A production factor whose impact on an employee can lead to... A production factor whose impact on an employee can lead to an occupational disease is called a production factor whose impact on an employee can

Production (working) environment includes everything that surrounds a person in the process labor activity: technical equipment organization, features of technological processes and production, condition of buildings, structures, structures and utilities, sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic conditions, relationships in the workforce, level of professional risk based on identified dangerous and harmful production factors, etc.

Dangerous and harmful production factors

Article 209 Labor Code The Russian Federation contains the concepts of harmful and dangerous production factors:

• Harmful production factor- this is a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead to illness.
• Hazardous production factor is a production factor, the impact of which on a worker can lead to injury.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics, duration and conditions of action, individual harmful production factors can become dangerous.

In accordance with GOST 12.0.003-2015 “SSBT. Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification" (hereinafter referred to as GOST 12.0.003-2015) and Guideline R 2.2.2006-05 "Guide to the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions" (hereinafter referred to as Guide R 2.2.2006-05) dangerous and harmful factors of the production (working) environment are usually classified according to the nature of their impact on: physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological.

1. Dangerous and harmful physical factors

Harmful physical factors of the production environment:

• increased or decreased air temperature in the working area;
• increased humidity and air speed;
• thermal radiation – thermal load of the environment (THC index);
• non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) and radiation, electrostatic field;
• constant magnetic field (including hypogeomagnetic);
• electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency (50 Hz);
• broadband EMFs created by PCs;
• electromagnetic radiation radio frequency range;
• broadband electromagnetic pulses;
• electromagnetic radiation of the optical range (including laser and ultraviolet);
• ionizing radiation; industrial noise;
• ultrasound and infrasound;
• vibration (local, general);
• aerosols (dusts) of predominantly fibrogenic action;
• natural lighting (absence or insufficiency);
• artificial lighting (insufficient illumination, pulsation of light flux, excessive brightness, high unevenness of brightness distribution, direct and reflected glare);
• electrically charged air particles - aeroions.

Hazardous physical factors in the working environment:

• moving machines and mechanisms;
• lifting and transport devices and transported loads;
• moving elements of production equipment;
• electricity;
• increased or decreased temperature of the surfaces of equipment and materials;
• location of the workplace at height, etc.

2. Dangerous and harmful chemical factors

Chemically hazardous and harmful production factors: chemical substances, mixtures, including some substances of a biological nature (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, protein preparations), obtained by chemical synthesis and (or) for the control of which chemical analysis methods are used, numerous vapors, gases and dust, which, by the nature of their action on The human body is divided into generally toxic, irritating, sensitizing (causing allergic diseases), carcinogenic (causing the development of tumors), mutagenic (causing hereditary changes in the body) and affecting reproductive function (acting on the germ cells of the body).

3. Dangerous and harmful biological factors

Biologically hazardous and harmful production factors: microorganisms - producers, living cells and spores contained in bacterial preparations, pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, spirochetes, fungi, protozoa) and their metabolic products, as well as macroorganisms (plants and animals).

4. Dangerous and harmful psychophysiological factors

Psychophysiological hazardous and harmful production factors (severity and intensity of work): physical activity (static and dynamic) and neuropsychic overload (mental overstrain, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work, emotional overload).

Hygienic standards for working conditions

All factors of the production environment are standardized in order to establish hygienic standards. The heyday of the concept of threshold exposure harmful factors falls on the middle of the last century. The concept of threshold exposure to harmful factors in the working environment is aimed at compliance with hygienic standards of working conditions, which include:

• MPC– maximum permissible concentration of chemicals;
• Remote control– maximum permissible level of physical pollution;
• PDZ– maximum permissible value;
• Traffic regulations– maximum permissible dose of hazardous factors.

Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) were established on the basis that there is a certain limiting value of a harmful factor, below which staying in a given area or using a product is completely safe.

To establish MPCs, calculation methods, results of biological experiments, as well as materials from dynamic observations of the health status of linden trees exposed to harmful substances are used. To establish MPCs, calculation methods, results of biological experiments, as well as materials from dynamic observations of the health status of persons exposed to harmful substances are used. Recently, computer modeling methods using databases or information-predictive systems, biotesting at various objects, etc. have also been widely used.

Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants are calculated based on their content in atmospheric air, soil, water and are established for each harmful substance (or microorganism) separately. MPC values ​​are established based on the influence of harmful substances on humans, and these values ​​are generally accepted for the entire territory and water area Russian Federation.

