Elizaveta Rumyantseva

Nothing is impossible for diligence and art.

Content

There are several ways to decorate the material, one of the most popular is batik. This name means hand-painting on fabric using so-called reserve compounds. Drawings created with your own hands are not only beautiful, but also spectacular. In addition, this is a great way to occupy your free time and get carried away with real creativity.

What is batik

The term batik is a general name for various methods of hand-painting fabric. The principle of redundancy is used as the basis of this technique, i.e. coating with a special composition those parts of the material that should remain unpainted in order to ultimately obtain the desired pattern. To obtain clear contours (borders), a special fixative called reserve is used, made on the basis of gasoline, paraffin, and water base.

The technique is based on the fact that rubber glue, paraffin and some types of resins and varnishes are applied to the material and do not allow the dye to pass through. As for the materials for which the batik technique is used, they are cotton, silk, wool and synthetics. To obtain garments with a painted surface, such as T-shirts, there are several types of batik.

Story

The island of Java (Indonesia) is considered the birthplace of hand-painted fabric using reserves. Translated from the Javanese technique, batik means “drop of wax.” This type of painting has long been known among the peoples of modern Indonesia and India. In general, humanity has been creating designs on fabric since time immemorial. Different methods of painting matter were known in Sumer, Japan, Peru, Indochina, Sri Lanka and some African countries.

Despite the fact that the creation of patterns on fabric was known in different regions of the world, Java is considered the birthplace of batik in the modern understanding of this technique. The masters of this Indonesian island were able to reach unprecedented heights and sophistication in terms of dyeing fabrics. They managed to turn this craft into a whole art in a short time. It could take craftsmen months, and even years, to create one canvas. This is due to the multi-stage preparation of the material: soaking, boiling, bleaching, a long dyeing process with waxing, painting, drying.

Due to the length of the process, initially only aristocrats wore clothes that were covered with patterns using batik. Craftsmen on the island of Java used cotton fabrics, passing on the secrets of the craft from generation to generation. An interesting feature is that the patterns of different families could differ significantly from each other. The patterns made had a variety of themes: from floral ornaments and geometric patterns to mythological subjects. On the northern coast of the island, lighter shades are used than in the central part.

It is reliably known that from the patterns on clothes it was possible to determine which caste a particular person belonged to. It was forbidden to repeat traditional royal ornaments. Each girl in her dowry had to have things decorated using the batik technique. For example, colorful fabrics, curtains, wall panels, wardrobe items. Even today, among the people of Java, hand-painted clothing is in great demand, often made for commercial purposes.

In the 17th century, when Java became a Dutch colony, batik began to arrive in European countries. Later, Europeans invented the batik-pin electric device, with which it was possible to store wax in a molten state. In 1801, Jose-Marie Jacquard created an automatic machine with special punched cards, which made it possible to produce canvases with drawings created by artists. Thanks to this, batik technique has moved to a new level. It gained its greatest popularity in Europe only at the end of the 19th century.

Kinds

The technique of painting fabric is divided into several types depending on what materials are used and what stages must be overcome to obtain a surface with a spectacular pattern. The peculiarity of this or that type is that one option is ideal for synthetic fibers, the second for decorating silk, etc. You can learn more about their differences below:

• Hot batik. Wax is used as a reserve. To apply it, a special tool called chanting is used. Wax helps limit the spread of dye because... doesn't absorb it. This type of painting is called hot due to the fact that the wax used in it is necessarily melted. The paint is applied in several layers; upon completion of the work, the wax is carefully removed. This method is used for painting cotton fabric.
• Cold look. Ideal for decorating artificial materials, silk. In technology, paints made on the basis of aniline are used. The reserve is thick if it contains rubber components and thin when gasoline is the base. Rubber ones are applied from tubes, and gasoline ones are applied using glass tubes. In addition, both colored and colorless reserves can be used. The cold look implies a single-layer application of paint, and therefore the work requires greater accuracy from the performer compared to the hot technology.
• Free painting. Widely used on materials made of natural silk and synthetic fibers. For this, craftsmen often use oil paints and aniline dyes.
• Folding batik "shibori". The peculiarity of this type is that the master ties the material in a certain way, and only after that dyes it.
• Nodular appearance. In this case, first make many small knots on the fabric to be dyed, tying each of them with thread. After painting the surfaces, they are carefully removed.

