All modifications of the Me 109. The history of the creation of the most popular fighter of the Second World War, Messerschmitt Bf.109. What was the history of creation

In summer, during the holiday season and long journeys, the danger of catching an acute intestinal infection (AI) increases many times over. Most often, despite possible side effects, antibiotics are used to treat such diseases. Therapist N.P. Ryabova talks about the risks of antibiotic therapy and alternative approaches to the treatment of acute intestinal infections.

Are concerns about taking antibiotics for AEI justified?
Antibiotic therapy, like many other prescription drugs, poses very real health risks. In fact, when prescribing an antibiotic to a patient, the doctor each time looks for a compromise between the expected therapeutic effect and the risk of developing allergic, toxic and other side effects. And if we consider that the resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to various antibacterial drugs is constantly growing, then a worthy alternative to antibiotics is becoming increasingly relevant.

How to get rid of OKI quickly and without side effects?
As an alternative to “classic” antibacterial medicines(MS) The pharmaceutical industry offers bacteriophage preparations - over-the-counter and safe antibacterial drugs. Bacteriophages are special viruses that use bacterial cells for their reproduction. As a result, the microbial cell dies, and tens or hundreds of new phages appear on its “wreck.” It is not surprising that the name of these viruses is translated from Greek as “bacteria eaters.” Their action is strictly specific. Each type affects certain bacteria, for example, streptococci, staphylococci, etc. As for OCI, there are bacteriophages against Shigella, Salmonella, and enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli.

Are bacteriophages capable of completely destroying certain types of bacteria in the body?
Bacteriophages are natural limiters of the population of pathogenic microorganisms; their numbers depend on the number of target bacteria. When viruses do not find specific target bacteria, they simply die.

But won't their use cause dysbiosis?
“Bacteria eaters” do not affect the viability of normal human microflora, do not disrupt the normobiocenosis of the body and cannot cause dysbacteriosis. This is one of their main advantages compared to antibiotics. In addition, treatment of patients with acute intestinal infections and dysbiosis with bacteriophage preparations leads not only to the suppression of pathogenic bacteria, but also to the normalization of intestinal microflora. After all, bacteriophages play an important role in competition various types microorganisms during the formation of the biocenosis of the human body.

What are the advantages of using bacteriophages instead of antibiotics?
Unlike antibiotics, which to one degree or another have a toxic effect on all cells of the body without exception, the effect of bacteriophages applies only to pathogenic microorganisms. Additional benefit Such selectivity means there is no negative impact on immunity. Bacteriophages can also be used to prevent bacterial infections.

Do you develop addiction or resistance to such drugs?
Habituation and decreased sensitivity to bacteriophages do not develop. First of all, because they are constantly evolving. This is a rare case when the high variability of viruses works for the benefit of humans. Such qualities of bacteriophages are of particular importance in modern conditions when antibiotic resistance develops faster than the global pharmaceutical industry develops and introduces new drugs into clinical practice. Viruses that destroy bacteria - bacteriophages - make it possible to fight resistant microbial strains. In addition, bacteriophages are a solution to many problems for patients intolerant or allergic to antibiotics.

Can bacteriophages be used together with other drugs?
They can be combined with any other drugs, including antibiotics and probiotics. Bacteriophages can potentiate the effect of antibiotics and increase the sensitivity of microorganisms to them, which is especially important now when antibiotic resistance is increasing.

What is the safety of phage therapy?
Such drugs are absolutely harmless to humans. They can be used by pregnant women and children (even newborns). Since these viruses only affect the cells of certain types of bacteria, they cannot cause any harm to the body. Thus, phage therapy is an effective and safe method of pathogenetic treatment.

So, maybe we should give up antibiotics altogether?
Many infectious disease specialists believe that this is a breakthrough in the fight against infectious diseases. But we must take into account that not all pathogens of bacterial infections have selective “eaters”. In addition, when treating patients with severe infectious diseases, the efforts of beneficial viruses may not be enough. However, in most cases, there is no need to rush into using antibiotics, but rather give the bacteria eaters a chance to work. Unfortunately, antibiotics for the treatment of acute intestinal infections are still used very widely, often aimlessly and uncontrolled. This contributes not only to the development of resistance to them and the appearance of dysbiosis, but also to a slowdown in the repair of the intestinal mucosa after completion of treatment. And all this against the backdrop of recognition by leading Russian scientists and healthcare experts of the effectiveness of bacteriophage preparations and recommendations to use them more widely for the treatment of bacterial infections!