MAC levels of the same substance are different for different environmental objects:

• For atmospheric air in populated areas and enclosed spaces, maximum permissible concentrations are established. – average daily, MPC m.r. – maximum one-time;
• For the air in the working area, the maximum permissible concentration is r.z. – in the working area, maximum permissible concentration r.s. – medium shift in the work area;
• For the aquatic environment, MAC v1 - water bodies of the first category of water use, MAC v2 - water bodies of the second category of water use, MAC fish farms - for reservoirs for fishing purposes;
• MPC p. – for soil;
• MPC p.p. – for food.

The maximum one-time MPC value is set to prevent human reflex reactions during short-term exposure to impurities. The average daily MPC value is established to prevent the general toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic effect of a substance on the human body.

Hygienic standards for working conditions (MPC, PDU)- these are the levels of harmful factors in the working environment, which, when working daily (except weekends) for eight hours, but not more than 40 hours per week, during the entire working period, should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected modern methods research, in the process of work or in the long term of the life of the present and subsequent generations. Compliance with hygiene standards does not exclude health problems in people with hypersensitivity.

Maximum permissible value of fire hazard factor (IDZ OFP)- this is the value of a fire hazard, the impact of which on a person during the critical duration of the fire does not lead to injury, illness or deviation in health over a normatively established period of time, and the impact on material assets does not lead to the loss of their target functions or consumer qualities. The critical duration of a fire is the time during which the maximum permissible value of a fire hazard is reached.

Maximum permissible doses (MAD) of ionizing radiation- this is a hygienic standard that regulates the highest permissible value of an individual equivalent dose in the entire human body or in individual organs, which does not cause adverse changes in the health of persons working with sources of ionizing radiation.

This standard is established by law. In the Russian Federation, the main regulatory legal acts in the field of radiation safety are the Federal Law of 01/09/1996 N 3-FZ “On Radiation Safety of the Population” (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Radiation Safety of the Population), San Pi N 2.6.1. 2523-09 “Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99/2009)” and SP 2.6.1. 2612-10 “Basic sanitary rules ensuring radiation safety (OSPORB-99/2010).”

The action of ionizing radiation is a complex process and, when exposed to the human body, can cause two types of effects that are classified as diseases in clinical medicine:

• Deterministic(causally determined) threshold effects (radiation sickness, radiation burn, radiation cataract (clouding of the lens), radiation infertility, anomalies in fetal development, etc.), in relation to which the existence of a threshold is assumed, below which there is no effect, and above which the severity of the effect depends from dose;
• Stochastic(random, probabilistic) non-threshold effects (malignant tumors, leukemia, hereditary diseases), the probability of occurrence of which is proportional to the dose and for which the severity of the manifestation depends on the dose.

Radiobiological experiments at the cellular and molecular levels have shown the possibility of even single acts of ionization to cause disruption of certain hereditary mechanisms. In addition, we cannot exclude the possibility of disturbances in cellular structures at low doses of radiation and somatic-stochastic and genetic effects caused by these disturbances.

In the absence of direct evidence of the influence of radiation in small doses or the harmlessness of this radiation and taking into account the need for a careful, humane approach to normalizing radiation exposure when developing radiation safety standards, a hypothesis was proposed about the absence of a threshold for stochastic effects of radiation according to the linear relationship between the dose and the effect in the region of small doses. doses This hypothesis, in the form of an official concept, has been accepted by the International Committee on Radiation Protection and the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation as the basis for assessing and predicting damage from the use of ionizing radiation and for implementing practical developments in the field of radiation protection. Most often, this hypothesis is called the concept of a non-threshold linear dose-response relationship.

All hygiene standards are based on an 8-hour work shift. For longer shifts, but not more than 40 hours per week, in each specific case the possibility of work must be agreed upon with the territorial department of Rospotrebnadzor, taking into account the health indicators of workers (according to periodic medical examinations etc.), the presence of complaints about working conditions and mandatory compliance with hygiene standards.

It should be noted that exceeding hygienic standards during the work of workers leads to an increase in industrial accidents, occupational diseases, production-related diseases, loss of working capacity and professional disability of a significant number of workers.

The state of the production environment has a significant impact on human performance, primarily due to changes occurring in the balance of energy costs. Unfavorable working conditions cause increased energy expenditure on basic metabolism and the human body’s resistance to external influences, forming a negative attitude towards work. Accordingly, the possibility of energy consumption for performing labor activities is reduced, which also causes a decrease in performance. It is possible that the overall resistance of the human body may decrease, which leads to the development of both occupational and general diseases.