Execution technique

First of all, paints are applied to the canvas so that at the junction of different shades there are clear and clear boundaries. For this purpose, a reserve is used, i.e. special fixative based on gasoline, paraffin, etc. – the composition varies depending on the chosen technique, material, paints. The main types of techniques are:

• cold;
• hot;
• free painting;
• free painting using saline solution.

Cold batik

Painting on batik fabric as a hobby is suitable mainly for patient people, because... this process is labor-intensive and time-consuming. One of the popular techniques is cold, which appeared much later than hot, with the development of the chemical industry. Her appearance simplified the work. The role of wax in cold technology is performed by special reserves that do not need to be heated, etched and reapplied.

To work, you will need to create a separate workplace. The ideal option is a well-ventilated room, such as a balcony. This is due to the fact that the vapors of the reserve substance do not have a very good effect on health. If you are going to use painted material for use in the form of a tablecloth, scarf, etc., then keep in mind that you need to fix the paint: baking in the oven, steaming in a water bath without contact with condensation/water, or using an iron. If this is not done, then during the first wash all the work will be washed away. You will need:

• a simple pencil;
• reserve (black), glass tube for it;
• calanque brushes, aniline compounds;
• buttons, subframe;
• natural silk (crepe de Chine).

Decide on the choice of sketch; for it you will need a sheet of thin paper. If you want something spectacular, then give preference to colors. When applying elements to the canvas, try to draw them so that each of them has a closed contour. The reserve must be applied to the contours without delay, but also without haste. Sequencing:

1. First, wash the fabric, then stretch the pre-dried fabric onto the stretcher using the buttons.
2. Take a glass tube and fill it with reserve. Apply the composition to the contours of the elements.
3. To increase the number of shades, dilute the same paint with different amounts of water. Use yogurt jars and disposable cups.
4. Start painting the flowers (from light to dark tones) and the background.
5. Take salt, sprinkle it on the canvas and let it dry. Shake off the salt and after the material has dried, remove it from the stretcher.
6. After 24 hours, boil the fabric (about 3 hours), wash in warm soapy water.
7. Be sure to rinse the creation by adding a little vinegar to the water. Gently wring out the item and iron it while it is damp.
8. After completing the procedure, blow the reserve back into the container and rinse the glass tube in gasoline. Otherwise, the remaining composition will harden and the tool will become unsuitable for further use.

Hot

Batik on clothes looks beautiful and impressive. If you decide to join this hobby, pay attention to the hot method. It is suitable for those who do not like to painstakingly paint over every piece of canvas, sitting for several hours at this task. Even without much effort, you can get a fabric from which exclusive skirts, scarves and even suits are sewn. This technique works with wax, stearin, paraffin or a mixture of them melted over a fire, so be careful. List of tools that may be needed when decorating a canvas:

• natural fabric, for example, cotton, wool, silk;
• cardboard stencil;
• dyes for painting on fabric;
• glass for water;
• wax, chanting;
• brushes, rubber gloves;
• cellophane, newspapers:
• hairdryer or iron.

For work, you better wear clothes that you won’t mind ruining, because... fabric paint practically does not wash off. Alternatively, wear a waterproof apron. Hot batik technology consists of the following steps:

1. To apply one of the listed solutions to the canvas, use a special tool - chanting. It looks like a watering can with a thin tip. Although, recently brushes have become widely used, with the help of which strokes and dotted drops are applied to fabric. After this, you need to apply a layer of paint on top.
2. Next, you can reapply wax and another type of paint to some areas. To keep your patterns organized, use stamps that you dip into melted wax. You can use 2-3 tones or more.
3. Once the paint is dry, get rid of the wax. To do this, place newspaper on the fabric and iron it - it should absorb the melted substance. Then put in a new newspaper and repeat the procedure. This must be done until there is no wax left on the canvas.

Free painting

Thanks to this batik technique, you can show all your drawing abilities, because... here it is impossible to form a drawing according to a specific template. With the help of free painting, an individual and unique work is created. This type of technique is mainly practiced using oil paints with special solvents or aniline dyes. You can even experiment by adding a salt effect or a reserve composition somewhere, or using alcohol-containing substances to moisten the fabric. Methods of free painting in batik:

• paints, thickener from reserve liquid;
• using paints, saline solution;
• printing inks;
• oil paints;
• on silk, finishing with thickeners.

