Stages of creating social entrepreneurship. Prerequisites for the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia: microfinance opportunities. Entrepreneurship support funds

Entrepreneurship is a complex structured phenomenon that has become the object of close attention of researchers in various fields. modern science. However, there is still no unambiguous definition of the concept of “entrepreneurship”, or a comprehensive scientific approach that allows for a comprehensive study of this phenomenon. This involves the development of new theoretical directions for studying entrepreneurship.

For example, Ignatova I.V. (4) takes a modular approach to entrepreneurship research. It allows you to take into account and group all more or less homogeneous elements and processes within the framework of entrepreneurship. There are three modules:

Institutional;

Economic;

Psychological;

This division is due to the specifics of entrepreneurship as a type of activity, including three constituent elements:

1. Firstly, a necessary feature of entrepreneurship is economic freedom and administrative independence of decision-making, the guarantors of which are legislative acts at various levels.

2. Secondly, entrepreneurial activity is focused on achieving commercial success, making a profit, which is associated with market structure economy, during which the continuous renewal of social needs is ensured.

3. Thirdly, in the process entrepreneurial activity human self-realization and the development of entrepreneurial thinking occur.

The absence of a social module is due to the fact that society is the basis of any activity, in relation to which it acts as a condition, resource and environment that evaluates the results of activity. Society is understood as a complex, voluminous, multi-level, open organic system based on the collective activities of people. No activity can be carried out outside of society. Entrepreneurial activity is no exception; it is carried out by people and for people, while society plays a dual role. On the one hand, it represents a resource of entrepreneurship - these are people who have the potential or are actually engaged in entrepreneurial activities, and unmet social needs. On the other hand, the results of entrepreneurial activity influence society through the discovery and implementation of existing and the formation of new social needs. So, society permeates, determines and evaluates the success of entrepreneurial activity, plays a connecting role between the entrepreneur and society, ensuring the unification of economic interest, effective use resources and creative self-realization in the processes of implementation unique ideas in a certain way.

Thus, entrepreneurship is social, it originates in society, reflecting the modern social situation, in the form human resources, forms of social relations, culture, etc. Then it uses them, acting as a “black box” where the factors used in the entrepreneurial process are transformed, and as a result, new social elements, trends, norms, etc. appear. Therefore, entrepreneurship is a transformer of society. Let's take a closer look at each stage of the process of transforming society through entrepreneurship.

First stage reflects the influence of society on entrepreneurship. Let's highlight the following social factors:

Sex and age structure of the population;

Level of general and special entrepreneurial education;

Possibility of increasing personal income;

Society's attitude towards entrepreneurship;

Developed business infrastructure services, specializing in entrepreneurship.

Sex and age structure of the population. It is the demographic situation that determines changes in the needs for goods and services, as well as the population’s reaction to these changes and its ability to offer ways to satisfy new demands. Research shows that countries with zero expected population growth in the coming decades (until 2025) have a total entrepreneurial activity index of 2.2% or lower, and countries with an expected population growth of 20% have the highest level of entrepreneurial activity index. Russia is one of the countries with zero (minus) expected population growth, therefore, it is reckless to expect active entrepreneurial activity in the coming years (until 2025).

The population aged 25 to 44 years is considered the most promising for business. Countries with the highest development of entrepreneurship have more than a quarter of the population in this age range, countries with a low entrepreneurship index - 22%. It is also believed that women constitute a powerful, yet underutilized reserve for entrepreneurship development. However, in general, women in the field of entrepreneurship face many specific barriers, such as weaker technical education, difficulties in creating a business infrastructure, the need to divide their time between family and entrepreneurship, etc.

Level of general and special entrepreneurial education. In this area, the United States has significant competitive advantage, since more than 80% of the population at the appropriate age receives specialized secondary and higher education and is second only to Canada in this indicator (90%). According to statistics, entrepreneurs have more high level education than the national average. Researchers note an interesting phenomenon: among entrepreneurs in the United States there are more people with unfinished higher education(about one third). At the same time, the best American colleges and universities in the 1990s. began to offer special courses on entrepreneurship. By 2000, their number reached 125. IN last years implementation has begun in Russia educational programs, designed to increase the level of knowledge in the field of entrepreneurship. It should be noted that traditionally Russian entrepreneurs show a very high level of education (the level of activity of respondents with higher education is 2 times higher than the average for the sample). However, along with Japanese entrepreneurs, Russians demonstrate uncertainty in their knowledge and experience to start a business, 13% and 18% of respondents, respectively. At the same time, in developed countries Western Europe and America, this figure ranges from 25 to 55% of the number of respondents. This fact explains the low number of people involved in entrepreneurial activity in Russia. It is significant that entrepreneurs in the Dominican Republic, Bolivia, and Peru demonstrate the greatest confidence in their knowledge (level over 70%).

Opportunity to significantly increase personal income. It was revealed that there is a fairly high correlation between general entrepreneurial activity and differences in individual income. For most industrialized countries, the ratio of the total income of the richest 10% of taxpayers to the total income of the poorest 10% of the population is in the range of 5–10; in Russia (according to government statistics) in 2008 it reached 17. Groups of the population with high income levels, on the one hand, they provide the necessary savings for initial investment in start-up companies, on the other hand, they are a good target for ambitious entrepreneurs who want to increase their level of income.

Society's attitude towards entrepreneurship. In order to widely use entrepreneurship as a resource for socio-economic development, it is necessary, among other things, to form an ideology of entrepreneurship in society, which is one of the tasks of the state. The whole world knows the American dream about this “... public order, when everyone can fully realize their abilities and thereby achieve the respect of others.” In the USA it is prestigious to be an entrepreneur; he is a hero who managed to become independent and self-reliant. R. Reig studied the factors of honorability of entrepreneurship in the United States and came to the conclusion that the reason for this is the absence of contradictions between entrepreneurial and civic culture. They have been successfully synthesized, which has become a determinant of the improvement of entrepreneurial activity. If state views on methods for solving economic problems are compatible with entrepreneurial interests, then a qualitative and quantitative increase in entrepreneurship is ensured. As a result, an entrepreneur in the United States is a national hero and role model.

In Russia the situation is different, the entrepreneur is outside the law, he is not a hero. Based on the research of R. Reig, it can be stated that the reason for this is the contradiction between entrepreneurial and civil cultures. Domestic scientists (for example, I.G. Akperov, V.M. Emelyanov, Zh.V. Maslikova, etc.) testify that Russian entrepreneurs have a particularly pronounced complex of independence and autonomy. Cross-cultural studies have determined that Russian entrepreneurs are more alienated from society and psychologically protected from social disapproval than, for example, German ones. This is due to the development of Russian entrepreneurship in an unbalanced market, without real and consistent support from the state, in a sociocultural environment of disapproval, and demonstrates open opposition of business to the state and an extreme manifestation of individualism. Currently, the situation has changed somewhat under the influence of the development of market relations and state policy. According to research, about 70% of the Russian population believes that an entrepreneur is respected in society (in the USA - 74%, in Finland, which is the leader in this indicator, - 89%). Consequently, the negative attitude towards Russian entrepreneurs on the part of compatriots has softened.

Developed business service infrastructure(lawyers, accountants, consultants who specialize in entrepreneurship). New, fast-growing companies tend to be cash-strapped and unable to hire full-time, highly skilled professionals and pay them high rates, so they use third party organizations. Comparative studies of the economic and socio-political situation in leading industrialized countries have shown that such norms and characteristics as openness of the economy, the country’s participation in the international division of labor, the degree government intervention in market regulation, level of development management culture have a greater impact on the success of large companies and much less on the level of entrepreneurial initiative.

Thus, the identified factors influence the rate of spread of entrepreneurship and determine it character traits, which must be taken into account when developing activities for the development of entrepreneurship in the country.

Second phase– the process of entrepreneurship that transforms the society included in it. In the process of entrepreneurial activity, a psychologically important process occurs: implementation and development entrepreneurial skills person. The problem of abilities is one of the most important in psychology. In the context of abilities, the predisposition to entrepreneurial activity is considered, leadership skills entrepreneur, his communication skills, risk appetite, etc.

Entrepreneurs form a collection of heterogeneous groups, these include directors of privatized industrial giants, managers of small firms, chairmen of the boards of large banks, chief doctors medical institutions, scientists and others. The fundamental differences between groups of entrepreneurs are related to the scale and scope of business, its technical and organizational level, the origin of capital and the nature of reproductive ties, and the degree of responsibility. Large businesses, as a rule, are more stable, are more closely connected with government agencies, bear the burden of political rather than economic risk, and go beyond national borders. All this sharply distinguishes it from the bulk of small and medium-sized entrepreneurs.

Social aspects of the entrepreneurial process are manifested:

In creating the most effective jobs;

In providing employees with the opportunity to realize their abilities and provide a decent life for their families;

In building competitive environment Consequently, helping to reduce prices, improve the quality of goods and services, saturate the market with goods, and reduce shortages.

Consequently, entrepreneurial activity contributes not only to the realization of creative potential, but also to ambitions, the achievement of life goals, and, as a result, an increase in the level of satisfaction of an individual. Mass entrepreneurship, accordingly, will improve the social climate at the level of the entire society.

Entrepreneurship in various areas of life can be the shortest path to human well-being and prosperity. An increase in the material and cultural standard of living leads to an increase in cash income and savings, which can be invested in a project and receive additional income. This factor contributes to the expansion of entrepreneurial activity, accumulation of capital and increased opportunities for entrepreneurship in solving large-scale problems, that is, it can develop into the ability to solve some social problems at the state level.

Like any process, entrepreneurship has negative social consequences. The desire to maximize profits, as one of the goals, can be reflected in the prices of goods and services, as well as their quality, which will lead to a decrease in the level and quality of life of the population. Therefore, every socially responsible entrepreneur seeks a compromise between making a profit and the social consequences of his actions. In practice, this means that such an entrepreneur will not engage in every activity that brings even high profits(prominent examples are drug and arms trafficking - socially unacceptable activities, but highly profitable).

Third stage includes the process of transforming society through entrepreneurial activity. One of the directions for implementing this process in practice is Social responsibility business, which provides for the right of a person to make decisions and take actions according to his opinions and preferences, but he must be responsible for their consequences and cannot shift the blame for the negative results of his decisions and actions to others. This understanding of responsibility is expressed, for example, in solving environmental problems and caring about compliance with laws, even if it is possible to circumvent them. Thus, social responsibility is a contract between an entrepreneur and the society in which he operates.

Within the framework of the modular approach, the implementation of social responsibility of business in three directions is considered in accordance with the selected modules. In the institutional module, social responsibility of business is implemented through:

Compliance with legislation at various levels;

Economic module – transparency of taxation, establishment of an appropriate rate of return;

Psychological module – realization of human abilities.

