Structure of the military-industrial complex, purpose, specialization. Enterprises of the Russian military-industrial complex. Report: Defense-industrial complex

1. The essence and structure of the defense industry. The value of OPC for national economy

The military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation is part of the Russian economy and includes bodies government controlled and authorities, industrial enterprises and scientific organizations engaged in defense research and the creation of weapons and military equipment. The terms “military industry” and “defense industry” are also used as synonyms for the defense industry.

The defense industry includes industries that specifically produce military products (for example, artillery, missiles, submarines), as well as industries that produce civilian products. Enterprises from various industries can take part in the development and production of weapons and military equipment, for most of which such work may be non-core. Thus, there are several definitions of defense industry, but they all boil down to one most general one. The defense-industrial complex is a set of scientific, research, testing organizations and industrial enterprises (factories) that fulfill state defense orders, i.e., producing products and services in the interests of defense for Russians security forces and ensuring the supply of weapons and military equipment (WME) to foreign states within the framework of military-technical cooperation. The defense industrial complex unites large state and private enterprises (concerns, consortiums, trusts, etc.), associated in their activities with other manufacturers of military products, research and testing organizations (institutes, universities, laboratories, testing grounds) that order institutions of the armed forces and government bodies.

The core of the Russian military-industrial complex today unites more than 1,400 enterprises and organizations whose main activity is the development and production of weapons and military equipment. These enterprises are supervised by the federal authorities either directly (for state-owned enterprises) or indirectly through the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of defense industry (for joint-stock companies). Production capacity, previously used to produce weapons and military equipment, are being re-equipped with varying degrees of efficiency to produce dual-use or purely civilian products. Thus, the aviation industry produces gas turbine units and gas pumping units, oil field equipment, and metal-cutting machines with automated control systems. The electronics industry produces integrated circuits, vacuum and semiconductor devices, and control and measuring equipment. The shipbuilding industry produces fire-fighting vessels, tugs, and fishing vessels (mainly for export). The production of medical equipment and equipment for multifunctional monitoring is developing at enterprises of the rocket and space industry. environment.

The defense industry complex, depending on the type of activity, includes the following main objects:

Research organizations engaged in theoretical developments;

Design bureaus (KB), creating prototypes of weapons;

Testing laboratories and testing grounds where weapons that have just left the factory walls are tested;

Manufacturing plants where weapons are released.

Share industrial enterprises in the defense complex is about 45%, the remaining 55% comes from scientific organizations and research and production associations involved in the development and modernization of weapons and military equipment.

According to its sectoral composition, the defense industry is divided into several main sectors:

1. Nuclear weapons production

2. Aviation industry

3. Rocket and space industry

4. Production of small arms and artillery weapons

5. Military shipbuilding

6. Armor industry

7. Radio-electronic industry.

Russia has 45% of the world's uranium enrichment capacity. With the decline in nuclear weapons production, these industries are becoming increasingly export-oriented. The products of these enterprises go both to civilian nuclear power plants and to the production of nuclear weapons and industrial reactors. The aviation industrial complex is dominant in the structure of the domestic defense industry. It accounts for about 35% of the total production of the defense complex. The rocket and space industry is one of the most knowledge-intensive and technically complex industries. Research and development organizations in the industry are concentrated largely in the Moscow region. Military shipbuilding is difficult to separate from civilian shipbuilding, since until recently most Russian shipyards worked for defense. The largest shipbuilding center in Russia is St. Petersburg, where there are about 40 enterprises in this industry. Electronic products essentially represent the intellectual basis of modern weapons and military equipment (WME).

A feature of the Russian defense industry is the location of many of its enterprises in so-called “closed” cities, which until recently were often not mentioned even on geographical maps.

It is necessary to create a general concept of the defense industry as a sector National economy, designed to simultaneously materially ensure the country’s defense capability, raise the technological level of its economic development, and bring export revenues to the state. At the moment, the ownership structure of the Russian military-industrial complex is dominated by joint stock companies(their share is about 57%), and 28.2% of enterprises in the defense complex do not have any state share. Thus, according to the Accounts Chamber, more than 230 enterprises were corporatized in the Russian aviation industry, of which the state retained a controlling stake in only seven, and in more than 90 new joint-stock companies the state today does not own a single share. The defense industry consists of those industrial assets that provide key elements of military power and national security: such assets require special attention from the government. The Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FSUE) Rosoboronexport was created in 2000 as a state intermediary for foreign trade operations of military products - only through it can Russian arms manufacturers (with a few exceptions) enter the foreign market. First of all, we're talking about about export as the basis of demand for the complex’s products. The share of exports of defense and civilian defense industry products in gross industrial output is 42.6% (2004).

The number of people employed in the defense industry is 23.5% of the total number of employees in the country. Approximately 2 million people directly produce weapons and military equipment. Nowadays, a significant number of military-industrial complex enterprises suffer from hidden unemployment. The quality of the composition has also deteriorated comprehensively work force. Thus, average age the employee is 43 years old (and in research institutes and design bureaus - 45 years old). About 16% of the total number of personnel are young people under 30 years old. The percentage of working women is high - 52% and pensioners - 11.5% (in research institutes and design bureaus - 12.5%).

Military-industrial complex enterprises are located throughout the country. Regions with a large share of people employed at military-industrial complex enterprises have significant potential for mass migration of workers to other regions. So. with sufficient investment in the production and housing and communal spheres, economic and social tension is created. Thus, in these areas it is important to take into account local employment opportunities for defense workers being displaced. The most difficult situation in the military-industrial complex is manifested in a collapse in production volumes, financial difficulties, a decrease technical level production.

So, we can name the most important difficulties in the Russian defense industry, such as: imperfect management, lack of financial security, not fully thought through conversion and significant privatization of enterprises.

It is quite natural that privatization at military-industrial complex enterprises was accompanied by the cessation of government funding. But the new owners and labor collectives were unable to properly invest in production, and in particular its defense part. As a result, a large-scale and difficult-to-control for the state process of enterprises moving away from the production of military equipment and a reduction in the range of military products began, which was practically not accompanied by the progressive unification of weapons and military equipment. In subsequent years, this situation only worsened.

The main problem of the military-industrial complex, however, is scarce funding. The meager funding has put the scientific and design organizations of the military-industrial complex in a very difficult situation, followed by a loss of reproductive potential, especially for high-tech weapons and military equipment. Its restoration will subsequently require significantly more funds than maintaining it at the current level.

The deterioration of the financial situation of defense enterprises has led to a sharp obsolescence of equipment. In fact, the insufficient level of investment in the re-equipment of operating and mobilization facilities leads to their rapid moral and physical aging, which in the near future will undoubtedly affect the ability to produce modern weapons and military equipment. Widespread distribution and use of outdated technologies is characteristic of the Russian economy. Their share exceeds 80% of the used technological potential.

The continuing reduction in the number of employees is largely due to the relatively low level of wages in the military-industrial complex (while some enterprises still have debts to pay them). Average wage workers of industrial enterprises of the defense industry in 2006, according to preliminary data, amounted to 9,650 rubles against 11,303 rubles of the average monthly accrued salary for the country as a whole (November 2006).

Development and preservation of human resources, improving its quality, including through the use of a system of professional retraining and additional vocational education, are largely determined by the financial and economic state of enterprises and organizations of the defense industry. Problems and challenges personnel policy in the military-industrial complex, training (retraining) of scientific, engineering and technical personnel for defense enterprises and organizations were considered on November 2, 2006 at a meeting of the Military-Industrial Commission under the Government Russian Federation. At this meeting, decisions were made on the issues of training and retaining personnel for organizations in the defense industries.

In accordance with the instructions adopted at this meeting, the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia, together with other interested federal executive bodies, is developing a set of measures to provide the defense industries with scientific personnel and specialists.

Pursuant to the instructions of the Military-Industrial Commission under the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, with the participation of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia, adopted on December 30, 2006, Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation N 854 “On state plan preparation scientific workers, specialists and workers for organizations of the military-industrial complex for 2007 - 2010." According to operational information, the profit of industrial enterprises of the defense industry for 11 months exceeded the level of 2005. Accounts payable during this period increased by 22.3. Accounts payable for payments to the budget amounted to 5.6% of the total amount of accounts payable. The accounts payable of defense industry organizations to state extra-budgetary funds is 3.2%.