Free painting using saline solution

The essence of this technique is that the fabric stretched over a frame, depending on the specific design, is impregnated with an aqueous solution of salt (table salt) and after it dries, the canvas is painted. In some cases, it is carried out using paints made from basic dyes into which a salt solution has been introduced. This approach helps limit the spread of paint on the fabric and makes it possible to create designs with free strokes. In this case, you can vary both the shape and the degree of saturation with one color or another.

It should be added that free painting with paints containing a solution of table salt can be successfully combined with regular painting with cold batik. For this purpose, some fragments of the drawing are created with free painting and modified with a graphic design. In this case, background overlaps are carried out in areas that are limited by reserve. Instead of salt, gelatin or starch can be used as a primer. Having decided to delve deeper into this craft and try to create a spectacular drawing in this way, prepare the following tools and materials:

• aniline dyes:
• saline solution;
• a piece of silk fabric that is stretched over a frame;
• sketch of future work;
• brushes for working with paints of different thicknesses, flute brushes for impregnating the material, synthetics;
• pipette for collecting paint, water for washing brushes;
• palette;
• soft pencil 8B.

To prepare a saline solution, take a couple of tablespoons of salt per glass of water. You need to dilute the salt in hot water in an enamel or glass container so that all the crystals dissolve. Depending on the task at hand, apply preliminary painting with a very soft pencil on stretched silk. Painting with salt solution consists of three stages:

1. Raw painting. Prepare the desired colors on the palette before the silk is soaked in the salt solution. Also, only use saline solution to thin your paints. While the silk is still damp, use broad strokes or brush strokes to work the colors into place. On very wet fabric, the paint will begin to spread in unexpected shapes.
2. Painting on semi-dry silk and applying background stains. As long as the silk is wet and salt crystals form on it, you can achieve painterly effects. The paint does not scatter uncontrollably in all directions, but the brush will leave a mark, which will subsequently blur a little. This is especially ideal for simulating natural textures.
3. Graphic drawing of details related to the first plan. Once the saline solution dries, the fabric will become crispy and the dye will barely bleed through it. Continue working on the details by applying short strokes or placing spots of different sizes.

Batik for beginners

By painting fabric, you will definitely feel your involvement in high art, especially when you begin to get spectacular patterns and designs on fabric. Over time, you will be able to develop your own design and style in which different items of your wardrobe will be designed. For beginners, it’s better to stick to the cold batik technique, because... the hot version is more complex and time-consuming. Strictly adhere to the technology so that the work done is of the required quality:

• First you will need to stretch the fabric over the frame so that it does not sag. Batik masters often stretch the wet fabric because... after drying it becomes more elastic.
• Prepare a sketch that is drawn with a pencil on paper.
• Next, the sketch is transferred to matter. For this purpose, the paper is secured under the fabric so that the lines of the pattern can be traced on the canvas with a soft pencil.
• Trace the contours using a reserve compound. To collect the reserve, lower the spout of the glass tube into a container with contour fluid, and insert a syringe (rubber) into the other end - with its help, the liquid will be sucked into the tube.
• Then check the circuit. After the reserve composition has completely dried, it is necessary to walk with a brush dipped in water over the entire drawing on one side of the contour, and after a while make sure that the water has not crossed the reserve line. If you find places where the contour is weak, then after the material has completely dried, go over these areas again with a reserve.
• In the sixth step, start painting the painting. Be extremely careful.
• At the end, remove the work from the frame and secure the batik by ironing, baking, or alternatively, you can steam it in a water bath.

What you need to prepare for your first lessons

Before you start mastering one of the batik techniques, prepare the appropriate supplies. Remember that the success of fixing colors also depends on the quality of the paints used. In any case, you need to wash clothes with batik in cool water with the addition of a small amount of vinegar. For the first lessons you will definitely need:

• Hoop or frame. If you plan to paint on a small area, then give preference to an embroidery hoop. If you are going to work with a large format, then prepare a special frame for batik - a regular stretcher will do just fine. You need to attach the fabric to the frame using the hooks that come with it. As for the stretcher, you can fasten the fabric to it with a thread and a needle, and do this so that the fabric does not come into contact with the frame. A simpler option is to secure the fabric with a furniture stapler (not suitable for silk) or with buttons.
• Paper. Prepare a sheet (or several) of thin paper to make a preliminary sketch. The size of the sheet should be equal to the area of ​​the pattern on the canvas.
• Textile. Thin natural fabrics such as silk, cambric, and double-thread are best suited. Dense material will not work, because... The reserve composition may not pass through thick fibers, resulting in an “explosion” of paint - one color will begin to transfer to the edges and zone of another. Beginning artists are recommended to choose cambric.
• Materials, tools. The standard batik kit includes a reserve, a glass tube for it and paints. Some kits contain contour liquid that is ready for application - poured into a tube with a thin tip. You can weld the reserve yourself, but this task is not only labor-intensive, but also a fire hazard.