Accordingly, in order to develop the social nature of entrepreneurship, the state needs to organize activities in the three indicated areas, creating conditions for intensifying the actions of entrepreneurs in solving social problems of society.

The positive effect of socially responsible behavior of an entrepreneur is manifested in:

Creating favorable long-term prospects for business;

Positive reaction of employees to the social activity of their enterprise, increasing labor productivity;

Increasing the attractiveness of enterprises for job seekers;

In promoting the formation of friendly relations with the authorities and lobbying their interests;

Additional attractiveness for investors.

It should be noted that the above are voluntarily assumed responsibilities of the companies. In accordance with the law, an entrepreneur is obliged to work, pay taxes and wages, and the state is obliged to solve social problems. Let us present arguments against the participation of an enterprise in solving social problems: violation of the principle of profit maximization; social inclusion costs are costs for the enterprise that are passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices; insufficient level of reporting to the general public in the implementation of social activities; lack of resolution skills social problems.

Different levels of social responsibility are a combination of requirements and expectations from business from society and the state and the profitability/disadvantage of social activity for business. The higher the level of social responsibility of companies, the more voluntary obligations they assume.

One of the options for a compromise combination of profitability and sociality in entrepreneurial activity is the development of social entrepreneurship, which is entrepreneurial activity aimed at mitigating or solving social problems. Social entrepreneurship, as a type of entrepreneurship, has the following features:

Willingness to take risks;

Ability to take advantage of the market situation;

The ability to move beyond the narrow understanding of entrepreneurship as commerce and mobilize disparate resources to achieve the main goal.

The difference between them is:

In the introduction of new mechanisms for solving existing social problems;

Increasing the level and quality of life of people affected by the entrepreneur’s activities.

At the same time, social entrepreneurship must be profitable, otherwise we're talking about about a charitable organization.

Some foreign researchers of the personality of an entrepreneur believe that it is necessary to abandon the search for universal psychological characteristics entrepreneur, and those that have already been identified should be attributed to the characteristics of success in any professional activity. For example, R. Hisrich says that there is no such thing as a typical entrepreneurial profile. Entrepreneurs are not born: they develop. To this it should be added that, as in any professional activity, one can talk about the individual style of the entrepreneur’s professional activity and its psychological structure. (see 7.3.). However, R. Hisrich, among the factors that significantly distinguish an entrepreneur from the rest of the population, identifies factors that serve as prerequisites for successful professional activity:

Family environment in childhood, meaning the environment of people engaged in entrepreneurial or near-entrepreneurial activities. What can contribute to its success with a young man in the future;

Education, as mentioned above;

Work experience, which adds to the success of any professional activity, and an entrepreneur is no exception;

Age (the optimal age for engaging in entrepreneurial activity is from 25 to 45-50 years);

Personal values (striving for personal self-realization, material well-being, wealth, power, spiritual needs and aspirations, etc.)

Shifting the emphasis from research on psychological traits to socio-psychological and socioeconomic factors, R. Hisrich believes that key point in the formation of an individual’s entrepreneurial orientation is social learning through the assimilation of role models of entrepreneurial behavior in childhood.

So, entrepreneurship guides social development towards social progress and contributes to the coordination of the interests of man and society, their “commensurability”. It is directly involved in the process of reproduction of social life.

The path to socially responsible Russian entrepreneurship does not lie through isolated cases of charity. It is necessary to create a culture and morality in society that would promote motivation business people to concern for the image of their morally justified activities in the eyes of the majority of the population. Unfortunately, today in Russia there are no economic and legal incentives for activities to improve the qualifications of enterprise employees, the development of a non-state system, including intra-company social protection, participation of companies in sponsorship activities and socially significant projects. The formation of such incentives is the task of the legislative branch, professional education and the local community, which is gradually developing mechanisms for the ethical regulation of the activities of individuals and professional groups in a market economy, cultural and political pluralism.

In the complex Russian reality, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the Russian mentality and the development of entrepreneurship, the lack of tax incentives or benefits for socially responsible companies. Awareness of the essence of the social function of entrepreneurship, and most importantly - the real actions of the state and entrepreneurship, will create favorable conditions for harmonizing their interests, redistributing the burden of solving social problems of society.

Social entrepreneurship based on a combination of economic and social values. The theoretical basis is the concept of mixed values, formulated by Jed Emerson (Senior Research Associate at Harvard Business School), according to which good includes 3 components: economic, social and environmental value. Social entrepreneurship is a fairly new phenomenon, which refers to the activities of both commercial and non-profit organizations that perform a social function.

Social enterprise (social enterprise) – is a business enterprise organized to create social value, designed to mitigate or reduce a social problem, operating on the basis financial discipline, innovation and business practices established in the private sector. The combination of innovation and entrepreneurship allows us to call social enterprises social ventures.

Ventures (venture company) are usually small enterprises engaged in scientific research, engineering development, creation and implementation of innovations, including orders from large companies and government subcontracts. Venture enterprises are risky forms of business with income that is uncertain in advance.

Factors determining social entrepreneurship:

– mission to create and maintain social value;

– identifying new opportunities for mission implementation;

– a continuous process of innovation, adaptation and learning;

– decisiveness of action, not limited by available resources;

– high responsibility of the entrepreneur to clients and to society.

Social entrepreneurship refers to the production of goods, services, and the creation of new organizations.

The main difference between social entrepreneurship and ordinary entrepreneurship- This characteristics of the value produced:

– for ordinary business value has a market, economic nature and is expressed in terms of income and profit;

– for social entrepreneurship value is the benefit that a significant part of society or society as a whole receives from the “large-scale transformation” carried out by a social entrepreneur. Wherein target groups, to whom the “value” is intended are the least protected and least prosperous segments of the population who do not have the financial resources or political levers to achieve the “transformation value” on their own.

Characteristics of a social enterprise:

1. Enterprise orientation on production of goods and services for the market.

2. Goals: social, environmental. They have clear social and/or environmental goals, expressed through the creation of jobs, training or the provision of social services. And ethical values may include upskilling local communities. Their profits are predominantly reinvested to achieve social goals.

3. Public property which can be expressed in the public nature of the product (service) produced, public management. The governance and ownership structure is usually based on the participation of stakeholder groups (ie staff, customers, community representatives, investors), or trustees and directors acting on behalf of a wider range of stakeholders. They are accountable to their stakeholders and the wider community for the social, environmental and economic performance of the enterprise.

4. Social result– change by solving a specific social problem, or eliminating a market “failure”.

5. Entrepreneurial approach uses the business mechanisms: innovation, strategic management, marketing, discipline and organization inherent in a profitable business.

6. Using profits exclusively to fulfill a social mission.

7. Democratization of governance through the use of various forms of employee participation in management.

8. State and public control, first of all, for the targeted use of government and other funds allocated for social programs and orders.

Components of Social Entrepreneurship :

1. Identification of a stable, unfair balance that determines social exclusion or suffering among part of society;

2. Identifying opportunities within an unjust equilibrium to produce social good through creativity, direct action and entrepreneurial courage;

3. Achieving a new equilibrium that releases hidden potential or alleviates the suffering of the target group.

Classic examples of social entrepreneurship: the creation of the Grameen Bank by M. Yunus, the One World Health Institute founded by Dr. Victoria Hale in 2000, the creation of the Sandan Institute and the film festival of the same name by Robert Redford.

The transition of the Russian, like any other, economy to market relations is inevitably associated with the formation and development of entrepreneurship. So, speaking about the economy in general and the market economy in particular, we inevitably have to focus on entrepreneurship as an integral part economic activity. Entrepreneurship in different economic areas differs in form and, especially in the content of operations and methods of their implementation. But the nature of the activity leaves a significant imprint on the type of goods and services that the entrepreneur produces or provides. An entrepreneur can produce goods and services himself by purchasing only factors of production. He can also purchase finished goods and resell it to the consumer. Finally, an entrepreneur can only connect producers and consumers, sellers and buyers. The general rejection of entrepreneurship is gradually turning into an awareness of the need to create conditions for it. fast the fastest and most effective development. There is no doubt that entrepreneurship is the future in Russia.

The purpose of this work is to study the theoretical and practical problems of entrepreneurship.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the following tasks:

Consider the prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship;
Study the essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship;
Consider the problems of entrepreneurship;
Consider subjects and objects of entrepreneurial activity;
Analyze the main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship;
Consider entrepreneurship support funds.

1. Prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship

The economic reforms carried out in Russia, with all their contradictions and inconsistencies, were a condition for the formation and development of entrepreneurship. As the experience of countries with developed market economies shows, entrepreneurial activity plays a very important role in the economy, affecting economic growth, saturation of the market with goods, and the creation of additional jobs. In other words, entrepreneurial activity contributes to solving many pressing economic, social and other problems.

In the transition economy of Russia, economic prerequisites are gradually being created for the development of enterprises with various forms of ownership. Formed private sector, which is accompanied by the liquidation of old, pre-reform structures, the creation of new institutions of a market economy, a new financial and credit mechanism.

Russia's transition to a market economy has updated the problem of entrepreneurship, which is a necessary component of a market economy.

It should be noted that in modern literature on economic theory, much attention is paid to the content of entrepreneurship and the assessment of its impact on the economy. Thus, the classic of modern microeconomic theory A. Marshall, speaking about the main feature of a market economy, draws attention to “freedom of production and entrepreneurship.” R. Cantillon drew attention to the phenomenon of entrepreneurship as a phenomenon of modern times, replacing the feudal Middle Ages and proved that in addition to landowners and mercenaries of various kinds, people appeared who, at their own peril and risk, rushed to market exchange in order to make a profit. This approach to the interpretation of the concept of entrepreneurship is quite legitimate.

It should be noted that in economic theory there was another approach to understanding entrepreneurship. Thus, a hundred years after Cantillon, the theoretical concept of J.B. Say, which is based on such economic concepts, such as capital, land, labor, factors of production, a combination of factors. Entrepreneurship itself was interpreted as operating factors of production. This means that factors of production are extracted in one place where they give little income, then they are moved, and a new combination of them in another place gives more income.

Say's concept is applicable to any form of entrepreneurial activity and therefore has acquired the authority of a classical formula of entrepreneurship. Almost all studies on entrepreneurship contain direct or indirect references to Say's concept.

Entrepreneurial activity involves risk. Therefore, an entrepreneur is defined as a person who has taken the risk of decisions made on his personal initiative. Indeed, in a market environment, any economic entity operates in conditions of uncertainty and therefore takes risks.

The Austrian scientist J. Schumpeter connected entrepreneurship with innovation. In accordance with this concept, the result of the entrepreneur’s activity leads to changes in the material content, forms and methods of labor. It is the influence on the acceleration of economic processes that is a specific property of an entrepreneur.

When talking about entrepreneurship, one should take into account its relationship with the socio-economic environment. Free enterprise can emerge as a phenomenon if four groups of interrelated prerequisites are implemented: political, economic, legal and psychological.