A decrease in the level of efficiency, loss of time due to illness and injury, an increase in time spent on rest, an increase in defects and a decrease in product quality, the emergence of excessive staff turnover due to unsatisfactory working conditions, this is a far from complete list of the consequences of an unfavorable production environment leading to a decrease in efficiency activities of organizations.

We should not forget about the colossal social damage: deterioration in the health of workers (and often, as a consequence, their offspring), partial or complete loss of ability to work as a result of injuries and illnesses, a drop in work motivation, a decrease in the level of income and consumption of people who lost their ability to work prematurely, and their families. That is why the problems of creating healthy and safe working conditions are of particular relevance in our country.

Labor protection is a system for preserving the life and health of workers in the process of work, which includes legal, socio-economic, organizational, technical, sanitary and hygienic, treatment and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

Working conditions are a set of factors in the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of the employee.

A harmful production factor is a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead to illness.

A hazardous production factor is a production factor, the impact of which on a worker can lead to injury.

Safe conditions labor - working conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors is excluded or the levels of their impact do not exceed established standards.

Workplace- a place where an employee must be or where he needs to arrive in connection with his work and which is directly or indirectly under the control of the employer.

Personal and collective protective equipment for workers are technical means used to prevent or reduce the impact of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors on workers, as well as to protect against pollution.

The occupational safety management system is a complex of interrelated and interacting elements that establish policies and goals in the field of occupational safety for a particular employer and procedures for achieving these goals. The standard regulation on the labor safety management system is approved by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of labor, taking into account the opinion of the Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations.

Production activity is a set of actions of workers using means of labor necessary to transform resources into finished products, including production and processing various types raw materials, construction, provision of various types of services.

Labor protection requirements - state regulatory requirements for labor protection, including labor safety standards, as well as labor protection requirements established by labor protection rules and instructions.

State examination of working conditions - assessment of the compliance of the object of examination with state regulatory requirements for labor protection.

Occupational safety standards are rules, procedures, criteria and standards aimed at preserving the life and health of workers in the process of work and regulating the implementation of socio-economic, organizational, sanitary and hygienic, treatment and preventive, rehabilitation measures in the field of labor protection.

Occupational risk is the likelihood of causing harm to health as a result of exposure to harmful and (or) hazardous production factors when an employee performs his duties employment contract or in other cases established by this Code and other federal laws. The procedure for assessing the level of occupational risk is established by the federal executive body that carries out the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of labor, taking into account the opinion of the Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations.

Occupational risk management is a set of interrelated activities that are elements of the occupational safety management system and include measures to identify, assess and reduce levels of occupational risks.

Commentary to Art. 209 Labor Code of the Russian Federation

1. The basic concepts in the field of labor protection presented in this article contribute to the correct and uniform application of fundamental standards labor law in protecting the legal rights and interests of the parties to the employment contract.

2. When formulating these concepts, the provisions of relevant international legal acts were taken into account, in particular ILO Convention No. 155 “On Occupational Safety, Health and the Working Environment” (1981), as well as other acts.

Second commentary to Article 209 of the Labor Code

1. Section X (chapters 33 - 36) of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation combines the norms of the Institute of Labor Protection. This is one of the most important institutions of labor law, ensuring safe and healthy working conditions. The commented article of the Code enshrines the basic concepts of this institution: “labor safety”, “working conditions”, “harmful production factor”, “dangerous production factor”, “safe working conditions”, “workplace”, “personal and collective protective equipment for workers” ", "Certificate of Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health (Safety Certificate)", "Production Activities".

Occupational safety is a system for preserving the life and health of an employee in the process of work, which includes legal, socio-economic, organizational, technical, sanitary and hygienic, treatment and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

So, labor protection is the creation of healthy and safe working conditions by various means. Depending on the latter, labor protection is distinguished in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, labor protection is a system of measures to preserve the life and health of workers in the process of work, including legal, socio-economic, organizational, technical, sanitary and hygienic, treatment and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures. This concept of protection was enshrined in Art. 1 of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health in the Russian Federation” of July 17, 1999 (SZ RF. 1999. N 29. Art. 3702) (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Occupational Safety and Health) and Art. 209 Labor Code of the Russian Federation. It has now become invalid.