Batik Patterns for Beginners

A relatively simple option for beginners is a drawing in the form of a composition of flowers. It looks great on children's and adult clothing, as well as on canvases used to decorate rooms. To have a whole bouquet on the fabric, follow these steps:

1. draw three ovals of different sizes;
2. in the center of each oval, draw a wavy flower core, and at the bottom - a stem;
3. draw a flower around each core;
4. draw a bud on the top right side of the flowers;
5. make the stems more voluminous, draw leaves on each of them;
6. draw the leaves and around the flowers;
7. at the end, carefully erase all the auxiliary circles.

Another equally interesting and quick option is a bouquet of roses. To get such a sketch, draw several circles on paper, then transform each of them into a blossoming multi-layered bud. Practice on paper so that in the future you will be able to draw roses in reserve on material the first time. You will have to draw bouquets of flowers on the canvas without any auxiliary lines.

The Dutch were the first to use batik for making decorative fabrics in the first half of the 19th century. But by the middle of the century they had lost their influence on the European market and developed entrepreneurial activities in Java. Thus, entire manufactories for the production of batik were opened, which followed the prevailing trends and knew how to please the most demanding buyer.

At the same time, the English cotton industry, relying on the high technology of calico printing, is gradually overtaking the Dutch one. This influenced the fact that already established batik technologies began to be threatened with oblivion.

But at the beginning of the 20th century, batik came back into fashion in Europe, England and America. This happened thanks to the enthusiasm of a small number of artists who, fascinated by batik, went to distant countries and studied the unique batik technique from Indian and Indonesian masters. Thus, by the middle of the last century, the batik technique had a large army of admirers and followers around the world. Painting batik is becoming not only fashionable, but also prestigious.

Batik in Russia

For most of the 20th century, Russia remained behind the Iron Curtain, so batik appeared in our country only at the beginning of the century. It was then that a reserve composition was invented that did not require heating - cold batik appeared. But despite new discoveries, batik developed slowly in Russia. Artists often had to adapt rather than create.

During the NEP, there was a significant demand for dresses with asymmetrical patterns and silk shawls with exquisite patterns in oriental style. This provided artists with work for a while, but gradually the fashion passed and they had to look for new sources of orders.

Batik was mainly distributed in large cities such as Leningrad and Moscow. Despite the lack of experience, the artists were fond of painting shawls, curtains, and scarves. To exchange at least some experience, artists united in artels.

The subjects of the paintings of that time were dictated by the difficult political situation in the country. Soviet symbols were encouraged.

The second wind for Russian batik was given by the now Honored Artist of Russia Irina Trofimova. She managed to travel abroad to the homeland of batik. Thanks to her, the first detailed information about this technology appeared in Russia.

In the 1970s, a new generation of textile artists emerged, educated at the Stroganov and Mukhinsky schools, textile or technological institutes. They consciously chose the path of an artist, doing exclusively “author’s batik”.

Gradually, batik became a full participant in all art exhibitions, both all-Union and international.

Batik techniques

Cold batik. Cold batik technology appeared not so long ago - with the development of chemical knowledge. This happened at the beginning of the 20th century. The main distinctive feature of the reserve composition is that it does not require heating. This makes cold batik very accessible to a wide range of artists and hobbyists.

Cold batik is based on the fact that with this method of painting fabrics, all forms of the design, as a rule, have a closed contour outline (with a reserve composition), which gives a unique character to the design.

After the outline is drawn, the drawing is allowed to dry. It is not recommended to leave the drawn pattern on the fabric unpainted for more than 24 hours, since in this case the reserve composition gives a halo due to the released fat and the paint, when poured, does not fit closely to the contour tracing.

Cold batik is represented by three techniques: classic, multi-layered, open-ended graphics.