A group of political prerequisites presupposes the political stability of society in the country and its democratization. Free enterprise as a mass phenomenon can take place if the government enjoys the trust of the people.

The group of economic prerequisites means transformation state enterprises into joint stock companies and the emergence in the country of various economic structures with various forms of ownership.

The group of psychological prerequisites includes the elimination of the misunderstanding of social justice as equality - equality of opportunity.

A group of legal premises suggests that free enterprise can function successfully if the country has a set of laws that support entrepreneurs and do not outlaw their activities.

The beginning of the formation of entrepreneurship in Russian Federation the decision taken in 1992 is considered Russian government destroyed the institutions of administrative regulation of production. Thus, the State Planning Committee, which developed centralized plans and forecasts of socio-economic development, was abolished. The State Committee for Material and Technical Supply, which, in accordance with the national economic plan, provided all sectors with means of production, ceased to exist.

For example, Russian small business (the main part of entrepreneurship) originated on July 18, 1991, when the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 446 introduced criteria for classifying enterprises as small, defined General terms and the rules for their operation.

The beginning of the reforms saw a powerful rush of people into private entrepreneurship, primarily in its small forms. In 1992, about 190 thousand new small enterprises were created, 1.4 times more than in 1991. This process played a decisive role in the emergence of the private sector in Russia, the filling of which came mainly from small enterprises. By 1995, about 65% of all Russian private enterprises were small.

Over the past years, a regulatory framework has been created to regulate business activities. The goals and objectives of state policy in the field of support and development of entrepreneurship are defined. Mechanisms for implementing targets have been developed and structures have been created to bring them to life. A network of service organizations has been formed that provide educational, information, consulting, and financial services to enterprises.

The achieved level of entrepreneurship development is clearly reflected by state statistics: by the end of 2000, the number of small enterprises was about 891 thousand, approaching the 1994 level. The total number of permanent employees in small enterprises by the end of 2006 was about 12.0 million people or 12% of the total number of employees at Russian enterprises. At the beginning of 2008, the number of small enterprises was already 1.137 million units, which indicates the progressive development of the small business sector.

Entrepreneurship does not go smoothly. There are still many people in Russia who do not accept entrepreneurship and trust the previous totalitarian system centralized management, and the most conservative circles dream of restoring command and administrative structures and declaring entrepreneurship illegal.

2. Essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the subject of study in many disciplines. Hence the multiplicity of its interpretations and definitions. The essence of entrepreneurship is economic category, is determined by its nature and characteristics as a specific type of economic behavior, the ability of business entities to respond to a potential source of benefit.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative associated with economic risk and aimed at finding the best ways resource use activities carried out with the aim of generating income and increasing property.

By its economic nature, entrepreneurship is inextricably linked with the market economy and is its product. As a property economic activity outwardly it manifests itself in the desire to extract additional benefits in the exchange process. Meanwhile, exchange in itself is not yet a source of entrepreneurship. It becomes such when it turns into an integral part of a single economic turnover, and production for exchange becomes the determining function of economic entities. Commodity production is historically and genetically the starting point of entrepreneurship. Exchange, firstly, stimulates the search for new opportunities, i.e. initiative. Secondly, it is in the process of exchange that the entrepreneur sees a source of possible benefit, which is both a motive and an assessment of the success of the initiative he has undertaken. Thirdly, when faced with similar people in the process of exchange, the entrepreneur perceives his activity as competitive. Fourthly, as a mechanism for satisfying social needs, exchange determines the social nature of entrepreneurial activity.

The essence of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship is revealed in its functions: economic and social.

Economic function of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it ensures continuous institutional change and development of the entire economic system of society, constantly updates the environment with innovations, breaks down old routine structures, and opens the way to various transformations. The economic function of entrepreneurship helps to increase production efficiency, quality of products and services, and the introduction of scientific and technological progress.

Social function of entrepreneurship is that it mitigates the spontaneous impact of the market by resolving issues social security people and teams. This function contributes to the growth of the cultural and educational level of the population, protects its low-income strata from inflation, etc.

Considering in more detail the explicit functions of small, medium and large businesses, it is clear that in their main features they coincide. The differences lie in the potential capabilities of each type of business to implement these functions in the most effective way. For example, the function of organizing production, which involves assessing the economic situation, developing an action plan, organizing administrative management and monitoring the implementation of the plan, is most effectively implemented by large businesses due to its superiority internal organization and the resulting economies of scale due to production scale. For these reasons, it is large, and not small, businesses that derive the main benefit from scientific and technological progress, since they can relatively quickly increase their fixed capital and use the most productive methods and production technologies.

A socially significant latent function of small business is the function of creating an environment and the spirit of entrepreneurship, without which a market economy is impossible. Unlike large businesses, small businesses in most of their forms are accessible to many people simply because they do not require large initial investments of capital. Low capital intensity and short time constructions or reconstruction compared to large objects are important advantages of small business forms. It is also necessary to highlight the essential function of small business - the function of maintaining and strengthening political and social stability in society. This is achieved through the creation of new jobs by small businesses, as well as expanding the layer of owners. An important role is played by the public function of small business - financial filling of the revenue side of local budgets, since its taxation in most Western countries is carried out at the municipal level. Gradually, a similar situation is beginning to develop in Russia.

The public functions of large enterprises are specific. First of all, these include the function of exercising real economic power in the country. Function of foreign economic representation national economy also, to a certain extent, can be classified as one of the latent social functions of large enterprises. It is big business that is the dominant subject of international foreign economic activity. The role of transnational corporations (TNCs), which dominate international product markets, is especially great in this area.

A socially significant function of large businesses is the function of ensuring stable employment, professional and career growth for the overwhelming majority of the population. Due to the virtual lack of opportunities to obtain loans and the high degree of business risk, small businesses go bankrupt much more often than large ones. Among the social functions of large businesses is the function of filling the revenue side of the country’s state budget.

However, the function of the multiplier, the driving force of economic growth, is especially socially significant and at the same time latent for entrepreneurship. The economic nature of entrepreneurship is characterized through its principles : initiative, commercial risk and responsibility, combination of production factors, innovation.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative activity. The constant desire to search for something new, be it the production of new goods or the development of new markets, in a word, the search for new opportunities for profit, is a distinctive feature of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial initiative is the desire to realize the opportunities provided by the process of market exchange itself, which is carried out for the mutual benefit of the participants in this process. Entrepreneurship should not be associated with deception and violence, but with extracting profits by satisfying social needs - with the “spirit of non-violent acquisition.”

Initiative requires a certain amount of economic freedom. When the level of regulation of business activity is too high, initiative activity decreases, resulting in business stagnation. In this sense, creating conditions for intensifying initiative among business entities is a key task of the transition to entrepreneurship.

Although risk is an organic component of entrepreneurial activity, entrepreneurship itself is not associated with risk-taking. The entrepreneur's focus on addressing market uncertainty and his own benefit is a decisive factor in his decision-making. Not human qualities in the form of a propensity to take reckless risks, and the expected reward forces the entrepreneur to take risks. Therefore, the amount of risk he takes directly depends on the likely increase in income.

Commercial risk differs from risk in general in that it is based on sober calculation and consideration of possible negative consequences. The desire for success here is always balanced by economic responsibility. The economic responsibility that accompanies risk confronts the entrepreneur with the task of mastering and managing risk. And if the entrepreneur is not able to eliminate market uncertainty, then it is quite possible for him to reduce the risk. The most well-known mechanism for reducing risk is insurance, which allows you to transform the risk into insignificant additional costs. The problem, however, is that the innovative nature of business activity makes it extremely difficult to reliably assess the probable risk, thereby narrowing the possibilities for using insurance specifically in the field of business. Entrepreneurial initiative, on the contrary, involves the creation of new, previously unheard-of situations, the probable outcome of which is very difficult, and sometimes impossible, to assess. Consequently, the possibilities for insuring entrepreneurial activities are reduced. Another way to reduce risk is to share it with other stakeholders. Meanwhile, helping to reduce the risk ( possible losses for an individual participant), this method undermines entrepreneurial motivation, since entrepreneurial income will be divided among the participants in the enterprise.

Risk as a property of entrepreneurial activity characterizes not only the specifics of entrepreneurship. It also has general economic significance. The presence of risk forces an entrepreneur to scrupulously analyze possible alternatives, choosing the best and most promising of them, which leads to progressive shifts in the productive forces and an increase in the efficiency of social production. On the other hand, the presence of risk in business activity requires the application of certain restrictions and regulations in relation to it.

Moving resources for the purpose of their more efficient use is only a general formula for a more complex process of increasing the efficiency of resource use. Another, more complex form of increasing the efficiency of resource use is combination of factors of production . Its essence is to find the most rational combination of factors by replacing one factor with another. By varying the factors of production, an entrepreneur not only ensures a transition to a more efficient use of resources, but also, manifesting itself in new technologies, ensures the forward progress of social productive forces. In the process of industrialization of the economy, combination based on the “principle of substitution” becomes the determining factor in generating income, and the “spirit of rationalism” permeates the entire content of entrepreneurship and is identified with it.

At the same time, it would be an unforgivable omission to reduce the essence of combination only to the issue of efficient use of resources. The entrepreneur also combines more complex parameters that ensure the stability of the business structure itself. When the market mechanism, for some reason: scarcity of resources, instability of supplies, difficulties in monitoring the fulfillment of obligations, does not provide the required level, the entrepreneur begins to combine elements of the mechanism itself. He removes individual elements from the market sphere and includes them in the structure of his own organization, changing the nature of the mechanism for redistributing resources. Therefore, the content of the combination function is broader than the “substitution principle,” and it itself can act as a factor in transforming the resource distribution mechanism.

Being social in nature, entrepreneurial activity is aimed at meeting social needs. But the entrepreneur does not take on property risks for charitable reasons. Material interest expressed in income is an incentive for entrepreneurial activity. It should, however, be borne in mind that not every income is the result of entrepreneurship. It appears as such only when it appears to be the result of better use of factors of production. Therefore, various types of rental income and interest on capital cannot be considered as income from business. In reality, entrepreneurial income is represented in the form economic profit, serving as a direct form of motivation for entrepreneurship. Profit is a source of income for an entrepreneur and the development of a company, serves as an indicator of the efficiency of using resources and assessing investment opportunities, and finally, an assessment of success and a psychological incentive. This suggests that, even if it does not appear outwardly, profit nevertheless occupies a dominant place in the hierarchy of the entrepreneur’s goals.

Thus, as a business manager, an entrepreneur strives to provide stable conditions for the implementation and development of his entrepreneurial function. From this side, his task is to balance multidirectional forces, allowing him to effectively carry out the entrepreneurial function in the long term. At the same time, realizing the function of the owner, he must ensure the greatest return on the resources used, expressed in maximizing profit. Resolving this contradiction can take many different forms, but they all ultimately boil down to ensuring an acceptable rate of profit. Profit satisfaction means nothing more than a compromise between various aspects of the entrepreneurial function.