In a narrow sense, labor protection is a set of measures in the following areas: legal, economic, organizational and technical (safety of equipment, means of production), medical and preventive, etc. Therefore, certain areas of labor protection are studied in the relevant universities. In law schools, the emphasis is on the legal institution of labor protection as a system of legal norms that ensure health and safe working conditions, enshrined in the specified Law on Labor Protection and in Chapters 33 - 36, 41, 42 and, as well as in other laws and regulations, in collective agreements and agreements.

But only labor protection in its broadest sense can ensure healthy and safe working conditions. If at least some of its components (i.e., the labor protection component in the narrow sense) are not properly ensured, the entire labor protection system is practically not ensured. So, if machines, equipment, tools, machines (technical components) are unsafe for the life and health of workers, accidents and industrial injuries are inevitable, which, by the way, last years due to wear and tear of equipment has increased significantly.

If the legal aspect of labor protection is violated, the entire labor protection system is also violated. The same thing happens when there is a violation of its socio-economic or medical components. Consequently, comprehensive labor protection will only be ensured when all its components in a broad sense are met.

2. Section X of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation in accordance with Art. 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is aimed at preserving the life and health of workers in the process of their work. They established the main directions (principles) of state policy in the field of labor protection, public administration labor protection, the right of workers to labor protection and its guarantees, measures to ensure labor protection. On special rules for labor protection for women, minors and persons with family responsibilities, see comments to Chapters 41, 42, 57 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the Federal Law “On Compulsory Social Insurance against Industrial Accidents and Occupational Diseases” of July 2, 1998 .

3. Working conditions are a set of factors in the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of the employee. They can be normal, severe, harmful, dangerous to the life and health of workers. These production factors are a component ( integral part) general conditions labor, which the employee negotiates with the employer, i.e. his work time, rest time, including all types of vacations, wages and other conditions.

4. Exposure to a harmful production factor can lead to employee illness, and occupational disease. For example, a miner has different forms of silicosis, when the lungs are filled with coal dust.

5. A hazardous production factor affecting an employee can injure him. It is especially evident in blasting operations, the work of firefighters, steeplejacks, divers, etc.

6. Article 209 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation gives the concept of safe working conditions. These are conditions under which the employee’s exposure to harmful and (or) hazardous production factors is excluded or the level of their exposure does not exceed established standards. Therefore, in normal production practice they are called normal working conditions, as stated in the Labor Code.

7. The workplace is the place where the employee performs or must perform his work in the general labor process, which is directly or indirectly under the control of the employer or representatives of his administration, direct supervisors of work.

8. Personal and collective protective equipment is intended to prevent or reduce the impact on workers of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors (gas masks, respirators, goggles, masks, etc.), as well as to protect against pollution (working clothes, soap and etc.).

9. A safety certificate is a document certifying the compliance of the labor protection work carried out in an organization with the established state regulatory requirements. Each production must have a safety certificate.

New and refurbished production facilities and means of production cannot be put into operation if they do not have a safety certificate issued in the prescribed manner. At existing enterprises, in accordance with the Certification Regulations, an appropriate safety certificate is issued (Parts 3 and 4 of Article 11 of the Law on Labor Protection).

10. The new edition of the commented article has changed the name of the certificate of conformity of work on labor protection (safety certificate). Now it is called a “certificate of compliance with the organization of labor protection work” and is a document certifying the compliance of the employer’s labor protection work with state regulatory labor protection requirements.

11. Art. 209 in new edition introduces new concepts of the institute of labor protection, such as:

a) “labor safety requirements” - state regulatory labor protection requirements established by the rules and instructions on labor protection;

b) “state examination of working conditions” - assessment of the compliance of the object of examination with state regulatory requirements for labor protection;

c) “certification of workplaces according to working conditions” - assessment of working conditions at workplaces in order to identify harmful and (or) dangerous production factors and implement measures to bring working conditions into compliance with state regulatory requirements for labor protection.

The federal executive body, which carries out the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of labor, establishes the procedure for certification of workplaces.

Which takes place in a space called the production environment.

In the production environment, there are objective factors that negatively affect a person in the process of his life.

Harmful production factor- an industrial factor, the impact of which on a worker can lead to illness (unfavorable microclimate, elevated levels, poor lighting, unfavorable air ion composition).

Hazardous production factor- an industrial factor, the impact of which on a worker can lead to injury (height, fire, electric current, moving objects, explosion).