Despite the positive changes, the financial situation of industrial enterprises and scientific organizations The defense industry remains complex. Enterprises continue to lack working capital. Low level of profitability does not allow investment own funds for the development of production. In 2006, the growth of investments in the defense-industrial complex from all sources of financing was estimated to be 105.6%. The share of own and attracted funds in the total volume of investments is estimated at 67% and 33%, respectively. The bulk of budget funds (about 70%) is allocated to the purchase of new equipment.

According to preliminary estimates, the volume of exports of military products in 2006 remained almost at the 2005 level. In 2006, the share of exports of aviation industry products increased, while the share of supplies of equipment for the Navy decreased. The main importing countries of Russian weapons and military equipment are still China, India, Algeria, Vietnam, Yemen, Libya, and the Republic of Korea. In 2006, there was a tendency to expand exports to the countries of Central and Latin America (Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay).

In 2007, according to estimates, Russia will remain among the leaders of arms exporting countries (in second place after the United States). The volume of exports of civilian products by defense industry organizations in 2006 is estimated at the 2005 level - about 700.0-725.0 million dollars.

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ...............3

1. Composition of the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation.................................................... ........................................................ ...5

2. Legislative basis.................................................... ....................................6

3. Federal executive authorities in the management of the military-industrial complex.................................................... ........................................16

3.1. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation................................................... ...........................17

3.2. Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation...................................19

3.2.1.Department of the military-industrial complex....................................19

3.2.2. Federal agency for industry........................................22

3.3. Federal Space Agency........................................................ ..........24

3.4. Federal Atomic Energy Agency................................................................. 25

3.5. Federal Agency for the Supply of Military, Special Equipment and Materials.................................................... ........................................................ 28

3.6. Military-Industrial Commission under the Government of the Russian Federation.................................29

4. Expert Council on the problems of legislative support for the development of the military-industrial complex under the Chairman of the Federation Council................................................... ........................................................ ...........................39

Conclusion................................................. ........................................................ .......44

Introduction.

One of essential means National security is ensured by its armed forces and the military-industrial complex as a whole. National security - one of the main needs of the state and society - today is becoming extremely important for the successful implementation of its political, socio-economic and spiritual-ideological tasks. This implies the need for constant attention on the part of the state to the problems of the development of the military-industrial complex (DIC), the development and production of weapons and military equipment, the necessary level of scientific, technical and military-technical potential that ensures Russia the role of a great power in the world. The need for such an understanding and real actions by the country's political leadership is also due to the actions of Western countries, and primarily the United States, seeking to change the balance of armed forces in their favor, both in the West and on the southern borders of Russia.

The state is obliged to develop the main directions and prospects for the development of the military-industrial complex. It is intended to determine the directions of the state defense-industrial policy, the required level of the country’s military-technical potential, taking into account the emerging international situation.

At the same time, it is important to take into account the historical experience of creating and developing the defense industry, accumulated in the USSR and over the last 15 years of the existence of the Russian state. Without taking into account the positive and negative aspects of this experience, it is impossible to determine the development strategy of the defense-industrial complex. This largely determines the relevance of the chosen research topic and the need to analyze the problems of the defense industry in public policy modern Russia. At the same time, it is important to take into account the accumulated Foreign experience in this domain. Another relevant factor, along with those mentioned above, is a significant increase in the importance in armed struggle and confrontation between states of information policy, implementation and use wide range means of information warfare, both open and hidden, not obvious technologies. As a result, today the criteria for protecting states from military threats are not fully consistent modern methods, methods and forms of military confrontation. This, in turn, forces the political leadership of the world's leading states to intensify efforts to improve and develop their defense-industrial complexes and solve their socio-economic and political problems. It should also be noted that a feature of the functioning of the military-industrial complex is the desire of a number of international terrorist organizations to use its advanced technologies, especially means of mass destruction, for their own criminal purposes. After September 11, 2001, the tragic events of hostage takings (in Moscow in October 2002, in Beslan in September 2004) it became finally clear that the Cold War was being replaced by a war of a completely different nature - the war against international terrorism . Therefore, the use of military force is one of the ways to counter such evil as the global spread of terrorist and extremist movements and groups.

All these objective factors necessitate constant state attention to the problems of the defense industry, and the scientific community to analysis current problems political and socio-economic development of the Russian military-industrial complex, searching for ways to increase its efficiency.

The object of the study is the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation as important tool ensuring the national security of the state.

The subject of the research is the system of public administration of the Russian military-industrial complex.

1. Composition of the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation.

Today, the military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the MIC) of Russia is a multifunctional research and production industry capable of developing and producing modern types and types of weapons, military and special equipment (hereinafter referred to as MIC), as well as producing a variety of high-tech civilian products. It is based on strategic enterprises and strategic joint-stock companies. The list of these enterprises and societies was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 4, 2004 No. 1009 (as amended on November 19, 2007). This list contains more than 1000 items, including:

· federal state unitary enterprises producing products (works, services) of strategic importance for ensuring the defense capability and security of the state, protecting morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation;

· open joint-stock companies, the shares of which are federally owned and the participation of the Russian Federation in the management of which ensures strategic interests, the defense capability and security of the state, the protection of morals, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation.

The defense industry consists of several industries:

1. Aviation industry.

2. Rocket and space industry.

3. Ammunition and special chemicals industry.

4. Weapons industry.

5. Radio industry.

6. Communications industry.

7. Electronics industry.

8. Shipbuilding industry.

9. Intersectoral structures and enterprises.

2. Legislative framework.

The basic law regulating the basis of the existence and functioning of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation is the federal law dated May 31, 1996 N 61-FZ “On Defense”.

This Federal Law defines the foundations and organization of the defense of the Russian Federation, the powers of state authorities of the Russian Federation, the functions of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, organizations and their officials, the rights and obligations of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of defense, forces and means attracted for defense, liability for violation of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of defense, as well as other rules relating to defense.

Defense means a system of political, economic, military, social, legal and other measures to prepare for armed defense and armed defense of the Russian Federation, the integrity and inviolability of its territory.

Defense is organized and carried out in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, this Federal Law, the laws of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts.

For defense purposes, military duty of citizens of the Russian Federation and military transport duty are established federal bodies executive power, bodies local government and organizations, regardless of their form of ownership, as well as vehicle owners.

For defense purposes, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are created. Involved in defense internal troops Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, civil defense troops (hereinafter referred to as other troops).

To carry out certain tasks in the field of defense, engineering, technical and road construction military formations under federal executive authorities (hereinafter referred to as military formations), the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, federal security service agencies, the federal agency for special communications and information, and federal government agencies are involved. security, the federal body for ensuring mobilization training of state authorities of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the bodies), as well as special formations created for wartime.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies carry out tasks in the field of defense in accordance with the Plan of Use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The creation and existence of formations that have a military organization or weapons and military equipment, or which provide for military service not provided for by federal laws, are prohibited and prosecuted by law.

Lands, forests, waters and other natural resources provided to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies are federal property.

Lands, forests, waters and other natural resources owned by constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, and private property may be withdrawn for the needs of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies only in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The sphere of technology has always been the engine of progress and development of society. In this article we will look at the system of the military-industrial complex, its impact on the Russian economy, structure and other important points.

First of all, new technologies appear in the military industry. Modern computers, improved instruments and other equipment have been fully funded by the state for many years. Subsequently, the development companies were able to diversify their technologies for civil society. The Russian Federation is no exception in this matter, just like its predecessor the USSR. A well-known fact: cigarettes in the USSR were the same diameter as gun cartridges. This trend led to an increase in the size of purchases in the military-industrial complex, after which enterprises were able to significantly expand the scope of their activities.

The development of the peaceful atom in general is the merit of the technology race in creating the atomic bomb. Defense technologies are still at the forefront of science.

What is OPK?

The defense industrial complex is a collection of enterprises and institutions that specialize in the production and development of equipment and military equipment.

Structure of the defense industry:

• research centers whose main task is theoretical research;
• design bureaus - create mock-ups and test samples based on the submitted documentation of the above-described institutions;
• laboratories and testing grounds that are designed to test new developments;
• enterprises engaged in the wide production of tested and approved samples.

