Thor m2 anti-aircraft. What is good about the new Tor-M2U anti-aircraft missile system. History of the creation of the Tor-M2U air defense system

"Thor"- all-weather tactical anti-aircraft missile system (SAM).

The Tor air defense system is designed to cover important administrative, economic and military facilities, the first echelons of ground formations from attacks by anti-radar and cruise missiles, remotely piloted aircraft planning aerial bombs, airplanes and helicopters.

Combat vehicle 9A330
Target detection station (SOC)
Guidance station (CH)
Anti-aircraft guided missiles 9M330

To detect targets The Tor air defense system uses a coherent-pulse all-round SOC operating in the centimeter range. A rotating antenna located on the roof of the antenna-launching device provided simultaneous visibility of a sector with a width of 1.5° in azimuth and 4° in elevation. An increase in the viewing sector was achieved by the possibility of using eight beam positions in elevation, thereby covering a sector with a width of 32°. The order of review of sectors was determined by a special on-board computer program.

Target detection stationth and the associated automation makes it possible to detect F-15 type aircraft at altitudes of 30-6000 m at ranges of up to 25-27 km (detection probability of at least 0.8). For guided missiles and bombs, the detection range does not exceed 10-15 km. It is possible to detect helicopters on the ground (at a range of up to 6-7 km) and in the air (up to 12 km).

In front of the tower of the Thor complex a phased array antenna of a coherent-pulse radar guidance station is located. The responsibilities of this system include tracking a detected target and guiding guided missiles. The SN antenna provides target detection and tracking in a sector 3° wide in azimuth and 7° wide in elevation. In this case, the target is tracked in three coordinates and one or two missiles are launched with their subsequent guidance to the target. The guidance station antenna includes a command transmitter for missiles.

During combat work in position reaction time of the complex is 8.7 s; when escorting troops and launching a missile from a short stop, this parameter increased by 2 s. Transferring a combat vehicle from traveling to combat position and back takes about three minutes. It takes about 18 minutes to load new missiles into the launcher. Loading of ammunition is carried out using a 9T231 transport-loading machine.

Rocket 9M330 at a speed of 25 m/s is fired from launcher powder charge. Then the vertically launched missile turns towards the target, starts the main engine and heads in the given direction. To incline the rocket to a predetermined angle (the necessary data was entered into the rocket control system immediately before launch), a gas generator with a set of nozzles is used. Like gas engine uses the same drives as aerodynamic rudders. One second after launch or when deflected by 50° from the vertical, the rocket fires the propulsion engine. At a distance of 1.5 km from the launcher, the 9M330 product reaches speeds of up to 800 m/s.

Target detection and warhead detonation carried out using an active radio fuse. Due to the need for effective operation at low altitudes, the radio fuse can determine the target against the background of the underlying surface. The target is hit by numerous fragments of the warhead. The probability of hitting aircraft with one missile reached 0.3-0.77, for helicopters this parameter is 0.5-0.88, for remotely piloted aircraft - 0.85-0.955.

For the Tor-M1 complex The 9M331 anti-aircraft guided missile was developed. The missiles of the 9M330 and 9M331 models differed only in the characteristics of the warhead. New rocket received a modified warhead with increased destructive characteristics. All other components of the two missiles were unified. Two types of missiles could be used by both the new Tor-M1 and existing Tor air defense systems. The compatibility of the missiles with the Kinzhal shipborne complex was also ensured.

Modifications of the Tor air defense system

ZK95 "Dagger"

9K331 "Tor-M1"

"Tor-M1TA"- Modification of the 9K331 complex with placement on a wheelbase. The hardware cabin is located on a Ural-5323 vehicle, the antenna-launching post is located on a semi-trailer

"Tor-M1B"- Towed modification of the 9K331 complex. All equipment is placed on wheeled semi-trailers

"Tor-M1TS"- Stationary version of the 9K331 complex

"Tor-M1-2U"

9K332 "Tor-M2"

"Tor-M2E"- an anti-aircraft missile system with a combat vehicle on a tracked chassis. The complex's combat assets include: a 9A331ME combat vehicle, a 9M334 anti-aircraft missile module with four 9M9331 anti-aircraft guided missiles

"Tor-M2K - anti-aircraft missile system with a combat vehicle on a wheeled chassis. The complex's combat assets include: a 9A331MK combat vehicle, a 9M334 anti-aircraft missile module with eight 9M9331 anti-aircraft guided missiles controlled via four channels

"Tor-M2DT" - Arctic version of the anti-aircraft missile system with a combat vehicle based on the DT-30 two-link tracked transporter

"Tor-M2KM" - designed in a modular design for placement on various types of chassis. The complex's combat assets include: the 9A331MK-1 autonomous combat module and the 9M334 anti-aircraft missile module with four 9M9331 anti-aircraft guided missiles

Anti-aircraft missile system "Tor-M2E"

An analysis of the course of armed conflicts in recent decades clearly shows the growing role of aviation in combat operations. In some cases, it was the use of air force that played a decisive role and determined the outcome of the confrontation. This is facilitated by the rapid development of high-precision weapons, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, and new aiming and navigation systems. Today we can confidently say: aviation is the most dangerous enemy of ground forces.