However, it would be unfair to focus attention only on the acquisitive motivation of entrepreneurship, losing sight of the creative work it performs.

Basic principles that entrepreneurs should follow in their activities:

1) Right choice business strategies based on marketing research.

2) Creation of conditions for rapid adaptation to the requirements of the production market, product range and quality, management system for the company’s production and sales activities

3) Active influence on demand, market and consumer through advertising, pricing policy, an effective system of control over the sphere of commodity circulation

4) An entrepreneur should not be afraid of competition

5) Carry out business planning

6) Don’t be afraid to take loans

7) Diversify your production

8) Mechanize and automate your production.

3. Problems of entrepreneurship

During the transition to a market economy, Russia encountered many problems that had to be resolved as quickly as possible. First of all, it was necessary to define property rights and decide who would be allowed to own enterprises owned by the state, how, through what mechanism and at what prices the transfer of property would be carried out. Capital markets, banking, financial and currency systems also had to be created. It was necessary to develop effective planning systems and accounting in order to assess the value of firms and judge the results of their activities in the most objective manner. It was necessary to reconsider current laws to legalize new forms of economic relations, new types of property and new types of transactions.

It was necessary to select and train managers capable of working in a market system and competing in their own country and in the world market. It was also necessary to achieve recognition by the population of the new rules of the game.

The challenge was to develop competition and regulatory policies and to find a way to resolve the problems arising from the fact that simply privatizing giant, inefficient enterprises created a system of giant, inefficient private monopolies.

It was necessary to determine the procedure for ending government subsidies to various industries and develop tax systems that could provide financing for government activities.

Finally, it was necessary to decide whether and when the closure of uncompetitive firms would be allowed, and to create social assistance services that would take on the social problems arising from the inevitable economic imbalances both during the transition period and after it. completion.

Most of these problems fully apply to small businesses. The problems of further development of small business in Russia remain basically the same as those noted in the materials of the 1st All-Russian Congress of Representatives of Small Businesses:

insufficiency of initial capital and own working capital;
difficulties in obtaining bank loans;
increased pressure from criminal structures;
lack of qualified accountants, managers, consultants;
difficulties in obtaining premises and extremely high rents;
limited opportunities to obtain leasing services;
lack of proper social protection and personal safety of owners and employees of small enterprises, etc.

It is no coincidence that the 2nd All-Russian Conference of Small Enterprises, held in March 2001 in Moscow, was called “Reasonable Regulation for Civilized Entrepreneurship.” The conference aimed to identify the sources of excessive administrative barriers in the development of entrepreneurship.

The fact is that among the problems hindering the development of small businesses, excessive administrative barriers come in second place after the tax burden. They not only hinder the development of entrepreneurship, but also create another government problem, forcing small businesses to go into the shadow economy.

At the beginning of 2003, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, conducted an inventory of the control functions of government bodies and found out how many people are directly related to supervision. As a result of the inventory, it turned out that common system state control in Russia there is no. 43 federal ministries and departments have 65 inspection organizations. Only 55 of them employ 1,065 thousand people. More than 423 of them are vested with the right of direct state control, the rest serve them. There is no doubt that these numerous inspectors pay the main attention to small businesses, limiting, constraining, and often stopping their activities.

Experts who analyze the turnover of the shadow economy estimate it at no less than 40% of the gross national product. At the same time, there has been a gradual decline in the share of the shadow economy in Russia in recent years.

1) high level of taxation;

2) unavailability of credit resources;

3) administrative barriers.

Small businesses in Russia face great difficulties in their activities. The main problem is the insufficient resource base, both material, technical and financial. In practice, we are talking about creating a new sector of the economy. For decades, we did not have such a sector to any significant extent. This, in particular, meant a lack of trained entrepreneurs. The bulk of the population, who lived “from paycheck to paycheck,” could not form the reserve of funds necessary to start their own business. It is clear that an extremely strained state budget cannot become a source of these funds. We can only hope for credit resources. But they are also insignificant and, moreover, extremely difficult to implement with constant inflation.

The situation can hardly seriously change in the right direction unless we finally move from words to deeds in public support for constructive small businesses. There is no reason to count on a significant increase in the material, technical and financial resources available for this, at least in the near future.

Therefore, it is necessary to create mechanisms for preferential lending, taxation, and various types of preferences, including those related to foreign economic activity. Their purpose is to ensure better satisfaction of people's needs while creating conditions for the consistent development of entrepreneurship.

The next problem is the legislative framework that small businesses can now rely on. So far it is, to put it mildly, imperfect, and in many very significant provisions it is completely absent. The difficulty is that, firstly, there is no single legislative basis for the current activities of domestic small businesses, and secondly, the existing disparate regulations are far from being fully implemented.

Currently, small businesses find themselves in conditions that are very distant from those that should be inherent in market relations. On the contrary, there is a tendency to surround it more and more with the old framework of the planning-administrative system with its almost all-encompassing planning and strict regulation with the help of limits, funds, etc.

There is no system for conducting an in-depth analysis of the activities of small businesses, there is no proper accounting of the results of their work, and there is practically no reporting on those indicators that entitle these enterprises to take advantage of tax benefits.

Small businesses' access to high technology, since their purchase requires significant one-time financial costs.

Another problem is staffing. Unfortunately, there are far fewer qualified entrepreneurs than the economy really needs.

Despite the seriousness of the problems associated with small business, domestic small business has prospects for further development.

First of all, small businesses should be protected from bureaucracy and done as much as possible simpler procedure registration, reduce the number of regulatory bodies and inspections, continue the process of reducing the number of licensed activities and products. It is necessary to eradicate corruption, which is not only dangerous from a moral point of view, but also impedes economic growth, significantly increases costs, and distorts competition.

It is necessary to significantly reduce the tax burden on small businesses. This is especially important for beginning entrepreneurs, primarily in such types of activities as innovation, production, construction, repair and construction, and medicine.

Attention should be focused on concentrating all financial resources intended to support small businesses (federal budget, regional budgets, Federal Fund for Support of Small Business, all kinds of extra-budgetary sources) on the most important priority areas, and create a system of loan guarantees for it.

For newly created small businesses it is necessary wide application leasing and franchising. If the franchising system is gaining more and more positions in our country, then leasing is only in in its infancy. Large enterprises should facilitate the further development of these forms of activity.

More energetic work is needed to develop the infrastructure of small businesses, the development of the banking system, and various funds to support small businesses. Small businesses should have the opportunity at any moment to receive advice and free assistance on issues of opening and functioning, on problems marketing strategy, protecting your interests, on any other issue.

Much work remains to be done in the field of training and advanced training of entrepreneurial personnel. About 8 million people, or almost 12% of the total employed population in the country, work in the small business sector, and this number will increase from year to year. More and more young, energetic people are joining small businesses. The task is especially urgent vocational training managers of such enterprises.

In recent years, the number of applications for new licenses has decreased, which has undoubtedly simplified the life of small businesses. At the same time, 80% of all issued licenses cost entrepreneurs more than the fee established by law, and 77% of all licenses and decisions held by the heads of companies were issued for a period less than the five years prescribed by law.

In accordance with the Federal Law of August 8, 2001 No. 128-FZ “On Licensing individual species activities" local authorities do not have the right to introduce any permits, except those listed in the Licensing Law.

Thus, despite a fairly large number of problems and obstacles, small businesses in Russia have reserves for further development.

4. Subjects and objects of business activity

The main subject of entrepreneurial activity is the entrepreneur. However, the entrepreneur is not the only subject; in any case, he is forced to interact with consumer as its main counterparty, as well as with state, which in various situations can act as an assistant or an adversary. Both the consumer and the state also belong to the category of subjects of entrepreneurial activity, as well as employee (unless, of course, the entrepreneur does not work alone), and business partners (if production is not isolated from public relations character) (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 Business entities

In the relationship between an entrepreneur and a consumer, the entrepreneur belongs to the category of an active subject, and the consumer is primarily characterized by a passive role. When analyzing the side of this relationship the consumer serves as an indicator of the entrepreneurial process. This is understandable, therefore, everything that constitutes the subject of an entrepreneur’s activity has the right to be implemented only in the case of a positive consumer expert assessment. This assessment is carried out by the consumer and acts as the latter’s willingness to purchase a particular product. An entrepreneur, when planning and organizing his activities, cannot in any way ignore the moods, desires, interests, expectations, and assessments of the consumer.

An entrepreneur in a market system of relations has no other way to influence the consumer other than to act in unison with his interests. However, this situation does not mean at all that the entrepreneur is obliged to act only in strict accordance with the already identified interests of the consumer. The entrepreneur himself can shape consumer demand and create new purchasing needs. This is precisely what the provision about two ways of organizing entrepreneurial activity boils down to: on the basis of the identified interest of the consumer or on the basis of “imposing” a new product on him.

Thus, the goal of the entrepreneur is the need to “conquer” the consumer, to create a circle of his own consumers.

The role of the state as a subject of the entrepreneurial process may vary depending on social conditions, the situation developing in the field of business activity, and the goals that the state sets for itself.

Depending on the specific situation, the state may:

. a brake on the development of entrepreneurship, when it creates an extremely unfavorable environment for the development of entrepreneurship or even prohibits it;

. an outside observer, when the state does not directly oppose the development of entrepreneurship, but at the same time does not contribute to this development;

. accelerator of the entrepreneurial process, when the state is constantly and actively searching for measures to involve entrepreneurial process new economic agents (often such purposeful activity of the state causes an “explosion” of entrepreneurial activity and leads to a “boom” of entrepreneurship).

An employee, as an implementer of an entrepreneur’s ideas, also belongs to the group of subjects of the entrepreneurial process. The effectiveness and quality of the implementation of an entrepreneurial idea depends on it.

It is known that each economic entity has its own interests. As for the entrepreneur and the employee, some of their plans coincide (the higher the profit, the higher wage, for example), and some are of a polar opposite nature (the entrepreneur is not interested in high pay labor, and the employee is interested). In such cases the parties are forced to search for compromise options, which, in general, forms the basis of the relationship between these two subjects of the entrepreneurial process.

Partnerships (real and potential) play a very important role in entrepreneurship. Every entrepreneur, when planning his activities and developing a business plan, must take into account the possibility of establishing the necessary partnerships. For example, if you plan to produce, say, kitchen furniture, then you, naturally, will definitely try to determine where, from whom and on what conditions presumably (and whether there is such an opportunity) you will be able to purchase everything necessary for organizing production (wood, other components, fittings, equipment, machines, etc.). Without such an approach, business planning is impossible.

Thus, when planning his activities, an entrepreneur considers his partner (partners) as a subject of the entrepreneurial process, the form of relationship with whom determines the level of efficiency of his activities.