Highlights of the military-industrial complex

1. Boundaries for placing objects. As a rule, all such enterprises and institutions are located far from central regions states. Such measures are necessary for the safety of ordinary citizens and maintaining confidentiality.
2. Rule of secrecy. All important objects are always well guarded; the cities in which they are located do not even appear on the map. They have no name and are simply numbered with a serial number.
3. Enterprises that are part of the Russian military-industrial complex necessarily have backups located chaotically in different parts of the country.

Defense industry specialization

• Construction complex: production of concrete slabs, floors and other materials.
• Chemical industry: the production of reagents, toxic substances that, for example, can be sprayed into the air, hitting the enemy at a long distance.
• MShK: supplies missiles, ships, cars, aircraft and armored vehicles, produces communications equipment, etc.
• FEC: engaged in the production of nuclear fuel.
• Light industry: uniform tailoring, production different types technical fabrics.

complex of Russia

We list several strategically important enterprises:

• Plant named after M.L. Mil, specializing in the production of helicopters, located in the Moscow region.
• PKO "Heat Exchanger" is located in the city of Nizhny Novgorod.
• Central Research Institute of Precision Engineering, built in Klimovsk.
• NPP "Rubin", operates in Penza.
• STC "Plant Leninets", located in St. Petersburg.

A breakthrough in artificial intelligence technology

It would seem that just recently, transcendental artificial intelligence technologies were used only in modern developments by the world's leading engineers in the field of targeting and identifying targets. Innovative discoveries by institutions of the military-industrial complex made it possible to create a special device to increase the mass of the cargo carried and to facilitate the movement of soldiers - an exoskeleton. A similar technology has been used for several years to restore patients who are unable to walk and move without assistance. The exoskeleton is an advanced development in most countries of the world in the field of defense technology. Its use will significantly increase the abilities of the human body.

Discoveries in the field of microelectronics

Developments in the field of microelectronics have long been the prerogative of defense companies around the world. Many secret devices saw the light of day as civilian products many years after their invention. The motion sensors used in the smart homes that are so popular today have long been the basis of the defense capabilities of many countries. They were used to protect borders from intruders and promptly respond to crossings state border. And now such sensors are used on modern technology to detect approaching objects. It is worth noting that this equipment can be used both in the military and consumer spheres.

Unmanned Drones: A Brief Introduction

Unmanned drones are the basis of modern military reconnaissance. They are intended for exploring the area. High-quality photos and the information received almost instantly makes it possible to calculate and determine the exact location of the enemy and their infrastructure structures.

For some time now, unmanned devices have been used in civilian industries. An example would be shooting of entertainment events or celebrations from a bird's eye view, as well as geodetic surveying of the area, etc.

Purpose and application of military-industrial complex in the civilian sphere

Developments within the military-industrial complex make it possible to simplify difficult task researchers, archaeologists, historians. Deep-sea vehicles, originally designed to assist submarines, clear mines and other similar activities, are now being used to explore the depths of the sea and search for new species of living creatures at depths that scientists could not previously approach.

In conclusion, we can say that defense technologies have been the engine of progress throughout the existence of mankind. Many activities that were previously intended for attack or defense have become firmly established in everyday life.

The course work contains 39 pages, 4 figures, 22 sources.

DIC, DOCTRINE, SECURITY, DEFENSE ORDER, EFFICIENCY.

The work examines the Russian military-industrial complex.

Purpose course work was a study of the management system of the Russian defense industry.

The methodological basis of the research in this course work was the method theoretical analysis.

As a result of the study, the characteristics and composition of the military-industrial complex were examined, the legislative framework and structure of the management bodies of the military-industrial complex were studied, the defense order was considered as the basis of public administration of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, as well as familiarization with the defense industry enterprises of the Khabarovsk Territory and their current potential.

Introduction

1. Theoretical aspects of studying the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation

1.1 Concept and composition of the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation

1.2 Legislative framework and structure of governing bodies of the military-industrial complex

1.3 Defense order as the basis of public administration of the defense industry of the Russian Federation

2. Current state enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Khabarovsk Territory

2.1 Characteristics of defense industry enterprises of the Khabarovsk Territory

Conclusion

bibliography

DEFINITIONS, NOTATIONS, ABBREVIATIONS

OPK - military-industrial complex

VVST - armed, military and special equipment

MO - Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Rosoboronpostavka - Federal agency for the supply of weapons, military, special equipment and materiel

GOZ - state defense order

GPV - state weapons program

Air force - air force

Air defense - air defense

Navy - navy

R&D - research and development

SSBN - strategic missile submarine cruiser

SPRN - missile attack warning systems

Radar - radar station

DEPL - diesel-electric submarine

OJSC "KnAAZ" - OJSC "Komsomolskoe-on-Amur" aircraft factory named after Yu.A. Gagarin"

Introduction

One of the most important means of ensuring national security is its armed forces, and the military-industrial complex as a whole. National security - one of the main needs of the state and society - today is becoming extremely important for the successful implementation of its political, socio-economic and spiritual-ideological tasks. This implies the need for constant attention on the part of the state to the problems of the development of the military-industrial complex (DIC), the development and production of weapons and military equipment, the necessary level of scientific, technical and military-technical potential that ensures Russia the role of a great power in the world. The need for such an understanding and real actions by the country's political leadership is also due to the actions of Western countries, and primarily the United States, seeking to change the balance of armed forces in their favor, both in the West and on the southern borders of Russia.

To increase production efficiency and quality of work, improve management in modern conditions knowledge of methods for justifying decisions, methods and techniques for analyzing planned and ongoing expenses in the field of economics is required.

This is especially necessary when solving problems of ensuring the country's defense capability, since here the cost of losses from erroneous or insufficiently substantiated decisions is greatest.

The Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation until 2020, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009 No. 537, is a political document reflecting the totality of officially accepted views on the goals and state strategy in the field of ensuring the security of individuals, society and the state from external and internal threats of a political, economic, social, military, man-made, environmental, information and other nature, taking into account available resources and capabilities.

The most important tasks of ensuring national security are:

improving the quality of life of Russian citizens by guaranteeing personal safety, as well as high standards life support;

economic growth, which is achieved primarily through the development of national innovation system and investments in human capital;

science, technology, education, healthcare and culture, which are developed by strengthening the role of the state and improving public-private partnerships;

ecology of living systems and rational use of natural resources, the maintenance of which is achieved through balanced consumption, the development of advanced technologies and the expedient reproduction of the country’s natural resource potential;

strategic stability and equal strategic partnership, which are strengthened on the basis of Russia’s active participation in the development of a multipolar world order model.

The relevance of this topic is due to the growing tension in the world. The development of the world is following the path of globalization of all spheres of international life, which is characterized by high dynamism and interdependence of events. Contradictions associated with uneven development as a result of globalization processes and the widening gap between the levels of well-being of countries have intensified between states. Values ​​and development models have become the subject of global competition. The vulnerability of all members of the international community in the face of new challenges and threats has increased. As a result of the strengthening of new centers of economic growth and political influence, a qualitatively new geopolitical situation is emerging. In the conditions of competition for resources, solutions to emerging problems using military force are not excluded - the existing balance of power near the borders of the Russian Federation and the borders of its allies may be disrupted. The risk of an increase in the number of states possessing nuclear weapons is increasing. Such scientists as S.A. studied and analyzed this problem. Tolmachev, B.N. Kuzyk and E.Yu. Khrustalev.

One of the strategic goals of national defense is to ensure military security by developing and improving the state’s military organization and defense potential, as well as allocating a sufficient amount of financial, material and other resources for these purposes.

The object of research in the course work is the military-industrial complex of Russia.

The subject of the study is the mechanism of functioning of the control system of the state's military-industrial complex.

The purpose of this work is to study the management system of the Russian defense industry in modern conditions. To achieve this goal, a range of tasks was determined to be solved within the framework of this course work:

characterize the concept and composition of the defense industry complex;

study the legislative framework and structure of governing bodies of the defense-industrial complex;

consider the defense order as the basis of state management of the defense industry of the Russian Federation;

get acquainted with the defense industry enterprises of the Khabarovsk Territory and their current potential.

The work consists of an introduction, two interrelated chapters, a conclusion and a bibliography.