Therefore, it is not surprising that the most technologically advanced states are actively developing promising air defense systems. Starting from short-range tactical systems that directly cover military formations, to strategic models, capable of destroying air targets hundreds of kilometers away.

Soviet air defense systems were considered among the best in the world, and the Russian military-industrial complex maintains these proud traditions today. Tor-M2U was recently presented - the latest modification of the famous anti-aircraft missile system, the development of which began in the 70s of the last century.

History of the creation of the Tor-M2U air defense system

The creation of a tactical air defense system began in 1975 after the relevant resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers was issued. The development was carried out at the Electromechanical Research Institute. It was here that such famous complexes as the Osa and Krug air defense systems were created. In 1976 he was born preliminary design new anti-aircraft complex. At the same time, work was underway to create a modification for navy(SAM "Dagger"). In 1986, the complex was put into service and its mass production began. It was called "Thor".

The Tor anti-aircraft missile system is designed to protect military, economic and other objects from air strikes at the tactical level. The air defense system can effectively fight against various types missiles (including cruise and anti-radar missiles), unmanned aerial vehicles, aerial bombs, enemy aircraft and helicopters.

Almost immediately after the complex was put into service, its modernization began. Already in 1989, tests began on the machine, which received the “Tor-M1” index. In 1991 it was put into service.

It differed from the base model by the presence of a second target channel and a more effective missile warhead. The missiles were placed in special aluminum transport and launch containers. A new on-board computer system was installed on the vehicle; the Tor-M1 detection station became more efficient and more protected from interference. The crew of the Tor-M1 complex was reduced to three people.

Wheeled, tracked, towed and stationary modifications of the Tor-M1 complex were created. The most advanced modification is the Tor-M1-2U, which entered service with the troops in 2012.

At the same time, work was underway on an even more advanced complex - “Tor-2M”, a new generation machine, especially effective in repelling massive air attacks in conditions of electronic countermeasures. In 2012, the Tor-M2U was put into service; according to some of its characteristics, it has no analogues in the world.

In 2019, the Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant "Kupol" began mass production of two new systems - the Tor-M2U and Tor-M2E(K) air defense systems for export. The difference between them is small: “Tor-M2E(K)” has a wheeled chassis, and “Tor-M2U” has a tracked one.

The Tor-M2U anti-aircraft missile system took part in the parade on Red Square, and in 2017 they began to use it in air defense units. It is planned that the Tor-M2U will completely replace the long-outdated Osa air defense systems. However, the timing of this replacement is unknown.

Work is currently underway on a modular version of the complex (“Tor-M2KM”). In terms of its characteristics, it will not be inferior to other modifications, but at the same time it can be installed on any tracked or wheeled vehicle.

Device of the Tor-M2U air defense system

"Tor-M2U" is a new generation tactical air defense system designed to protect military units, as well as industrial and infrastructure facilities from air strikes. It is effective against precision weapons, unmanned aerial vehicles, cruise missiles, modern aircraft and helicopters.

"Tor-M2U" can simultaneously detect more than 40 targets, identify the most dangerous of them, and simultaneously fire at four of them. It can be used to combat massive attacks from modern air attack weapons. The technical characteristics of the complex's anti-aircraft missiles make it possible to effectively fight against small-sized and highly maneuverable targets. "Tor-M2U" can successfully operate as part of an air defense system, but can also be used autonomously.

Each vehicle is equipped with a target acquisition station (SOC), a missile and target guidance and tracking station, a navigation and terrain reference system, an autonomous electrical power system and eight anti-aircraft missiles in two launch containers.

The target detection station installed on the Tor-M2U complex operates in the centimeter wavelength range, is equipped with a “friend or foe” recognition system, and ensures the operation of the complex while moving. The system has a high degree of immunity to interference and can detect more than 40 targets at a distance of up to 32 kilometers. Of these, the ten most dangerous ones are highlighted and displayed on the monitor to the vehicle commander. That is, the vehicle itself tells the crew the order in which to fire at air targets. The main difference between Tor-M2 and Tor-M1 is the modernization of the target detection station. The upgraded station can detect targets with a small scattering area (RCS), that is, aircraft created using stealth technology. In addition, the SOC on Tor-M2 has a higher level of noise immunity than on its predecessor.

The missile and target tracking radar can track four air targets at once and direct six anti-aircraft missiles at them. The design of this radar uses a passive phased array antenna with a high degree of protection against electronic interference. It also operates in the centimeter wavelength range. The target tracking complex also includes optoelectronic means of tracking air objects. They are usually used when too high level interference

Each complex is equipped with navigation and georeferencing systems, as well as a special communication system.

The Tor-M2U anti-aircraft missile system is armed with 8 9M331 anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAMs), developed at the Fakel Design Bureau. The missiles of this design bureau are used on all machines of the Thor family.

The 9M331 is a single-stage solid-propellant rocket created using a canard aerodynamic design. After launch, the rocket is thrown out of the container by a special catapult at a speed of 25 m/s; at a height of twenty meters, the main engines are turned on, which can accelerate the rocket to a speed of 700-800 m/s at a distance of one and a half kilometers. The missile is aimed at the target at a distance of 250 meters. The missile's warhead is a high-explosive fragmentation type.

