; 3) mouse - that; 4) pet peeve; 5) the mouse is small; 6) healthy apple;

7) wormy apple; 8) giraffe - big, for him.

4. 1) It was warm; 2) favorites, viewed; 3) published (magazine); 4) interested, solemn; 5) was created (language) - was created; 6) two - two; 7) navigable (river);

8) wrote, great; 9) appeared (mountains); 10) military-industrial; 11) new.

6. Fresh, cooled, sweet, young, military, cargo, green (city), ancient (city), overseas - overseas, declared (state), spilled (lake), small, familiar (man) - familiar (woman); my (woman) - my (man).

7. 1) Concentration - feminine; substance - neuter; characteristic - feminine.

8. The military-industrial complex existed; The State Security Committee noted; international organization United Nations; city thermal power plant,

new automatic telephone exchange; The International Monetary Fund has united; federal Service counterintelligence reported; Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is dangerous:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization awarded. The Moscow ring road has been built. Moscow State University prepared.

9. Obstetrician, bath attendant, basketball player, racer, milkman, massage therapist, winder, orderly, pig farmer, secretary, soloist, stenographer, telephone operator, weaver, paramedic.

10. Graduate student, headmistress (obsolete), correspondent, conductor (colloquial), speed skater (colloquial), laboratory assistant, wrapper, supervisor (colloquial), tractor driver, teacher, hero of the day (colloquial).

New formations in -sha, -ikha, such as agronomist, doctor.kha, prosecutor's wife are of a purely colloquial, often ironic nature.

12. Cosmonaut, editor, graduate student, conductor, best master, foreman, world champion, usher, leader.

15. 1) Lecturers; 2) bodies - bodies; 3) flaps, 4) flaps;

5) tones; 6) tones; 7) sectors - sectors; 8) drivers; 9) stacks - stacks; 10) spotlights; 11) teachers, accountants, engineers, conductors - conductors.

17. Two sons - two sons, two ships, two commanders, two directors, two farmhands - two farmhands, two carts, two sleighs, two days, two daughters, two teachers, two farmhands, two villages, two villages, two cities, two teachers - two teachers, two educators, two bears, two animals, two wolves, three of them, two military men, two presidents.

18. 1) Two friends - two friends; 2) four orphans (gender unknown); 3) three sons - three sons, all three; 4) behind the three of them; 5) three servants - three servants; 6) two associate professors.

19. 1) Both sisters; 2) four women; 3) twenty-two mangers; 4) two bulldozers; 5) three female workers;

6) two kittens; 7) on both banks; 8) in both countries.

20. 1) To three hundred and forty-five; 2) from nine hundred sixty-four; 3) with seven hundred and ninety-eight; 4) three hundred seventy-five votes against forty-four; 5) one hundred and sixty-three kilometers away.

21. Among six hundred managers: eighty-eight point nine percent of managers: more than fifty-one percent of respondents.

24. Training and supervision of graduate students;

assistance to related enterprises and control over them; hope for and believe in your graduates; understand the difficulties of the transition period and come to terms with them; selection of facts and observation of them; coordinate and manage the activities of related enterprises.

25. 1) Distributes property and finances and manages them;

3) regulated the relationships between power structures and introduced into them new order; 4) form extra-budgetary funds and manage them; 5) interest in the final results and responsibility for them; 7) does not have a leader and needs one; 8) in connection with the class split in society and as a result of it (such a split).

26. 1) The deputies greeted the speech... 2) The speaker focused on how he evaluates modern science the impact of chemical production on nature. 3) The deputies nominated our representative for the second time... 4) The work briefly describes the methodology... 5) In order to expand... and attract... 6) Opportunities are being sought to create... 7) The dissertation analyzes the theory and strengthening practice... in modern times. 8) The work attempts to generalize... 9) Get acquainted with how a famous modern writer understands our problems.

28. Pay attention to detail; be based on facts; lose to an opponent; distinguish friends from enemies; pay for travel; get angry at failure; surprised by the durability; take offense at the tactlessness.

29. 1) (Why?) from many student studies; 2) (what?) the state of affairs; 3) (what?) for the modernization of production; 4) (what about?) in the frame; 5) (what is it?) scientific achievements; 6) (in what way?) in further increasing productivity; 7) (what?) dedication.

30. 1) Introduce what? with this; 2) emphasize what? necessity; 3) criticism of what? what we do;

4) reduce to what? to provide; 5) focused on who - what? for schoolchildren; 6) confidence in what?

in your tomorrow; 7) control what? progress of treatment; 8) concern about what? security..; 9) participate in what? in elections; 10) talk about what? about the possibility.

32. 1) According to what? order; 2) in connection with what? (because of which); 3) because of what? (as a result of which); 4) because of what? (for what reason?); After what? - complex preposition; 6) in spite of what? the specified provisions; 7) after what? - complex preposition; 8) for what? 9) thanks to what? difficulties.

33. 1) Deserve what? approval, deserve what? respect; 2) changes in what? (i.e. changes, alterations) in the life of society, changes in what? (i.e. replacing the old with a new one) directions; 3) preparation of what? (i.e. preliminary work to accomplish something) text of the report, preparation for what? (i.e. preliminary actions, activities) for exams; 4) superiority over someone or something? (i.e. having superior merits compared to someone) over others, superiority in what? (i.e. advantage in some respect) in technology; 5) for the benefit of whom? (when designating a person) for children, what? (when designating a non-person) homeland.

34. 1. Having edited the manuscript, I handed it over...

2. Having edited the manuscript, you need to submit it...

3. Participial usage is not possible. Logical subject expressed in the indirect case (to me). No infinitive.

4. Participial usage is not possible. The subjects of the action (me, the manuscript) do not match.

5. Having free time, you can do a lot.

6. After reviewing the results of the study, the doctor recommended...

35. 1) These phenomena can be explained by taking; 2) having considered..., the author suggests; 3) what is happening today frees my hands; 4) shopping room cleared of people out of fear; 5) price increases... are reflected; 6) after reading the manuscript..., I think; 7) when applying..., you need to take into account; 8) having found out..., you need to answer the question; 9) attaching great importance... fulfilled; 10) when studying... it is discovered.

LANGUAGE MEANS OF FORMATING WRITTEN TEXT

WRITTEN SCIENTIFIC TEXT:

STRUCTURE AND LANGUAGE DESIGN

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC WRITTEN TEXT AND THEIR LANGUAGE DESIGN

1. Read the text of article 1, as well as the annotation compiled on its basis (see reference 1), abstract and review (see references 2, 3, 4). Analyze the composition of the text of the annotation, abstract and review, pay attention to the words and phrases highlighted in them that serve to organize these types of texts.

Artificial intelligence. The phenomenon of thinking

Machines have already learned, and do it very well, to write poetry, compose music, and draw pictures. Perhaps someone will think that this is an undoubted sign of their intelligence. After all, if creativity is available to a computer, which has always been considered a property of high intelligence, then is it fair to deny it intelligence? Maybe deep-rooted prejudices prevent us from taking a broader view of the world?

Still, most of us would hardly agree to consider a computer that draws and writes poetry as thinking. What then should be called thinking? How to distinguish the thinking from the non-thinking?