1. Theoretical aspects of studying the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation

.1 Concept and composition of the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation

Today, the military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the MIC) of Russia is a multifunctional research and production industry capable of developing and producing modern types and types of weapons, military and special equipment (hereinafter referred to as MIC), as well as producing a variety of high-tech civilian products. It is based on strategic enterprises and strategic joint-stock companies. The list of these enterprises and societies was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 4, 2004 No. 1009 (as amended on September 1, 2014). This list contains more than 1000 items, including:

federal state unitary enterprises producing products (works, services) of strategic importance for ensuring the defense capability and security of the state, protecting morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation;

open joint-stock companies, the shares of which are federally owned and the participation of the Russian Federation in the management of which ensures strategic interests, the defense capability and security of the state, the protection of morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation.

The defense industry consists of several industries:

Aviation industry.

Rocket and space industry.

Ammunition and special chemicals industry.

Weapons industry.

Radio industry.

Communications industry.

Electronics industry.

Shipbuilding industry.

Intersectoral structures and enterprises.

.2 Legislative framework and structure of governing bodies of the military-industrial complex

The main document of strategic planning in the Russian Federation is the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation. It represents a system of views officially accepted in the state on preparation for armed defense and armed defense of the Russian Federation. The Military Doctrine takes into account the basic concepts<#"justify">3. The Federal Space Agency regulates the work carried out by rocket and space industry organizations in the field of military rocket and space technology and strategic military rocket technology;

4. Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation carries out functions of control and supervision in the field of military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign states;

The Military-Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation is a permanent body that organizes and coordinates the activities of federal executive authorities to implement state policy on military-industrial issues, as well as military-technical support for the country's defense, law enforcement and state security;

Federal Agency for the Supply of Arms, Military, Special Equipment and Materials (Rosoboronpostavka) carries out the functions of a state customer in placing orders, concluding, paying, monitoring and accounting for the implementation of government contracts for state defense orders across the entire range of weapons, military, special equipment and materiel.

Legislature:

The Expert Council on the problems of legislative support for the military-industrial complex under the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation was created by decree Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated February 26, 2014 N 44-SF. Main tasks Expert Council are legislative support for the effective functioning and development of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation and improvement legal regulation in the field of military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign states.

.3 Defense order as the basis of public administration of the defense industry of the Russian Federation

The basis of state management of the defense-industrial complex is the placement of defense orders. The state defense order is legal act, providing for the supply of products for federal government needs in order to maintain the required level of defense capability.

The prerequisites for the formation of a defense order are the provisions of the military doctrine, the federal program for the production of weapons and military equipment, programs of military-technical cooperation with other states, the mobilization plan of the economy and some other conditions.

The development of a defense order is carried out in conjunction with the forecast of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation and the draft federal budget for the corresponding year. The Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Russia approves the work schedule for the formation of a defense order, which is brought to the attention of all developers.

The main indicators of the defense order are approved by the President of the Russian Federation. They are: production of products (works, services by type); work on the implementation of international treaties on the elimination, reduction and limitation of weapons; measures to mobilize the economy; construction work and technical re-equipment of facilities intended for defense needs; material and technical resources for which suppliers are set quotas for their obligatory deliveries (state reservations) to government customers and performers.

The defense order also specifies delivery dates; predicted cost (price); list of government customers and proposed performers and other conditions. The state budget provides for expenditures on defense orders as protected items that are subject to full financing.

By the most important species material and technical resources for fulfilling the defense order The Government of the Russian Federation sets quotas for enterprises for mandatory deliveries to the main contractor of the defense order at prices prevailing on the market.

The state customer is responsible for the timely delivery of the defense order to the contractor and for the targeted use of funds allocated to it from the budget. Fulfillment of the defense order is economically stimulated by allocations from the federal budget for construction, development new technology, guaranteeing a fixed level of profitability and other measures.

State customers, together with executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, hold competitions for placing defense orders for the supply of food to provide military and equivalent consumers.

When concluding government contracts for the implementation of defense orders, data from state statistics bodies on the level and dynamics of market prices for agricultural products and foodstuffs taking into account inflation predicted by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia. When agreed with suppliers, contract prices are provided at a level not higher than the average market prices in force in the relevant constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Purchases and deliveries are made on the basis of direct contracts concluded with domestic producers. Orders for food supplies are placed in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation at the location of the troops.

The defense order at all stages is developed and implemented in accordance with the requirements of the law to ensure the regime of maintaining state secrets. A defense order is mandatory if its placement does not cause losses during execution.

The rapid growth of Russia's state defense order (GOZ) began in 2005, when it increased by almost a third compared to the previous year, amounting to 148 billion rubles. A year later (2006), the State Armament Program for the period 2007-2015 (GPV-2015) was approved. Thanks to growing military funding, it became the first such program in Russia to actually begin to be implemented (Figure 1).

Figure 1 - Defense order of the Russian Federation in 2004-2011. (billion rubles)

This fact allowed the industry to begin building more or less long-term production plans.

In general, it can be argued that today the State Defense Order is a determining factor for the Russian defense industry and serves as one of effective tools industrial policy of the state. Since 2005, the volume of state defense orders has exceeded the volume of the country's military exports, and this is the first prerequisite for the formation in Russia of sustainable operation of all defense industry enterprises, and not just those that are export-oriented. It is well known that until the mid-2000s, only those enterprises whose products were in demand abroad demonstrated a stable economic situation; the rest barely stayed afloat.

The exact range of weapons purchased under the GPV-2015 is unknown, however, in 2006, the leadership of the Russian Ministry of Defense announced the general planned indicators: the program included equipping 200 formations and units. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation received about 3,000 units of new weapons for various purposes and more than 5,000 modernized weapons for various purposes. The ground and airborne forces were re-equipped with new, modernized weapons, and these are more than 300 battalions and several missile brigades. The Air Force and Air Defense have planned to receive more than a thousand combat systems from front-line and army aviation. The Navy has several dozen ships, submarines, including five strategic missile carriers.

In 2005 prices, it was planned to allocate 4.94 trillion rubles for the GPV-2015, of which 4.51 trillion rubles (91 percent) were intended for the Ministry of Defense. Of the total amount, 63 percent was planned to be spent on the purchase of new weapons and military equipment; another 20 percent of the program budget was allocated for R&D.

From the point of view of funding volumes, the GPV-2015 was divided into two stages: 2007-2010 and 2011-2015, since for many types of arms and military equipment it was planned to sharply increase purchases precisely after 2010.

October 2010 The State Armament Program for the period 2011-2020 (GPV-2020) was approved, which is built on the basis of the “second part” of the GPV-2015, but is “supplemented and expanded” taking into account new realities. In GPV-2020, the main priority is given to the procurement of complex high-tech samples (more than 70% of the program volume). The lessons of recent armed conflicts, primarily in South Ossetia, are also taken into account. Based on this, the share of serial purchases of modern and promising models in the new GPV-2020 exceeds the similar indicator of GPV-2015 by 15-20%.

An important innovation of the GPV-2015 was the transition to three-year contracts. Meanwhile, the actual execution of these contracts faced a number of difficulties, caused primarily by the defective pricing mechanism.

Thus, despite the general correctness of the idea of ​​​​transitioning to medium-term procurement contracting, in practice it faces a number of traditional unresolved issues. Traditional problems also include high lending rates.

A new trend in the state defense order has been the increase in purchases of weapons and military equipment from foreign manufacturers. Previously, single purchases were made in the interests of the Ground Forces, but the potential acquisition of several Mistral-class universal landing ships could dramatically increase the share of foreign weapons in the Russian army.

Key priorities included: development of strategic nuclear potential; rocket and space defense equipment; equipping troops with modern strike systems, command and control, reconnaissance and communications systems, as well as strengthening military infrastructure. Changes in priorities were partly caused by the Russian-Georgian war of 2008, as a result of which the 2010 State Defense Order included such an area as “ensuring work to strengthen the contingent of our Armed Forces and building appropriate military infrastructure in the most important strategic directions, including the South, and modernization Black Sea Fleet" Let's take a closer look.

.Strategic nuclear forces.

The priority of financing strategic nuclear forces (SNF) in Russia has never been questioned. However, throughout the 2000s, the relative share of strategic nuclear forces in defense spending decreased, which is obviously not due to a decrease in the priority of strategic nuclear forces, but to an increase in the absolute budget of the Defense Ministry. If in 1999-2000 about 95 percent of the state defense budget was spent on strategic nuclear forces, then in 2007 only 23 percent of the funds were spent on “nuclear” purposes.