The rocket is equipped with folding wings that unfold immediately after launch. It is equipped with an active radio fuse; the 9M331 can self-destruct automatically or upon a signal from the operator.

Eight missiles are located in two transport and launch containers 9YA281. Antenna complexes and launchers form a single complex that rotates 360 degrees. Each rocket is equipped with a catapult, the launch is vertical. After the launch, the rocket is deflected in the required direction and at the desired angle. This is achieved with the help of a special gas generator, the nozzles of which are located at the base of the aerodynamic control surfaces. The amount of deviation is entered by the operator into the rocket autopilot.

The complex includes several service machines. The loading vehicle based on the Ural-4320 vehicle has one ammunition load (eight missiles) and is equipped with loading devices (a crane with a special manipulator). With its help, empty launch containers are removed and new ones are installed. The recharging process takes eighteen minutes.

There are other types of charging machines. There are also cars Maintenance four and sixteen Tor-M2U air defense systems.

Technical characteristics of "Tor-M2U"

If you have any questions, leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them

At the beginning of February, it was 40 years since the resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers on the development of the 9K330 Tor self-propelled autonomous anti-aircraft missile system was issued. Over the years, several modifications of this air defense system have been created, used to protect various objects and troops on the march. In addition, in parallel with the Thor system, a partially unified Kinzhal complex was created, intended for arming naval ships.

9K330 "Thor"

NIEMI of the Ministry of Radio Industry was appointed as the lead developer of the promising Tor anti-aircraft complex. The chief designer of the complex was V.P. Efremov, I.M. was responsible for the development of the 9A330 combat vehicle. Drize. The development of the 9M330 anti-aircraft guided missile was entrusted to the Fakel IKB, with P.D. becoming the chief designer. Grushin. In addition, some other defense, radio-electronic, etc. enterprises were involved in the creation of various elements of the anti-aircraft complex. industry.

Changes in the nature of the proposed war affected the requirements for the new air defense system. Military air defense systems had to fight not only enemy planes and helicopters. The list of targets of the Thor complex was supplemented by cruise missiles, guided bombs and other types of weapons that replenished the arsenals of the potential enemy. To protect troops from such threats, it was necessary to use new electronic systems. In addition, over time, the requirements for the size of transportable ammunition have changed. As a result, it was decided to build a new anti-aircraft complex based on a tracked chassis. Such basic technique provided the possibility of combat work in the same formations with tanks and infantry fighting vehicles. At the same time, the customer had to abandon requirements regarding the possibility of crossing water barriers by swimming.

All main units of the 9K330 complex were placed on the 9A330 combat vehicle. The GM-355 chassis of the Minsk Tractor Plant was used as the basis for this machine. A set of special equipment was placed on the chassis, as well as a rotating antenna-launching device (tower) with a set of antennas and a launcher for anti-aircraft missiles. Due to increased requirements for combat capabilities, the weight of the 9A330 vehicle had to be increased to 32 tons. However, the 840-horsepower diesel engine provided mobility at the level of existing tanks and infantry fighting vehicles. Maximum speed complex "Thor" on the highway reached 65 km/h. Power reserve – 500 km.

The 9A330 combat vehicle housed a target acquisition station (SOC), a guidance station (CH), a special computer for processing information about targets, and a launcher with eight missile cells. In addition, the vehicle was equipped with navigation and topographical systems, a gas turbine electric generator, life support equipment, etc.

To detect targets, the Tor air defense system used a coherent-pulse all-round SOC operating in the centimeter range. A rotating antenna located on the roof of the antenna-launching device provided simultaneous visibility of a sector with a width of 1.5° in azimuth and 4° in elevation. An increase in the viewing sector was achieved by the possibility of using eight beam positions in elevation, thereby covering a sector with a width of 32°. The order of review of sectors was determined by a special on-board computer program.

The target detection station could operate in several modes. The main mode was the overview of the surrounding space for 3 s. At the same time, the lower part of the viewing area was “examined” twice during this time. If necessary, other operating modes of the SOC could be used, including with simultaneous review of several elevation sectors. The automation of the 9K330 complex could track up to 24 targets simultaneously. By processing the coordinates of detected targets at different times, the complex's computer could calculate up to 10 traces. Information about targets was displayed on the corresponding screen of the vehicle commander’s workplace.

The SOC and associated automation made it possible to detect F-15 type aircraft at altitudes of 30-6000 m at ranges of up to 25-27 km (detection probability of at least 0.8). For guided missiles and bombs, the detection range did not exceed 10-15 km. It was possible to detect helicopters on the ground (at a range of up to 6-7 km) and in the air (up to 12 km).

In the front of the tower of the Tor complex there was a phased antenna array of a coherent-pulse radar guidance station. The responsibilities of this system included tracking a detected target and guiding guided missiles. The SN antenna provided target detection and tracking in a sector 3° wide in azimuth and 7° wide in elevation. In this case, the target was tracked in three coordinates and one or two missiles were launched with their subsequent guidance to the target. The guidance station antenna included a command transmitter for missiles.

