Presentation on the history of Russian culture. Culture of Rus' in the 16th century Development of Russian culture. European North in Russian culture
Culture is a historically developing, multi-layered system of material and spiritual values created by man, sociocultural norms and methods of their dissemination and perception. Culture acts both as an external expression of the collective memory of a people, and as a way of human existence in the world, and as a world created by man.
The history of culture, understood as an integral system, involves a comprehensive study of its various fields (science, technology and education, everyday life and folklore, social thought and literature, art, etc.) and acts as a synthesizing discipline in relation to numerous sciences and branches of science that study individual aspects of the historical and cultural process
The concept of “culture” is very capacious. It includes moral norms, the whole range of ideas that determine the life of society, the creativity of an individual, and much more. In the research literature one can find several basic concepts of “culture” that determine the approaches of scientists to the history of Russian culture proper. Supporters of the first approach view culture as a set of material and spiritual values created by man. Supporters of the second approach, on the contrary, view culture as a creative human activity
In the 70s XX century, another interpretation of culture is emerging. Its very appearance is connected with the processes that took place in the humanities. Its appearance is associated with the processes that took place in the humanities. By this time, it became obvious that the disunity of the humanities was detrimental to humanities as a whole. In research circles it was realized that the separation of the sphere of material and spiritual culture often makes it difficult to understand the meaning, firstly, of culture itself and, secondly, the role that culture plays in the life of society and individuals
As a result, a definition of culture took shape, which is closely connected with the functioning of society, with its social life. Culture is a way of human existence, a set of pictures of the world that are clearly or latently present in the minds of members of society and determine them social behavior. Culture is the phenomenon of a person in history or the way in which he reveals himself and sees himself in history.
Any attempt to present Russian culture as a holistic, historically continuously developing phenomenon, possessing its own logic and expressed national identity, encounters great internal difficulties and contradictions. Each time it turns out that at any stage of its formation and historical development, Russian culture seems to double, revealing at the same time two faces that are different from each other. European and Asian, sedentary and nomadic, Christian and pagan, secular and spiritual, official and oppositional, collective and individual - these and similar “pairs” of opposites have been characteristic of Russian culture since ancient times and have actually been preserved to this day.
The first stage in the development of Russian culture Slavic culture During the era of paganism, Russian culture was quite developed. There was a special writing, similar to knot writing, which had a sacred meaning; a system of signs was created to record economic information. At the same time, the Russian culture of the pagan era was characterized by the existence of polygamy, orgiastic festivals, blood feud and sacrifices, both animal and human, common among the Rus, Ugrians and some other peoples of the Russian Plain
Features of cultural development in at this stage: -openness geographical location(invasions of nomadic peoples); -natural conditions(the abundance of river routes predetermined the features and diversity economic activity); -creation of mixed settlements (northern Black Sea coast); -the decline of Greek cities and some rise in the culture of the Scythian ploughmen; -the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the mass movement of the Slavs across the Danube lead to the emergence of large Slavic tribes (two branches of Slavic tribes - the Antes and the Slavs themselves) - the emergence of a culture that developed during the Kiev era
The first period of development of Russian culture is associated with the Rurik dynasty (IX-XVI centuries). It is divided into two important stages - Kiev and Moscow. This period is called pre-Petrine. The main cultural dominant is the orientation of Russian art to the East, primarily to Byzantium. Main area where creative thought was formed and where the national genius showed itself most powerfully, was religious art
The second period is associated with the Romanov dynasty (). The two main cultural centers that determined the general direction and stylistic identity of Russian culture during this period were Moscow and St. Petersburg. The period is called Peter's, since it was the reforms of Peter I that turned the culture of our country towards the West. The main source of cultural borrowing and imitation at this time became Western Europe. The main sphere where creative thought was formed and where the national genius manifested itself with the greatest force was secular art.
The third period begins after the Great October Revolution, when tsarism was overthrown. Moscow becomes the main and only cultural center of Soviet art. The cultural reference point is neither the West nor the East. The main orientation is to search for one’s own reserves, to create an original socialist culture based on Marxist ideology, which cannot be called in the strict sense either religious or secular, since it combines both and is not similar to either one or the other. Defining moment of cultural development Soviet society we must consider the division of the common cultural space into official culture and unofficial culture, a significant part of which is represented by dissidence and nonconformism. Outside the state, scattered throughout the countries of Europe and America, a powerful culture of the Russian diaspora was formed, which, like unofficial art within the USSR, was in antagonism with the official culture 18
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RUSSIAN CULTURE IN THE 18th century. Chernova Svetlana Semenovna, senior lecturer of the Department of History and Social Sciences of the BelRI PKPPSSlide 2
Periodization of the history of Russian culture of the 18th century. The first period (late XVII - first quarter of the XVIII century) - the formation of a new culture. Second period: (mid-second half of the 18th century) – development and flourishing of secular noble culture and folk traditional culture.