It is difficult for a person far from science to imagine how much modern cybernetic devices can do. It is worth at least mentioning the so-called “expert systems”, which, based on the information available in their memory (besides, they also learn from their own experience), analyze the patient’s condition, regimen technological process, the balance of forces on the battlefield and similar multi-factor phenomena and give advice on what to do in a particular case. At the same time, the computer not only communicates its decision, but also explains why it should be so -

1 Barashenkov B.S. Artificial intelligence // Man. - 1991. - M « 4. - P. 64-70.

Compared to electronic memory, issuing archival information and mathematical calculations, which most people associate today with the image of a computer, this is a qualitatively new level of intellectual activity, when new knowledge is developed on the basis of existing knowledge. It is not formed from one form to another, but rather produced. Until now, this has always been considered an indisputable privilege of the human brain. It is not surprising that those who are the first to encounter such systems often simply cannot believe that they are dealing with an “iron computer” and not with a human operator hiding somewhere.

And the ability of a computer to perform mathematical calculations, to which we are now accustomed, was quite recently dismissed as one of the highest levels of human spiritual activity. Complex numbers, which today are easily operated by almost any computer, even some calculators, were called by G. Leibniz, himself an outstanding mathematician, “spiritual amphibians”, an amazing “birth of the spirit of God”, and the writer V. Odoevsky in his Russian speech" wrote about our ability to calculate as some kind of incomprehensible, almost mystical property: With every mathematical process, we feel how some other, alien being is added to our being, which works, thinks, calculates, and meanwhile ours the being, as it were, ceases to act, without taking any part in this process, as in an extraneous matter, eats its own food, namely the connection that should exist between it and this process - and we do not find this connection.”

One can imagine how amazed Odoevsky would be if he learned about the computing capabilities of our computers! And yet I do not consider them thinking. What do they lack? Any computer, no matter how amazing its ability to learn, operates on the basis of a program preset for it and incoming external data. True, we, people, also implement certain programs of actions, especially in the first months of life, when our behavior is almost entirely determined by the genetic program embedded in us. However, the fundamental difference is that a person is capable of motivation, i.e. depending on certain conditions, change the program and do this to what is between the old and new programs there is no continuous ogic bridge. How this happens is also not yet clear.

there are a lot of disputes and different points of view, but this is another question; it is important that modern computers do not have this property. Now, if it happened that some kind of computer, solving, say, problems in electromagnetism and quantum mechanics, would combine these two branches of science and derive the equations of quantum electrodynamics, and then with their help would predict new phenomena in this previously unknown area , then, probably, we would have the right to call her thinking. And first of all, because she herself, without any program prompt, decided to tackle a qualitatively new task. The word “decided” just means that she is thinking.

Every intellectual task is a search for a way to achieve a set goal, otherwise it will not be a solution to the problem, but simply an action according to precise instructions, not much different from the operation of an automatic machine. When we say that a schoolchild solves a problem, this means, first of all, that he must figure out what formula to take for this, what numbers to substitute into it. However, if he, looking into his neighbor’s notebook, substitutes the numbers indicated there into the formula written on the board, this is no longer a solution, but a mechanical repetition. This is exactly how modern computers behave. Strictly speaking, they do not solve any problems, and the expression “the computer solves”, which we often use, has a conditional meaning... She, like a student who has neglected her lessons, does everything according to the cheat sheet, not understanding its meaning and not being able to deviate even a hair's breadth from what what they tell her. That's why we don't consider it reasonable.

The ability to set a problem and self-program to solve it is precisely the main thing that characterizes the phenomenon of thinking.

True, some will probably immediately object: a stupid fish in an aquarium and even a primitive amoeba, overcoming obstacles in pursuit of prey, also set themselves tasks that change depending on specific conditions, which means they also think?

Why not? There may be primitive forms of thinking, because explaining the behavior of animals in all the diversity of life situations with instinct alone is a hypothesis. And it would be very strange if nature followed only this rigid path, completely neglecting the opportunity to adapt to the environment “along the way.”

By the way, animals and birds are characterized by such a “higher property” of thinking as the ability to generalize. For example, they recognize food in a variety of specific forms, so to speak - food in general. The dog recognizes his brother in a huge Great Dane and a tiny Japanese dog that fits in the palm of your hand. Pigeons leisurely walking along the sidewalk do not pay attention to people, but they immediately take off as soon as a cat appears nearby - large or small, black or white. The reader will find even more convincing examples.

Our everyday understanding of the intelligent is too humanized, and just as in the last century the very idea of a successive connection between man and ape seemed absurd to many, today many of us are confused by the thought of the possibility of non-human intelligence. In particular, without noticing it ourselves, we often associate the idea of thinking with the ability to be aware of our own “I,” and this prevents us from taking a broader look at the phenomenon of thinking. It is true that there does seem to be a connection between thinking and the sense of self. One might think that in conditions of a whimsically changing external environment, a complex system will be stable only if it has the ability to sense its state, and this, in fact, is the essence of our “I”. Analysis shows that many automatic robots already need such a feeling. After all, a robot, and indeed any complex self-learning machine that actively communicates with a person, must inform him about the state of its memory, about what it understands and what it doesn’t and why. And for this, the automaton must feel and be able to express its state. The robot also needs this in order to notice problems in its “organism” in time. A robot that is not self-aware is unlikely to survive for long in a complex, rapidly changing environment that influences it. Of course, a robot's self is very different from our self-awareness. But there shouldn’t be a sharp line here either.

Surprising as it may seem, much of what is considered to be inherently human continues on the lower levels of nature...

annotation

Article by V.S. Barashenkov, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Head of Department at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. "Artificial Intelligence. The Phenomenon of Thinking", published in the magazine "Man" 1991, No. 1, is devoted to the problem of creating artificial intelligence.

The article talks about the wide possibilities of modern cybernetic devices, and also names the factors that characterize the phenomenon of thinking, without taking into account which it is impossible to talk about artificial intelligence.

The article entitled “Artificial intelligence. The phenomenon of thinking” was written by Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences B.C. Barashenkov and published in the magazine "Man" No. 1 for 1991.

In this article we're talking about about the problem of artificial intelligence.

At the beginning, the author notes that modern cybernetic devices perform operations that until recently were considered the privilege of the human brain. Using the example of “expert systems”, he explains the actions of such machines and argues that this is a qualitatively new stage of intellectual activity, when, on the basis of available information, new knowledge is developed—it is produced, the scientist emphasizes—new knowledge. However, the author cannot call them thinking.

The author writes that any computer operates according to instructions, works on the basis of a program compiled in advance for it, which it is not able to change with motivation. Every intellectual task, the author emphasizes, is a search for a way to achieve a goal. The scientist leads us to the idea that the phenomenon of thinking is characterized, most importantly, by the ability to pose a problem and self-program to solve it, as well as the ability to generalize.

At the end of the article, the author analyzes the question of the connection between thinking and the feeling of “I” and argues that in a complex, rapidly changing environment, only an automaton that is aware of itself and capable of expressing its state can exist. A robot that is not self-aware has no future.

Thus, we can come to the conclusion that modern computers that do not yet have the listed characteristics cannot be called thinking, which means we cannot yet talk about artificial intelligence.

Review

The topic of the article by Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences V. Barashenkov is one of the most relevant in the era of scientific and technological revolution: both scientists and people far from science are concerned about the possibility of the existence of non-human intelligence.

Using interesting examples, illustrations, the scientist talks about new cybernetic devices capable of composing poetry, music, creating artistic canvases, analyzing human diseases, establishing the regime of technological processes and much more, which was recently considered the intellectual, spiritual activity of only humans.

In this regard, the question of the phenomenon of thinking, what characterizes it, how the idea of thinking is connected with the ability to realize one’s own “I” rightfully comes to the fore. The thesis sounds convincing that the main thing that characterizes the phenomenon of thinking is the ability to pose a problem and self-program to solve it, as well as the ability to generalize.