Are there special bacteriophage preparations for the treatment of acute intestinal infections?
Such drugs exist. One of them is Intesti-bacteriophage, produced by NPO Microgen of the Russian Ministry of Health, largest enterprise domestic pharmaceutical industry, a leader in the development and production of medical immunobiological drugs, diagnostics and medicines.

Intesti-bacteriophage is available in liquid dosage form, in bottles of 100 and 20 ml, and is a mixture of phagolysates of the most common types of Shigella, Salmonella, enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus, staphylococci, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The drug is intended for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract infections such as dyspepsia, enterocolitis, colitis, dysentery, salmonellosis, as well as for the correction of dysbiosis.

It is recommended to take it orally, starting immediately after the onset of symptoms of the disease, for 5-6 days. If necessary, the duration of treatment can be increased by another 2-3 days. Children under the age of one year Intesti-bacteriophage are prescribed 5 ml, from 3 to 8 years old - 20 ml, children over 8 years old and adults - 30-40 ml per dose 3-4 times a day.

There are no contraindications to the use of Intesti-bacteriophage. It can even be prescribed to infants and pregnant women. There is no risk of side effects when taking it.

Intesti-bacteriophage can and should always be on hand. And not only at home, but also at the dacha, and when traveling to exotic countries. An effective antibacterial agent that does not disturb normal biocenosis will become a reliable assistant in difficult times.

Doctor virus
The era of antibiotics is coming to an end. Will bacteriophages replace them?

Olga Volkova, Ogonyok magazine No. 6-2012
Published on the website "Obshchaya Gazeta.RU"

The era of antibiotics is coming to an end. The colossal potential of their impact on microbes is devalued by human frivolity. Now many scientists are pinning their hopes on bacteriophages – natural viruses that destroy bacteria. This medicine is literally lying under our feet.

The sensation came from where we didn’t expect it – from the shores of Antarctica. While Russian polar explorers were drilling into a 4-kilometer ice shell above the Antarctic Lake Vostok, trying to get to ancient microorganisms, Swedish researchers from Uppsala University discovered a new type of bacteria in seawater off the coast of the polar continent. At first glance, these were the bacteria of the most common E. coli that entered the ocean, apparently, along with household waste from the neighboring Chilean Arturo Prat station. What was unusual about them was that these bacteria could easily neutralize the activity of almost all antibiotics known to science.

But that's not all. The bacteria turned out to be from the group of carriers of the beta-lactamase gene, and it, in turn, is part of plasmids - such universal parts that, like elements of a children's Lego constructor, can be built into the gene structure of any other bacterium. That is, tomorrow this Antarctic bacterium can transfer its immunity to antibiotics to all other bacteria. And then humanity will find itself practically unarmed in the face of the threat of new global pandemics.

Cheap and exclusive

Experts clarify: the threat is far from new. Since the discovery of penicillin, an increasing number of infections have become resistant to antibiotics. Staphylococci, tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, gonorrhea, and many other pathogens that have adapted to antibiotics have drawn humanity into an endless “arms race” in which science is opposed by primitive organisms. And medicine, alas, is not always a leader: every year in EU countries, about 400 thousand people become infected with antibiotic-resistant infections, and more than 25 thousand die. This “race,” it has been calculated in Europe, costs at least 1.5 billion euros: about 2 thousand new antibiotics are developed and tested in the world every year.

“However, recently pharmaceutical companies have been reducing funding for such searches due to economic risk,” famous epidemiologist Professor Mikhail Favorov from International Institute vaccines at the UN. – Infections adapt too quickly, and the enormous costs of developing new drugs do not have time to pay off.

The World Health Organization calls for strict control of the use of antibiotics and the search for alternatives. One of the possible ways is the use of bacteriophages, viruses that, on their own initiative, destroy half of the bacteria in nature. These nanowarriors were discovered almost a century ago and shocked the scientific world. The first Nobel laureate in literature in the United States, Sinclair Lewis, even wrote a novel about it, Arrowsmith.