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EDUCATION IN RUSSIA in the 18th century. During the reign of Peter I, the problem of school, education of children and youth became a national problem. In Russia, a system of secular education began to be created, which operated along with a system of spiritual enlightenment.
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Education in Russia in the 18th century. Class character Creation of secular education (primary, secondary, higher), operating along with the system of spiritual education Creation of new textbooks, development of bookselling Opening of the first public library in Russia (1714)
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The policy of creating a “new breed of people” (the reign of Catherine II) Talented Russian teacher I.I. Betskoy, a conductor of Catherine II’s policy in the field of education, developed the “General Institution for Youth of Both Sexes,” approved by the Empress, for the education of children in closed class educational institutions
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The policy of creating a “new breed of people” (the reign of Catherine II) The creation of educational homes in Moscow (1764) and St. Petersburg (1770) for foundlings and “unfortunately born” babies. Opening of the Smolny Institute noble maidens in St. Petersburg (1764). Opening of the Demidov Lyceum for children of merchants and townspeople (1772) Opening of the Catherine Institute for children of merchants and townspeople (1779)
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School reform in Russia (80s of the 18th century) In 1782-1786. In Russia, a school reform was carried out, which marked the beginning of the creation of a system secondary school with common curriculum and a unified teaching methodology. The Serbian teacher F.I. played a major role in carrying out the reform. Yankovic de Mirievo. The school system was two-stage: In district cities - small public schools (2-year education) In provincial cities - main public schools (4-year education). By the end of the 18th century. 400 public schools were created in the country.
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Science in Russia in the 18th century. The opening of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (1725) is the most important stage in the development of Russian science in the 18th century. Major scientists worked at the Russian Academy of Sciences: mathematicians L. Euler, D. Bernoulli, astronomer J. Delisle, physicists D. Richman, F. Epinus.
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Science in Russia in the 18th century. M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765) is a great Russian scientist, one of the titans of world science. There was not a single branch of knowledge at that time where his genius did not manifest itself.
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M.V.Lomonosov is a genius of Russian science of the 18th century. Natural and mathematical sciences: M.V. Lomonosov is one of the founders of physical chemistry. Discovery of the law of conservation of energy Assumptions about the atomic-molecular structure of matter Discovery of the atmosphere on Venus - the basis of astrophysics
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M.V.Lomonosov is a genius of Russian science of the 18th century. Humanities and literature: In the history of M.V. Lomonosov was the first to oppose the Norman theory; “Russian Grammar” is the first scientific grammar of the Russian language; In poetry - the creation of syllabic-tonic versification (odes, poems and poems)
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M.V.Lomonosov is a genius of Russian science of the 18th century. Founder of the oldest Russian University - Moscow (1755). The first professors of the university were his students: A. A. Barsov and N. N. Popovsky. The university had three faculties: Philosophy with departments of verbal and physics and mathematics, Legal, Medical
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Technology in Russia in the 18th century. Kulibin Ivan Petrovich (1735 - 1818) - Russian self-taught mechanic. Born into the family of a small merchant. In 1764-67. created an egg-shaped clock, which was a highly complex automatic mechanism. Kulibin presented this watch to Empress Catherine II in 1769, who appointed him head of the mechanical workshop of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
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Technology in Russia in the 18th century. In 1779, Kulibin designed the famous lantern (searchlight), which gave powerful light. This invention was used for industrial purposes - for lighting workshops, ships, lighthouses, etc. In 1791, Ivan Petrovich Kulibin made a scooter cart, in which he used a flywheel, brake, gearbox, rolling bearings, etc. .; the cart was set in motion by a person pressing the pedals.
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Architecture of Russia in the 18th century. In the field of urban planning, a transition was made from radial-ring to regular planning. Its main features: Geometric correctness, symmetry; Uniform rules and techniques in street development; A certain ratio of the sizes and heights of buildings.
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Architecture of Russia in the 18th century. The dominant style of architecture of the first half of the 18th century. – Baroque (from Italian “pretentious”). Characteristic features: Monumentality Curved lines of facades The greatest master of the Baroque style - V.V. Rastrelli
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Architecture of Russia in the 18th century. Domenico Trezzini is an outstanding Russian architect of the early Baroque in Russia, who carried out the planning and development of St. Petersburg.
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Architecture of Russia in the 18th century. D. Trezzini is the author of famous St. Petersburg architectural creations - the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress, the summer palace of Peter I, the building of the Twelve Colleges.
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Architecture of Russia in the 18th century. In Moscow, the brilliant Russian architect V.I. Bazhenov erected the Pashkov House (now the old building of the Russian State Library).
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Literature of Russia in the 18th century. The heyday of Russian literature was the second half of the 18th century, when a developed system of genres was created: Ode Fable Elegy Tragedy Comedy Tale Novel.