Probably, in subsequent years this figure remained at the same level, which is indirectly confirmed by the fact that the GPV-2015 involves the allocation of about 20 percent of funds for the purchase of weapons and military equipment for strategic nuclear forces.

The main procurement programs for the Strategic Missile Forces are the programs for the purchase of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) RT-2PM2 Topol-M and RS-24 Yars (the development of which was completed within the framework of the GPV-2015). In 2007-2009, 24 Topol-M ICBMs (including 15 mobile ones) and the first three serial mobile Yars ICBMs were purchased. In addition, funding for work to maintain combat strength continued. missile systems previous generation: R-36M/M2, UR-100NUTTH and RT-2PM. It is obvious that by 2015-2017 the amount of funds for maintaining old systems in service will decrease, which, if the current level of purchases of new ICBMs continues, may mean a decrease in the share of expenditures on the Strategic Missile Forces.

At the same time, the share of the maritime nuclear component is likely to increase. Currently, the main actively funded programs are the construction of missile submarine cruisers strategic purpose (SSBN) project 955 and the development of the main weapon for them - the Bulava-30 ballistic missile. Despite the fact that the slipway period of construction of the lead SSBN of Project 955 “Yuri Dolgoruky” was successfully completed in 2008 and the boat has been undergoing testing since 2009, the program remains in limbo due to unsuccessful launches of the Bulava. Meanwhile, the construction of serial SSBNs of Project 955A “Alexander Nevsky” and “Vladimir Monomakh” is underway, and the actual construction of the fourth SSBN of this project “St. Nicholas” has begun. In parallel with the construction of the fourth generation SSBN, active work is underway to modernize the SSBN of the previous projects 667BDRM and 667BDR, which form the basis of naval strategic nuclear forces. In 2007-2009, the repair of two SSBNs of projects 667BDRM and 667BDR was completed, and about 20 R-29RMU-2 Sineva ballistic missiles were purchased for them, and their production is carried out on the basis of a long-term contract. Thus, as of the beginning of 2008, OJSC Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant had an order for the production of Sineva missiles until 2014.

The aviation component of the strategic nuclear forces also received funding, and the main program here was procurement and modernization strategic bombers Tu-160. In 2007-2010, the Air Force purchased one new bomber, completed from stock, and modernized three operational Tu-160s. At the same time, repairs were carried out on the Tu-95MS strategic bombers.

Thus, taking into account the scale of the work being carried out, it can be stated that in the strategic nuclear forces the naval component has the highest priority and the main funds of the state defense order are allocated to it. If the Bulava tests are successfully completed, the costs of naval strategic weapons may even increase, since it will be necessary to purchase ammunition for the SSBNs under construction - 16-20 missiles for each cruiser, and in addition, the pace of completion of the SSBNs will obviously accelerate.

And the GPV-2020 priority in military development remains strategic nuclear forces. In the next 10 years, they must almost completely renew their composition: 80% of the Strategic Missile Forces complexes will be new production systems and only 20% will be Soviet-made systems with extended service life.

.Space Forces.

In the field of procurement for the Space Forces, a stable situation can be stated. In recent years, the Space Forces have carried out approximately the same number of launch vehicles. The range of satellites launched is quite extensive: it includes reconnaissance, communications, relay, missile attack and navigation satellites. At the same time, significant financial resources are allocated for the development of a new type of launch vehicle "Angara" (including ground infrastructure for it), but the readiness dates are constantly being postponed. It seems that a sharp increase in spending on the Space Forces in relative figures should not be expected.

In addition to satellites, in accordance with the concept of military space defense, by 2016 it is planned to adopt new radars of the missile attack warning system (SPRN) “Voronezh-DM”, over-the-horizon radars “Container”, “Nebo”, “Podlet” and “Resonance” ", work on which is also financed. In 2007-2008, the leadership of the Space Forces confirmed the policy of abandoning the use of early warning radars located outside the territory of Russia, and as they are abandoned on Russian territory, it is planned to deploy two more early warning radars - “closer to the Urals and in the Far East.” In total, the Ministry of Defense plans to purchase five or six Voronezh-DM early warning radars with the goal of creating a complete radar field over Russian territory by 2015.

.Air Force.

In the field of procurement for the Air Force in last years the most dynamic development is taking place. It was in 2007-2010 that the construction of the first prototypes was completed Russian fighter fifth generation T-50 and the beginning of its flight tests. It is clear that funding for this program will continue and it will likely remain the most expensive for the Air Force. In addition, the Air Force is actively increasing its purchases of new equipment. Thus, in 2008-2009, contracts were signed for the supply of 130 aircraft. Of these, the largest contract in post-Soviet times should be noted for the supply of 48 Su-35S, four Su-30M2 and 12 Su-27SM3 fighters for a total amount of 80 billion rubles. The second largest contract was the contract for the purchase of 32 Su-34 front-line bombers worth 33.6 billion rubles.

During the period of GPV-2015, for the first time after an almost 15-year break, new aviation equipment began to be transferred to the Air Force. In 2007-2009, about 40 new aircraft were delivered to the troops, but most of them (31) were MiG-29SMT/UBT fighters, purchased by the Ministry of Defense after Algeria abandoned them. This deal, worth 25 billion rubles, apparently was not provided for by the GPV-2015 and actually became an “above-plan” purchase of the Air Force. The purchase of helicopters also began: the industry produced about 40 helicopters for the needs of the Russian Armed Forces, including about 20 of the newest combat Mi-28N. In 2010, another 27 aircraft and more than 50 helicopters (including eight Mi-28N and six Ka-52A) should be added to this number.

The period under review also saw serial production of the new S-400 air defense system. In 2007-2009, two S-400 divisions were transferred to the troops, and five more are expected to be delivered in 2010. In addition, tests of the Pantsir-S1 air defense missile system were completed, and in 2009, deliveries of serial systems to the troops began.

The repair and modernization of aviation equipment was actively carried out. The main programs were the modernization of the Su-27 fighters to the level of the Su-27SM, the front-line bomber Su-24M to the level of the Su-24M2 and the Su-25 attack aircraft to the level of the Su-25SM.

Work was also carried out to modernize MiG-31B fighters and a number of special purpose aircraft and military transport aircraft, but the volume of this work was insignificant.

.Navy.

In recent years, the Navy has managed to complete the construction of a number of long-term construction projects that have been on the stocks since Soviet times, as well as to lay down ships of new projects. Thus, in 2010, the multi-purpose nuclear submarine (NPS) of Project 885 “Severodvinsk” was finally launched, which is a milestone in the implementation of the program, and in 2009, the nuclear submarine “Kazan” of the same type was laid down. In 2010, after almost six years of testing, the lead diesel-electric submarine (DEPL) of Project 677 “St. Petersburg” was transferred to the fleet; in 2008, the Northern Fleet was replenished with the experimental submarine of Project 20120 “Sarov”.

As part of one of the recently identified priorities of the State Defense Order, the strengthening of the Black Sea Fleet was laid down: in August 2010, the Project 06363 Novorossiysk diesel-electric submarine was laid down and two more ships of the same type are expected to be laid down by the end of the year.

At the same time, the Navy's procurement policy gained greater prominence due to the discussion of the possibility of purchasing up to four French Mistral-class universal landing ships. The contract was signed for 2 ships in June 2011 with the French company DCNS. The total contract amount is almost 1.5 billion euros. This is the largest contract for the Navy, not counting the SSBN construction program, as well as an unprecedented case regarding the purchase of such expensive foreign equipment.

In the area of ​​the surface fleet, positive dynamics should be noted. The frigate of Project 11540 “Yaroslav the Mudry” was completed (construction began in 1986) and the lead corvette of Project 20380 “Steregushchy” was put into operation, and the first production corvette of the same project “Soobrazitelny” was launched. Construction of the lead frigate of Project 22350, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Gorshkov, continued; in 2009, the keel of the frigate of the same type, Admiral of the Fleet Kasatonov, was laid down, which was launched on December 12, 2013. In addition, in 2007-2009 the fleet was replenished with one sea ​​minesweeper project 02668 and five landing boats. In August 2010, the foundation stone of a small rocket ship project 21631 "Grad Sviyazhsk", which became the lead in a series of five similar ships. The ship was launched on March 9, 2013.

Along with large combat units, the construction of auxiliary ships and boats was carried out, of which at least ten were built.