So, classic batik is created by drawing reservation lines that limit closed planes. The result is a drawing that resembles a stained glass window and is painted in one layer (see example 8).

Multilayer batik is also created using the stained glass principle. But in this case, several overlays of color tones are used on each other (see example 9).

Open graphics. Paints without using closed planes. In this technique, the reservation lines are broken. This allows the color of one plane to blend into the color of another (see example 10).

Free painting. The free-form painting technique is perhaps the fastest way to create an interesting painting. Free painting differs from classic hot and cold batik in that it is more like painting than batik. A composition is created on primed fabric, as on paper. Thanks to the primer, the paints spread less and retain the shape of the stroke. Free painting with paints with the introduction of a saline solution can be combined with regular painting with cold batik.

Freehand painting also includes three techniques: watercolor, stencil, and freehand painting.

Watercolor technique - the fabric is painted "raw" with drying in certain places and using the alcohol effect (see example 11).

Stencil technology. The design is created using a stencil and special cans for spraying dye (see example 12).

Free-painted graphics. It is created using salt technology and reserve guidance (see project 13).

Hot batik. Hot batik is the most ancient type of painting on fabric. It is called the hot method because the reserve substance used in painting is applied to the fabric only when hot. Paraffin, wax, stearin or a mixture thereof are used as a reserve substance. It is applied to the fabric using a brush or a special copper ruler.

In hot batik, the following main methods of work are distinguished:

1. Simple batik (one overlap).

2. Complex batik (two or more overlaps. See example 14).

3. Work against stains (see pr. 15).

Simple batik. The pattern is applied to the fabric using brushes, stamps, knives, funnels or rollers using a heated reserve compound. The result is a contour drawing, geometric or floral ornament.

Painting using the complex batik method consists of several stages, each of which, as it were, repeats painting using the simple batik method: after the first covering of the background and its drying, the pattern is again applied with a reserve composition and the entire surface of the fabric stretched over the frame is again covered. Such overlaps can be repeated up to four times. The overlaps go sequentially from light to dark.

Before each new coating, it is necessary to check the quality of the coating with a reserve composition and ensure that the entire pattern is transferred to the fabric in accordance with the template.

Stain painting is the most difficult and interesting work on fabric design. This method is usually used to make products decorated with floral patterns. The principle of operation is the same as in complex batik, but instead of continuous sequential overlaps of the entire fabric, here vague spots of different colors are applied to the canvas in accordance with the sketch. For each of these spots, the initial drawing of the ornament with a reserve composition corresponding to the sketch is carried out, then these same spots or adjacent areas of the background are covered with a different color, and again the further drawing of the ornament takes place. This procedure can be repeated no more than three times. Before the last covering, the ornament is finally drawn and finally the entire canvas is covered with some dark color. As a rule, this kind of drawings always have a dark background, since it is necessary that it covers the paint that has spread beyond the boundaries of the drawing. It's like working with complex batik on individual areas of the fabric being decorated. This makes it possible to achieve the finest transitions of colors and their shades with a small amount of overlap.

When painting, you must ensure that each layer of paint applied to the fabric dries completely and the reserve composition hardens.

In hot batik, the color modeling of volumes is based on both contrasting and subtle combinations. As a rule, it is this specific feature of batik that strikes the viewer’s imagination - multiple layers seem to be visible through each other.

Knot batik. Knotted batik can rightfully be considered one of the oldest types of fabric design. This art has thousands of years of tradition.

According to a certain pattern of the pattern, very small knots are tied on the undyed fabric, tying them tightly with thread. Then the fabric is dyed and the threads are removed. The result is an amazing and unique pattern. In a similar way, you can dye the fabric several times, removing old knots and adding new ones.

Many countries can boast of a special method of dyeing fabric using this technique.

For example, in India, knotted batik is called “bandana”. They came up with an additional effect in technology. Indian craftswomen learned to tie thousands of tiny knots by lifting fabric with a long, sharp nail on their little finger. And thus create complex multi-colored ornaments. In addition, each knot is tied not with a separate, but with a common thread. Having made several turns of it on a fragment of fabric raised with a fingernail, they wrap it around the next raised area. After dyeing and drying the fabric, it is not smoothed. This way the material retains the corrugated effect. This method allows you to create fabrics even with complex floral or “cucumber” patterns (see example 16).