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Literature of Russia in the 18th century. The second half of the 18th century is the beginning of the formation of the artistic-realistic direction in Russian literature (D.I. Fonvizin). D.I. Fonvizin is the author of the comedies “Brigadier”, “Minor”.
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Literature of Russia in the 18th century. At the end of the 18th century. The style of sentimentalism is developing in Russian literature - its heyday is associated with the work of N.M. Karamzin (“Poor Liza”).
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Painting in Russia in the 18th century. In the first half of the century, the main genres were: portrait (A.M. Matveev and I.N. Nikitin); engraving (A.F. Zubov and A.I. Rostovtsev) In the second half of the century, the main genres: historical and mythological (A.P. Losenko, G.I. Ugryumov), everyday (M. Shibanov), portrait (I.P. Argunov, F.S. Rokotov, D.G. Levitsky, V.A. Borovikovsky)
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Painting in Russia in the 18th century. Levitsky D. G. is the largest Russian artist of the second half of the 18th century, a master of ceremonial portraits. Portrait of Catherine II (1780) is his famous work in this genre.
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Painting in Russia in the 18th century. Portrait of M.I. Lopukhina V.L. Borovikovsky is a vivid example of sentimentalism in Russian painting of the late 18th century.
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Sculpture in Russia in the 18th century. The main genre of Russian sculpture is portrait. Sculptors: B. Rastrelli, F.I. Shubin, M.I. Kozlovsky, E. Falcone.
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Sculpture in Russia in the 18th century. Shubin Fedot Ivanovich (1740-1805) - sculptor. His work was the pinnacle of Russian realistic sculpture of the 18th century. Born in the North, into a family of Kholmogory peasants, among whom bone carving has long flourished. In the winter of 1759, a nineteen-year-old youth, with a convoy of fish, came to St. Petersburg to learn sculptural skills. Perhaps, at first, his fellow countryman, M.V. Lomonosov, helped him. In 1761, patronized by M.V. Lomonosov. and the first trustee of the Academy of Arts Shuvalov I.I., Shubna F.I. was included in the list of students under the name of Fedot Shubin.
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Sculpture in Russia in the 18th century. Shubin F.I. - a remarkable master of sculptural portraits of the 18th century. Portrait of Baryshnikov I.S. 1778 is his famous work in this genre.
Golden Age of Russian Culture (first half of the 19th century)
The presentation was prepared by: - student Valeria Romashkina, group PK-17, GAPOU MO PC "Moscovia" OSP Kashirskoye
Teacher of history and social studies Kostin A.V.
- Enlightenment and education
- Development of science
- Literature
- Theater, ballet, music
- Painting and sculpture
- Architecture and urban planning
education
- The level of education of a society is one of the indicators of the cultural state of the country.
- Schooling was not provided for serfs.
- The home education system was widespread. It focused on studying foreign languages, literature, music, painting, rules of behavior in society.
- In the first half of the 19th century, there was no system of female education in Russia. Several closed institutes (secondary educational institutions) were opened only for noblewomen.
education
- New universities were opened in Dorpat (now Tartu), St. Petersburg (on the basis of the Pedagogical Institute), Kazan, and Kharkov. The legal status of universities was determined by the Charters of 1804 and 1835.
- An important task in the process of developing a national culture was the development of rules and norms for the Russian literary and spoken language.
education
- The publication of books played a special role in educating the people. At the beginning of the 19th century, only state printing houses existed; in the 30s and 40s, private book publishing spread.
- In the first half of the 19th century, the newspaper and magazine business noticeably revived. In addition to the St. Petersburg and Moskovskie Vedomosti, many private newspapers appeared (Northern Bee, Literary Newspaper, Vestnik Evropy, Son of the Fatherland).
Development of science
- In the first half of the 19th century, the differentiation of sciences began, the identification of independent scientific disciplines: natural and humanities. The development of technical thought was facilitated by the growth of industry. In applied sciences, particularly important discoveries were made in the fields of electrical engineering, mechanics, biology and medicine.
- Russian science in the first half of the 19th century had significant successes in the development of medicine, in particular in surgery.
Development of science
- Social sciences in the first half of the 19th century, despite their dependence on official ideology and politics, reflected in their development the socio-economic contradictions before the reform era.
- The humanities became a special branch and developed successfully. At the beginning of the 19th century, and especially after the Patriotic War of 1812, the desire to understand Russian history as an important element of national culture intensified.
Literature
- Literature became the most vibrant, interesting, advanced area of Russian culture in the 19th century. Russian literature of the first half of the 19th century is characterized by a rapid change of artistic trends.
- In literary salons and on the pages of magazines there was a struggle between supporters of various literary movements: classicism and sentimentalism, the educational movement and the emerging romanticism.