The Navy also actively carried out repairs on submarines and surface ships. Not counting strategic missile carriers, in 2007-2009 four nuclear submarines and one diesel-electric submarine were repaired, as well as several ships of the first and second ranks, including a heavy aircraft carrier"Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov." However, in 2009, funds for ship repairs were reduced, which immediately affected the pace of repairs, in particular the nuclear submarines of projects 949A and 971 of the Northern Fleet.

.Ground troops.

During the period under review, the Army did not experience major shocks in procurement policy and financing. An analysis of the dynamics of purchases of military equipment shows that the Ground Forces continue to systematically re-equip themselves with T-90A tanks (about 156 tanks were purchased) and modernized T-72BA (about 100 units), as well as proven models of military equipment, such as BTR-80, BMP -3 and BMD-3/4. New armored vehicles "Tiger" and "Dozor" were purchased in small quantities. Annual purchases remain at approximately the same level automotive technology and procurement and repair of artillery pieces.

At the same time, the greatest difficulties are encountered in the purchase of new operational-tactical missile systems “Iskander-M”: in three years, about two divisions of these systems have been received by the troops. From the specifics of the procurement policy of the Ground Forces, it should be noted that the leadership of the Defense Ministry refused to finance a number of R&D (development of the new generation tank “Object 195”, self-propelled artillery system “Coalition-SV”), as well as the first purchases of foreign-made weapons and components. In particular, Israeli drones aircraft, French thermal imagers Thales Catherine and Italian light armored vehicles IVECO LMV.

In the Russian Federation, the functions of the customer for placing orders, concluding, paying, monitoring and accounting for the implementation of government contracts under the state defense order are performed by Rosoboronpostavka. Let's get acquainted with the results of its activities in 2013 (GOZ-2013).

Work on placement of the State Defense Order-2013 was carried out in accordance with the provisions of Federal Law No. 94-FZ dated July 21, 2005 “On placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, and provision of services for state and municipal needs.”

As of September 1, 2013, Rosoboronpostavka accepted applications for 680 positions (1050 lots) in the amount of 322.4 billion rubles, of which 1039 lots were placed in the amount of 317.9 billion rubles, which is 796% and 84% more than the number of placed tasks within the framework of the State Defense Order 2011 and State Defense Order 2012, respectively (Figure 2).

Figure 2 - Dynamics of placement of state defense orders

One of the problems still remains the quality of training Technical Specifications, which leads not only to a delay in order placement, but also to numerous requests for clarification of documentation provisions at the order placement stage. In general, according to the State Defense Order 2013, as of September 1, 2013, 417 requests for clarification of the provisions of the documentation for 241 lots were received from procurement participants (Figure 3).

Figure 3 - Structure of requests for clarification

Based on the results of tenders conducted by Rosoboronpostavka for the nomenclature of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation within the framework of the State Defense Order 2013, 762 government contracts were concluded in the amount of 248.7 billion rubles, total amount savings - 3.3 billion rubles. Of the concluded contracts, 152 are long-term and 8 are credit contracts with a completion date until 2020 (Figure 4).

Figure 4 - Dynamics of concluding contracts

Savings based on the results of the 2013 tenders increased compared to the 2011 State Defense Order and the 2012 State Defense Order in the comparable period of time - 25.5 and 5.5 times, respectively. As we see, the state defense order is effective tool implementation of government decisions in the military-technical and industrial spheres.

2. Current state of enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Khabarovsk Territory

.1 Characteristics of defense industry enterprises of the Khabarovsk Territory

Currently, there are 1,353 defense industry organizations operating in Russia, located in 64 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They employ about 2 million people. There are 30 defense industry enterprises operating in the Far East, 14 of which have defense orders.

The Khabarovsk Territory today is among the most dynamically developing regions of the Russian Federation. More than one fifth of the industrial products of the Far Eastern region are produced in the region. federal district, the main share of mechanical engineering and metalworking products, forest materials, the entire volume of petroleum products, steel and rolled steel.

Historically, the leading role in industrial production is played by enterprises of the defense complex, which have the most modern technologies and highly qualified personnel. They passed yet another test of their strength under conditions of the financial crisis and limited government defense orders.

In accordance with the Development Concept industrial production in the Khabarovsk Territory, measures were then taken to form production programs Due to the production of civilian products, the repurposing of part of the capacities for these purposes, work has been intensified to attract export orders.

A convincing result of constructive interaction between the federal authorities and the government of the Khabarovsk Territory was the growth of state defense orders at the enterprises of the defense industry of the region. From 2008 to 2011 it increased more than fivefold. As part of the military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign countries, in recent years, export orders have been placed at the Komsomolskoe-on-Amur Aviation Plant named after Yu.A. Gagarin" (KnAAZ), OJSC "Amur Shipyard" (ASZ), OJSC "Khabarovsk Shipyard" (KhSZ), FKP "Amur Cartridge Plant "Vympel" and a number of others. These orders are not enough to fully employ enterprises, but they make it possible to preserve unique production facilities and the personnel potential of the defense complex. Work continues with the relevant federal structures on an annual increase in state orders for enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the region, as well as its timely financing.

In the military-industrial complex of the region, the development of two priority areas is of particular importance - aircraft manufacturing and shipbuilding. Enterprises in these industries are involved in solving major government problems of national security. Organizational structure industries are constantly being improved. For example, at the shipbuilding plants of the region, JSC Amur Shipbuilding Plant, JSC Khabarovsk Shipbuilding Plant, measures are being implemented in accordance with the “Concept for the development of enterprises integrated into the structure of JSC United Shipbuilding Corporation”. Two shipbuilding zones are being created: “Military shipbuilding zone “Amur” - on the basis of JSC ASZ” and “Small-tonnage shipbuilding zone “Khabarovsk” - on the basis of JSC KhSZ”. The federal state-owned enterprise “Amur Cartridge Plant “Vympel”, the only ammunition enterprise in the country with state ownership, also operates on the territory of the region. Manufacturing enterprises operate in the region explosives and disposal of ammunition, repair of aviation equipment, overhaul of weapons and military equipment of the air defense and air force.

The leading aircraft manufacturing enterprise in the Russian Federation is OJSC Komsomolskoe-on-Amur Aviation Plant named after Yu.A. Gagarin", part of OJSC Aviation Holding Company Sukhoi. The main products of the plant are military aircraft for the Russian Air Force and foreign countries. The state armament program until 2015 provides for the purchase of new types of combat aircraft for the Russian Air Force. Among them - multi-role fighter. During its creation, the latest technological advances were used, including those used in the construction of 5th generation aircraft. This machine is designed to strengthen Russia's leading position in the field of combat aircraft systems. Being a logical continuation of the Su-27 and Su-30, the new aircraft incorporated them best qualities and at the same time significantly surpasses its predecessors in combat potential and aerobatic performance. At the same time, the Su-35 provides high continuity, allowing pilots to retrain for a new type of fighter using the skills previously acquired on Su-27 family aircraft.

Another area of ​​activity of the enterprise was the production of 5th generation aircraft under the program “Advanced Aviation Complex of Frontline Aviation” (PAK FA (T-50)). On March 3, 2011, the first flight of the second prototype took place in Komsomolsk-on-Amur aviation complex 5th generation. Special requirements were placed on the T-50 equipment. A deeply integrated multifunctional complex of on-board equipment of a new architecture with elements of artificial intelligence, as well as a highly effective automated defense system, have been developed for it. Flying samples of the T-50 confirm that JSC KnAAZ is the most dynamically developing and technologically advanced enterprise in the region, producing the most modern aviation equipment for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. JSC KnAAZ is also the executor of the program to create a family of Russian civil regional aircraft Sukhoi Superjet-100 (SSJ-100). Today this is the main project of the Sukhoi company and Sukhoi Civil Aircraft CJSC.

JSC Amur Shipyard is the center of underwater and surface shipbuilding in the Russian Far East. The company has the production capacity to carry out government contracts for the construction of ships for navy countries and for export, as well as military and civil vessels with a displacement of up to 25 thousand tons. The plant is building a multi-purpose patrol ship of Project 20380 “Corvette”, designed for operations in near maritime zone and combating enemy surface ships and submarines, as well as for artillery support of amphibious assault. The ship has a superstructure made of multilayer composite materials, made taking into account the requirements of stealth technology.