The SN could determine the coordinates of the target with an accuracy of 1 m in azimuth and elevation, as well as about 100 m in range. With a transmitter power of 0.6 kW, the station could switch to automatic tracking of a fighter-type target at a range of up to 23 km (probability 0.5). When the aircraft approached 20 km, the probability of being taken into auto tracking increased to 0.8. The CH could only work on one target at a time. It was allowed to launch two missiles at one target with an interval of 4 s.

During combat work at a position, the reaction time of the complex was 8.7 s; when escorting troops and launching a missile from a short stop, this parameter increased by 2 s. Transferring a combat vehicle from a traveling position to a combat position and back took about three minutes. It took about 18 minutes to load new missiles into the launcher. Loading of ammunition was carried out using a 9T231 transport-loading machine.

To hit targets, the Tor air defense system used a 9M330 missile. This product is made according to the “duck” design and is equipped with a cylindrical body with folding rudders and stabilizers. Having a length of 2.9 m and a launch weight of 165 kg, such a missile carried a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 14.8 kg. Interesting feature missiles of the 9K330 complex were launched directly from the launcher, without the use of a transport and launch container. Eight missiles were loaded into the launcher using a transport-loading machine.

The 9M330 rocket was fired from a launcher with a powder charge at a speed of 25 m/s. Then the vertically launched rocket turned towards the target, started the main engine and headed in the given direction. To incline the rocket to a predetermined angle (the necessary data was entered into the rocket control system immediately before launch), a gas generator with a set of nozzles was used. It is noteworthy that such a gas engine used the same drives as the aerodynamic rudders. One second after launch or when deflected by 50° from the vertical, the rocket fired the propulsion engine. At a distance of 1.5 km from the launcher, the 9M330 product reached speeds of up to 800 m/s.

The vertical launch of the rocket with the engine turned on after exiting the launcher and inclination towards the target made it possible to use the capabilities of the solid propellant engine with greater efficiency. Because the engine is turned on when the rocket is already tilted in the desired direction, all of its momentum is used to accelerate the rocket along a nearly straight trajectory without significant maneuvering associated with loss of speed.

By optimizing engine operation, it was possible to increase the maximum target engagement altitude to 6 km and the maximum range to 12 km. At the same time, it was possible to attack a target flying at altitudes of 10 m. At such altitudes and ranges, the destruction of aerodynamic targets moving at speeds of up to 300 m/s was ensured. Targets with speeds of up to 700 m/s could be attacked at ranges of no more than 5 km and altitudes of up to 4 km.

Target detection and detonation of the warhead was carried out using an active radio fuse. Due to the need for effective operation at low altitudes, the radio fuse could determine the target against the background of the underlying surface. The target was hit by numerous fragments of the warhead. The probability of hitting aircraft with one missile reached 0.3-0.77, for helicopters this parameter was 0.5-0.88, for remotely piloted aircraft - 0.85-0.955.

The first prototype of the 9K330 Tor anti-aircraft missile system was built in 1983. In December of the same year, testing of a new combat vehicle began at the Emba training ground. The tests lasted about a year, after which the developers began refining the systems and correcting identified deficiencies. The resolution of the Council of Ministers on the adoption of the new anti-aircraft complex for service was issued on March 19, 1986.

To serial production new technology Several companies were involved. Tracked chassis were supplied by the Minsk Tractor Plant, guided missiles were produced at the Kirov Machine-Building Plant. Various components were supplied by a host of other enterprises. The general assembly of 9A330 combat vehicles was carried out by the Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant.

Serial "Thor" complexes were consolidated into anti-aircraft regiments of divisions. Each regiment had a regimental control center, four anti-aircraft batteries, as well as service and support units. Each battery included four 9A330 combat vehicles and a battery command post. During the first few years of service, the Tor air defense system was used in conjunction with regimental and battery control posts PU-12M. In addition, at the regimental level, the MA22 combat control vehicle could be used in conjunction with the MP25 information collection and processing machine. The regiment's command post could use radars of the P-19 or 9S18 "Dome" type.

It was assumed that the 9K330 air defense systems would operate as part of batteries, protecting objects or troops on the march. At the same time, however, the use of Tor complexes with centralized management from the regimental command post. The structure of management systems was determined in accordance with the intended tasks.

9K331 "Tor-M1"

Immediately after the 9K330 Tor complex was put into service, the development of its modernized version began under the designation 9K331 Tor-M1. The purpose of the update was to improve the combat and operational characteristics of the complex through the use of new systems and components. Organizations that participated in the creation of the basic version of Thor were involved in the development of the updated project.

During the development of the Tor-M1 project, all elements of the complex, and primarily the combat vehicle, underwent major updates. The modernized version of the combat vehicle was designated 9A331. While maintaining the general design features, new equipment units were introduced and some existing ones were replaced. The 9A331 machine received a new dual-processor computing system with greater performance. The new computer had two target channels, protection against false targets, etc.