Literature
A.S. Pushkin romantic
A.S. Griboyedov classicist
M.Yu. Lermontov romantic
literature
- The development of literature took place in difficult socio-political conditions. Her constant contact with the advanced trends of social thought forced the government to apply prohibitive and repressive measures to writers. In 1826, the censorship charter, called “cast iron” by contemporaries, replaced the previous charter of 1804, which was more liberal. Now the censor could shred the text at his discretion, removing from it everything that seemed offensive to the autocracy and the church
- In the first half of the 19th century, theatrical life in Russia entered a new phase.
- There were few state theaters: Alexandrinsky and Mariinsky in St. Petersburg, Bolshoi and Maly in Moscow. They were under the petty tutelage of the administration, which constantly interfered with the repertoire and selection of actors. This slowed down theatrical creativity. Private theaters began to appear, which were either allowed or prohibited by the authorities.
- Dramatic theater developed under the influence of the same trends as literature.
- N.V. was especially popular. Puppeteer who wrote a number of historical plays. The satirical comedies of D.I. enjoyed great success. Fonvizin and I.A. Krylova.
P.S. Mochalov
M.S. Shchepkin
V.A. Karatygin
- Ballet theater art occupied a special place in the cultural life of Russia. It developed in close connection and under the influence of Russian literature.
- Ballet in Russia owes its success to the choreographer, teacher and playwright C. Didelot.
A.S. Novitskaya
A.I. Istomina
- A special place in the history of Russian musical art was occupied by the composer M. I. Glinka, who went down in history as the first Russian composer of world significance.
- The development of the national theme in music was continued by Glinka’s younger contemporary, Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky (1813–1869).
- A major representative of the romantic trend in music was the composer A.N. Verstovsky (opera "Askold's Grave").
M.I. Glinka
A.S. Dargomyzhsky
A.N. Verstovsky
Painting
- The greatest master of romantic painting was Karl Pavlovich Bryullov (1799–1852).
- The realistic style was reflected in the works of V.A. Tropinina.
- In the first half of the 19th century, everyday subjects entered Russian painting. A.G. was one of the first to contact him. Venetsianov.
painting
Painting “The Barnyard” by A.G. Venetsianova
K.P. Bryullov
Painting “The Lacemaker” by V.A. Tropinina
sculptures
- I.P. Martos created the first monument to K. Minin and D. Pozharsky in Moscow on Red Square. According to the project by A.A. Montferrand, a 47-meter column was erected on Palace Square in front of the Winter Palace as a monument to Alexander I and a monument in honor of the victory in the war of 1812 by B.I. Orlovsky owns monuments to M.I. Kutuzov and M.B. Barclay de Tolly in St. Petersburg. F.P. Tolstoy created a series of wonderful bas-reliefs and medals dedicated to Patriotic War 1812.
- There are especially many works organically included in various architectural ensembles, was created by sculptors S. S. Pimenov and V. I. Demut-Malinovsky (Chariot of Glory on the Arc de Triomphe of Russia, sculptural groups at the Voronikhin Mining Institute). Also interesting is the work of sculptors I. P. Vitali (bust of Pushkin, 1837; angels at the lamps on the corners of St. Isaac's Cathedral), P. K. Klodt (“Horse Tamers” on the Anichkov Bridge in St. Petersburg, the equestrian monument to Nicholas I, installed on the square in front of St. Isaac's Cathedral).
Architecture and urban planning
- The largest architect of this time was Andrei Nikiforovich Voronikhin (1759–1814). Characteristic in the architecture of this time - the creation of large ensembles. This was especially evident in St. Petersburg, where many neighborhoods amaze with their unity and harmony.
- The highest achievement of Empire architecture in St. Petersburg was the work of the famous architect Karl Ivanovich Rossi (1775–1849).
Architecture and urban planning
- In the 30s, classicism in architecture, with its laconicism, severity of lines and forms, began to be replaced by the “Russian-Byzantine style.” K.A. Thon transformed the Kremlin territory by building the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Armory Chamber building. According to his project, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was founded in 1839 as a symbol of deliverance from the French invasion in 1812. Its construction was completed only in 1883.
Architecture and urban planning
- Imitating both capitals, provincial cities were also transformed. Talented architects Ya.N. worked there. Popov, V.P. Stasov and others. According to the project by V.P. Stasov, the St. Nicholas Cossack Cathedral was erected in Omsk. In Odessa, according to the project of A.I. Melnikov created an ensemble of Primorsky Boulevard with semicircular buildings facing the sea, and in the center with a monument to Duke Richelieu, the creator and first governor of Odessa. The ensemble was completed by a majestic staircase leading to the sea.
conclusion
- Based on the above, we can conclude that in the first half of the 19th century, social and cultural life was most diverse and full-blooded only in the capitals. The province, according to one modern researcher, “was still in a state of deep mental hibernation.” In general, during this period of the century Russia achieved impressive achievements in the field of culture. The world fund will forever include the works of many Russian writers, artists, sculptors, architects and composers. The process of the formation of the Russian literary language and, in general, the formation of a national culture has been completed. And the traditions established in the first half of the 19th century developed and multiplied in subsequent times.