West Africa has its own ideas about the technology of dyeing fabric, which here is traditionally covered with large diamond-shaped patterns. The height of such rhombuses is large - equal to the average height of a person from shoulder to feet. Such a large ornament looks beautiful in the folds of clothing, which is a rectangular panel the width of the armspan with a slot for the head.

It is very difficult for a modern person to find time to tie thousands of knots on fabric. Therefore, we will focus on the basic and simpler methods of painting.

"Shibori." The word "shibori" is of Japanese origin and means "twist", "rotate", "press". It is not surprising that this technique appeared in Japan, the birthplace of origami.

If you fold and strongly compress the fabric, and then paint a three-dimensional bundle, then mainly the surface of the bundle will be painted in the corresponding color. Depending on the density of the fabric, dyeing time, and pressing, the dye may penetrate deeper into the fabric. In this way, different shades of color are achieved, while the base of the folds of the fabric remains uncolored. The pattern depends on different ways of folding the fabric (see example 17).

Batik (Indon. ba - cotton fabric, tik - dot, drop) is usually called painting on fabric. Indonesia is considered the birthplace of this technique, although batik has also long been practiced in Japan, India and China.

The batik technique is based on the fact that before dyeing the fabric, a design is applied to it with wax, paraffin or other special compounds. These compositions are called reserving because they do not allow paint to pass through (they reserve individual areas of the fabric from paint), and thanks to them, the pattern after dyeing the fabric has clear contours.

Types of batik

There are the following types of batik: hot, cold, salt effect, free painting, shibori technique and bandan. When using hot technology, mainly cotton fabric is used as a canvas. The reserve composition is applied to the fabric with a special tool called chanting.

It looks like a tiny copper watering can attached to a wooden handle. When the process of applying a design is in progress, the reserve composition should always be in a separate container in a water bath in a melted form, since it must be periodically scooped up with a chanting and then, with fairly quick and confident movements, the design must be applied to the fabric through the thin spout of the tool. After the finished product has completely dried, the reserve composition can be easily removed by ironing the product with a hot iron through layers of newspapers.

Salt technique

The salt technique gives a very interesting and unusual batik effect. Coarse and medium salts are mainly used (food salt or bath salt without dyes or additives). After the fabric is dyed, it is immediately sprinkled with salt and allowed to dry, and the salt is simply shaken off. Salt absorbs paint, and depending on how much salt is scattered on the fabric, unusual and even unexpected effects are obtained, up to the complete bleaching of individual areas. Salt technique can be mixed with hot and cold.

The cold batik technique is similar to hot batik, but it is a little simpler and safer, since you do not need to melt anything. Reserve compositions for cold equipment are sold ready for use. The cold batik technique is used mainly when applied to silk or chiffon.

Free painting technique

The free-form painting technique is reminiscent of watercolor painting, virtually without the use of reserve compounds. Fabric dyeing is done with aniline dyes or oil paints with solvents. Reserve compositions are used only if it is necessary to draw a boundary between colors somewhere.

Free painting can also be done on damp fabric, creating a very smooth flow of one color into another.

Shibori

The shibori (or shibori) technique is also called the folding technique, since when dyeing using this method, the fabric is folded in a certain way. This is an ancient Japanese technique, so the methods of folding fabric have something in common with the most beloved art form of the Japanese - origami. The folded fabric is dipped into a boiling dye solution and boiled for about half an hour.

After cooling, rinsing and drying, the resulting pattern looks like a picture from a kaleidoscope.

Bandana

Indochina is considered the birthplace of the bandana technique. The use of a bandana involves tying various knots on the fabric to be dyed, which is why this technique is also called knotting. Here, imagination is not limited, knots can be knitted anywhere and any way, buttons, beads, stones can be placed under the fabric and then dyed.

To start painting fabric using the batik technique, you should first select the fabric and stretch it onto a stretcher. Next, you need to decide what kind of drawing you want to see on this still blank “canvas”. If you are not very good at drawing or find it difficult to choose, you can use special batik design templates that can be found on the Internet.

Drawings for Beginners

Drawings for beginners are very simple, but your first masterpiece will still be one and only, just like all subsequent ones, because even with several identical template designs, the coloring of the fabric will be completely different, because the paint cannot spread over the template.

I would also like to add that batik is a very exciting activity not only for adults, but also for children. Give your child a few template drawings for children's batik, all the necessary materials and accessories and room for imagination - and his new hobby may develop into a wonderful hobby that brings incomparable pleasure.