Apparently, not everything is indisputable in the author’s reasoning, and his point of view, of course, is not new and by no means sensational, which he himself admits, but the core, the key to the problem, in our opinion, was found to be correct. The whole point, of course, is not the incomprehensible abilities of a super-perfect computer, but the motivation of actions, and the thinking of a machine is, first of all, a consequence of the scale and depth of the human mind.

2. Find in the table. 1-4 tools that perform functions similar to the highlighted words. Define:

a) with the help of what linguistic means the topic can be formulated;

b) what language means are used to describe the main content;

c) what linguistic means are used for illustrations, enumeration, special emphasis (semantic emphasis), for conclusions, etc.

3. Identify words in the texts of annotations, abstracts and reviews that are means of organizing a scientific text. Find in the table. 7 similar products.

4. Analyze the text of the review from the point of view of its use of emotionally expressive means of language and their functional purpose. Select similar evaluation structures from table. 2 (VIII paragraph) and 5 and certificates 5.

5. Read the new versions of the annotation, abstract and review of the assignment text. Find compositional, logical and stylistic inaccuracies and deviations.

annotation

In an article by B.C. Barashenkov's "Artificial Intelligence. The Phenomenon of Thinking" is about the fact that, under certain conditions, modern computers can exhibit some independence, are capable of self-learning and even make decisions. The author characterizes the phenomenon of thinking and also lists the characteristics that thinking machines should have.

In the article “Artificial Intelligence. The Phenomenon of Thinking,” the author says that today, under certain conditions, computers can become independent, they can make decisions on their own without any software prompting.

The final part of the article is devoted to the phenomenon of thinking. According to the author, the phenomenon of thinking is characterized by the ability to pose a problem and self-program to solve it, as well as the ability to generalize.

Review

Article by Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences B.C. Barashenkova is dedicated to modern cybernetic devices, their enormous capabilities today and fantastic prospects in the future.

The work talks about expert cybernetic systems that analyze the patient’s condition, the technological process mode and similar phenomena and give advice on what to do in a particular case. Of particular interest is the description of self-learning systems, which until recently we could only read about in science fiction. These machines, like humans, become specialists in their field, gaining their own experience day after day and learning from it.

And yet, one cannot but agree with the scientist that machines are still far from real thinking - the ability to independently set tasks.

6. Read the continuation of the article by B.C. Barashenkova. Using references 1-6 and tables, compose an annotation, abstract and review for it.

Just a hair's breadth away

Yes, a modern computer behaves like a schoolchild, stupidly repeating a solution someone has already found from a cheat sheet. But this doesn't always happen. Under certain conditions, machines can exhibit some independence and go beyond the crib sheets. They have already been taught this. This is how the expert cybernetic systems mentioned above behave. Each of them contains in its memory a “bank of knowledge” collected from human experts (hence the name of these systems). For example, in a system relating to the diagnosis of diseases and the selection of appropriate drugs, this is the knowledge of experienced medical practitioners. The memory of the expert system, which helps in the repair of complex electronic devices, accumulates the knowledge of qualified technicians and engineers who have worked in this field for a long time. And so on - each expert system has a certain “education”, written in the form of hundreds and thousands of rules and instructions like “if such and such takes place, then it should...”.

For example, in the memory of a computer that helps repair televisions, there may be the following instructions: “If the image is pale and transistors No. 1, 17, 46 are working, then check the contact at point 119. The specialist who advised introducing this rule knew from his practice , that contact 119 sometimes fails. In an expert system diagnosing diseases, there may be a rule: “If it hurts to move your eyes and your toes get cold, perform analysis 17.” No medical reference book contains such a recommendation, but the practitioner who proposed it noted, that in a given area this symptom sometimes accompanies disease X, and in order to finally be convinced of this, the indicated additional analysis should be performed.

The data bank of an expert system may also contain formulas, tables, images - in general, all information that helps solve the problems it is focused on. Of course, all knowledge is encoded, translated into the language of unified symbols and relationships.

The simplest expert system finds the answer to a question asked to it by searching through its bank. For example, symptoms of a disease are entered into it, and it, perhaps by requesting some additional information, by comparing the information it receives with the data stored in its memory, will highlight one or more of the most likely diseases. Essentially, this is just a high-speed electronic reference book, where the search for an answer is similar to a sequential movement from the trunk of a “tree” to the branching “boughs” and further to thin “twigs”. More advanced systems use additional techniques that limit the search and direct it along the most promising branches. Sometimes these are the same rules like “if... then...”, other times - a preliminary analysis of the situation by considering some simple limiting cases: as a thinking person often does, or some other auxiliary techniques , suggested by experts.

Each individual rule embedded in an expert system can be very simple, but together they make it possible to unravel the most difficult situations. At the same time, the computer’s answer often turns out to be better than the answers given by the interviewed specialists, whose experience is encoded in its memory. As they say, one mind is good, but several are better!

Since the computer remembers how the answer was obtained, it can print on paper or display on the display screen an explanation of its solution. In critical cases, it helps specialists come to a final conclusion. Today there are hundreds of such systems operating in the world.

The next stage is self-learning expert systems. They are able to make amendments to their data banks and to the lists of methods and rules used for processing them. Possessing relatively little initial information, they, like humans, are able to adapt to various areas of knowledge. Each such system is like a student who, gaining bruises and bumps and learning the advice of an experienced mentor along the way, quickly becomes an expert in his field.

The answers of a self-learning system cannot be predicted in advance, even if the questions asked to it exactly repeat those that were asked to it last time. They depend on her experience and today may be slightly different from yesterday. Self-learning expert systems produce new knowledge that cannot be purely logically derived from the original data bank. Until recently, such systems belonged to the realm of science fiction.

And yet, they are still far from real thinking, as we defined it above - the ability to independently set tasks. Work on the creation of artificial intelligence is reminiscent of a journey to the horizon: each milestone reached opens up new horizons, and what was considered a sign of “indisputable intelligence” yesterday, today belongs to the category of “purely machine intelligence.” And this path of modeling the abilities of our brain will apparently be very long.

Until recently, the hypothesis of thinking machines was taken seriously by few people, and philosophical books and thick scientific journals proved the fundamental impossibility of such “monsters”. Today, the majority of physicists and mathematicians - those who most often have to deal with computers - do not doubt the fundamental possibility of simulating any aspects of our mental activity using cybernetic devices. However, in general, there is still no consensus among scientists on this issue today, and if there were a vote “for” and “against” the idea of thinking machines, then the camp of doubters would probably also be very numerous. Fortunately, scientific disputes are not decided by voting. The opinion of one single talented scientist can be worth hundreds of other votes. And the most convincing “voice” is the rapid progress in laboratories involved in practical creation artificial intelligence.

In the Middle Ages, following the example of knightly tournaments, scientists loved to organize public debates. One of the problems around which the spears of logical eloquence broke was the question of how many stones a heap begins with - three, five, or maybe nine or a hundred? Will future scientists not find our debates about the boundaries from which the intellectual process can be considered “real thinking” somewhat similar to these debates?..

7. Using language tools (Table 1) and a sample annotation (see reference 1), create an annotation:

a) books (monographs) in your specialty;

b) a journal article in your specialty.

8. Using the language tools from tables 2-4, write an abstract of an article in your specialty.

9. Based on the standard plan for writing reviews (see reference 5) and table. 2 (VIII paragraph) and 5, write a review of an article in your specialty.

DESIGN OF QUOTES

10. Using references 8 and 9, name the basic rules for formatting quotations.

eleven*. In these fragments, include quotations as independent sentences.