But another 10 years later, penicillin was discovered, which turned out to be more effective in the fight against microbes. After all, antibiotics are capable of destroying entire groups of different microorganisms, but a bacteriophage affects only one. And in order to treat with a bacteriophage, one cannot do without preliminary accurate tests. Phages could not withstand the competition, and their research was suspended almost everywhere.

But not in Russia. Our scientists have not stopped researching bacteriophages and using this accessible and inexpensive remedy in surgery, in the treatment of acute intestinal infections, dysbacteriosis and other ills. Proponents of phage therapy claim that almost all diseases, except those caused by viruses and protozoa, can be treated with bacteriophages without any restrictions or complications.

Now a wave of interest in phages is rising in the West, although they are used there not for medicinal purposes, but rather for preventive purposes. In the USA, the Quality Assurance Authority food products And medicines(FDA) has recognized the safety and advisability of phages as dietary supplements that prevent the growth of unwanted bacteria on cheeses, dairy products and semi-finished meat products, – in a word, recommended using them as preservatives. In June 2011, the domestic Rospotrebnadzor convened Academic Council, at which a resolution was signed on the introduction of bacteriophages as a new class of food additives.

“Bacteriophages may have good prospects,” says biologist Andrei Aleshkin from the laboratory of biology of bifidobacteria at the Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (MNIEM) named after. G.N. Gabrichevsky. “For example, they can also be used to combat persistent hospital-acquired infections. Staphylococcus aureus is a big problem, including in maternity hospitals. You can feed women in labor with antibiotics or endlessly lock yourself into washing, or you can treat surfaces and instruments with aerosol phage without even violating the institution’s regime. Rospotrebnadzor carries out so-called control washes at food industry enterprises, in child care institutions, and hospitals, so the range of bacteria living there is known. And you can select an effective bacteriophage for it.

Enemy of my enemy

The sacred waters of the Ganges interested scientists back in 1896 for their antibacterial effect. British chemist Ernest Hankin was able to obtain an agent from river water samples that caused the destruction of microbes. In 1917, the French bacteriologist Felix D'Herelle from the Pasteur Institute called these “super agents” bacteriophages - microbe eaters.

It is now known that a bacteriophage is a virus consisting of DNA and a protein shell. Like all viruses, it reproduces only in living cells of the host. Moreover, unlike antibiotics, bacteriophages do not disrupt the normal microflora of the body. They are able to attach only to a single type of microbe, and do not harm the rest. Having penetrated inside the pathogenic cell, the phage DNA begins to reproduce its own kind. Having multiplied, bacteriophages rupture the host cell membrane and attack other microbes.

First of all, in the 20s of the last century, they began to treat skin diseases with staphylococcal phage. And Felix D'Herelle, as inspector of health services for the League of Nations, used phage therapy to combat outbreaks of infectious diseases in the Middle East and India.

At the same time, the Georgian follower of D'Erel Georgy Eliava, with the support of the People's Commissar of Soviet Heavy Industry Sergo Ordzhonikidze, founded the Institute for Bacteriophage Research in Tbilisi. The Institute had a large scientific and production base with its own clinics, it became a world center for phage therapy of infectious diseases. In 1937 By order of Beria, Georgy Eliava was shot as an enemy of the people, but his institute continued to operate until the collapse of the USSR.

“Until 1991, the scientific centers for the development of bacteriophages were Tbilisi and Ufa,” Andrei Aleshkin from the MNIIEM reminds Ogonyok. G.N. Gabrichevsky. – After the collapse of the Union in Russia, drugs were produced independently in several cities, until all manufacturing plants were transferred to the state association FSUE NPO Microgen, which now owns 13 plants. And if by 2000 bacteriophages were produced for approximately $10 million a year, now production has decreased. It's a pity: market demand There is much more supply for these drugs.

Initially, bacteriophages were released in liquid form. Acid-resistant coated tablets, easy to use and transport, were then developed, as well as concentrate, liniment and gel. At the same time, in Russia now they use both drugs with one active virus and combined ones (from 2 to 8 types of bacteriophages).

“Most often we use bacteriophages for intestinal infections,” says pediatric infectious disease specialist Tatyana Moskaleva, who prescribes these drugs to sick children almost daily. “They work well when the causative agent of the disease is known and its sensitivity to phages has been tested. Then the medicine acts in a targeted manner, normal flora is preserved, and side effects are practically absent. My only complaints are about the organoleptic properties - they are too tasteless. Here is Salmonella bacteriophage in tablets - acceptable. And liquid forms have a very unpleasant taste and smell, and this creates difficulties when treating small children.