Master class on batik technique:

Introduction.

Batik is the art of hand-painting fabrics. Nowadays, as during the prosperity of Indonesia, batik does not lose its relevance. Batik is widely used in interior design. With the help of batik, you can place accents in the right places, give exclusivity to various interior details: curtains, screens, lampshades, ottomans, pillows, or, more simply, create the mood of the entire room. And interesting techniques and features of the batik technique allow you to achieve unusual results. Artistic painting on fabric brings soulfulness, lightness, comfort, elegance, and sensuality.

Batik often used as an independent work of art. It is also in demand by fashion designers and is used for tailoring.

The creativity of BATIK gives:

a) Creativity is defined as human activity that creates new material and spiritual values ​​that have novelty and social significance, that is, as a result of creativity, something new is created that did not exist before. The concept of “creativity” can also be given a broader definition. 1 Creativity is the process of creating a subjectively new thing, based on the ability to generate original ideas and use non-standard methods of activity. In fact, creativity is “the ability to create any fundamentally new opportunity” (G.S. Batishchev). Creativity is not a continuous and continuous movement. It alternates between ups, stagnations, and downs. The highest point of creativity, its culmination, is inspiration, which is characterized by a special emotional upsurge, clarity and distinctness of thought, and the absence of subjective experience and tension. P.I. Tchaikovsky wrote about his creative state: “...another time a completely new independent musical thought appears. Where it comes from is an impenetrable mystery. Today, for example, in the morning I was overwhelmed by that incomprehensible fire of inspiration that comes from nowhere, thanks to which I know in advance that everything I write today will have the property of sinking into my heart and leaving an impression on it.”

*Introduction to batik technique.

*Study of batik technique and artistic design.

*Deepen knowledge about decorative and applied arts, systematize knowledge about art.

*Master the basic techniques of fabric painting.

Batik. Features of technology and artistic solutions.

What is batik

Most people by the word "batik" mean hand-painted fabric. In a more professional narrow sense batik is a specific technology for dyeing fabric or a general name for various methods of hand-painting fabric. All these techniques are based on the principle of redundancy, that is, applying a composition that does not allow paint to pass through to those places of the fabric that should remain unpainted and form a pattern.

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia says that “batik is based on a combination of a pattern applied to the fabric with a dye-impermeable composition (for hot batik - heated wax, for cold batik - rubber glue), followed by dyeing in a tank or with tampons...”.

Batik This is a general name for various methods of hand-painting fabric. In this publication, everyone who wants to learn this art or improve their skills will find simple and clear instructions for creating works on fabric, information about materials and basic types of techniques, tips for creating their own works, as well as a large number of photographs demonstrating step-by-step the process of working on a work from from the very beginning to the end. There are also many templates offered here that you can use and create works no worse than those presented here.

So, the most typical feature of batik- this is a reservation, i.e. applying a certain composition to fabric in order to preserve and highlight the colors of a pattern or background. But now this term means not only the wax technology of multi-stage fabric dyeing, but also knot technology, and rope technology, and Japanese multi-color highly artistic painting on silk, and Chinese blue-and-white silk dyeing. Moreover, in the modern artistic environment, it is the latest technology that is the most popular. And that's it this is batik- an ancient, surprisingly diverse art, which now occupies its rightful place among other types of decorative art.

Batik combines the features and artistic techniques of many fine arts, such as graphics, watercolor, stained glass, pastel, mosaic and others. It is also interesting that a significant simplification of painting techniques in comparison with traditional techniques and a variety of special tools make it possible to paint various parts of clothing, interior items, and paintings on silk even for those who have never worked on textile design before.