1. The problem of what culture is and what civilization is must be solved only from the point of view of the interaction of spirit and matter, for culture is a phenomenon of the spirit, acting according to the laws of its energy.

“Many people believe that it is quite possible to replace the word “culture” with civilization. At the same time, they completely miss the fact that the Latin root “cult” itself has a very deep spiritual meaning, while “civilization” fundamentally has a civil, social structure of life” (N.K Roerich).

“... The most important thing for us will be the spirit of creativity, then comes health and only in third place is wealth” (N.K. Roerich).

12*. Use the quotation after the colon. Which letter (lowercase or uppercase) should the quotation begin with? Why?

1. One of the largest and most profound Russian philosophers N.A. Berdyaev defined culture as follows...

"Culture is associated with the cult of ancestors, with legends and traditions. It is full of sacred symbolism, it contains knowledge and similarities to other spiritual reality. Every culture (even material culture) is a culture of the spirit, every culture has a spiritual basis - it is a product creative work spirit over natural elements" (N.A. Berdyaev).

2. Machine, technogenic civilization replaces culture with the entertainment industry, on the basis of which “ Mass culture", designed to serve the matter of society, and not at all to nourish its spirit. Berdyaev writes with bitterness...

“... old Europe betrayed its past, renounced it. The irreligious philistine civilization defeated the old sacred culture in it” (N.A. Berdyaev).

3. Bourgeois revolutions, which were pragmatic and materialistic in nature, strengthened and developed the gap that formed in the integral body of the “culture - civilization” phenomenon. The era of alienation of culture from civilization has begun. Matter, as never before, took over the dominant positions, aggressively and unceremoniously supplanted the spirit and deprived human society of the collective energy it needed...

"... in civilization, spiritual energy dries up, the spirit - the source of culture - is extinguished. Then the domination over human souls begins not of natural forces, but of the magical kingdom of machineness and mechanicalness, replacing genuine being" (N.A. Berdyaev).

1. It would seem that a scientific biography should include only socially significant facts, but not everyday “trifles.” However, won't this approach result in a dead image schema? And the very concept of a “small” fact is vague. Plutarch said...

“Often some insignificant act... reveals a person’s character better than battles in which tens of thousands die, leadership of huge armies and sieges of cities” (Plutarch).

2. Pessimistic (“finalist”) concepts of the future destinies of our civilization are also known. For example, Russian scientist JI. Leskov writes...

“Having experienced a rapid rise, space civilizations inevitably perish: either losing the taste for life in the thickets of a “consumer paradise”, or suffocating in technological waste, or, finally, burning in the fire of nuclear missile disasters” (L.V. Leskov).

14*. Read the passages where the quotations are formatted incorrectly. Find and fix errors.

1. The privacy of the individual would be violated, and along with it the freedom of self-determination of the individual would be violated. Meanwhile, “Everything spiritual and great arises in life - in a mysterious way from itself and through itself... This is how love is ignited; this is how a person prays; this is how art is created; this is how science is built; this is how spiritual crises are overcome; this is how the spiritual character of a person is strengthened This is how heroic deeds are performed." (In the source: “Everything spiritual...”.)

2. The emphasis on love is considered in this regard as a factor in the establishment of totalitarianism and authoritarianism. This is exactly how the author argues, who, in particular, writes: “to love a person means to want to make him happy. However, of all political ideals, those that inspire the desire to make a person happy are perhaps the most dangerous.” (In the source: “To love a person...”.)

3. Vl. Solovyov, defining the dignity of the individual, writes that: “No person under any conditions and for any reason can be considered as only a means ... - he cannot be only a means or an instrument either for the good of another person or for the good of the whole class, nor, finally, for the so-called common good." (In the source: "No man...".)

REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS

15. Using references 10-13, tell how the bibliographic description and bibliographic reference are drawn up. 16*. Using references 12-13, compose a bibliographic description of these works.

1. Roerich N.K. A fiery stronghold. - Paris, 1993. - P. 28.

2. Roerich N.K. Power of light. - New York, 1931. - P. 60.

3. Berdyaev N.A. The meaning of the story. - M., 1990. - P. 166.

4. Berdyaev N.A. The meaning of the story. - M., 1990. - P. 130.

5. Berdyaev N.A. The meaning of the story. - M., 1990. - P. 172.

6. Plutarch. Op. - M., 1983. - P. 47.

7. Leskov JI.B. Space civilizations: problems of evolution. - M., 1985. - P. 32.

17*. Based on reference 12, correctly compose a bibliographic description of the following books and articles:

1. Market economy. Textbook. In 3 volumes. T. 1. Theory of market economics. Part 2. - M. SOMINTEK, 1992. P. 217-220.

2. Buisharin I. Will there be a labor market in Russia? Problems of theory and practice of management, 1992. No. 3. P. 63-68.

4. Rokor M. Work with the soul. - M.: International relationships, 1990. P. 36.

18. Using help 12, write a description:

a) books on your specialty;

b) articles in your specialty.

KEYS TO ASSIGNMENTS

1. The problem of what culture is and what civilization is must be solved from the point of view of the interaction of spirit and matter, for culture is a phenomenon of the spirit, acting according to the laws of its energy. “Many people believe...” (Roerich N.K. The Fiery Stronghold. - Paris, 1993. - P. 28).

2. Roerich draws our attention to the fact that in the interaction of culture and civilization, priority should belong to Culture, which will save civilization from many of the distortions inherent in it. “The most important thing for us...” (Roerich N.K. The Power of Light. - New York, 1931. - P. 60).

1. One of the largest and most profound Russian philosophers

N.A. Berdyaev defined culture as follows: “Culture...” (Berdyaev N.A. The meaning of history. - M., 1990. - P. 166).

2. Berdyaev writes with bitterness: “... old Europe has changed...” (Berdyaev N.A. The meaning of history. - M., 1990. - P. 130) or (Ibid. - P. 130).

3. Matter... has aggressively and unceremoniously pushed back the spirit and deprived human society of the collective energy it needs: “... it is drying up in civilization...” (Ibid. - P. 172).

I. Plutarch said that “often some kind ...” (Plutarch. Soch.-M., 1983.-P. 47).

2. For example, Russian scientist JT. Leskov writes that, “having experienced a rapid rise,...” (Leskov L.V. Space civilizations: problems of evolution. - M., 1985. - P. 32).

1. Meanwhile, “everything spiritual and great...”.

3. Vl. Soloviev, defining the dignity of the individual, writes that “no person...”.

1. Market economy / Textbook in 3 volumes. T. 1. Theory of market economy. Part 2. - M.: SOMINTEK, 1992. - P. 217-220.

2. Bushmarin I. Will there be a labor market in Russia? // Problems of management theory and practice. - 1992. - No. 3. - P. 63-68.

4. Rokor M. Work with the soul. - M.: International relations, 1990. - 36 p.

BUSINESS PAPERS: LANGUAGE DESIGN AND EDITING

SOME FEATURES OF BUSINESS LANGUAGE

PAPER AND DOCUMENTS

1. Read the sentences and determine their functional and stylistic affiliation (see reference 1). Pay attention to the highlighted words and describe them.

1. The Tenant undertakes to bear full responsibility for all losses that he may cause to the Lessor as a result of using the land for purposes other than its intended purpose in accordance with this agreement or as a result of his incompetent actions. 2. For failure to fulfill or improper fulfillment of the terms of this agreement, the parties are liable in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. 3. If the founder makes a decision to reorganize or liquidate the enterprise (except for cases where the enterprise is declared bankrupt), the labor collective of the enterprise has the right to demand that the enterprise be leased or transformed into another organizational and legal form. 4. Based on the above, we, the founders of the JSC, assume obligations to organize and register the JSC. 5. The company is a legal entity, has separate property, has fixed and working capital, an independent balance sheet, current and other accounts in bank institutions, can acquire property and personal non-property rights in its own name, be a plaintiff and defendant in court, arbitration and arbitration courts .