Objects of commercial activity comprise fixed assets and working capital, as well as other tangible and intangible assets and financial resources, the value of which is reflected in the company’s independent balance sheet. Shareholders exercise the right to own, use and dispose of the company's property.

The company has the right to dispose of its property at its discretion, including selling, transferring to other enterprises for a fee or free of charge, and writing off the balance sheet.

Possession and use of property that does not belong to the company by right of ownership is carried out on the basis of its lease with subsequent purchase or without it, other legally. The company owns and uses land and other natural resources in established by law ok.

The company is liable for its obligations with all its property, which, according to current legislation, can be foreclosed on.

Authorized capital the company is formed through Money, property contributions, income from the sale of intellectual property of shareholders. The authorized capital can be replenished with the personal property of shareholders, transferred to the company for subsequent sale and crediting of the proceeds to the shareholder’s contribution to the authorized capital.

5. Organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

According to the Civil Code in the Russian Federation, there are the following organizational and legal forms of enterprises: business partnerships, societies and production cooperatives.

Economic partnerships and societies are recognized commercial organizations with the authorized (share) capital divided into shares (contributions) of the founders (participants). Property created through the contributions of founders (participants), as well as produced and acquired by a business partnership or company in the course of its activities, belongs to it by right of ownership.

Business partnerships can be created in the form of a general partnership and limited partnership. Participants in general partnerships and general partners in limited partnerships can be individual entrepreneurs and (or) commercial organizations.

A full business partnership is a closed-type association based on shared ownership with a limited number of participants who bear full responsibility for the obligations of the partnership with all their property. It may be established by at least two persons. Therefore, in the case where a single participant remains in an existing partnership, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

A limited partnership is a closed-type association that includes, along with participants who bear full property liability for the obligations of the partnership, investors whose liability is limited to the amount of the contribution made.

A limited partnership is created on the same grounds as a general partnership, with the only difference that it must include at least one investors (limited partners). In the event of the withdrawal of all investors, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

Business societies can be created in the form joint stock company, limited or additional liability companies. Participants in business companies and investors in limited partnerships can be citizens and legal entities. Government agencies and authorities local government does not have the right to act as participants in business companies and investors in limited partnerships, unless otherwise provided by law.

Limited Liability Company - organizational form entrepreneurship based on the pooling of capital of a limited number of participants who do not bear property liability for the obligations of the company.

A limited liability company can be established by one or more participants, the number of which should not exceed the legally established limit on their number. In their activities, companies of this type are guided by the agreement signed by the founders Articles of Association and the Charter approved by them, reflecting the main provisions of the organization and management of the company. The formation of the company's assets is carried out through the contributions of the founders. And although the capital of a limited liability company is divided into shares, the company does not have the right to issue shares and similar securities. Minimum size The authorized capital for companies of this type is regulated by law and must be at least 100 minimum monthly wages, and if the volume of net assets of the company decreases below the established value, the company is liquidated.

A company with additional liability is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of capital of a limited number of participants who assume additional property liability for the company’s obligations determined by them.

A joint stock company (JSC) is a formation based on the pooling of capital by issuing shares, the participants of which do not bear property liability for its obligations other than in the amount of the value of the company’s securities acquired by them.

A distinctive feature of a JSC is the division of its capital into a certain number of shares distributed among participants, which, however, does not exclude the creation of a JSC by one person, who in this case acts as the holder of the entire block of shares. Taking into account the specifics of the functioning of a joint-stock company, the formation of its capital is regulated by law. The authorized capital of a joint-stock company consists of nominal value shares placed among the founders. At the same time, its minimum value is determined at 1000 minimum monthly wages, and open subscription to shares is allowed only after full payment by the founders of the authorized capital. An increase in the authorized capital to cover losses is not allowed, and its reduction is possible only after notifying all creditors. JSC also does not have the right to pay dividends, either until the authorized capital is fully paid, or in the case when net assets the company is less than the authorized capital or may become less than it after the payment of dividends. JSCs can use such a tool for increasing assets as bonds only after the third year of their existence and for an amount not exceeding the size of the authorized capital. At the same time, the law allows for the possibility of overcoming these requirements, provided that the issue of bonds is ensured by third parties.

The main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation have the following gradation. (Fig.2)

Fig. 2 Main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

6. Entrepreneurship support funds

Currently, the role of small enterprises is significantly increasing. Their creation is of great importance, as it helps to increase employment of the population: it ensures the development of production, goods and services. Funds to support entrepreneurship are being formed at the federal and regional levels. Regional funds and centers for supporting small businesses have been created in 73 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Special government bodies carry out financial, credit and other measures to support small businesses.

The development of small enterprises is stimulated by tax incentives for the production of goods and services, preferential lending, the provision of equipment under leasing agreements and other measures.

In the Russian Federation, state support for small businesses is provided in the following areas:

formation of infrastructure for support and development of small businesses;
creation of preferential conditions for the use by small businesses of state financial, material, technical and information resources, as well as scientific and technical developments and technologies;
establishing a simplified procedure for registering small businesses, licensing their activities, certifying their products, submitting state statistical and financial statements;
support for foreign economic activities of small businesses, including assistance; development of their trade, scientific and technical, military production, information relations with foreign countries;
organization of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for small enterprises.

Financial support for state and municipal programs to support small businesses is carried out annually from the federal budget, funds from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets, as well as from other sources. The federal budget annually provides for the allocation of funds for its implementation.

The following financing measures are provided:

provision of state guarantees to foreigners credit institutions, providing loans to support small businesses;
provision of state guarantees for loans issued by banks and other credit organizations of the Russian Federation to small businesses;
allocation of state preferential investment loans;
allocation of at least 40% of funds from the State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation to create new jobs in the field of small business.

A number of measures are provided for the development of small businesses.

Preferential lending. Lending to small businesses is carried out on preferential terms with compensation for the corresponding difference to credit institutions from the funds of small business support funds.
Insurance. Insurance of small businesses is carried out on preferential terms. Small business support funds, under an agreement with an insurance organization, have the right to compensate it in whole or in part for lost income.
Government order. When forming and placing orders, as well as concluding government contracts for the supply of products and goods (services) for government needs for priority types of products, government customers are required to place with small businesses at least 15% of the total volume of supplies for government needs of this type of product.

Works in the Kemerovo region State Fund for Support of Small Business of the Kemerovo Region, The main goal of the Fund is to accumulate resources for financial security state support programs for small businesses, participation in the financing of regional programs, as well as projects and events aimed at supporting and developing small businesses.

In addition, to solve the problems of small business development in Kemerovo, a small business support infrastructure has been created, which includes: Municipal non-profit Fund for Support of Small Business of Kemerovo (MNFSP) , uniting Kemerovo Business Incubators, City Business Center, Training and Consulting Center and City Innovation Center. The Small Business Support Fund actively cooperates with the Council for the Support and Development of Small Business under the Mayor of the city, the Kuzbass Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and the Kuzbass representative office of OPORA Rossii.

The main activity of the Business Center is providing financial support to small businesses by issuing loans. A prerequisite for receiving financial support is the creation of new jobs.

The educational and consulting center of the Municipal Non-Profit Fund for Support of Small Business of the city of Kemerovo, having gone from teaching the basics of entrepreneurship to developing special courses in popular areas of doing business since 1999, today especially highlighted the direction of coaching as professional support and solving problem situations in the workplace of a businessman by a specialist in specific area on the stated problem.

In turn, Business incubators are created to solve the following problems: supporting start-up entrepreneurs by providing production space; establishment and development of healthy competition in the area; creation of new jobs.

The main task of the City innovation center is informational and financial support for the commercialization of an innovative project that is in the initial stage of creating a prototype. It is planned to create a bank of innovative projects, search for project implementers thanks to the State Research Center for Technology Transfer Center, business incubation, consulting support for the activities of innovative enterprises, and assistance in protecting intellectual property.

This will make it possible, through the development of producing small and medium-sized businesses, to provide additional opportunities to significantly improve people’s living conditions, increase their standard of living, health, educational and intellectual potential, and solve acute social problems of the city’s economy. Thus, a comprehensive system of entrepreneurship support has been formed in the Kemerovo MNFPE: from training and consulting to the implementation of a business idea.

Such municipal, non-profit funds for supporting entrepreneurship exist not only in the regional center, but also in almost every city and district of the Kemerovo region (Belovo, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Osinniki, Kaltan, Berezovsky, etc.)

Conclusion

Entrepreneurship is an indispensable force for economic dynamism, competitiveness and social prosperity. After all, an entrepreneur is always an innovator who introduces new technologies and new forms of business organization on a commercial basis; the initiator of combining factors of production into a single process of producing goods and services in order to make a profit; production organizer, who sets up and sets the tone for the company’s activities, determines the strategy and tactics of the company’s behavior and assumes the burden of responsibility for the success of their behavior; a person who is not afraid of risk and consciously takes it in order to achieve his goal.

Market relations pose many complex challenges to our society, among which entrepreneurship occupies an important place.

The nature of Russia's entrepreneurial potential is determined by the state of Russian economy. On the one hand, Russia has demonstrated the ability to quickly form an entrepreneurial infrastructure and the class of entrepreneurs itself, especially since these concepts themselves have been perceived extremely negatively in the country over many previous decades.

To develop entrepreneurship in Russia, a special program is needed, which should include:

creation of stable economic legislation;
formation of state-public investment, insurance and information funds to assist entrepreneurs;
building regional market infrastructure (training, consulting, certificate centers);
introduction of appropriate tax, currency, price and antimonopoly regulation, which would make it unprofitable to deceive partners.

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Social entrepreneurship is a new innovative way of carrying out socio-economic activities that connects social mission with achievement economic efficiency. It is based on the creation of so-called social enterprises - i.e. business enterprises organized for social purposes and to create social good and operating on the basis of financial discipline, innovation and business practices established in the private sector. 1 In the last decade, this practice has gained extraordinary popularity both in developed industrial countries, such as the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, etc., and in third world countries, for which new way combination of economic and social resources is a means to lift large sections of the population out of deep poverty. According to G. Deese, director of the Center for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship, it has recently gained popularity because "very suitable for our time." This is due to the fact that “many results of the activities of government and charitable organizations turned out to be far from our expectations, and most of the public sector institutions are increasingly viewed as ineffective, ineffective and irresponsible. Social entrepreneurs are needed to create new models of socially significant activities “for the new century.” 2

The concept of social entrepreneurship is just beginning to circulate in Russia. In this sense, it lags behind, for example, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova or Belarus. For the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia, it is important not only correct self-identification, which can come with increased information exchange, but also the development of important socio-economic institutions common in other countries - such as small businesses, credit cooperation, microfinance, non-profit activities in socio-economic sphere capable of acting as “mother structures” for the development of social entrepreneurship. At the same time, an analysis of the existing experience in the functioning of some of the listed forms indicates the beginnings of the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia. An important prerequisite for social entrepreneurship in this series is microfinance and, in particular, credit cooperation.