The modernized SOC had a three-channel digital system signal processing. Such equipment made it possible to improve the characteristics of interference suppression without the use of additional tools for analyzing the interference environment. In general, the radars of the 9K331 complex have higher noise immunity compared to the systems of the basic 9K330.

The guidance station was modernized and “mastered” a new type of sounding signal. The purpose of this update was to improve the performance of the SN in terms of detecting and tracking hovering helicopters. An automatic target tracking device was added to the television-optical sight.

The most important innovation of the Tor-M1 project was the so-called. rocket module 9M334. This unit consists of a 9YA281 transport and launch container with four cells and guided missiles. The module weighing 936 kg was proposed to be transported on transport vehicles and loaded into the launcher of a combat vehicle. The 9A331 machine had space to install two such modules. The use of 9M334 missile modules significantly simplified the operation of the anti-aircraft complex, namely, it facilitated the reloading of the launcher. It takes about 25 minutes to load two missile modules using the 9T245 transport-loading machine.

The 9M331 anti-aircraft guided missile was developed for the Tor-M1 complex. The missiles of the 9M330 and 9M331 models differed only in the characteristics of the warhead. The new missile received a modified warhead with increased destructive characteristics. All other components of the two missiles were unified. Two types of missiles could be used by both the new Tor-M1 and existing Tor air defense systems. The compatibility of the missiles with the Kinzhal shipborne complex was also ensured.

In batteries with the 9K331 air defense system, it was proposed to use unified 9S737 Ranzhir battery command posts on a self-propelled chassis. Such vehicles are equipped with a set of special equipment designed to receive information about the air situation, process the received data and issue commands to combat vehicles anti-aircraft systems. The operator's display at point 9S737 displayed information about 24 targets detected by the radar station associated with the Ranzhir. The command post receives information about another 16 targets from battery combat vehicles. A self-propelled command post can independently process target data and issue commands to combat vehicles.

The 9S737 Ranzhir vehicle is built on an MT-LBu chassis and is controlled by a crew of four people. It takes about 6 minutes to deploy all command post assets.

State tests of the updated Tor-M1 air defense system began in March 1989. By the end of the year, all tests were carried out at the Emba test site. necessary work, after which the complex was recommended for adoption. The 9K331 complex was put into service in 1991. At the same time, mass production began, which, for well-known reasons, proceeded at a relatively low pace.

During the tests, it was revealed that the Tor-M1, in terms of combat qualities, has only two main differences from the basic Tor. The first is the possibility of simultaneously firing at two targets, including two missiles each. The second difference was the reduction in reaction time. When working from a position, it was reduced to 7.4 s, when firing with a short stop - to 9.7 s.

For the first few years, the Tor-M1 air defense system was produced in limited quantities only for the Russian armed forces. In the early nineties the first export contract. China became the first foreign customer. In 1999, the first Tor-M1 complexes were transferred to Greece.

It is known that several variants of the 9K331 complex were created on various databases. Thus, the Tor-M1TA combat vehicle was supposed to be built on the basis of a truck chassis. The Tor-M1B complex could be based on a towed trailer. "Tor-M1TS" was developed as a stationary anti-aircraft system.

Since 2012, the armed forces have been receiving an updated version of the anti-aircraft system under the designation Tor-M1-2U. It was planned that such combat vehicles would eventually replace equipment of previous modifications in the army. Some sources previously stated that the Tor-M1-2U air defense system is capable of hitting up to four targets simultaneously.

"Tor-M2E"

A further development of the Tor family of anti-aircraft complexes was the Tor-M2E. As before, when updating the complex, it received new components and assemblies, which had a corresponding impact on its characteristics. In addition, an interesting innovation of the project was the use of a wheeled chassis. The 9A331MU and 9A331MK combat vehicles are produced on tracked and wheeled chassis, respectively.

One of the main means of improving performance was the new slotted phased antenna array of the target detection station. In addition, a new optical-electronic system can now be used to detect targets. Due to a major update of electronic equipment, it was possible to significantly increase the number of simultaneously tracked targets and routes. The automation of the Tor-M2E complex can simultaneously process up to 48 targets and calculate 10 routes, distributing them according to danger. The guidance station can now attack four targets simultaneously with eight missiles.

As before, the radar stations and computers of the combat vehicle can operate both while moving and at stops. The search for missiles is carried out only from a standstill or from short stops. Automation has the so-called conveyor mode of operation. In this case, the target channel, after completing the missile's aiming at the target, is immediately used to attack the next target. The order of attack of targets is determined automatically, in accordance with their characteristics and danger.

Combat vehicles of the Tor-M2E air defense system can work together in “link” mode. Two vehicles of this type can exchange data about the air situation. In this case, the SOC of two machines surveys and controls a larger area. A detected target is hit by a combat vehicle that has the most advantageous position. In addition, the “link” remains operational in the event of problems with the SOC of one of the combat vehicles. In this case, both vehicles use data from the same radar station.

From the Tora-M1, the new complex adopted an antenna-launching device with sockets for installing 9M334 missile modules. Each combat vehicle carries two such modules with four 9M331 missiles in each. Due to the use of already mastered missiles, the characteristics of the Tor-M2E complex remain at approximately the same level as in the case of the Tor-M1, but adjusted for more advanced electronic equipment.