2*. Read these words and phrases. Indicate those that are characterized by color formal business style.

Pay tribute, disability, housing stock, extract the square root, accept for execution, insurance policy, quickly, proper, prescribe, miraculous case, conduct research, petition, conviction, put on view, sociology, established order, lump sum, advise, direct responsibilities, walk, agreement, non-compliance, graduate work, delay, defendant.

3*. In the given sentences, find words that name people. Describe these words from a stylistic point of view (see reference 1, paragraph 3). Give your own examples.

1. Guardianship and trusteeship are established at the place of residence of the person subject to guardianship or trusteeship, or at the place of residence of the guardian (trustee). 2. The witness may be questioned about the facts relating to the case, as well as about the identity of the accused or the victim. 3. Member of state acceptance commissions for the commissioning of facilities industrial purposes Representatives of the customer, general contractor, general designer, and sanitary inspection authorities are to be included. 4. In response to the claim, the defendant agreed to reimburse us for labor costs to correct the defect. 5. The supplier assumes responsibilities for preventive maintenance as well as current repairs gas equipment owned by customers. 6. Available balances in the account, based on the client’s application, can, at his request, be transferred to a deposit with subsequent payment of interest established by the additional agreement.

4*. In the given sentences, find verbal nouns characteristic of the official business style of speech (see reference 1, paragraph 4). Explain how the predicate is expressed in impersonal sentences.

5*. Read the sentences and determine their functional and stylistic affiliation. Describe the prepositions and conjunctions used in them (see reference 1, paragraph 5).

1. A comrades' court shall terminate the case after reconciliation of the parties to the dispute. 2. The guys play together again because they made up. 3. Seasonal work is work that, due to natural and climatic conditions, is not performed all year round, but during a certain period. 4. We couldn't go outside because of the pouring rain. 5. In accordance with current legislation, authors of inventions may be awarded honorary titles. 6. He was given a big bonus because he made a new machine. 7. In order to prepare young men for military service, special sections are organized in schools. 8. He began to play sports intensively to prepare for the army. 9. The ability of a citizen to acquire through his actions civil rights and creating civil responsibilities for oneself arises in full with the onset of adulthood, that is, upon reaching the age of eighteen. 10. When she was eighteen years old, they got married.

6. Make up sentences characteristic of an official business style, using the following denominative prepositions:

For the purpose of, in relation to, on the subject of, by virtue of, in part, in connection with, in accordance with, along the line, during, in order to avoid, on the basis of, on account of, in order.

7*. Form stable phrases that have the coloring of an official business style, adding the corresponding adjectives to the first group of nouns, and the necessary verbs to the second group of nouns. Make up phrases using the received word combinations.

1. Sentence, term, person, children, responsibility, actions, defense, powers, circumstances, crime, punishment, complaint, benefit, authorities, order, consideration.

2. Order, control, official salaries, reprimand, censure, error, assistance, order, implementation, deficiencies, discipline, meeting, restructuring, responsibilities, inspection, measures.

8*. In the given sentences, find stable verb-nominal combinations characteristic of the official business style. Where possible, replace them with verbs.

1. The plant is completing the development of a new tractor model. 2. The company’s team has committed to doubling production output in a year. 3. The factory pays special attention to the need for as soon as possible carry out the development of new equipment. 4. The factory workers express full confidence that they will be able to achieve timely completion of the order. 5. To turn on the alarm, you must turn the lever. 6. During the reporting period, a survey of the plant’s activities was carried out.

9. Find the sequential “stringing” of cases in these sentences. Explain what causes this linguistic phenomenon (see reference 1, paragraph 8). Transform these sentences into oral expressions.

1. We send a report on checking the cause of leakage in the floors of the shower rooms of the change houses of the procurement workshop of the plant in order to take specific measures to eliminate defects and put the buildings into operation. 2. To fulfill the requirement to eliminate the backlog of parts production, specific measures have been planned. 3. We must raise the issue of educating the population to improve their attitude towards carrying out activities to green the city. 4. The fact of the tenant’s evasion from paying rent is confirmed by the decision arbitration court N region.

10. Read the sentences taken from various documents. Try to explain why the active voice is used in some cases and the passive voice in others. Give similar examples (see reference 1, paragraph 10).

1. Payment is guaranteed. The letter has been sent. Your telegram has been received. Work deadlines are missed. Your proposal was unanimously approved. The specified documentation will be returned to you along with the sent cargo.

2. The Progress plant does not guarantee the quality of products after six months from the date of shipment. The main department does not object to the plant starting production of dump trucks in November 19.... Despite repeated reminders, the Elektrostal plant is disrupting the supply of non-ferrous castings.

eleven*. Answer the questions so that your answer is a fragment from any official document: announcements, instructions, certificates.

1. Do the studios make coats from their material?

2. Is it possible to do business in the metro?

3. Will the notary certify a copy of the document if I don’t have my passport with me?

4. Is it possible to ride on buses and trolleybuses in special clothing?

5. Can they change my ID if I don’t have a new photo?

12*. Read the sentences taken from spoken language. Find clerical words in them and replace them with other words that correspond to the colloquial style of speech (see help 3).

1.I bought a board game for my son. 2. The wind-up monkey is out of order. 3. A famous poet lives in the same house as me. 4. At the moment I am preparing for exams. 5. My friend got a living space. 6. My wife and I never have conflicts. 7. I am not aware of these details. 8. The climatic conditions in this area are disgusting. 9. There are so many mushrooms and berries in our green area.

13. Read the comic text from the Literary Newspaper. Find stationery. Try to retell this text using neutral or colloquial vocabulary (see Help 3).

Damage Have a good mood

Having returned home from service, I did some work of taking off my hat, coat, boots, changing into pajamas and slippers, and sitting down in a chair with a newspaper. During this period of time, the wife carried out a number of activities aimed at peeling potatoes, cooking meat, sweeping the floor and washing dishes.

After some time, she began to loudly raise the issue of the inadmissibility of my non-participation in the named events she was holding. In response to this, a categorical statement was made on my part about my reluctance to hear claims on this issue in view of the exercise by me at the moment, after the end of my working day, of my legal right to a well-deserved rest.

However, my wife did not draw the appropriate conclusions from my words and did not stop her irresponsible statements, in which, in particular, she reflected such a point as my lack of a number of positive qualities, such as: conscience, decency, shame, etc., and how during his
speech, and at the end of it she was busy assigning to me the names of various animals that were in the personal use of workers and collective farmers.

After giving mutual assurances that such phenomena would not be repeated, we began to eat dinner, which had already had a lower temperature as a result of cooling and had lost its taste.

This is how we sometimes still spoil our good mood, as well as our appetite.

EDITING AND ELIMINATING TYPICAL ERRORS IN THE LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS PAPERS

14. Read Help 4 and answer the following questions.

1 How are official documents edited?

2. What do these correction marks mean:

15*. Read the sentences taken from business papers. Find lexical errors, determine the nature and correct them (see help 5).

1. Citizen Sidorova N.F. filed an application for divorce. 2. Disputes often reached the point of direct insults and lies. 3. Write your initials in full. 4. The effectiveness of the saving mode largely depends on how limited financial expenses. 5. On the territory entrusted to you, you also need to build a bathhouse for the village residents. 6. We provide our details: Moscow, 123298. St. People's Militia. 7. By this letter we inform you that we are attaching the above-mentioned document to the case file.