The plant has accumulated extensive experience in the construction, repair and modernization of nuclear and diesel submarines of the Russian Navy. In addition to military shipbuilding, in 2010 the plant began construction of a multifunctional ice-class rescue vessel of Project MPSV-06 with a power of 7 MW. Two chemical tankers with a carrying capacity of 17.5 thousand tons each are also being completed. To develop the oil and gas shelf of Sakhalin Island, the enterprise built the floating base of the Molikpaq mobile drilling platform, a waterflooding module and an energy module for it, and carried out repairs and modernization of the Orlan oil production platform.

OJSC "Khabarovsk Shipyard" is one of the largest shipyards Far East. The company has accumulated extensive experience in creating ships and vessels of various classes and purposes. Production capacity allows us to simultaneously fulfill up to 25 orders with delivery of 5-6 ships per year. The enterprise specializes in the construction of high-speed ships and boats, including the Murena air-cushion landing craft. There was a need to master the construction of high-speed planing-type passenger vessels of the A-45 project, designed to transport 100 people at a speed of more than 70 km/h over a distance of up to 600 km along inland waterways. These vessels should replace the morally and physically outdated Meteor hydrofoils.

FKP "Amur Cartridge Plant "Vympel" (Amursk) is one of the most modern enterprises Russian Federation for the production of live ammunition for small arms. World-class technologies allow us to produce five types of cartridges of 5.45 and 7.62 caliber. The production is based on unique, highly efficient technologies for manufacturing cartridges on special automatic rotary and rotary-conveyor lines using modern specialized continuous processes of heat treatment, transportation, preservation, control and packaging. Level of automation and mechanization production processes is more than 90%.

OJSC "Khabarovsk Radio Engineering Plant" - the plant carries out major repairs of weapons and military equipment for the air defense and air force troops. This anti-aircraft missile systems S-300PS, automated systems control of radio technical troops "Pole" and radar stations "Defence". The company also carries out service maintenance and restoration of anti-aircraft self-propelled guns, mobile units, radar stations, and power supply units. The infrastructure of JSC Khabarovsk Radio Engineering Plant, its equipment and staffing with highly qualified specialists make it possible to meet the needs of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the Far Eastern region:

for the overhaul and modernization of weapons and military air defense equipment at the enterprise;

By service weapons mobile teams in places of permanent deployment;

By maintenance and prompt restoration of the combat readiness of the weapons of units on combat duty.

OJSC "12 Aircraft Repair Plant" specializes in performing major repairs of MI-24, MI-8 and aircraft engines TV3-117.

At the beginning of 2014, a meeting was held in Blagoveshchensk on the placement of state defense orders in 2014 and for the planning period 2015-2016. In 2013, under the Federal Target Program “Development of the Defense Industrial Complex for 2011-2020”, 1.1 billion rubles were allocated to enterprises in the region, for this year it is planned to increase funding to two billion rubles.

The program involves the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aviation Plant, Khabarovsk Shipbuilding and Radio Engineering Plants. Based on the results of work in 2013, the volume of production at the enterprises of the regional defense industry increased by 30.5% compared to 2012 and exceeded 37 billion rubles. The volume of tax revenues to the regional budget from defense industry enterprises amounted to 1.5 billion rubles.

In September 2014, the Khabarovsk Territory and OJSC Rosoboronexport entered into a cooperation agreement. The agreement implies cooperation in the development of the region’s military-industrial complex, ensuring its stable operation and increasing export potential. According to the agreements, JSC Rosoboronexport, together with the Government of the region, will work on the issue of placing export-oriented orders at defense industry enterprises, including carrying out research and development work in the interests of foreign customers.

2.2 Modernization of production at defense industry enterprises

The Russian Federation will spend almost 23 trillion by 2020. rubles for defense. In general, by 2020, up to 80% of outdated defense industry equipment should be replaced with modern models, and labor productivity at specialized enterprises should increase by 2.6 times.

In accordance with production modernization plans, individual enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Khabarovsk Territory have done a great job of acquiring high-performance equipment from the best foreign and domestic companies. OJSC KnAAZ has implemented a large-scale technical re-equipment program for the construction of the Russian regional aircraft Sukhoi Superjet-100. Equipment from the world's leading manufacturers in the field of aircraft production was purchased, installed and put into operation. In particular, four CNC machining centers DMU-125 and DMU-200 (Germany), Bistas laser cutting machines (Switzerland), a Waterjet water jet (Sweden), and a Loire-FET stretch press (France) were installed and put into operation. In addition, a UDP-2 shot peening unit (Russia), an ARTN-13.5 panel heat treatment unit (Russia), a Loire-FEL crimping press (France) and other equipment.

In total, over the past seven years, 165 pieces of equipment worth over 5 billion rubles have been installed. It is also used in the production of the enterprise's main military products. In 2011, JSC KnAAZ together with the State Corporation Rosnanotech began implementing a project for the production of metal-cutting tools from hard alloys with nanocoating. As a result, a metalworking tool made from nanopowders without a cobalt binder will appear. Multifunctional nanocomposite coatings allow processing of viscous materials (stainless steel, heat-resistant nickel alloys, titanium alloys, etc.) at high speeds cutting The use of such a tool will increase the productivity of the enterprise’s machine equipment and reduce the cost of manufacturing products. Implementation of this project will lead to a reduction in carbide tool consumption by 1.9 times, economic effect will amount to 142.3 million rubles per year.

Modernization of production in combination with actively used technologies will allow JSC KnAAZ to mass-produce 60 or more Sukhoi Superjet-100 aircraft annually, depending on market needs. As a result of the use of high-performance machines and equipment at KnAAZ, the labor intensity of production in 2015 will decrease by almost 4 times compared to 2009.

Over the past two years, JSC Khabarovsk Shipbuilding Plant has been carrying out technical re-equipment of production within the framework of the Federal Target Program “Development of the Defense-Industrial Complex of the Russian Federation for 2007-2010 and for the period until 2015.” The modernization is aimed at updating the ship hull production and replacing the ship launching device. The goal is to build ships and vessels that, in terms of displacement and dimensions, are twice as large as those currently produced.

The Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Far Eastern Production Association “Voskhod”” carried out modernization according to the project “Production of deloading of artillery shells using the method of washing out with a stream of water” high pressure“Struya-V” and “Production of a new type of industrial explosives “Emulsen-GS”. The introduction of these methods into production has allowed us to more than double production volumes over the past two years and ensure the profitable operation of the enterprise.

Conclusion

Having studied the legislative foundations and structure of the governing bodies of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, its main characteristics, as well as the importance of the defense order for the public administration of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, we can draw the following conclusion.

Achieving the required level of combat readiness of the Armed Forces is accompanied by significant expenditures of material, labor, financial and time resources. Therefore, ensuring combat readiness is not only a military task, but also an economic one.

The level of combat readiness depends not only on the amount of resources allocated to the country's defense, but also on the effectiveness of their use. The connection between the performance of all structural elements of the Armed Forces and the degree of efficiency in the use of resources is becoming increasingly close and tangible.

A model of ensuring global, regional and subregional security with an adequate response to potential threats of the 21st century (political, military, economic, technological, social, etc.) with sufficient defense power is recognized as an indispensable condition for Russia’s external security. This indicates adequate military spending on modern stage ensuring the external security and territorial integrity of Russia as a state.

The most important tasks in this area are the concentration of resources on priority areas of development of science and technology, support for leading scientific achievements, protection of intellectual property, development of scientific and technical information networks, and the fight against terrorism.

Currently, military reform is being actively carried out, designed to improve the financial situation in the Russian defense industry. Optimizing military spending plays an important role in this reform process.

Optimization as such does not imply a reduction in state military expenditures, but their more rational spending. The following optimization areas can be identified:

modernization of the military-industrial complex;

timely equipping of troops with the necessary weapons;

focus on modern military equipment of 5-6 generations;

more efficient use main production assets OPK.

In modern conditions of global instability, the Russian military-industrial complex is heading towards import substitution and the introduction of innovative technologies.

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Russia: shock effect

A series of processes - primarily completion cold war; the process of globalization in all spheres of life, including the economy; political changes in a number of regions of the world, especially in Europe, have caused a reduction in production volumes and, accordingly, a contraction in the defense industry of not only Russia, but also NATO countries (Figure 1).