Improvements in electronics have made it possible to significantly increase the maximum range and altitude of the attacked target. Thus, a target flying at a speed of up to 300 m/s can be hit at a distance of up to 12 km and an altitude of up to 10 km. A target with a speed of up to 600 m/s can be shot down at altitudes of up to 6 km and ranges of up to 12 km.

The GM-335 tracked chassis is used as the base for the 9A331MU combat vehicle. The 9A332MK is based on the MZKT-6922 wheeled chassis produced by the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant. At the customer's request, all equipment of the anti-aircraft complex can be installed on a wheeled or tracked chassis. All differences between combat vehicles in this case lie only in mobility characteristics and operating features.

To expand the list of possible chassis, a modification of the complex was created under the designation “Tor-M2KM”. In this case, all units of the anti-aircraft complex are mounted in a module that can be installed on any suitable chassis, primarily wheeled. In 2013, at the MAKS aerospace show, a sample of the Tor-M2KM air defense system based on an Indian-made TATA truck with an 8x8 wheel arrangement was demonstrated. Other trucks can also be the basis for such a complex.

According to the reference book The Military Balance 2014, Russia currently has at least 120 anti-aircraft missile systems of the Tor family in service. Currently, this equipment is used as part of military air defense along with other complexes of similar purposes. In addition to the "Thors", the short-range complexes "Strela-10" and "Osa" of various modifications are in service. In addition, military air defense includes longer-range systems, which creates a layered defense system against enemy aircraft.

The production and operation of the Tor family of anti-aircraft systems continues. Anti-aircraft units are gradually being replenished with new combat vehicles with improved characteristics. In addition, complexes of new modifications are supplied to foreign countries. Thus, back in 2013, the military of the Republic of Belarus received three batteries of the Tor-M2 complexes, which made it possible to form the first division. Production and deliveries of the Thor family of systems continue. As one of the newest systems in their class, the Tors will remain in service for the next several decades.

Based on materials from sites:
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/
http://pvo.guns.ru/
http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/
http://ria.ru/
http://tass.ru/
http://bmpd.livejournal.com/

Ctrl Enter

Noticed osh Y bku Select text and click Ctrl+Enter

SAM "Tor-M1"

After the adoption of the Tor-M1 complex in 1991, a collapse occurred Soviet Union, and, as a consequence, the collapse of cooperation in the production of this complex. During the execution of the contract for the supply of Tors to Greece, an almost Russian Tor-M1 complex was created, which we propose to conditionally designate "Tor-M1-1". Visually, the difference between the new complex is in the tracked chassis of the 9A331 combat vehicle - instead of the Minsk six-roller GM-355, the seven-roller GM-5955 chassis produced by Metrovagonmash OJSC is used. In addition, the battery command post was transferred to a new chassis." Rank", which is now placed not on the MT-LBu, but on the Russian GM-5956 chassis produced by Metrovagonmash OJSC, which is externally similar to the 9S470M1 KP of the Buk-M1 air defense system.

The Tor-M1 air defense system is a short-range air defense system capable of effectively destroying both the air defense elements themselves and carriers of high-precision air-to-surface weapons.

SAM "Tor-M1T" in a two-cabin version. It is in service with Iran.

As of February 2007, the Tor-M1 air defense system was exported to the following countries:

• China
• Greece (Greece transferred several complexes to Cyprus in exchange for the deployment of Cypriot S-300PMU1 air defense systems on the Greek island of Crete)
• Iran (12 Tor-M1-1 air defense systems on a tracked chassis and 17 Tor-M1T air defense systems in a two-cabin version on a vehicle chassis and semi-trailer).

Perhaps the Tor-M1 air defense system will be bought by Venezuela.

Composition of the Tor-M1-1 air defense system

Weapons:

combat vehicle (BM) 9A331-1;
anti-aircraft guided missile (SAM) 9M331.

Controls:

battery command post 9S737M "Rangir-M".

Maintenance, support and training facilities:

Transport-loading machine 9T244
Transport vehicle 9T245
Maintenance machine 9V887M
Maintenance machine 9V887-1M
Group kit machine spare parts 9F399-1M1
Autonomous simulator for combat vehicle operators 9F678
Maintenance workshop MTO-AGZM1
Set of rigging equipment 9F116

The 9A331-1 combat vehicle (BM) is capable of hitting the following types of air attack weapons (AAM) having an effective reflective surface of 0.1 m2 and above:

• air-to-surface guided missiles;
• gliding bombs;
• cruise missiles of all types;
• unmanned aerial vehicles;
• tactical aircraft and helicopters.

Combat vehicle (BM) 9A331-1

The BM provides detection of air targets stationary and in motion and launches of anti-aircraft guided missiles at targets selected for firing from a short stop at any time of the day and in any weather conditions. The reaction time of the BM from the moment of target detection to the launch of the missile when operating in a parking lot is 5-10 seconds. The high efficiency of the combat vehicle is achieved by placing all the means of reconnaissance, identification, target designation, fire control and fire destruction on one lightly armored all-terrain chassis.