16*. Read the language taken from business correspondence. Suggest a shorter recording of these revolutions without loss of information content.

A completely new document; collected materials, ongoing incidents; cooperate with you; each individual believes that...; application attached herewith; exactly matching data; repeat your proposal again; still remains unresolved; I'm talking about

17. Replace archaic words and phrases found in business papers with modern ones. If you have any difficulties, refer to help 5, paragraph 3.

Which; above-mentioned; on the subject; with this; please do not refuse; department entrusted to you; in this letter; this attitude; We hereby confirm that; we notify you.

18*. Read the sentences taken from business papers. Find words that distort the meaning of the phrase. Determine the nature of the errors and correct them.

1. You will have to calculate all the data again. 2. It remains to confirm this at the meeting. 3. He refused me under a favorable pretext. 4. The court verdict was announced. 5. This was achieved by the most objectionable means. 6. He gave me mutually... rubles. 7. An unbearable situation arose at the plant.

19*. Read the sentences taken from various documents. Find errors related to lexical compatibility of words and correct them.

1. I had to familiarize myself with the findings of the commission conducted a year ago. 2. This problem is getting worse every day. 3. This is the main place of the moment being experienced. 4. He tried to proclaim his ideas in practice. 5. The plant team committed to speed up the production of the new model.

20*. Read the sentences and find errors in them. Explain the nature of the errors made and correct them (see Help 6).

1. We have considered the issue in accordance with the application received. 2. The head of the sociology department took part in the discussion. 3. A number of project proposals are not supported by calculations. 4. In 19... twenty-one specialists were hired at the enterprise. 5. Young specialists graduated from 19... were assigned to work at our enterprise. 6. In connection with the preliminary agreement, we will send you the necessary documents. 7. We admit that the machine design was unsuccessful. 8. The Institute is applying for permanent registration in Moscow for employee Petlak A.I. 9. Having taken this equipment from the warehouse without permission, he started having troubles with his superiors. 10. Salaries were not paid to five hundred and forty-two workers. 11. The workers who allowed the marriage were reprimanded.

21. Complete the introductory part of the statement: from whom and to whom it is addressed. In case of difficulties when writing the endings of surnames, see help 6, paragraph 2.

1. From whom was the application submitted?

(Konstantin Zhivago; Bulat Okudzhava; Nikolai Zhereh, Sergei Zhuk, Mikhail Fomenko; Evgeniy Krysa; Petr Gorlo.)

2. Who is the application addressed to?

(Natalia Sedykh, Antonina Venda; Maria Mitskevich; Svetlana Karas; Anna Shevchenko; Elena Remeslo.)

22*. Find phraseological units in these sentences. Note cases of non-normative or erroneous use of phraseological units. Explain the nature of the errors made (see Help 7).

1. Social insurance in the region is currently below any criticism. 2. The Commission notes that the situation in construction is fraught and requires immediate intervention higher authorities. 3. The ability to look facts straight in the eye comes with experience and confidence in one’s abilities. 4. The foreman had long ago given up on those annoying problems that were discussed at the meeting. 5. The master assured the meeting more than once that he would do everything as soon as possible, but the procedures remained the same. 6. Every violator must firmly understand that he will not get away with even the slightest deviation from the charter and the law. 7. Such a leader will label any saboteur. 8. He had to swallow this bitter pill.

23. Write down some words from these combinations in abbreviation. Check the correctness of your abbreviations in the Directory (see help 8).

1. Vologda region; mailbox no. 15; station "Lugovaya"; Dmitrovsky district communications department; Minsk city; Lake Baikal.

2. Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences; head of the laboratory; Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences; acting head of the center; chief mate.

3. Technical task; Special Order; state standard.

4. See page 710; this year's document; etc; the like; in the 1996-1997 reporting year.

5. Industrial construction bank; Steel Research Institute; Russian Academy of Public Administration.

24*. Note cases of erroneous use of abbreviated spellings.

1. Karach fur. The plant requests the allocation of additional funds for metal according to the following list. 2. Moscow region, mountains. Shchelkovo, Lesnoy pr., 7. Maslova N.N. 3. Citizen. Petrov to pay someone within two days. 4. T. Ivantsova be relieved of her position. 5. Technical protocol owls under deputy dir-ra for "Red Pr-th". 6. The team made a commitment. for 1994-5^ and did not fulfill them. 7. Assign Ch. engineer at the institute Kozlov to continue working. for workshop design.

25. Explain the spelling of the names of the following organizations and institutions. Agree your explanation with the reference 9.

1. Prosecutor's office Russian Federation; World Peace Council; Security Council. 2. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; Government of the Russian Federation; Association peasant farms and cooperatives.

3. Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A.I. Herzen; Actor's House; Lviv Bus Plant.

4. State Academic Bolshoi Theater; Metrostroy Palace of Culture; Theater of Drama and Comedy on Taganka.

26*. Read the sentences, find in them a violation of administrative speech etiquette. Explain the nature of the mistakes made. Edit the sentences (see help 10).

1. Do not refuse us the courtesy and send, if it does not complicate you, the draft Charter of the company. 2. The Institute asks you to submit your exhibits for the exhibition in a form acceptable for display. 3. We are sending you an adjusted version of the draft new regulation. Please review and approve. 4. I appeal to you with a convincing request to send urgently necessary documentation. 5. We would ask you to tell us the results of the experiment.

OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS: TYPOLOGY, SAMPLES,

LANGUAGE DESIGN

27. Read help 11 and answer the following questions:

1. What is the meaning of the word document?

2. What explains the emergence of the concept of official document?

3. What types of official documents do you know?

4. What is the text form of official documents?

28. Write statements using the form and language clichés presented in Help 12:

a) with a request to allow you academic leave;

b) with a request to hire you;

c) with a request to send you material for your dissertation.

29. Write a power of attorney, using material from reference 12 and using words in official business style: submitter, present^ verifies, amount due, upon expiration, etc.

To the director of motor depot No. 2 from Nikiforov JI.H.

Statement

Comrade Deer

Many football players are well aware of how markets and odds generally work. However, for those new to football betting, there may be some challenges when trying to choose the best odds on their chosen markets. Such players should find free betting tips on individual sites that offer these services. It is important for new players to properly understand the different markets and how they work. Free betting tips will only benefit players if they know the basics of football betting. Football fans need to understand the typical markets before betting their money on any games.

A roof has two functions: insulation and drainage. Insulation protects your home or any establishment not only from the weather, but also from noise and birds. The roof serves, for example, to remove snow that has accumulated on the top of your roof, or perhaps from precipitation. Gutters are installed to direct water caused by rain or melted snow toward the ground so it doesn't interfere with the ventilation of your home. If gutters are not installed, water can run down the sides of your home or building or can seep into your property.

Traveling is very popular among people nowadays. Those who consider themselves travel enthusiasts are usually considered the best employees. They are not under duress and are in high spirits when you meet them. Even scientific researchers are encouraging travel now because, according to their findings, travel relaxes the mind and leads to increased productivity in people. However, if you are still not sure whether traveling is good for you, read this article.

The long coastline and pristine beaches make Goa, without a doubt, one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. The beaches in Goa attract a crazy number of local and international tourists and are an important part of Goa tourism. While the most popular beaches like Baga, Calangute, Vagator, Anjuna and Morjim are located in North Goa, South Goa also has some of the calmest and beautiful beaches, surrounded by exotic palm groves. The beaches in South Goa are known to be quiet, less crowded and are the most convenient places to visit in Goa for an amazing holiday.