But the drop in the volume of orders by more than one and a half times over 10 years in NATO countries did not have such a shock effect on the defense industry as a tenfold decrease in the volume of orders in our country. However, the contraction of the arms market has sharply intensified internal competition between military-industrial corporations. Industrial companies are forced to respond to such changes by carrying out large-scale restructuring measures that increase their efficiency and significantly reduce costs.

Thus, with a one and a half reduction in the order for weapons and military equipment over the same 10 years, employment in the defense industry decreased by almost half. In addition to the reduction in employment, an important element of the defense industry's response to shrinking markets was the concentration of development and production. Over a ten-year period, the number of companies involved directly in the production of weapons has decreased by a third.

Of course, in the 1990s, the domestic defense industry also sank under the influence of a number of well-known factors. Many businesses simply ceased to exist. But those teams that had serious scientific groundwork and prospects were able to survive. In the most difficult conditions, when wages were not paid, hundreds of professionals left, and in such teams it was possible to preserve scientific schools.

For example, the Radio Engineering Institute named after Academician Alexander Lvovich Mints in 1994 immediately lost more than a thousand specialists who went to work for Beeline. But the institute still works fruitfully for the benefit of the country, being the undisputed leader in Russia in the field of creating modern early warning radars.

Consequences of globalization of the world economy

The most important factor in the restructuring of the defense industry in the last decade is the globalization of the world economy.

The driving forces of globalization in the defense industry include:

• increased competition with large companies created in the mid-1990s, primarily in the USA (mergers such as Boeing - McDonnell Douglas - Rockwell Defense, Lockheed - Martin Marietta - GD Aerospace - “Lorgan”, “Raytheon” - “Hughes”, etc.);
• a decrease in aggregate demand for weapons and military equipment due to reductions in defense budgets;
• relative increase in demand for R&D results to create high-tech weapons systems;
• preparation for waging coalition wars within the framework of the military doctrines of most developed countries;
• inadequacy of the structure of most defense industries to new tasks and requirements, excess of obsolete capacities, increasing inefficiency of their further use;
• massive implementation of programs to optimize budget expenditures in order to maximize the return on investment;
• strengthening the orientation of industry towards the stock market in the interests of maximizing shareholder profits in connection with the expansion of private capital participation in the defense industry.

The problem of restructuring the defense industry intersects in this area with another delicate problem of globalization within the framework of the World War II trade organization- the problem of state support for market entities. Therefore, taking into account the experience of flaring trade disputes within the WTO, foreign defense industry corporations are forced to take into account prohibitions on indirect subsidizing of civilian products through military orders. Restructuring programs for diversified corporations must also take into account the limitations of international agreements such as the WTO.

In general, the system of conditions in which the Russian defense industry finds itself requires not only a change in its scale, but also dictates the need for a significant change in the basic principles of its functioning, the relationship with armed forces, state, world community.

Current problems of the Russian defense industry

1. Loss of the domestic electronic engineering base of the defense industry.

Currently, in Russia there is practically no production of modern industrial equipment for the radio-electronic industry. The radio-electronic industry in Russia has turned into a large assembly production of final products from imported element base and equipment mainly from leading Western and Chinese companies.

2. Loss of the scientific and technological base of the defense industry.

Domestic developments in breakthrough promising technologies are extremely few in number. But even their introduction into mass production faces insurmountable organizational and financial problems. Therefore, the radio-electronic industry exists either on a domestic, but outdated technological base, or on a modern, but foreign one. Big problem There is an insufficient number of young, promising, highly qualified personnel. We need a coordinated system of measures and incentives to retain young people in the defense industry.

3. The country's transition to market relations in the defense industry did not create market pricing mechanisms.

The current pricing system does not stimulate enterprises to increase labor productivity and overall operational efficiency. The regulation of average wages and their standardization are structured in such a way that it is unprofitable for enterprises to increase production efficiency, since excess profits are withdrawn into state income. This does not allow for the rapid re-equipment of production and the stimulation of economically more successful enterprises.

It is necessary to radically change the pricing system and create real mechanisms for stimulating labor productivity and introducing innovative products in the defense industry.

4. Weak mutual coordination of work carried out in the defense industry.

The mechanisms of interaction between enterprises in the industry are ineffective. The activities of individual holdings are characterized by “subsistence” farming aimed exclusively at their own needs. As a result, the defense industry has still not solved the problem of eliminating duplication of work. It is necessary to quickly create a unified database of existing and developing technologies and a powerful expert and analytical structure that provides analytical support for decisions of industry management.

5. Weak alignment of goals state program development of the defense industry with ensuring the feasibility of the State Program.

It is necessary to develop target functions and indicators that reflect the degree of achievement of the goals of promoting the implementation of the State Program for Quantitative Assessment of the extent to which the state program for the development of the defense industry reinforces and ensures the feasibility of the State Program. The structure of the program and its organizational part must be linked to specific priority weapons and military equipment and enterprises (holdings) responsible for the development and production of these products. Such structuring of the program will make it possible to detail and consolidate responsibility for the implementation of program activities and GPV goals.

To implement the state program for the development of the defense industry, when developing it, it is necessary to focus on large enterprises(holdings) - the lead developers of the final samples of air and military equipment. The program's activities should be justified and formed with their direct participation, with an increase in their role and responsibility for the implementation of the results of technological work of the military-industrial complex in specific samples of military equipment.

6. Imperfection of the decision-making system on areas of R&D financing.

The decision-making system for R&D funding is not supported by a long-term vision of technology development in radio electronics, and the mechanism for allocating funds to specific projects and monitoring research results is not transparent enough and requires clarification and detail.

7. Imperfection of the infrastructure of the national innovation system.

The commercialization of technologies is at a low level, and the potential for conversion of competitive special technologies into civilian applications is not sufficiently used. The degree of implementation of the results of innovative scientific developments into specific industrial products on the domestic market does not exceed 20%. Less than 13% of production is exported. Exports are dominated by specialty products. At the same time, only a small part of domestic producers participates in international cooperation chains, while most companies have dropped out of the global cooperation system.

8. Low productivity and process efficiency.

The productivity and efficiency of processes is at an extremely low level, which is due to:

• underfunding combined with outdated, non-compliant modern market production and technological base, business models, operating models;
• the weak level of development of market competencies of many Russian companies;
• insufficient efficiency of the processes for launching and promoting products on the market.

Thus, the Russian radio-electronic industry in its current state is practically uncompetitive at the global level. The huge lag in efficiency, small market share and low output, technological lag acutely raise the question of the speedy large-scale modernization of the radio-electronic industry.

It is necessary to continue the ongoing changes in the industry and in this process make maximum use of the potential and competencies retained Russian companies in individual market segments and niches (Figure 2).

Necessary measures of state support for defense industry enterprises

Solving the problems that arise in this case is especially important for enterprises performing work using credit advances.

When forming and implementing the state program for the development of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to develop flexible system measures of state support for the technical rehabilitation of defense industry enterprises. In particular, it seems necessary:

• return the investment benefit for income tax, in particular investments in equipment, as well as research and development work in full;
• cancel taxation of part of the profits of enterprises aimed at modernization and technical re-equipment of weapons and military equipment production;
• reduce the cost of leasing as the only real mechanism today that can provide technical re-equipment
• Russian industry in a short time;
• provide tax and customs benefits for enterprises developing the technological base of advanced research and development.

In organizational terms, it seems useful:

• creation in the Russian Federation of a structure (for example, national center) on the development and implementation of state scientific, technical and innovative strategies in the development of dual-use technologies and on adaptation in the interests of the defense industry of open research and development carried out at the expense of federal funds;
• organization of intersectoral coordination centers with the aim of combining efforts to create a new generation of element base (primarily in electronics and robotics) in the interests of the defense industry;
• ensuring effective legislative protection of intellectual property rights, as well as the results of research and development work.

It is necessary to carefully analyze the world experience in the development of the defense industry, take into account our own characteristics, preserve historical continuity in the domestic defense industry, and assess the needs of the army and navy based on modern threats to our security (and their long-term foresight). At the same time, it is necessary to develop and implement in practice a system of measures to solve the listed problems of the domestic defense industry, increase the efficiency of its management, and carry out as soon as possible modernization of the defense industry and create conditions for the development of internal competition in this area. The presence of a powerful national industry is a sign of the sovereignty and viability of the state.

This is exactly what our country urgently needs now (Figure 3).

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