The BM includes:

target acquisition radar (TDS) with an antenna stabilization system;
radar interrogator (NRZ);
radar for guidance and tracking of targets and missiles (CH);
autonomous missile capture channel (AKZ);
television-optical sight (TOV), providing automatic target tracking along angular coordinates;
high-speed multiplex digital computing system;
equipment for indicating and displaying the air situation, monitoring the functioning of systems and means of a combat vehicle;
control panels;
documentation equipment;
telecode and operational command radio communication system;
navigation, topographical and orientation equipment (ANTO);
starting device and automatic starting system;
power supply source driven by an electric generator from a gas turbine engine or from a chassis propulsion engine;
auxiliary equipment.

Basic performance characteristics BM 9A331-1

Anti-aircraft guided missile SAM 9M331

The 9M331 anti-aircraft guided missile (SAM) as part of the Tor-M1 system ensures effective combat at low, medium and extremely low altitudes with modern and promising air attack weapons. The 9M331 rocket is a single-stage, solid-fuel rocket, built using a canard aerodynamic configuration. The missile is aimed at the target using radio commands from the BM. Target destruction is ensured by a high-explosive fragmentation warhead with an active radio fuse.

Eight ready-to-launch missiles are located in the antenna-launch device (APU) in two four-seat transport and launch containers (TPC). The container, together with anti-aircraft missiles, forms the 9M334 missile module. Each rocket is equipped with an ejection device that ensures its vertical launch.

The presence of a propulsion engine in the 9M331 rocket allows it to maintain a speed close to the average value for a long time.

To ensure safety, in the event of a disruption in normal flight, the missile is automatically destroyed and, if necessary, can be eliminated by the BM operator.

Main tactical and technical characteristics of the 9M331 missile defense system

"Tor-M1" is the first military system, the radar station of which used a low-element phased antenna array with electronically controlled beam scanning. This allows you to sharply reduce reaction time and automatically track and engage with high accuracy two targets simultaneously (including high-tech weapons) in the 15°x15 sector. Usage technical solutions at the know-how level, it made it possible to achieve automation of the entire process of combat work from analyzing the air situation to hitting the target with missiles.

© OJSC "IEMZ "Kupol"

Capabilities of a combat vehicle to detect and defeat high-tech weapons

a) army aviation, tactical aviation, fire support helicopters
b) precision weapons (HTO)
c) detection zone of the Tor-M1 air defense system
© OJSC "IEMZ "Kupol"

Anti-aircraft missile battery

Combat vehicle (BM) 9A331-1

The minimum unit capable of independently conducting combat operations - from detecting targets to destroying them - is a combat vehicle. The combat vehicle is capable of performing a combat mission autonomously or as part of a fire unit - an anti-aircraft missile battery (zrbatr), controlled from a battery command post (BCP).

Organizationally, four combat vehicles of the Tor-M1 air defense system make up the air defense battalion, which is a tactical unit capable of independently solving complex combat missions. When conducting combat work as part of a battery, combat vehicles are controlled from the 9S737M Ranzhir-M BKP. The exchange of commands and information between the armored personnel carrier and subordinate combat vehicles is carried out via telecode and voice communication channels. The BKP distributes targets between combat vehicles, which eliminates unauthorized concentration of fire on one target.

Typical option The composition of an anti-aircraft missile battery includes:

Transport-loading machine 9T244

The vehicle carries one missile ammunition (two 9M334 missile modules). It is equipped with a hydraulic crane with a manipulator and provides reloading (removal of used
container and installation of a new one with missiles) within no more than 18 minutes. TZM combat crew - 3 people.

The chassis is a Ural-4320 vehicle. The mass of the TZM with missile defense system is 15055 kg. Fuel range is 600 km. The time for transferring the TZM from the traveling position to the combat position is up to 10 minutes.

Transport vehicle 9T246

The 9T245 transport vehicle (TM) is designed for transportation and long-term storage of four 9M334 modules with missiles and loading a combat vehicle from it using the 9T244 TZM. The chassis is a Ural-4320 vehicle. The weight of the loaded vehicle is no more than 14,000 kg. Fuel range is 600 km.

Maintenance vehicles (MTO)

MTO 9V887M is designed to carry out maintenance and repair using a group set of spare parts (ZIP-2A) for four vehicles, to control the functioning of the starting automatics of a combat vehicle.

MTO 9V887-1M is intended for the repair of sixteen combat vehicles using a group set of spare parts (ZIP-2B) and analysis of the process of combat work using equipment for decoding recordings of documentation equipment.

Maintenance vehicles are equipped on the basis of a Ural-43203 vehicle chassis with a K2.4320 van body. The MTO is powered from a trailed power unit. The weight of fully equipped MTO with a trailer is no more than 13450 + 3400 kg. Fuel range is 600 km.

Group kit machine spare parts 9F399-1M1

The 9F399-1M1 spare parts group kit vehicle is designed for transportation and storage of a group spare parts kit for repairing 9A331-1 combat vehicles as part of the military personnel. The spare parts vehicle is equipped on the basis of the chassis of the Ural-4320 vehicle with a flatbed body and a tarpaulin awning and on the basis of the 2-PN-4M trailer (SMZ-7826). A group set of spare parts for BM is placed in wooden boxes and placed in metal containers located in the body of the car and in the body of the trailer. The weight of the spare parts vehicle with trailer is 13240 kg + 6320 kg. Fuel range is 600 km.