To solve the problems of accelerating the rise in car production levels, it is necessary to attract investment. _______________________________________________________________

The speech was welcomed by deputies loud applause. ________________________________________________________________

Course work contains an analysis of theory and practical solutions to the problems of strengthening the economic base of the enterprise of our time. _______________________________________________________________

With the release of the book, readers will be able to get acquainted with the understanding of our problems by a famous modern writer. _______________________________________________________________

We talked with an engineer with extensive production experience. _______________________________________________________________

An exhibition of paintings by Ilya Glazunov showed the artist’s search for new means of expression. _______________________________________________________________

Determine in which examples logic is violated as a result of unsuccessful use of cases.

Use the following verbs with the prepositions О and по. Make up phrases. Enter the resulting phrases in the appropriate column of the table.

To be bored, to grieve, to cry, to yearn, to miss, to grieve.

Correct errors when choosing a case form for homogeneous members of a sentence. Write a version that corresponds to the standard of the literary language.

The workshop carries out maintenance and repair of equipment. _______________________________________________________________

Our company organizes and manages transport operations. ______________________________________________________________

The plant must master and begin producing new products. _______________________________________________________________

The girls loved and were proud of their mother. _______________________________________________________________

The newly created department must coordinate and manage the activities of related organizations. _______________________________________________________________

Vakhtangov relied on and developed Stanislavsky’s system in his work with actors. ______________________________________________________________

When working with adolescents, it is necessary to understand and come to terms with the difficulties of the transition period. _______________________________________________________________

Correct any mistakes made in the sentence structure. Write the corrected version. Specify the error type.

We not only received textbooks, but also collections of exercises. _______________________________________________________________

The inspection will be carried out by a commission appointed by the administration. _______________________________________________________________

In the novel “Eugene Onegin” I am attracted to Tatiana and Onegin. _______________________________________________________________

My dream was to go to college. _______________________________________________________________

After reading a book, everyone has their own impression of it. _______________________________________________________________

The book lying on the table has been read. _______________________________________________________________

The trees provided shade, already covered with thick foliage. _______________________________________________________________

The purpose of the conversation is a general acquaintance with the basic rules of traffic safety on city streets and what harm they cause. _______________________________________________________________

The station located in the city center is well connected to the piers and transport itself. _______________________________________________________________

Listening to this exciting music, I imagine a picture of a hurricane.

________________________________________________________________

Those who need additional classes must be provided with them.

_______________________________________________________________

These few sights, shown to tourists who were especially famous, remained in their memories for a long time. _______________________________________________________________

Looking at photographs of past years, he could not believe that everything was already behind him. __________________________________________________________

28. Find and correct errors made in sentences with participial phrases. Write the corrected version using punctuation marks.

The checked essay on philosophy by the teacher was returned to the student. ______________________________________________________________

We protect and preserve the places marked in our city in memory of Pushkin. _______________________________________________________________

The whole world is closely following the events taking place in Serbia and Kosovo. _______________________________________________________________

The man had a beard and was wearing a sheepskin coat. _______________________________________________________________

Residents moved into a house under construction next door to us. _______________________________________________________________

A ray of sunshine illuminated the falling leaves from the trees. _______________________________________________________________

The statement made by the chairman of the commission dealing with these issues was considered at the next meeting. _______________________________________________________________

The driver asked to pay the fare for the passengers who boarded the bus. ______________________________________________________________

The work performed by the designer was sent to the customer. _______________________________________________________________

Options for reconciling definitions and applications. Features of the implementation of agreement within the framework of a phrase. Variants of forms related to management. Synonymy of non-prepositional and prepositional constructions.

Control and training exercises

1. Make up phrases using homogeneous members given on the left and dependent words placed on the right:

2. Read the sentences. Find grammatical and stylistic errors in them and edit them.

1. The head of the administration distributes and manages property and finances. 2. It is best to read and take notes on scientific literature in the morning. 3. The innovation became objectively useful, since it regulated and introduced a new order into the relationships between power structures. 4. Bodies authorized by the mayor independently form and manage extra-budgetary funds. 5. Market relations create independence, interest and responsibility for the final results among producers and consumers. 6. To successfully defend your dissertation, you must compile and study a bibliography on your topic.

3. Read the sentences. Correct, where necessary, strings of cases that are not justified by the context and impede understanding.

1. The speech was greeted by deputies with loud applause. 2. The speaker focused on some latest estimates science of influence on the nature of chemical production. 3. Our representative was nominated for the second time by the deputies as chairman of the commission. 4. The work provides a brief description of the methodology for determining the cost of agricultural products. 5. In order to further expand student participation and involve members of the Managers Club in active work on economics, regular round table meetings are held. 6. Research is underway into the possibility of creating independent independent publishing houses. 7. The dissertation contains an analysis of the theory and practice of solving the problem of strengthening the economic base of the enterprise of our time. The work is an attempt to generalize the experience of producing consumer goods. 9. With the release of the book, readers will be able to get acquainted with the understanding of our problems by a famous modern writer.

4. Choose words that are close in meaning to these words. Make up phrases with both using case forms.

Sample: confidence - confidence in success, faith in success.

Implementation, lean, review, superiority, inhibit, warn, identical.

5. In these phrases, replace the highlighted words with similar ones in meaning. Read the phrases with synonyms. Pay attention to the case form of dependent words.

convert attention to detail, justify facts, be patient defeat from an opponent, distinguish friends and enemies, pay for travel, angry failure, be surprised stamina, offended tactlessness.

6. Read these words and phrases. Indicate those that are characterized by an official business style.

Pay tribute, disability, housing stock, extract the square root, accept for execution, insurance policy, quickly, proper, prescribe, miraculous case, conduct research, petition, conviction, put on view, sociology, established order, lump sum, advise, direct duties, walk, agreement, non-compliance, thesis, delay, defendant.

7. In the given sentences, find words that name people. Describe these words from a stylistic point of view. Give your own examples.

1. Guardianship and trusteeship are established at the place of residence of the person subject to guardianship or trusteeship, or at the place of residence of the guardian (trustee). 2. The witness may be questioned about the facts relating to the case, as well as about the identity of the accused or the victim. 3. Representatives of the customer, general contractor, general designer, and sanitary inspection authorities must be included in the state acceptance commissions for the commissioning of production facilities. 4. In response to the claim, the defendant agreed to reimburse us for labor costs to correct the defect. 5. The supplier assumes responsibilities for preventive maintenance, as well as routine repairs of gas equipment owned by customers. 6. Available balances in the account, based on the client’s application, can, at his request, be transferred to a deposit account with subsequent payment of the established additional agreement percent.

8. In the given sentences, find verbal nouns characteristic of the official business style of speech. Explain how the predicate is expressed in impersonal sentences.

1. The trust was denied the allocation of additional funds. 2. Sharp braking of the vehicle on slippery sections of the road can lead to skidding and overturning. 3. Payment for the order is guaranteed. 4. Tanning leather is the process of soaking it in special solutions. 5. As a result of the investigation, it was established that the fire occurred due to malfunctions in the electrical wiring system. 6. Most metals that are not coated with any protective layer are susceptible to rust.

9. Read the sentences and determine their functional and stylistic affiliation. Describe the prepositions and conjunctions used in them.