Presentations about Russian culture for MHC lessons
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Presentations about Russian culture
list of all presentations on Russian culture in table form| Presentation title | Author | Slides | Words | Sounds | Effects | Time | Download |
| Russian culture | Elena | 30 | 1871 | 0 | 63 | 00:00 | 6,881 kB |
| user | 25 | 1004 | 0 | 4 | 00:00 | 6,188 kB | |
| Development of culture in Russia | I | 15 | 435 | 0 | 0 | 00:00 | 74 kB |
| Spiritual values of Russia | xxx | 48 | 287 | 0 | 3 | 00:00 | 3,495 kB |
| Comp | 12 | 721 | 0 | 0 | 00:00 | 979 kB | |
| Russian fair | Home | 30 | 657 | 1 | 2 | 00:00 | 3,882 kB |
| Total: 6 presentations | 160 | 00:00 | 21 MB |
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Presentations about Russian culture
Russian culture
Slides: 30 Words: 1871 Sounds: 0 Effects: 63Introducing preschool children to Russian national culture. Problematic issues. National holidays. Christmas. Kolyada. "Christmas Night". Christmas time. Maslenitsa. Monday – “Meeting”, Tuesday – “Flirting”, Wednesday – “Gourmet”. The first sign of Maslenitsa is pancakes. Pancake mania. Ay, Maslenitsa, you liar. Larks are stoneflies. Lark, lark. Potato larks. Easter. History of Russian folk clothing. Men's clothing. Russian shirt. - Russian culture.ppt
European North in Russian culture
Slides: 25 Words: 1004 Sounds: 0 Effects: 4The role of the European North. Migrants from the Novgorod lands. Architectural “pearls” of Russia. Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery. Monastery. Spaso-Preobrazhensky Solovetsky Monastery. Solovetsky Monastery. Arts and crafts. Start of fishing. Kargopolskaya clay toy. Feature of the Kargopol toy. Shemogodskaya birch bark carving. Traditional floral motif. Bone carving. Bone shape. Pride of the North. A miracle of wooden architecture. Transfiguration Cathedral. The church was built without a single nail. European North. - European North in Russian culture.pptx
Development of culture in Russia
Slides: 15 Words: 435 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Economics of sociocultural activity. Fundamentals of cultural development modern Russia. Property relations in the sphere of culture. The emergence of various forms of ownership. Claims of various classes. Manifestation of ownership. Groups cultural values. Satisfying guaranteed standards of service consumption. Cultural values. May be divided. Group of cultural values. Privatization of state property. Creation of new enterprises. - Development of culture in Russia.ppt
Spiritual values of Russia
Slides: 48 Words: 287 Sounds: 0 Effects: 3LESSON No. 1 Topic: “Russia is our MOTHERLAND” Lesson type: learning new material. Russia is our homeland. Goal: to promote interest in the new subject “Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture.” Lesson objectives. Development of interest in Russian history. Consider the religious composition of the population of Russia, the main religions professed by the inhabitants of the country. Raising worthy citizens of our country. Venue: classroom. Lesson progress: WORKING WITH WORDS: - traditions - spiritual traditions - values. Spiritual traditions are values, ideals, life experiences passed on from one generation to another. - Spiritual values of Russia.ppt
Russian decorative art
Slides: 12 Words: 721 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Decorative art of Russia 9th - early 20th centuries. Art of the 9th - first half of the 13th century. Art of the XIV - XV centuries. Wood carving. Yakov Firsov. Ludogoschensky cross. 1359 Fragment. Novgorod. Cover of the Gospel of boyar Fyodor Andreevich Koshka, 1392. The rise of culture after the overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. They sewed mainly using satin stitch, reproducing the works of icon painters. Art of the late XV - XVI centuries. Moscow becomes the capital of a mighty power. The flourishing of Russian architecture. Construction of Moscow, churches. The highest flowering of the art of ornamental wood and stone carving. - Russian decorative art.ppt
Russian fair
Slides: 30 Words: 657 Sounds: 1 Effects: 2Russian fair. Russian people. We welcome guests. We will welcome guests with bread and salt. Fair. Fair entertainment. Fair and party. Fun towns. They boasted about their craft. Stalls with goods. Music. Carousel "grandfather". Buffoons. Parsley. Trade barker. Jokes. Paintings. -
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RUSSIAN CULTURE OF THE 16TH CENTURY Development by history teacher Bukharina I.V. MAOU "Secondary school No. 18 with in-depth study in English» Vakhitovsky district of Kazan
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CONTENTS FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CULTURE IN THE 16TH CENTURY; NEW PHENOMENA IN RUSSIAN CULTURE; SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE; 4. CONTROVERSY OF IVAN THE GROZNY AND ANDREY KURBSKY; "DOMOSTROY"; “GREAT CHILDREN-MINEI”; CONCEPT “MOSCOW – THE THIRD ROME”; CHURCH DISPUTES. THE NON-COVENANTS AND THE JOSITHILANES; CHURCH DISPUTES. HERESIES; TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE; ARCHITECTURE; ICONOPTION; CONCLUSIONS.