2. Microfinance and social entrepreneurship

The content of microfinance technologies comes down to making it economically feasible for a lender to provide the necessary range of financial services to low-income people and micro-businesses in such a way that recipients can use financial services for the purposes of their own development. Traditional lending technologies, unlike microfinance, do not allow large-scale work with these categories of clients. This is the fundamental difference between microfinance and usury, since the task of the latter is to consolidate the dependence of the borrower by withdrawing the income received almost in full.

The invention of microcredit technologies as an alternative to standard bank loan schemes and usury is associated with the name of the founder of the bank and then the Grameen group, a university professor from Bangladesh, Mohammad Yunus. Grameen Bank was founded by Yunus in 1976 with the dual mission of providing financial services to poor women and poor families to help them overcome poverty through income-generating businesses. 3 This was the world's first microcredit experience, which simultaneously received worldwide recognition as a successful example of social entrepreneurship. For his services “in the field of socio-economic development...” M. Yunus became a Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 2006. 4

Due to the fact that consumers of microfinance services are, as a rule, classified as high-risk, a set of systems and procedures for providing services to microloan recipients has been developed in world practice. However, in itself technical solution the problems of lending to small borrowers, taking into account the limitations of their economic resources, is not social entrepreneurship. In order to become such a social enterprise, firstly, it must have a social goal as the primary and leading objective of the activity, and not its by-product. Secondly, when solving a social problem, it must offer an innovative economic solution - non-trivial from the point of view of a combination of economic social resources. The latter distinguishes “entrepreneurship” from just “business”. In the case of Grameen Bank, the goal was to eradicate poverty in a rural community. In other words, it was necessary to offer a lending system for such a modest percentage that it would allow the manufacturer to keep the surplus from the sale of products for their own development (and escape from stagnant poverty), in contrast to the practice of complete economic dependence on local moneylenders that existed at that time. The mechanism that was proposed for this served as both an economic and social innovation - a new social enterprise united those being credited into a social network connected by relationships of trust, mutual assistance and responsibility, which served both as a consumer and a resource for the services offered by the enterprise.

3. Credit cooperatives in Russia: distribution and social and entrepreneurial features

The main objectives of credit cooperatives are to provide loans to their members and pool their financial resources to provide mutual financial assistance focused on production or social goals. The nature of the cooperative 5 helps to avoid the risky use of shareholders’ savings, including through the formation of a reserve fund and the development of the system internal control and insurance, but first of all - through collective democratic management, implemented by all shareholders according to the principle of “one participant - one vote” and the presence of subsidiary liability of members for the obligations of the cooperative. Consumer credit cooperatives are classified as low financial risk organizations.

According to the Ministry of Finance, as of October 1, 2008, about 2,500 credit cooperatives were registered in Russia with a total number of members of about a million people, which accumulate about 15 billion rubles of citizens’ personal savings. Such cooperatives are usually formed on a territorial, production or professional basis; they develop most actively in small towns of Russia and in rural areas. The shareholders are mainly public sector workers, pensioners (up to 65% of shareholders), entrepreneurs and trade workers. The structure of the membership base of rural credit cooperation is dominated by citizens running private farms - more than 80%. However, only a portion of them are active borrowers. As for pensioners, they generally prefer to place their savings in a cooperative. For shareholders, participation in credit cooperatives is beneficial, first of all, due to fairly high interest rates on deposits, on average from 16 to 24% per annum, which is approximately one and a half times higher than interest rates on deposits in banks. For borrowers, the average overpayment on a loan per year can be 28-46%. 6 Higher loan fees than in the banking sector are compensated by the speed of the decision to issue a loan and the absence of many formalities. The period for making a decision on issuing a loan is usually no more than three days. At the same time more high price credit - not at all required condition cooperative lending, in a number of cooperatives the loan fee is the same amount as the deposit fee. Differences in the credit policies of different organizations are due to the “specialization” of the cooperative and the composition of depositors and borrowers.

On average, credit cooperatives issue 100-120 thousand loans per month in Russia, the average loan amount is 70 thousand rubles for a consumer loan, 250-0300 thousand rubles for an entrepreneurial loan. In the last two years, the share of business loans in the total number of loans has been constantly growing, and has currently reached 40%. The average savings contribution in Russia as a whole is about 60 thousand rubles, but it varies significantly by region. Regional credit cooperation systems have so far received the greatest development in the Kemerovo region, Altai region, Volgograd region, Rostov region, Far East(in particular, Primorye).

The highest density of rural credit cooperatives is observed in the Central, Southern, Volga and Siberian regions federal districts. Rural credit cooperatives are widely represented here not only in regional centers, but also in rural municipalities.

The largest cooperative in terms of the number of shareholders is the credit cooperative "Chest", registered in the city of Kamyshin, Volgograd region, whose members are more than 35 thousand people. In terms of assets, the leader is the cooperative "Eco" from the city of Urai, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - 1 billion 300 thousand rubles of assets.

IN new Russia The revival of domestic credit unions began in 1991 in response to the growing problem of consumer credit for citizens and the need to save family budgets from rapidly growing inflation. The adoption of the federal law “On Consumer Cooperation in the Russian Federation” in 1992 played a decisive role. Credit unions began to register as consumer cooperatives or consumer societies. The first credit union in Russia was registered in 1992 (CS Suzdalsky). In January 1993, the first forum took place in Suzdal, at which the basic principles of the Credit Union Movement were formulated. The growth of their numbers and the accumulation of operational experience required organizational design. In November 1994, the founding assembly of the Union of Consumer Societies "League of Credit Unions" (SPO LKS) was held. 7 Today, this league includes more than 200 KS. In turn, LKS is an official member of the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU) 8 and is also represented in the National Partnership of Microfinance Market Participants (NAUMIR). 9

The development of the movement required the creation of a fundamental legal field. In August 2001 it was signed new law No. 117-FZ "On credit consumer cooperatives citizens." It established the non-entrepreneurial nature of the main activities of credit unions, their non-profit status, the mutual and internal nature of their work, the principles of membership, prescribed measures to protect the financial interests of shareholders, limiting the financial and managerial risks of the credit union's activities.

The advantages of credit cooperation can be summarized as follows:

Accessibility for low-income segments of the population. Using the principle of personal and group guarantees instead of collateral allows the cooperative to extend its activities to such sections of society that cannot provide collateral.

Transparency and ease of control over resources. Members of the credit cooperative provide control over the issuance of loans. Since they usually know each other well, this is usually more effective than monitoring by an external financial institution.

Low business costs. This is due to the fact that the group takes on part of the administrative work in the process of issuing loans (formation of a credit group, evaluation and monitoring of projects).

Mutual support among group members. This strengthens social ties and reduces the need for advisory services from an external financial institution.

These factors ensure a high level of payments and an affordable interest rate on loans.

The prerequisites for transforming a credit cooperative into a social entrepreneurship are already laid down in the given principles of credit cooperation, combining social and economic components. Since this is a significantly less formalized and regulated procedure, it is based on close interaction with the client, his business and social environment (family, friends, neighbors). This allows you not only to focus on the specific financial needs and capabilities of a person, adapting lending opportunities to them, but also to carry out different kinds business consulting and even mediation in concluding transactions. The latter is distinctive feature credit cooperative compared to other types of microfinance institutions in Russia. Another feature of Russian microfinance is the focus on small businesses, which is primarily due to institutional and organizational barriers to its development. The latter are, to a certain extent, overcome by the flexibility of the combination of economic and social levers of support and control on the part of the members of the cooperative, as well as the use of the resource of informal social connections.

1 Alter. S. K. Social Enterprise Typology. Virtue Ventures LLC. Nov.27, 2007 (revised vers.), p.12.

2 Dees, J.G. The meaning of social entrepreneurship. Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship, Duke University's Fuqua School of Business, 2001 (revised vers.)

3 For more information about the experience of M. Yunus, see his book: Yunus, M. Banker to the poor: Microlending and the battle against world poverty/ New York: Public Affairs, 1999, http://www.grameen-info.org

4 For more information about the experience of well-known social entrepreneurship organizations abroad, see M. Batalina, A. Moskovskaya, L. Taradina “Review of the experience and concepts of social entrepreneurship, taking into account the possibilities of its application in modern Russia". M., State University-Higher School of Economics, 2008. WP-1/2008/02.

5 A cooperative - in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - is a voluntary association of citizens and legal entities in the form of a non-profit organization based on membership in order to satisfy the material and other needs of the participants, carried out by combining its members with property shares. The activities of specialized credit cooperatives are regulated by a number of special laws.

Social entrepreneurship is one of the types of business activities whose main goals are to help people and work with their problems. This type of business differs from pure charitable activity in the ability of projects to be self-sustaining and make a profit.

Small businesses and social oriented organizations may be active in various directions, working within the framework of public benefit projects in the field of health, Agriculture, provision of services, education, etc. Today it is impossible to give an unambiguous definition of social entrepreneurship, because it is a multifaceted phenomenon that relates to many areas of human life. The shortest and most succinct may sound like this: “Receiving profit from helping other people.”

The main meaning of social entrepreneurship is that a businessman is an independent, independent entity who has the opportunity to carry out charitable activities, relying on his own capital.

There are several features that characterize social entrepreneurship

focus on people's problems;
the presence of new solutions (since the usual traditional ways problem resolution becomes ineffective);
replicability (the ability to share experience with other organizations around the country and the world);
self-sufficiency (independence from sponsor support);
the possibility of making a profit (it is necessary to support and stimulate the development of the project so that it generates income and meets the needs of its owner).

The main feature of social entrepreneurship organizations is that they promote change in society and are characterized by three components:

Identification of injustice expressed in the marginalization or suffering of certain groups of citizens who are in dire need of material resources or political support to achieve a prosperous existence through transformation.
Finding opportunities to achieve well-being for any group in society suffering from injustice - with the help of inspiration, a creative approach to the problem, active decisive action and the courage of an entrepreneur.
A gradual process leading to the establishment of justice, which becomes a factor that alleviates the suffering of some people through “the creation of a stable ecosystem in a new equilibrium.” This contributes to achieving a prosperous existence in the future for this group of citizens, as well as society as a whole.

Very often, solving problems through social entrepreneurship brings more effective results than those achieved by charitable non-profit organizations or the government using their standard algorithms.