History of the development of batik

Southeast Asia is considered the birthplace of batik, the art of painting fabrics. Batik came to us from Indonesia, even the name of this decorative art comes from the local word “anbatik” - to draw, write. In the manufacture of batik, in addition to dyes, special compositions were used - reserves that made it possible to preserve the color of a particular piece of fabric during further dyeing. The basis for painting was handmade cotton fabrics. Special attention was paid to the preparation of the fabric: it was soaked, thoroughly bleached, and boiled to give uniformity and the required density. After this, the multi-day painting process began: applying hot wax, dyeing, drying. These actions were repeated as many times as there were different colors in the created picture. As a rule, there were no more than ten such cycles. This is due to the fairly limited amount of natural dyes that were used in traditional Indonesian batik. The warm brown range, from ivory to dark brown, was emphasized by the rich tones of indigo, the brightest dye. The recipe for making paints, as well as the painting patterns, belonged to each family and were carefully protected. Based on the pattern on clothing, it was possible to determine a person’s caste, social status and family ties. A variety of subjects were used for painting: from abstract drawings to complex ornaments for decorating clothing: multi-figure genre or religious compositions for dwellings and temples. In ancient times, batik was widespread not only in Indonesia, but also in India, where this method of dyeing fabric was called “bandhana” and “laheriya”. The Chinese gave the world silk and, as a result, a method of dyeing it. The “latze” technique - translated as “wax patterns” - is very similar to batik. A pattern was applied to the silk using melted wax, after which the fabric was dyed. When the wax was removed, patches of unpainted tissue remained in its place. There was another method in which the fabric was first completely dyed, and after applying the wax pattern, it was dipped into an alkaline solution, which returned the background of the painting to its original color. Such painting could also be multi-colored. In Japan, where batik, according to scientists, came from India or China, it was called “rokechi”. The Japanese, combining the acquired knowledge with their own cultural heritage, created amazingly beautiful works with traditional national plot patterns. Such fabrics were used to make kimonos. When the Dutch penetrated Indonesia at the beginning of the 17th century, they noticed the striking similarity of the temple batik panels of this country with the frescoes of Christian churches. Thanks to the enterprising Dutch, batik came to Europe; the Europeans modernized this art, turning it into a semi-industrial method of dyeing fabrics. In the middle of the 19th century, dyeing fabrics using the batik technique was supplanted by English chintz, and batik became the domain of handicraftsmen for almost half a century. This happened thanks to the enthusiasm of a small number of artists who, fascinated by batik, went to distant countries and studied the unique batik technique from Indian and Indonesian masters, devoting many years of their lives to this. Then, returning to their homeland, they shared their knowledge. Thus, by the middle of the last century, the batik technique had a large army of admirers and followers around the world. In the second half of the last century, a huge number of artists and simply amateurs from all over the world went to study the technique in the homeland of batik. Painting batik is becoming not only fashionable, but also prestigious. At the same time, the technology does not actually change, but is transferred mechanically to other countries and cultures. Batik is mainly utilitarian in nature.

Since time immemorial, people have learned to paint and decorate fabrics, making this activity one of the most important crafts. The first masters of dyeing and printing fabrics lived in the territories of modern China and India. Scientists have found that natural dyes were discovered and began to be used several millennia BC. Many people have heard about the Indonesian island of Java. This place is rightfully considered the world center of the origin of batik. The word itself appeared there. Literally translated into Russian, it means the procedure of drawing using hot wax. This art was adopted from the Javanese by the Indians and Chinese, the Egyptians and the inhabitants of ancient Peru.

Most historians agree that the origin of batik should be attributed to the 13th-14th centuries. However, it became widespread only after several centuries - by the 17th century. It was then that a special instrument was created, which in the local dialect was called “chan-ting”. It was intended for applying patterns to the surface of fabric using molten wax. Externally, the chang-ting was a small copper container equipped with a bamboo or wood handle, and also had several curved spouts. Currently, the use of this tool has faded into the background, since the “chap” stamping has become the most popular in Java.

How to paint on fabric

When decorating fabrics, craftsmen use a reserve of various mixtures. They cover those areas of the fabric that remain unpainted. This reserve may include a variety of components: plant and tree resins, paraffin, beeswax. The reserve is designed to saturate the material and reliably protect it from the effects of paint.

When the fabric is prepared, it is dipped into the paint, and after some time the existing reserve is removed. A white drawing remains on the canvas, while the rest of the background is completely painted over.

Despite the fact that stamping has been widely used recently, fabrics are often hand-painted. There are several methods of hand painting, and each has its own characteristics.

When the reserve has the form of a closed contour applied to the fabric, and already inside it the product is subject to painting - this is cold batik. Drawings in this technique are distinguished by clear graphics, and the number of colors used is not limited. If the reserve serves both to draw an outline and to cover individual areas of the fabric, such painting is called hot batik. With free painting, patterns are applied with free strokes. Finally, the knotted batik technique no longer involves painting the fabric, but its exclusive dyeing. Individual sections of the material can be tied with knots.

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