Set of rigging equipment (KTO)

WHO is intended for:

• carrying out loading and unloading operations and packaging of missile modules;
• carrying out loading and unloading operations with a package of up to four modules and packaging from two to four modules;
• transporting a package of modules within the bases and loading them onto the aircraft;
• storage and transportation of equipment included in the kit.

Autonomous simulator for operators of BM air defense missile system "Tor-M1" 9F678

The autonomous simulator for operators of the BM air defense system "Tor-M1" 9F678 is intended for training combat crews of the BM in order to gain them the skills to control the system in conditions as close as possible to combat work, as well as maintaining their functional readiness. The simulator allows you to simulate group raids, paired targets, single target raids, launches of anti-radar missiles from carriers, active and passive noise interference, and reflection from local objects. The simulator consists of a combat vehicle equipment simulator and an air situation simulator. The air situation in the simulator is set programmatically (a set of standard training situations) or manually in interactive mode. It is possible to quickly change the air situation during training, which allows you to conduct a duel mode of simulated combat. Simulated collaboration with a battery command post. An automated assessment of the work of operators of the 9A331-1 combat vehicle is provided. The simulator has an autonomous power supply located on the trailer.

The rapid development of aviation and precision weapons has confronted military personnel and designers with the need to confront new threats. The experience of military conflicts of the late 20th and early 21st centuries shows that the actions of aviation were in many cases the decisive factor that ensured the victory of one of the parties. In addition, it is with the help of this type of weapon that the main damage is caused to the enemy.

In addition to attack aircraft and helicopters, cruise missiles, which are capable of traveling thousands of kilometers and flying at low altitudes, skirting the terrain, pose a great danger, which greatly complicates their detection and destruction.

In this regard, the problem of protecting troops on the march and important facilities in the rear is especially acute, since these are the targets that are the priority for cruise missiles. In addition, the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles with small dimensions also forced the search for a countermeasure.

As a response to new challenges, Russian engineers developed the Tor-M2U anti-aircraft missile system. This complex is currently one of the few systems that are capable of simultaneously operating against large air targets, as well as cruise missiles and guided bombs.

The name of the complex is not accidental: as you know, a torus is a figure similar to a donut. If you increase the diameter of this “donut” to 15 km, then it will cover exactly the airspace that one complex can cover.

The main armament of the Tor-M2U air defense system is eight 9M331 missiles, placed vertically in their launch containers. The complex's systems are capable of detecting up to 40 targets simultaneously, automatically identifying the most dangerous of them, simultaneously tracking up to ten and firing at up to four targets. Moreover, all eight missiles can be aimed simultaneously.

The complex is capable of intercepting not only high-altitude targets, but also targets flying at an altitude of up to ten meters and at speeds of up to 700 m/sec. This is enough to combat all means of air attack known today, including cruise missiles.

The fire controls of the complex are made according to a very simple and, as they say today, intuitive design. In essence, the commander’s role comes down to selecting targets and deciding to launch missiles. Moreover, if necessary, the air defense system can operate in automatic mode - independently identify priority targets and fire missiles at them.

Each complex can be used both independently and as part of a unit. If the target detection system fails, the complex can still launch missiles that will be aimed from other complexes. Thus, with the help of several “Tor-M2U” you can create very flexible system air defense with “settings” for the current situation and terrain features.

According to engineers, today it is possible to make the air defense system completely robotic and even create an air defense system from such “robots.” However, there is no such need yet: a person still remains the most important link in making a decision on the destruction of a particular detected target.

The detection station of the complex allows you to work with a wide range of targets, including those using stealth technology. The high noise immunity of the complex allows it to operate in conditions of intense enemy counteraction using electronic warfare equipment.

Another advantage of the complex is its mobility. Due to the use of a tracked chassis, the Tor-M2U is capable of accompanying columns of armored vehicles and covering them during marches. If necessary, wheels can be used instead of tracks, which allows the complex to be used on sandy soils. This feature has already been appreciated by countries that are Russia’s partners in the military sphere, in particular Egypt, which is showing interest in the export version of the complex.

At international exhibitions, Tor-M2U always attracts attention. Russian representatives have more than once proposed a duel to their foreign colleagues to find out whose complex is better and whether manufacturers are exaggerating the characteristics of their products for advertising purposes.

It was proposed to place the air defense system on the training ground and detect and destroy a training target, the speed and altitude of which are chosen arbitrarily. Foreigners never agreed to such full-scale tests.

As for the Russian Armed Forces, as previously reported by the Commander of the Russian Ground Forces, Colonel General Oleg Salyukov, the troops have already received two divisional sets of Tor-M2 and two Tor-M2U air defense systems. In the near future their number will increase.

Follow us

home » Investments » Thor m2 anti-aircraft. What is good about the new Tor-M2U anti-aircraft missile system. History of the creation of the Tor-M2U air defense system