Doctors acknowledge that during outbreaks of infections such as pneumonia, they are more likely to prescribe intensive antibiotics to patients. But in some cases, antibiotics are powerless, and it is phages that help. For example, during the period of the rise in the incidence of diphtheria in the 1990s in Russia, many did not get sick themselves, but were carriers of the infection - they lay in the hospital for months without any therapeutic effect. Antibiotics did not work, and bacteriophages came to the rescue. The same situation is now with salmonellosis: those people who themselves do not get sick, but carry bacteria, are more often cured not with antibiotics, but with phages.

Instead or together

When in the laboratory of the consultative and diagnostic center at MNIIEM named after. G.N. Gabrichevsky, the patient undergoes a microflora analysis and finds some kind of microbe, then tests are necessarily carried out to determine the sensitivity of this microbe to both the spectrum of antibiotics and the spectrum of bacteriophages. It is worth treating with a bacteriophage only if the bacteria are highly sensitive to it, but even in this case, doctors cannot guarantee a therapeutic effect.

“Everything in the body is not as simple as in a Petri dish from the laboratory,” says Tatyana Moskaleva. – The microbe may be covered with a film, and the bacteriophage will not be able to attach to it. Or there may be a symbiosis of several microbes, then the reaction will also be different.

Over the long history of phage therapy, Russian research centers have collected a rich database (Western microbiologists are now very interested in it). The largest museum of microorganisms, including phages, is stored in the Scientific Center for Expertise of Medicinal Products of the Russian Ministry of Health and Social Development. Thousands of strains of pathogenic bacteria are maintained here in a viable state; viruses have also been developed from them, which are still used to produce bacteriophage preparations.

“This could be a problem,” says Andrei Aleshkin. – Phages can only destroy the microbe against which they are bred. The phages, which have been produced in Russia since 1995, are addressed to those strains of bacteria that are stored in the museum. What about modern microbes?

To resolve this issue, MNIIEM established cooperation with the Biophage enterprise in Ufa in 1998. The mechanism was as follows: the research institute tested pathogenic bacteria included in the population in the current season for sensitivity to drugs developed at Biophage. But after the merger of all phage production factories into one enterprise, this connection was lost.

In principle, the selection of bacteriophages is much simpler and cheaper than the production of new antibiotics. Each type of bacteria has its own phages, and they can be isolated anywhere these bacteria exist: from wastewater, feces or soil.

There are, however, arguments against phage therapy, one sounds like this: phages, integrating into the genome of a bacterial cell, can transfer genetic material from one bacterium to another, and this leads to the development of a protective mechanism in microbes.

“Laboratory experiments show that this is possible, but in practice in our country this has not been confirmed,” explains Andrei Aleshkin. – Otherwise, after using the bacteriophage, a superinfection with symptoms atypical for this type of pathogen would appear. To exclude this, it is necessary to use phages only after determining their sensitivity to the microflora isolated from the patient. It is necessary to purify preparations from moderate phages, which, having integrated into the bacterium, do not destroy it, but coexist with it for some time. There is a need to continue research and share data with manufacturers.

Scientists are working on genetically engineered drugs - they plan to use only phage DNA without an envelope in order to maximize efficiency. Combination drugs are created - bacteriophages are combined with bacteriocins (bacterial enzymes) and interferon. Phages are also used in tandem with antibiotics to greatly increase the chances of defeating the disease.

“It’s still too early to give up on antibiotics,” explains Professor Mikhail Favorov. “They will become more and more expensive and less accessible, but for now they will continue to play a decisive role in the fight against bacteria, perhaps with the participation of auxiliary agents, such as bacteriophages. And to develop a scientifically based strategy for the use of phages in medicine, it would be important to conduct a comprehensive, standardized clinical trial of phage-containing medicines. So far, the results of such tests have not been published either here or abroad.

Bacteriophages are known for their unique ability to selectively infect bacteria: each type of bacteriophage is active only against a certain type of bacteria and neutral against others. Medicine knows more than five thousand types of these “bacteria eaters”, which, penetrating into a pathogenic cell, destroy it from the inside, but do not disturb the microflora of the body as a whole.