Physical factors— moving machines and mechanisms, increased levels of noise and vibration, electromagnetic and ionizing radiation, insufficient lighting, increased level of static electricity, increased voltage in the electrical circuit, etc.

Chemical factors- substances and compounds that differ in their state of aggregation and have toxic, irritant, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on the human body and affect its reproductive function.

Biological factors- pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, spirochetes) and their metabolic products, as well as animals and plants.

Psychophysiological factors— factors of the labor process. These include physical (static and dynamic overload) and neuropsychic overload (mental overstrain, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work, emotional overload).

Harmful production factors can lead to decreased ability to work and occupational diseases, hazardous factors can lead to industrial injuries and industrial accidents.

Ensuring labor protection— the basis for highly productive and creative activities of enterprise employees various forms property. Problems of labor protection are versatile and multifaceted, affecting many aspects of the life and activities of work collectives, the organization of production and labor, the organization of production management, etc.

In order to ensure compliance with labor protection requirements, monitor their implementation at each employer carrying out production activities, the number of employees of which exceeds 50 people, an occupational safety service is created or the position of an occupational safety specialist with appropriate training or experience in this field is introduced.

An employer whose number of employees does not exceed 50 people decides to create an occupational safety service or introduce the position of an occupational safety specialist, taking into account the specifics of its production activities.

If the employer does not have an occupational safety service or a full-time occupational safety specialist, their functions are performed by the employer - individual entrepreneur(personally), the head of the organization, another employee authorized by the employer, or an organization or specialist providing services in the field of labor protection, engaged by the employer under a civil contract. Organizations providing services in the field of labor protection are subject to mandatory accreditation. The list of services for which accreditation is required, and the rules of accreditation are established by the federal executive body that carries out the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of labor.

The structure of the occupational safety service in the organization and the number of workers in the occupational safety service are determined by the employer, taking into account the recommendations federal body executive power, which carries out the functions of legal regulation in the sphere of labor.

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health— a system for preserving the life and health of workers in the process of work, which includes legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, treatment and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

Legal events- consist in creating a system of legal norms that establish standards for safe and healthy working conditions and legal means to ensure their compliance, i.e. protected by the state under penalty of sanctions. This system of legal norms is based on and includes: federal laws, laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, secondary legislation regulations executive authorities of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as local regulations adopted at specific enterprises and organizations.

Socio-economic events include: measures of state incentives for employers to improve the level of labor protection; establishing compensation and benefits for performing heavy work, as well as for working in harmful and dangerous working conditions; protection of certain, least socially protected categories of workers; compulsory social insurance and payment of compensation in the event of occupational diseases and work-related injuries, etc.

Organizational and technical measures consist in organizing labor protection services and commissions at enterprises and organizations for the purpose of planning work on labor protection, as well as ensuring control over compliance with labor protection rules; organizing training for managers and staff; informing workers about the presence (absence) of harmful and dangerous factors; certification of workplaces, as well as in order to eliminate or reduce the impact of negative factors, carrying out measures to introduce new safe technologies, use safe machines, mechanisms and materials; increasing labor discipline and technological discipline, etc.

Sanitary and hygienic measures consist of carrying out work aimed at reducing industrial hazards in order to prevent occupational diseases.

Treatment and preventive measures include the organization of primary and periodic medical examinations, organization of therapeutic and preventive nutrition, etc.

Rehabilitation activities imply the obligation of the administration (employer) to transfer the employee to a more light work in accordance with medical indicators, etc.

The purpose of labor protection— minimize the likelihood of injury or illness to working personnel while maximizing labor productivity.

Working conditions— a set of factors in the working environment and the labor process that influence human performance and health.

Safe working conditions— working conditions under which exposure to harmful and (or) hazardous production factors on workers is excluded or their exposure levels do not exceed established standards.

Focus legal regulation labor protection is determined by Art. 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which establishes that everyone has the right to work in conditions that meet safety and hygiene requirements.

In order to improve legislative framework on labor protection, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation was adopted on December 30, 2001 (as amended on June 30, 2006).

• complying with labor protection requirements;
• training in safe methods and techniques for performing labor protection work, instruction in labor protection;
• carrying out certification of workplaces according to working conditions with subsequent certification of the organization of work on labor protection;
• informing workers about labor conditions and safety in the workplace, about the risk of damage to health and the compensation they are entitled to and personal protective equipment;
• investigation and recording of industrial accidents and occupational diseases;
• compulsory social insurance of workers against industrial accidents and occupational diseases;
• familiarization of workers with labor protection requirements, etc.