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CULTURE IN THE 16TH CENTURY: Formation of a unified Russian state, Liberation of the country from Tatar-Mongol domination, Completion of the formation of the Russian nationality. THEY NOT JUST HAVE AN IMPACT, BUT ALSO DETERMINED THE CONTENT AND DIRECTION OF THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PROCESS.
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NEW PHENOMENA IN RUSSIAN CULTURE. BOOK PRINTING IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PHENOMENON OF THE CULTURE OF RUSSIA IN THE 16th CENTURY “APOSTLE” 1564 IN 1564 THE “APOSTLE” WAS PRINTED BY THE DEACON OF ONE OF THE MOSCOW CHURCHES IVAN FEDOROV AND HIS ASSISTANT PETER MSTISLAVETS - PER VA RUSSIAN BOOK WITH IMPRINT DATA.
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THE FONT AND SCREENSLARS OF THE “APOSTLE” WERE INCOMPATIBLE WITH WESTERN SAMPLES. LIKE ANY INNOVATION, BOOK PRINTING WAS MEETED IN MOSCOW WITH FEAR AND MISUNDERSTANDING. BOOK PRINTERS BEGAN TO BE ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT. FYODOROV AND MSTISLAVETS WENT TO THE RECHI POSTPOLITAYA, WHERE THEY CONTINUED PRINTING RUSSIAN BOOKS IN LVIV. HERE WAS THE FIRST RUSSIAN GRAMMAR BOOK RELEASED. PRINTING HAS NOT FROZEN IN MOSCOW. NIKIFOR TARASIEV, ANDRONIK TIMOFEEV-NEVEZHA AND OTHERS WORKED AT THE PRINTING YARD. MONUMENT TO IVAN FYODOROV IN MOSCOW
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SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE THE 16TH CENTURY PROVIDED BRIGHT WORKS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT CONNECTED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRALIZED STATE, THE STRENGTHENING OF THE ROYAL POWER, THE FORMATION OF A NEW SOCIAL CLASS – THE NOBILITY. IN THE LATE 1540 – EARLY 1550s, IVAN PERESVETOV WRITES HIS PETILATIONS TO TSAR IVAN THE TERRIBLE. HE DEVELOPES IN THEM THE IDEA OF A STRONG ROYAL POWER, WHICH SHOULD RESIST THE “LAZY AND CARELESS” BOYARS, BASED ON RELIABLE “WARRIORS” - THE NOBLERY. NOT EVERYTHING IS CLEAR ABOUT IVAN PERESVETOV’S PERSONALITY. AT THE TIME IT WAS EVEN SUGGESTED THAT IVAN THE TERRIBLE HIMSELF STANDED BEHIND THIS NAME. THE STATEMENTS OF THIS PUBLICIST VERY EQUAL WITH THE IDEAS OF THE TSAR. IN HIS UNDERSTANDING, TO RULE “BY THE TRUTH” MEANS TO COMPARE THE “WARRIORS” AND CRUELLY PUNISH ALL THOSE WHO CROSS THE ROYAL WILL. SOME THOUGHTS OF IVAN PERESVETOV TURNED OUT TO BE CONSISTENT WITH THE PRACTICE OF OPRICHNA.
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IN THE 1560S, ISSUES OF THE GOVERNMENT OF Rus' ARE IN THE CENTER OF ATTENTION OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE AND ANDREI KURBSKY, WHO FLEED TO LITHUANIA. IN THEIR CORRESPONDENCE THEY PROMOTE 2 OPTIONS FOR THE DEVICE: CONTROVERSY OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE AND ANDREY KURBSKY IVAN THE TERRIBLE: THE IDEAL IS A DESPOTIC MONARCHY; THE KING IS ABSOLUTE POWER, SUBJECTS ARE UNCONDITIONAL SUBMISSION. PRINCE ANDREY KURBSKY: THE IDEAL IS A LEGAL STATE, A REPRESENTATIVE MONARCHY.
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“DOMOSTROY” A BRIGHT AND PECULIAR MONUMENT OF LITERATURE IS “DOMOSTORY”, WRITTEN BY SYLVESTER, A MEMBER OF THE ELECTED RADA, THIS BOOK, DEDICATED TO THE ART OF “KEEPING A HOUSE”, IN ADDITION TO THE RICH HOUSEHOLD MATERIAL, IS INTERESTING AND ITS BASIC WE SLEW: ORDER IN THE HOUSE, ACCORDING TO SYLVESTER, IS POSSIBLE ONLY WITH ABSOLUTE THE POWER OF THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY, WHO KEEPS OTHER HOUSEHOLDS IN FEAR AND TREMENDING. “LET THE WIFE FEAR HER HUSBAND...” “An unspoiled child is a poorly brought up child...” “HOW TO PRESERVE FUR...” “HOW TO SMOKE STURGER...” “THE WIPE DOESN’T TORTURE, BUT TEACHES...”