Operating principle

The principle of action of bacteriophage preparations is that when phages are introduced or applied superficially, they search for and penetrate the harmful bacterium, disrupting its structure from the inside.

The reproduction of phages inside a bacterium leads to its complete destruction. This process, which takes 15 to 45 minutes, produces approximately 70 to 200 new phage particles.

The advantage of phages when used is that they continue to multiply and enter cells as long as there is an infection there

Species and habitat

Despite the very small size of phage particles (up to 0.2 millimicrons), their structure is more complex structure than viruses of other groups. The genetic information of bacteriophages is contained in the DNA located inside the phage head. Bacteriophages have a diverse morphological structure.

Bacteriophages of different shapes

In the natural environment, bacteriophages are found almost everywhere where there is a bacterial cell.

In medicine, there is a division of phage preparations into groups, including phages by the name of the pathogenic bacteria they affect:

• streptococcal;
• staphylococcal;
• dysenteric;
• colium;
• pseudomonas;
• klebsielosis;
• Proteacea;
• and others.

Practical application and purpose

The use of bacteriophages is not only an effective method for treating many infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens, but is also a reliable preventive method.

Therapeutic and prophylactic drugs containing bacteriophages are effectively used to treat:

• diseases caused by hemolytic Escherichia coli, staphylococcus, streptococcus, enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, etc.;
• dysbacteriosis in children and adults;
• ENT diseases;
• prevention of bacterial complications during influenza and acute respiratory infections;
• pyoderma of the skin, insect and animal bites, wound infections;
• purulent-inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity and periodontal tissues;
• bacterial diseases of the genitourinary system.

Phage preparations show the greatest effectiveness when used prophylactically and early detection of the causative agent of this disease.

Variety of drugs and their features

Therapeutic and prophylactic drugs containing bacteriophages are produced in the form of solutions and gels. You can find such drugs in pharmacies or trusted online stores http://vitabio.ru/. Below are examples and descriptions of some of them.

Gels with bacteriophages: Otofag, Fagodent, Fagoderm, Fagogin

Fagogin– a preparation with bacteriophages, produced in the form of a gel intended for intimate hygiene. The drug contains about 40 varieties of bacteriophages, each of which is aimed at combating a specific type of microbe. Fagogin is an effective local antibacterial agent for the prevention and treatment of genital infections.
Otophagus– gel for the prevention and treatment of otitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, rhinitis and other infectious diseases of the ENT organs. Otofag is an effective remedy for the prevention of bacterial complications during influenza and acute respiratory infections. Otofag is also used as an antiseptic during surgical interventions.
Fagodent – latest development containing live bacteriophages for hygiene and antibacterial treatment of the oral cavity. Produced in the form of a gel with a dispenser, the drug is capable of neutralizing pathogenic flora and the source of the inflammatory process. Fagodent is used in the treatment of purulent-inflammatory processes in the oral mucosa and gums, returns fresh breath and restores the microflora of the oral cavity.
Fagoderm– a drug for the prevention and treatment of diseases of the superficial and deep layers of the skin and its damage. The natural drug Fagoderm effectively copes with harmful bacteria and provides comprehensive healing of the skin. Suitable for use in different age groups due to the content of natural components.

Why are bacteriophages better than antibiotics?

The targeted destruction of microbes gives phages undeniable advantage before antibiotics, which, together with bacteria, destroy all beneficial microflora. Such treatment leads to disruption of the entire gastrointestinal tract system, dysbiosis and other diseases, which is excluded when treated with bacteriophages.
Other advantages of bacteriophages:

• capable of destroying bacteria that have strong immunity to antibiotics;
• no side effects;
• compatible with all medications;
• are not addictive;
• used as prophylactic agents;
• do not reduce the body's immunity;
• Suitable for use by all age groups.

Despite the fact that there are no contraindications for drugs containing bacteriophages, there are cases when drugs containing phages are not effective, then treatment of the disease continues with traditional methods.

According to scientists and specialists, phage therapy is a major revolutionary discovery in the fight against many infectious diseases, where medicine was previously powerless. As natural means of fighting infections, bacteriophages ideally interact with the human body without causing harm.

Due to the increasing resistance of pathogenic microbes to antibiotics, and due to the fact that alternative methods of treating infectious diseases are gaining increasing popularity, research on bacteriophages will only gain momentum, which will lead to new discoveries and victories over many diseases.

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