It specifies the employee’s rights to work in conditions that meet labor protection requirements (Article 219), as well as the employee’s responsibilities in the field of labor protection (Article 214).

In case of violation of labor protection, the Labor Code provides for liability: disciplinary (remark, reprimand, dismissal); administrative (fine from 5 to 50 minimum wages, for repeated violations disqualification through the court); criminal (fine from 200 to 500 minimum wages, or correctional labor for up to 2 years, or imprisonment for two years, in the event of the death of an employee, imprisonment for up to 5 years).

In accordance with the Decree of the Ministry of Labor and social development Russia “On certification of workplaces for working conditions” dated March 14, 1997 No. 12, all enterprises, regardless of their form of ownership, are required to conduct certification of workplaces for working conditions.

Currently, state policy and legal regulation in the field of labor conditions and safety are carried out by the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation. A Workplace Certification Program for Working Conditions for 2005-2008 has been developed, which is designed to assess the working conditions of each employee and promptly take measures to eliminate identified inconsistencies with the requirements of the regulatory legal framework for labor protection.

Certification of workplaces according to working conditions— assessment of working conditions at workplaces in order to identify harmful and (or) dangerous production factors and implement measures to bring working conditions into compliance with state regulatory requirements for labor protection.

All workplaces available in the organization are subject to certification for working conditions; certification is carried out at least once every 5 years. Workplaces are subject to mandatory recertification after replacement production equipment, changes technological process, as well as at the request of the labor conditions certification bodies of the Russian Federation, which revealed violations during the certification of workplaces for working conditions.

Based on the results of the certification, an action plan is developed to improve and improve working conditions in the organization. After certification of workplaces for working conditions, it is planned to carry out certification of labor protection work with the issuance of a safety certificate (SSOT) for five years, which is carried out in accordance with the resolution of the Ministry of Labor of Russia “On the creation of a Certification System for labor protection work in organizations” dated April 24, 2002 G.

Certificate of compliance with the organization of work on labor protection— a document certifying the compliance of the employer’s labor protection work with state regulatory labor protection requirements.

The results of certification of workplaces and certification of labor protection work directly affect the protection of employee rights to safe working conditions and compensation for work in harmful and difficult working conditions. In Art. 146 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation establishes that workers engaged in heavy work, work with harmful, dangerous and other special conditions labor is produced at an increased rate. The mechanism for establishing discounts and surcharges on insurance rates for compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases is also directly dependent on the certification of workplaces for working conditions. Required condition To calculate the size of the discount to the insurance rate, the employer carries out certification of working conditions for at least 30% of workplaces.

During the labor process, the employee is influenced by various negative factors of the production environment and the labor process. The set of factors in the working environment and the labor process that influence the performance and health of a worker is called working conditions.

Based on the type of impact on the employee, factors in the working environment are divided into hazardous and harmful production factors.

Hazardous production factor(OPF) is a production factor whose impact on a worker can lead to injury. OPF includes all types of energy effects (kinetic, potential, electrical, thermal, chemical, etc.). The sources of manifestation of such factors, in particular, are moving machines, primarily moving rolling stock, moving parts of production equipment, various lifting and transport vehicles, electric current, flying particles of the material being processed, heated and hot products and workpieces, active toxic and aggressive chemicals etc.

Harmful production factor(HPF) is a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead to illness. HPF includes increased levels of noise and vibration, increased or decreased air temperature in the working area, dust and gas contamination in the air in the working area, etc.

There is a certain connection between OPF and VPF. At high levels HMFs can become dangerous. Depending on the quantitative characteristics and duration of action, individual factors in the working environment can be both dangerous and harmful. For example, industrial noise at high levels can lead to injury to the hearing aid, and high concentrations of harmful substances can cause acute poisoning or death.

The presence of HPF in the work area enhances the impact of OPF. For example, increased humidity and air temperature in the work area, and the presence of conductive dust (VCD) significantly increase the risk of electric shock to a worker. Increased noise levels and adverse weather conditions (AUC) increase the danger of a rolling stock collision (ACC).

Working conditions under which the impact on workers of OPF and HPF is excluded or their levels do not exceed hygienic standards are called safe working conditions.