We can list the main advantages of commercial socially oriented enterprises compared to government agencies:

A high degree of involvement in the entrepreneur’s process and his motivation to achieve success from the organization’s activities.
Government agencies have the opportunity to delegate some powers to socially oriented businesses, thereby reducing their administrative costs and time resources allocated for the implementation of programs: from development to implementation of a real-life project that can provide assistance to a certain group of people in need of support.
Social entrepreneurship organizations take on the role of establishing a balance between citizens with different levels of social well-being. Thanks to the activities of entrepreneurs and their socially oriented organizations, the state is able to monitor the effectiveness of regulating the balance within the framework of state control and at the same time transfer the issues of finding new solutions to the problems of modern society to the level of socially oriented business.
The high level of competition among organizations of this type encourages the most active companies to focus on their specific goals and try to achieve them most effectively.

Main types of social entrepreneurship

Main types and areas of activity of social entrepreneurship:

Using a zero-waste production method (recycling waste), having a positive impact on environmental conditions (for example, the Indian plastic waste recycling company Concerve).
Reducing the criminal component in society (for example, the French youth sports organization Emergence).
Help and support for those who find themselves in difficult living conditions (for example, the French enterprises Jardins de Cocagne in the agricultural sector for employing the long-term unemployed).
Providing services for low-income citizens (for example, the American organization American Family).
Issuing mini-loans to small businesses (for example, Kiva.org, a global Internet platform that is not included in the Ashoka Foundation database).

Platform

This model assumes that the owner of a socially oriented business organizes a platform for information exchange and becomes an intermediary between small producers and consumers. For example, the Nizhny Novgorod Crafts Gallery allows craftsmen to regularly participate in exhibitions and fairs where they can sell their products. This model is very convenient for a small manufacturer who has difficulty finding buyers on his own.

Market access

This model is implemented in practice by the company “Art Crafts” - it purchases products from small manufacturers in order to sell them on its trading platforms.

Employment

This model involves caring for vulnerable groups of the population: for example, training and employment of people with disabilities disabilities. A good example is the Center for Rehabilitation of Disabled People "Berezen" (Tula).

Access to a product or service

In this case, social entrepreneurship takes on the role of filling in market deficiencies or gaps and offering consumers access to a specific group of goods or services if customers are willing to pay for it. An example of such a model is the Bumper book bus, which delivers books to the end consumer anywhere in the city at the lowest prices.

Charity

This model involves the free purchase of a service or product. In addition to the seller and buyer, there is a third party who finances the project. For example, the Perspektiva-NN organization, which provides classes for parents with children with serious vision problems. Services are provided free of charge or for a purely symbolic fee. This organization is financed by the regional budget and is included in the list of organizations providing social services.

4 Profitable Business Ideas for Social Entrepreneurship

Profit is no longer the only driving force. According to Richard Branson, there is the new kind business, which he proposes to call “capitalism 24,902” (that’s how many miles the length of the equator is). The meaning is simple: every businessman is responsible for both people and the planet.

Editorial staff of the magazine " CEO” gave several examples of companies of the new era.

What are the stages of the social entrepreneurship process?

In the structure of the social entrepreneurship process, upon closer examination, five main stages can be distinguished:

Search for opportunities (to solve problems and meet the needs of those in need).
Development of a development concept (identification of benefits, creation of new products, identification of the market).
Acquisition of resources that are necessary: finances, specialists, knowledge, experience, skills, competencies.
Launching and improving the enterprise (determining results, growing and enlarging the organization).
Achieving the goal (merging with other companies, expanding the company, formulating new tasks, solving them and closing the organization).

For any organization working in the field of social entrepreneurship, it is important to understand two main factors according to which its activities are structured: firstly, the solution of problems relevant to society, and secondly, the receipt of monetary income. The essence of social entrepreneurship lies in the balance of these two factors. With proper and successful development, such organizations contribute to the strengthening of public relations and their gradual and sustainable development.

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Social entrepreneurship project ideas

There is no shortage of ideas for social entrepreneurship these days. On the contrary, recently many creative and non-standard proposals have appeared. There are wonderful opportunities for creativity and bold experiments in this area. The most important thing is not to forget about the main goal of this activity - helping people in need. Below we offer an overview of ideas already implemented in practice.

Idea 1. Eco-packaging. The well-known plastic bag takes a very long time to decompose: it takes about two hundred years. Every day we throw it in the trash great amount packages in which we buy dairy products, juices, frozen vegetables, sausages. Huge mountains from plastic bags will soon become a terrible “decoration” of our planet if we don’t think about it and stop such thoughtless behavior. This is exactly what the creators of environmental packaging want to prevent - they use completely different materials to store goods: paper and cardboard, which completely decompose within two years, which is a huge advantage compared to polyethylene. Unfortunately, an environmentally friendly alternative has not yet been found plastic bottles. However, even the fact that today you can find environmentally friendly packaging made from paper and cardboard on the market is already a huge achievement.

Idea 2: Recycle plastic. Modern people use a huge number of plastic products: bags, bottles, cans, films, boxes, etc. The negative aspects of such packaging are not only the deterioration of the environmental situation, but also the waste of resources. Tons of bottles end up in landfills every day, but just as much new material is used by factories to make new ones. It's important to stop and start reusing plastic waste: modern technologies make it possible to produce packaging, brush bristles, building materials and much more from old plastic.

Idea 3. Rural tourism. These days it has become a fashionable activity among residents of big cities. New generations born and raised in urban environments may have never seen a live cow or know how potatoes grow. For such people, a trip to the countryside becomes a real adventure. They are ready to pay for such entertainment: milking a cow, collecting eggs, helping their grandmother in the garden. The mental state of the average metropolis resident leaves much to be desired, so clean Fresh air, physical labor makes people healthier, restores depleted emotional balance, and for villages and villages such ecotourism is an excellent opportunity for development.

Idea 4. Educational computer games. Children are big fans of various games on modern gadgets, and their creation is profitable business. However, you can combine business with pleasure: create educational and educational games. So, for example, in the format of computer “developers” you can study foreign languages or learn business skills such as touch typing using the ten-finger method. Using special applications, you can study school subjects. In addition, there are many excellent opportunities for social role-playing games in order to acquire skills for harmonious interaction with the outside world and other people.

Idea 5. Center child development or private kindergarten. This type of social entrepreneurship brings considerable benefits to families where both parents work and they have no one to leave the child with (getting into a municipal kindergarten today is not easy) or there is not enough time for the qualitative development of his creative abilities. In this case, private kindergartens or development centers come to the rescue - they usually have small groups, which allows you to save high quality services provided and provide an individual approach to each child. The advantages of such organizations are also that they are modernly equipped and offer effective development programs. The downside for some families may be the high fees for this quality of service.

Idea 6. A club dedicated to a healthy lifestyle. Today it is very fashionable to be slim, well-groomed, watch your diet, play sports, and spend your free time actively. On the one hand, these are the requirements of the time, on the other, many people dream of being like this. However, doing all this alone is not particularly interesting, but if there is a community of like-minded people, it will help you stay in good shape and motivate you to further work on yourself. For a certain fee, people can get both a company of similar interests and quality service, and the opportunity to spend your leisure time in an organized and healthy manner.

Idea 7. Crowdfunding or collective financing of projects. Modern look of creation own business for voluntary contributions from those who are interested in this or simply support the idea. The size of the contribution is not limited, everything happens strictly according to the capabilities and desires of the one who wants to financially support this or that idea. Detailed information You can find information about such programs on the Internet. Many successful startups started this way. As a rule, projects of this kind are born in the field of culture, journalism, art and cinema.

Idea 8: Providing support(training, retraining and employment) for people who find themselves in difficult living conditions. There are many such citizens in society these days. These include former prisoners, single mothers, individuals who have been subjected to violence, as well as those undergoing rehabilitation after treatment for drug and alcohol addiction, people with disabilities. All these categories of citizens experience difficulties finding work. As part of social entrepreneurship, you can open an agency that will specifically work with such people, help them with training, with mastering simple professions that can help them get on their feet, gain financial independence, and feel like full-fledged members of society. What is the advantage here for an entrepreneur? The fact is that, as a rule, people who have experienced difficulties in life and received a new chance highly value their newfound well-being and take their responsibilities very responsibly, without having excessive demands on employers.

Idea 9. Dating club for single people. Activities in this area will always be relevant in any society: it is much more difficult for single older people to get acquainted on their own and find a partner for life. The forms of such social entrepreneurship can be very different: Marriage Agency, interest clubs, dance evenings “for those who are for...”.

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How to evaluate the results of socially oriented entrepreneurship

In the field of social entrepreneurship, it is necessary to evaluate results. There are many ways to do this; here are a few of the most common:

Valuation of social results

Assessments of this kind are encouraged by investors or donors, since calculating the costs to which society is forced to cope with crime, poverty, drug addiction and other types of problems of modern society can make their economic contribution to solving these problems more visible and tangible. . Examples for such results could be as follows:

Increasing the income (reducing expenses) of those who received assistance in the form of services from a socially oriented enterprise. This factor is measured after assistance is provided, or over a certain period of time.
Changes in other people's costs and profits as a result of the changes financial situation participants of socially oriented programs.
Decline public spending by reducing the need for certain categories of citizens to receive support from the state through the provision of assistance from social enterprises.
Falling demand for specialized services;
An increase in public profit due to the fact that the number of employed citizens who have received support from social enterprises increases, as a result of which their personal well-being increases.

There are two approaches to measuring valuations:

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). Used in cases where the results social activities for some reason cannot be expressed in monetary terms or reflected in other units of measurement (for example, “number of years saved”, “all who are high school graduates”). If the results are presented in different units of measurement and they cannot be combined to determine overall effectiveness, the use of cost-effectiveness analysis becomes necessary.
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a method that allows you to identify the relationship between costs and various results of social activities. Using this analysis, it is possible to see the net benefit for both society as a whole and individual stakeholders. The benefits of this method are that it helps make better decisions regarding social outcomes, set the right priorities and plan funding. The disadvantage of such analysis is its inability to provide a broad assessment of the full range of social costs and benefits.

The main difference between different approaches to assessing the results of socially oriented activities is the definition of what a social result is, exactly how costs are calculated and how both of these concepts are expressed in monetary terms or in natural units.

The main drawback in the process of applying these indicators is the need for serious expenses for implementation: time, money, intellectual, etc. This aspect does not allow these methods to be widely used in the field of social entrepreneurship.

Flexible valuation methods

Social entrepreneurship needs more pragmatic and flexible methods in terms of goals and measurement of results. Methods are needed that do not require the investment of financial and time resources.

For example, the international association Acumen has developed a special system of “Lean Data” methods in order to be able to measure the degree of efficiency of enterprises in the field of social entrepreneurship.

It helps to make the process of collecting information about the company’s clients (beneficiaries) easier, as well as to optimize the analysis of the collected information and the use of its results when making decisions:

Cooperation. The Lean Assessment system examines what changes the leaders of social enterprises would like to see, after which it conducts general work to collect information that should help find answers to key questions.
Attention to the client (beneficiary). Lean Data explores the opinions and wishes of social enterprise customers so that organizations can carry out their activities to more efficiently and purposefully produce products and services in accordance with the needs of beneficiaries.
Benefit from the information collected. Lean Data is not in the business of creating reports for investing companies, but is committed to helping social enterprises gain the best possible information from customers and thus facilitate better decision making.
Economical. Lean Data uses modern technologies in its work information Technology, which allows you to obtain information from clients quickly, while spending minimal time and financial resources to carry out your research.