1. The comrades' court dismisses the case for reconciliation participants in the dispute. 2. The guys are playing together again, because they reconciled. 3. Seasonal work is considered to be work that force natural and climatic conditions are not met all year round, but during a certain period. 4. We couldn't go outside because of pouring rain. 5. In accordance with According to current legislation, authors of inventions may be awarded honorary titles. 6. He was given a big bonus because the, he made a new machine. 7. In order to Special sections are organized in schools to prepare young men for military service. 8. He began to play sports intensively, to prepare for the army. 9. The ability of a citizen to acquire civil rights and create civil responsibilities for himself through his actions arises in full with the onset of adulthood, that is upon reaching eighteen years of age. 10. When She turned eighteen and they got married.

10. Form stable phrases that have the coloring of an official business style, adding the corresponding adjectives to the first group of nouns, and the necessary verbs to the second group of nouns. Make up phrases using the received word combinations.

1. Sentence, term, person, children, responsibility, actions, defense, powers, circumstances, crime, punishment, complaint, benefit, authorities, order, consideration.

2. Order, control, official salaries, reprimand, censure, error, assistance, order, implementation, deficiencies, discipline, meeting, restructuring, duties, inspection, measures.

11. In the given sentences, find stable verbal-nominal combinations characteristic of an official business style. Where possible, replace them with verbs.

1. The plant is completing the development of a new tractor model. 2. The company’s team has committed to doubling production output in a year. 3. Special attention at the factory is paid to the need to master new equipment as soon as possible. 4. The factory workers express full confidence that they will be able to achieve timely completion of the order. 5. To turn on the alarm, you must turn the lever. 6. During the reporting period, a survey of the plant’s activities was carried out.

12. Read the sentences taken from various documents. Try to explain why the active voice is used in some cases and the passive voice in others. Give similar examples.

13. Answer the questions so that your answer is a fragment from any official document: announcements, instructions, certificates.

1. Do the studios make coats from their material?

2. Is it possible to do business in the metro?

3. Will the notary certify a copy of the document if I don’t have my passport with me?

4. Is it possible to ride on buses and trolleybuses in special clothing?

5. They can change my ID, if not new photo?

14. Read sentences taken from colloquial speech. Find clerical words in them and replace them with other words that correspond to the colloquial style of speech.

1. I bought a board game for my son. 2. The wind-up monkey is out of order. 3. A famous poet lives in the same house as me. 4. At the moment I am preparing for exams. 5. My friend got a living space. 6. My wife and I never have conflicts. 7. I am not aware of these details. 8. The climatic conditions in this area are disgusting. 9. There are so many mushrooms and berries in our green area.

15. Read the comic text from the Literary Newspaper. Find stationery. Try to retell this text using neutral or colloquial vocabulary.

Damage to a good mood

However, my wife did not draw the appropriate conclusions from my words and did not stop her irresponsible statements, in which, in particular, she reflected such a point as my lack of a number of positive qualities, such as: conscience, decency, shame, etc., and how During her speech and at the end of it, she was busy assigning to me the names of various animals that were in the personal use of workers and collective farmers.

After giving mutual assurances that such phenomena would not be repeated, we began to eat dinner, which had already had a lower temperature as a result of cooling and had lost its taste.

This is how we sometimes still spoil our good mood, as well as our appetite.

1. The response to his application was sent in a timely manner. 2. The editors received a lot of feedback on this work. 3. The article was written on the same topic. 4. The indicators on electricity use are questionable. 5. Preparations for holding elections have begun. 6. Holland's needs for rye and barley are met by imports. 7. The plan for the production of non-ferrous metals is not being fulfilled. 8. A mother is worried about her son, who is fighting in Chechnya. 9. The indifference of managers to the fate of their subordinates causes indignation. 10. These facts indicate that there is no good owner at the plant. 11. It is necessary to accurately determine the need for bricks and other materials. 12. The graduate student must submit a report on the work he has done. 13. The inventor was awarded a high award. 14. Representative construction organization again assured the customer of his readiness to complete the work on time. 15. The response to the complainant’s application was received by him immediately. 16. The facts stated by the author of the letter were fully confirmed during verification. 17. What, other than condemnation, does such a bureaucratic attitude deserve? 18. In the department of criticism and bibliography of “thick” magazines, reviews of new releases are systematically published fiction. 19. It is extremely important that educators have high moral qualities and great sensitivity. 20. The development of correct relationships between educators and students plays an important role.

17. Analyze the choice managed forms with and without preposition, point out errors to management and correct them.

1. Tatyana Ivanovna does not keep her promises. 2. The patient has not lost hope of recovery. 3. He will never survive this blow. 4. The prefect cannot change this decision. 5. The laboratory assistant did not tell anyone the truth about the result of the experiment. 6. Reinforced concrete as the main construction material will never lose its importance. 7. The poet does not intend to publish these poems. 8. I couldn’t think of a worthy revenge. 9. I don’t subscribe to any magazines. 10. We don't waste time. 11. Serious crimes were uncovered in the production of alcoholic beverages. 12. To identify deviations from standardized working capital to the established standards, draw up a table. 13. A lot of work now lies ahead of our employees, who must master computer equipment. 14. Those who slowed down the forward movement were fired. 15. Your proposal is not based on anything. 16. The criminal did not repent for his crime. 17. Due to the recent rains, the harvest promises to be good. 18. As a result of the planned negotiations, the conflict may be settled. 19. Absence necessary materials poses a threat to timely completion construction work. 20. People complain about law enforcement agencies: law enforcement officers are often rude to detained citizens.

18. Choose the correct form of agreement of the definition, as well as the singular-plural form of the word being defined in the following sentences, motivate your choice.

1. It is difficult to deal with a person if you know that he is an (incorrigible - incorrigible) klutz. 2. Three (huge, huge) buildings grew up on a vacant lot. 3. The room was divided into two (unequal - unequal) parts. 4. I had to stand in line ( whole - whole) two hours. 5. Traffic is open on the (new - new) highway. 6. (First - first) two places were shared by two grandmasters, (who scored - scored) 12 points out of 17 possible. 7. Neither one nor the other (team - teams) scored a goal. 8. The fifth and sixth (seats) are already taken. 9. The bill on changes in the financial and tax (region-regions) was approved. 10. Students of geography and history ((faculty -faculties) are preparing for the expedition. 11. It was not easy to restore (destroyed -destroyed) industry and transport. 12. (Restored -restored) museum and art gallery are open to visitors. 13. A competition has been announced for solution of (chess - chess) etude and problem 14. The inventor designed a (special - special) generator and engine, with the help of which the energy of falling water or steam engines turns into electricity. 15. Classes are attended by (lagging-lagging) student and student.

19. Eliminate errors in the coordination of definitions and applications, motivate your stylistic edits.

1. Four newly built eight-story buildings are already occupied. 2. Two recently renovated rooms are available for rent. 3. I want to read a historical novel or story. 4. We have been living in the country for the last five years. 5. The past year was fruitful for the actor: three new roles were played. 6. Four nine-story buildings will be assembled entirely from large blocks. 7. New programs have been created for primary and secondary schools. 8. At first, cheerful chatter and laughter were heard, and then everything became quiet. 9. An elderly father and mother need support. 10. The athletes who take the first three places rise to the podium. 11. The mass press, in particular newspapers, hopes for government help. 12. Our geobotanical team drove eighty kilometers from the village of Tugay. 13. The four remaining chess games ended in a draw. 14. The route of the hike, more than two thousand kilometers long, runs along the Seim, Desna, and Dnieper rivers. 15. In the Russian language, verbs of the active and passive voices, perfect and imperfect forms are distinguished. 16. The war in Chechnya in 1994-1996 caused enormous damage to our economy. 17. At the Taigi station we changed into a carriage with a sign “Moscow - Tomsk”. 18. The banks of the Oka River are being built up from the city of Serpukhov to the cities of Tarusa and Aleksin.

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