The following are distinguished: hazard identification stages:

• 1) identification of dangerous and harmful production factors, determination of their full range;
• 2) assessment of the impact of these factors on humans, determination of acceptable levels of exposure and the amount of acceptable risk;
• 3) determination, instrumentally or by calculation, of the spatio-temporal and quantitative characteristics of these factors;
• 4) establishing the causes and identifying the sources of occurrence of these factors;
• 5) assessment of the consequences and their impact on humans.

One of the main and most difficult tasks of identifying hazards is to establish the possible causes of their occurrence. It is quite difficult and not always possible to fully identify all existing hazardous and harmful production factors.

The classification of hazardous and harmful production factors (HWPF) is important in the process of identifying hazards.

By the nature of the effect on humans OVPFs are divided into physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological groups.

Physical OVPF are divided:

• - on moving machines and mechanisms;
• - moving parts of production equipment;
• - moving products, workpieces, materials, collapsing structures;
• - increased dust and gas contamination of the air in the working area;
• - increased (or decreased) air temperature in the working area; increased noise level in the workplace;
• - increased level of vibration;
• - increased level of infrasonic vibrations;
• - increased (or decreased) air humidity;
• - increased (or decreased) air ionization;
• - an increased voltage value of an electrical circuit, the closure of which can occur through the human body;
• - increased level of static electricity;
• - increased level of electromagnetic radiation;
• - lack (or lack) of natural light;
• - insufficient illumination of the working area;
• - increased light brightness;
• - reduced light contrast;
• - increased pulsation of light flux;
• - sharp edges, burrs and roughness on the surfaces of workpieces, tools and equipment;
• - location of the workplace at a significant height relative to the surface of the earth (floor), etc.

Chemical OVPF are divided:

• - by the nature of the effect on the human body: toxic, irritating, sensitizing, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and also affecting reproductive function;
• - along the route of penetration into the human body: through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, skin and mucous membranes.

Biological CVPFs include pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, spirochetes, fungi, protozoa) and their metabolic products and macroorganisms (plants and animals).

Psychophysiological CVPF According to the nature of the action, they are divided into physical (static and dynamic) and neuropsychic overload (monotony of work, mental overstrain, overstrain of visual analyzers). Psychophysiological CVPF are factors in the labor process, characterized by the severity and intensity of work.

Heavinesslabor- characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the predominant load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) that ensure its activity.

The severity of work is characterized by:

• - physical dynamic load;
• - the mass of the load lifted and moved manually;
• - the total number of stereotypical labor movements;
• - the magnitude of the static load;
• - the nature of the working posture;
• - the number and degree of inclination of the body;
• - movement in space (horizontally and vertically).

Tensionlabor- a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load primarily on the central nervous system, sensory organs, and emotional sphere of the employee. Factors characterizing labor intensity include intellectual, sensory, emotional stress and their monotony, as well as the work schedule.

The same dangerous and harmful production factor, by the nature of its action, can simultaneously belong to different groups.

To identify OVPF, engineering, expert, sociological and organoleptic methods are used.

Engineering method identifies hazards that have a probabilistic nature of origin. Expert method involves the creation of a special expert group, which includes various specialists who give an opinion. Sociological method used to identify hazards by researching the opinions of workers through surveys. Registration method consists in using information about the accounting of specific negative events, the costs of any resources, and the number of victims. At organoleptic method information received by human senses (vision, touch, smell, taste, etc.) is used, for example, external visual inspection equipment, products, determining by ear (by the monotony of the sound) the clarity of the engine, etc.

One of the important tasks of identifying CVPFs is to identify areas hazardous to humans in which production factors operate or may operate, as well as to establish their connection with the nature of the work performed (related or unrelated).

TO zones of permanently operating OVPF can be attributed:

• - workplaces near non-insulated live parts of electrical installations;
• - unfenced workplaces at a height of 1.8 m or more;
• - workplaces near heated or cooled work surfaces.

TO areas of potentially hazardous production factors can be attributed:

• - areas near the movement of machines and equipment, including work areas near moving railway transport;
• - areas of the territory near buildings and structures under construction;
• - areas over which various lifting mechanisms move, etc.

Protective fences must be installed at the boundaries of permanently operating OVPF zones, and signal fences and safety signs must be installed at the boundaries of zones of potentially hazardous production factors.

In table Table 1.1 shows the types of HFPF characteristic of railway transport enterprises, their main sources and zones of manifestation, as well as categories of workers exposed to these factors.

Table 1.1

Classification of hazardous and harmful production factors

End of table. 1.1

* Given according to |21|.

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