Unified standard for managing socially-oriented activities

Some experts and practitioners believe that creating a universal way to measure the results of social activities is impossible due to the fact that the problems of society are very diverse, as well as the activities of socially oriented enterprises. The optimal solution in this case would be to create uniform recommended indicators that are universal for most socially oriented organizations.

It is these considerations that led the European Commission to create a standard for measuring social impact, which is used as a guide by many organizations and their funding agencies. This standard is based on the Social Impact: Measuring and Managing guide developed by the European Venture Philanthropy Association.

The unity of the standard is achieved due to the fact that the management stages are universal:

definition of tasks;
analysis of stakeholders (parties involved);
evaluation of results;
control and measurement of exposure;
monitoring and reporting.

These steps should be performed strictly in the sequence as they are indicated, periodically updating them in connection with the experience gained and new information.

Support for social entrepreneurship by foundations, consulting companies, and large businesses

For several years now, the Russian government has shown a steady interest in the field of socio-economic entrepreneurship. This can be seen both at the federal and regional levels. More than once, the state has indicated a tendency to support “small business representatives” who are engaged in socially responsible activities and contribute to solving the problems of modern society.

The Our Future Foundation became the first representative of the social entrepreneurship sector in Russia. Over the five years of its existence this fund supported 59 socially oriented enterprises. The total amount of financial resources allocated for these purposes amounted to more than 130.5 million rubles.

The Foundation has established a competition, the winners of which are provided with financial and advisory support. In addition, interest-free loans are issued for a long period of time, legal loans are provided at a minimum cost, and small loans are offered for rent. office rooms etc.

Along with conducting all-Russian competition“Our Future”, the foundation has established the “Impulse of Good” award, which is aimed at financially and morally supporting promising projects. For 2012 during competitive selection A large number of applications for participation from entrepreneurs from 54 regions of Russia were submitted for this award.

In the modern business world, it is necessary to be able to create business models, manage projects, manage finances, and develop business plans. This needs to be learned and training of this kind should be publicly available. For example, Citibank offers grants for such training for social entrepreneurs with the support of High school management in St. Petersburg. The Our Future Foundation acts as the organizer of a training course at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.

It is very important if a social entrepreneur has the opportunity to receive organizational and consulting support. An entrepreneur is always required to have the ability to understand accounting issues and legal basis business. In business activities, situations often arise that require the participation or assessment of various specialists, which in turn requires a lot of expenses. For social entrepreneurship, it would be very important to create certain centers that would provide such services at minimal prices.

Also, a huge support for social entrepreneurs would be the creation of specialized consulting centers that could provide office space for rent, provide legal advice, and assist in organizational issues. The potential for cooperation between the state and big business to support and develop social entrepreneurship is very great. Both sides of this process should be truly interested in developing and strengthening such interaction.

Already today there are many large companies and consulting organizations that support social entrepreneurs in various ways: financially, with legal advice at reduced prices or free of charge, as part of their existing charitable projects. Some representatives big business included this type of entrepreneurship in the list of priority areas for the implementation of socially significant programs and charitable initiatives in the territories of their presence.

Such a company is RuSAL - with its support, development programs for single-industry towns are being implemented, including projects to assist social entrepreneurs. For several years now, Severstal, with the support of local authorities, has been running a project called the Urban Development Agency, which is aimed at supporting individual and, more recently, social entrepreneurs. The SUEK company, with the support of the SUEK - Regions corporate fund, is also running a similar program.

In this way, representatives of large businesses contribute to the development of initiatives important to society and support the development of territories. In addition to these important goals, large companies may have a number of other interests in helping small businesses and social entrepreneurship.

In order to optimize production, many large companies are withdrawing non-core assets, which are most often associated with collateral social services their employees and their relatives. However, the need for them does not disappear anywhere. Therefore, companies often purchase the necessary services from organizations created on the basis of withdrawn assets. Such enterprises may well become independent representatives of social entrepreneurship.

The state is largely responsible for the success of the development of the sector of socially oriented services and the active support of various initiatives in the field of small business, so it is extremely important what position it takes and whether it is ready to effectively cooperate and interact with business representatives.

There is a Federal Law on Social Entrepreneurship dated April 5, 2010 No. 40-FZ “On amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation on the issue of supporting socially oriented non-profit organizations.” According to this Federal Law, in Russia currently “social entrepreneurship” includes exclusively non-profit organizations.

State programs to provide assistance to socially oriented NPOs (according to the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation):

provide financial, consulting, informational, educational support;
offer reduced taxes,
provide office space for rent at a discounted price.

In Russia, priority types of social entrepreneurship activities for NPOs have been identified:

prevention of orphanhood;
support for motherhood and childhood;
adaptation in society of people with disabilities and their families;
improving the quality of life of older people;
development additional education, scientific, technical and artistic creativity, mass sports, activities of children and youth in the field of local history and ecology;
development of interethnic cooperation.

Law on social entrepreneurship in Russia

Due to the insufficient development of the theoretical basis for 2016, the legislation of the Russian Federation does not have a separate general legal section dedicated to social entrepreneurship. This means no legislative framework, which could regulate these issues, promote the development of simpler rules for the business registration process and reduce the level of taxes for entrepreneurs.

The only definition of social entrepreneurship can be found in the order of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation dated April 24, 2013 No. 220 (formerly No. 223) “On organizing the competitive selection of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, whose budgets in 2013 are provided with subsidies from the federal budget for state support small and medium-sized businesses by constituent entities of the Russian Federation." This definition is intended exclusively for recipients of support through the line specified by the ministry.

In order to reduce the tax rate, many social entrepreneurs in Russia use various forms of NPOs, and individual businessmen register as representatives of small and medium-sized businesses.

In 2013, the Federation Council Committee on social policy initiated amendments to the second reading of the bill “On the Fundamentals social services population in the Russian Federation", which would allow introducing federal legislation the concepts of “social entrepreneur” and “social entrepreneurship”. But these amendments were rejected.

On October 16, 2014, a new initiative was taken: a group of deputies from the upper and lower houses of the Federal Assembly introduced a bill on social entrepreneurship and forms of its support to the State Duma. To date, it has not been accepted.

In August 2016, the Ministry of Economic Development proposed to make changes to current legislature in order to consolidate the term “social entrepreneurship” in it. Today, the draft federal law “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation (in terms of consolidating the concept of “social entrepreneurship”)” is being discussed on the “Federal Portal of Draft Regulatory Legal Acts.”

In 2017, the Ministry of Economy sent a bill on social entrepreneurship for approval to such government agencies like the FAS, Federal Tax Service, Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Labor. According to this bill, social entrepreneurship should include enterprises that carry out labor activity people with disabilities, single parents (with children under 7 years old), representatives large families, pensioners, graduates of orphanages (under 21 years old), former prisoners. The total number of such employees must be at least 30% of the total number of employees of the enterprise, and the share of their wages must be at least 25% of the total wage fund.

Data legislative changes can say that in all likelihood in 2017-2018 in Russia the term “social entrepreneurship” will become more stable, clear and will be enshrined in law.

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Examples of the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia

There are three outstanding public benefit projects that received support from the Our Future Foundation:

Example 1.Project “Armor” (LLC “New rehabilitation technologies “Armor”).

This project is to create and use special orthopedic systems that help people with spinal cord injuries to move, stand, get up and sit down without the help of others. This system was created and patented by Alexey Nalogin, who himself is one of those who are called spinal disabled. “Armor” is the very first project to receive support from the Our Future Foundation. The total amount of invested funds amounted to 9.5 million rubles, more than half of which (5.5 million rubles) were provided in the form of an interest-free loan. To date, 50% of the funds have been returned to the fund. total amount investments. The number of employees in “Armor” is 11 people. The production of orthopedic systems was carried out thanks to the support and cooperation of the medical center of the Russian State Medical University.

Example 2. Creative workshop “Merry felt” (NP “Women’s organization social support"Woman, personality, society").

The main activity of the “Merry Felt” project is the creation of designer souvenirs, toys and felt decorations. This project operates in the city of Rybinsk, its social significance- participation in it of mothers with many children from low-income families who do not have the opportunity to work in full-time jobs and who need to work from home. The foundation allocated 400 thousand rubles for this project, one quarter of which was issued in the form of an interest-free loan. To date, 15 women have been employed in the project. The company paid off the loan issued in 2008 ahead of schedule and today actively cooperates not only with domestic manufacturers and sellers of toys, but also with foreign enterprises.

Example 3. “Farmer School” ( individual entrepreneur V.V. Gorelov).

"Farmers' School" helps graduates of Perm orphanages get professional education(the project prepares rural entrepreneurs) to learn to be financially independent and socially protected. Participation in this project instills positive values in young people and teaches them how to interact competently with other people. Its activities are aimed at producing independent agricultural entrepreneurs who are able to profitable business. The foundation allocated about 1 million rubles for the support and implementation of the “Farmers’ School” and the money received has already been returned thanks to the fact that the author of the project, Vyacheslav Gorelov, was able to repay the loan ahead of schedule. Today the project has prospects of becoming a “youth village”. If successfully developed, it will train young farmers on a much larger scale, thereby solving very important problems facing society.

Having studied just a few projects created in the field of social entrepreneurship, which are supported by the Our Future Foundation, important conclusions can be drawn:

These initiatives are aimed at solving important issues societies that exist in modern Russia.
In order for a project to generate sustainable profits and achieve self-sufficiency, initial investments are required in the form financial investments and providing high-quality organizational support at the stages of preparation and implementation of projects.
An important role is given to the creation of development infrastructure, which contributes to the rapid achievement of sustainable financial indicators. This allows projects to gain independence in a short time and use funds to implement new initiatives.

All entrepreneurs involved in social meaningful activity, contribute to business development and expansion geographical boundaries. Representatives of social entrepreneurship actively share knowledge, accumulated experience and proven methods of working with those who are ready to follow in their footsteps. In this sense, socially oriented enterprises become pillars of the development of civil society and its activity.

It is gratifying to note that an increasing number of businessmen and entrepreneurs are imbued with the ideas of philanthropy and become active participants in socially beneficial activities. Many small companies They regularly make donations to charitable causes, some business representatives offer special prices for low-income categories of citizens, other companies participate in charitable projects and events. It’s great when good deeds become a trend in society - because in this case, following fashion is simply necessary.

home » Loans » Stages of creating social entrepreneurship. Prerequisites for the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia: microfinance opportunities. Entrepreneurship support funds