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“THE GREAT CHARTS-MINEA” “THE GREAT CHARTS-MINEA” WERE COMPILED UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF METROPOLITAN MAKARIUS. THEY INCLUDE THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS, ORGANIZED BY MONTH IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE DAY OF MEMORY OF EACH SAINT, AS WELL AS MANY FAMOUS “SOULFUL” WORKS, PROCESSED IN THE SPIRIT OF THE GLORIFICATION OF MOSCOW Rus' AS THE MAIN CENTER CENTER OF ORTHODOXY. THE TWELVE-VOLUME “MINEA CHARTS” WERE A SINGLE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHURCH LITERATURE OF THE 16TH CENTURY.
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“CHETI-MINEI” AND “HOUSE-STORY” WERE READ BY MAINLY WEALTHY COUNTRY AND SERVANT PEOPLE. BOYARS AND EDUCATED CHILDREN OF BOYARS, DECISERS WERE PASSIONATE IN GREEK, BYZANTINE AND OTHER TRANSLATED WORKS, THE WORKS OF MAXIMUS THE GREEK AND OTHER AUTHORS. MAXIM THE GREEK
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“MOSCOW – THE THIRD ROME” AT THE END OF THE 15th CENTURY, THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE RUSSIAN STATE BEGINS TO BE FORMED. IT WAS BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF “MOSCOW – THE THIRD ROME”. ITS AUTHOR WAS THE PSKOV MONK PHILOPHEUS, WHO BELIEVED THAT THE FIRST ROME PERISHED UNDER THE BLOCKS OF THE BARBARIANS BECAUSE OF THE PRESERVATION OF PAGANITY, THE SECOND ROME – CONSTANTINOPLE – FALLED UNDER THE BLOCKS OF THE MUSLIMS BECAUSE OF SINS AND DEVIATIONS FROM THE ORTHODOX FAITH MOSCOW, AFTER THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE BECAME THE THIRD ROME, AND THE FOURTH WILL NOT HAPPEN. MONK PHILOTHEY
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CHURCH DISPUTES. IN THE 16TH CENTURY, RUSSIAN THINKERS ENTERED THE AGE OF CHURCH AND PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS. In 1502 -1504 GG. THE STRUGGLE OF THE NON-COVENANTS AND THE JOSEPHLANES ARISED UP. THE IDEOLOGIST OF THE NON-COVENANTS WAS THE FOUNDER OF THE MONASTERY ON THE SORKA NILE RIVER (SORSKY), WHO BELIEVED THAT IT WAS NECESSARY TO INCREASE THE AUTHORIZATION OF THE CHURCH BY STRICTLY FOLLOWING THE RULES AND RITUALS AND ASCETIIC WAY OF LIFE. NEAL CONDEMNED THE CHURCH'S ACQUISITION OF WEALTH, INCLUDING THE OWNERSHIP OF LAND (SUPPORTERS OF SORSK WERE CALLED "NON-ACQUISITORS"). NILE SORSKY
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THE NON-COVENANTS WERE RESISTED BY THE JOSEPHLANES - SUPPORTERS OF THE IGUMENE OF THE MOSCOW VOLOTSK MONASTERY JOSEPH, WHO INSISTED ON THE NEED FOR THE CHURCH TO HAVE GREAT MATERIAL RESOURCES. IN 1503, AT THE CHURCH COUNTER ON THE INITIATIVE OF IVAN III, THE QUESTION OF THE CHURCH'S REFUSAL OF LAND OWNERSHIP WAS RAISED. AT THIS MOMENT, THE JOSEPHLANES SUPPORTED THE ARRANGE PRINCE IN THEIR STRUGGLE AGAINST THE GRAND DUKAL AUTHORITY, AND THIS BECAME FOR Ivan III ANOTHER REASON TO SUPPORT THE NON-COVENANTS. LATER, UNDER VASILI III, THE NON-COVENANTS RESISTED THE TSAR’S DIVORCE FROM SOLOMONIA SABUROVA AND SUBJECTED TO DISGRACE. THE GREAT DUKAL AUTHORITY TURNED FROM SUPPORTING THE NON-COVENANTS TO A POLICY OF GRANTING BROAD PRIVILEGES TO THE CHURCH. JOSEPH-VOLOTSKY MONASTERY OF JOSEPH OF VOLOTSKY
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THE VICTORY OF THE JOSEPHLANES IN MANY DETERMINED THE FURTHER POLICY OF THE CHURCH IN REGARD TO THE ROYAL POWER. THE CHURCH IS MORE AND MORE PERSISTENTLY SUPPORTING THE IDEA OF AUTOCRASH.
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CHURCH DISPUTES. HERESES DIRECTED AGAINST THE OFFICIAL CHURCH CONTINUED TO DEVELOP HERESES AMONG EDUCATED PEOPLE IN THE 16TH CENTURY. IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 16TH CENTURY, THE VIEWS OF THE SERVICE MAN MATVEY BASHKIN SPREAD IN MOSCOW. HE WAS DISGUSTED BY THE SERMON OF THE OFFICIAL CHURCH, WHICH JUSTIFIED THE MODERN ORDER AS GIVEN BY GOD. “CHRIST CALLS ALL BROTHERS,” MATTVEY NOTED, “AND WE KEEP SLAVES.” HE TORE UP THE BOND RECORDS AND LET HIS SLAVES FREE. BASHKIN CELEBRATES REASON AND BOOK TEACHING, CRITICALLY INTERPRETED BIBLE TEXTS, AND REJECTED ORTHODOX RITES AND SACRAMENTS. THE FUGITIVE SLAVE THEODOSIY OBOSY, WHO TOOK A MONK, WENT EVEN FURTHER, DECLARING THAT CHRISTIANS SHOULD NOT HAVE AUTHORITIES, AND THEREFORE CALLED NOT TO PAY TAXES AND NOT TO OBEY THE FEUDAL LORD.
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HAVING APPEARED BEFORE THE CHURCH COUNCIL IN 1553, MATVEY BASHKIN BRAVELY DEFENDED HIS “TRUE CHRISTIANITY.” AFTER THE TORTURE, HE REFUSED HIM, WAS ANATHEMATED AND EXPORTED TO JOSEPH-VOLKOLAMSK MONASTERY. THEODOSIY OBEY WAS TREATED TO THE CHURCH COURT, BUT MANAGED TO ESCAPE TO LITHUANIA. ALL THE HERESES OF THE 14th - 16th CENTURIES CAUSED FERMENT IN THE MINDS OF THE CITY, BUT THEY ALMOST DID NOT AFFECT THE MAIN RESIDENT OF RUSSIA - THE PEASANT, THEREFORE THEY DID NOT RESULT, AS IN EUROPE, INTO A WIDE REFORMATION MOVEMENT.
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TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE BY THE 15th – 16th CENTURIES IN RUSSIA THE LEVEL OF TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE INCREASED NOTICELY. RUSSIAN MASTERS MADE COPPER AND BRONZE GUNS, IRON TOOLS. MASTER ANDREY CHOKHOV (CHEKHOV) FROM 1568 TO 1632 MANUFACTURED MANY CANNONS WITH CALIBERS FROM 92 TO 470 MM, LENGTH UP TO 6 M, WEIGHT FROM 1.2 TO 7.2 T. IN 1586 HE CASTED THE TSING CANNON FOR THE KREMLIN. LENGTH 5.34 M, CALIBER 890 MM, BARREL WEIGHT 40 T. TRUE, THIS GUN WAS NEVER FIRED. SINCE 1590, RUSSIAN MASTERS BEGAN TO MAKE CANnon ON CARRIAGES, WHICH INCREASED THEIR MOBILITY.
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ARCHITECTURE THE MOST BRIGHT STYLE OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF THIS TIME IS THE TENT STYLE. IN IT, STONE CHURCHES ARE ENRICHED WITH ELEMENTS OF WOODEN STRUCTURES, IN PARTICULAR, WITH A PREVIOUSLY UNSEEN STRUCTURE OF THE TOP OF THE CHURCH IN THE FORM OF A TENT.
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THE CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION IN KOLOMENSKOYE A MASTERPIECE AND THE EARLIEST EXAMPLE OF THE TENT STYLE WAS THE CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION IN THE VILLAGE OF KOLOMENSKOYE NEAR MOSCOW..
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THE CATHEDRAL OF THE INTEGRATION ON THE MOAT THE TOP OF RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE 16th CENTURY IS THE CATHEDRAL OF THE INTEGRATION ON THE MOAT, DEDICATED TO THE CAPTURE OF KAZAN (BETTER KNOWN AS St. Basil's Cathedral - IN HONOR OF THE FAMOUS MOSCOW Holy Fool, WHO ALWAYS SLEEPED THE NIGHT IN THE ROOM FROM ITS APARTMENTS). BUILT BY RUSSIAN MASTERS BARMA AND POSTNIK YAKOVLEV, THE CATHEDRAL CONSISTS OF 8 UNSYMMETRICAL DIFFERENT SIZE PILLAR-SHAPED TEMPLES SURroundING THE CHURCH OF THE INTEGRATION OF THE VIRGIN IN THE CENTER WITH A HIGH TENT CAPED WITH A SMALL OH POPPY. ITS COMPOSITION CONTAINS THE IMPORTANT IDEA OF UNITED DIFFERENT LANDS AROUND MOSCOW..
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