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When Russia went to sea, acquired its own fleet and overseas colonies - Russian America - all it had to do was move forward. It was hard to believe that just recently the Russian fleet, created by the will of Peter I, did not exist at all. And now the thought arises of a trip around the world, which would be made under the Russian naval flag.
Predecessors
Under the phrase of the famous diplomat and traveler N.P. Rezanov, “May the fate of Russia be covered with sails!” A lot of people would have signed up - commanders, ordinary sailors, and those who, without going to sea themselves, did everything possible to carry out such expeditions. The great Transformer himself dreamed of long sea voyages; Peter’s plans included a trip to the West Indies, crossing the equator and establishing trade relations with the “Great Moguls.”
These plans were not destined to come true. Nevertheless, in 1725–1726, the Russian oceanic expedition to Spain took place under the command of Captain I. Koshelev, who later proposed the idea of a round-the-world voyage from St. Petersburg.
In 1776, Catherine II signed a decree sending ships from the Baltic Sea on the first Russian round-the-world expedition. The campaign was to be led by the young captain G.I. Mulovsky, an experienced and skillful sailor. The expedition had to solve several problems at once: deliver serf weapons to the Peter and Paul Harbor, establish trade relations with Japan, transport livestock and seed grain, as well as other necessary goods to settlers in Russian America, and in addition, discover new lands and strengthen the prestige of Russia.
Preparations for a large-scale expedition were in full swing; cast iron coats of arms and medals with images of Catherine were already cast at the factories, which were to be installed in the newly discovered territories. But the Russian-Turkish War began, and all supplies were ordered to be distributed to ships heading to the Mediterranean Sea. Mulovsky himself died in a naval battle. During the reign of Catherine, the Russian circumnavigation of the world never materialized, but the idea had already firmly captured the minds.
The first Russian round-the-world expedition
Sometimes life turns out so strangely that in any book such a plot would look like a stretch. On the ship "Mstislav" there was a very young midshipman, yesterday's midshipman. Ivan Kruzenshtern was only 17 years old when he entered the command of Captain Mulovsky. It is difficult to say whether they were talking about the failed expedition, but it was Krusenstern who had to do what fate had denied his brave predecessor.
I. F. Krusenstern and Yu. F. Lisyansky
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and his colleague in the Naval Corps, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, as young sailors who showed significant success, were sent for an internship in the English fleet. Kruzenshtern became extremely interested in trade with China, visited Chinese ports - and upon returning to Russia, he expressed his opinion in detail, with figures and calculations, that organizing maritime communication between the Russian colonies and China was an extremely profitable and useful matter for Russia. Of course, the young lieutenant’s opinion was ignored - the proposal was too bold. But suddenly Krusenstern was supported by prominent and authoritative nobles - State Chancellor Rumyantsev and Admiral Mordvinov, and soon the Russian-American Company (RAC) made a similar proposal - and so the fate of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was decided.
Generous sponsorship RAC made it possible not to wait until ships were built that could withstand the hardships of the journey. Two suitable vessels were purchased in England, improved, and named “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. The RAC was a sufficiently influential and wealthy organization that the expedition was supplied with the best of everything in record time.
Only volunteers were recruited for the long and dangerous journey - nevertheless, there were so many of them that it would have been enough to complete three expeditions. The team included scientists, artists (to sketch landscapes, plants and animals unknown to science), and an astronomer. The goal was to deliver the necessary goods to our Russian settlements in America, take furs from them, sell or exchange goods in Chinese ports, and prove the benefits of the sea route to Russian America compared to the land route through Siberia. And besides, to deliver an embassy to the shores of Japan under the leadership of Chamberlain N.P. Rezanov.
Despite the “trading” nature of the expedition, the ships sailed under the naval flag. Chamberlain Rezanov was far from the last person in the RAC; after all, he was the son-in-law of the head and founder of the company, G. Shelikhov, the heir to the capital of the “Russian Columbus”. It was assumed that he was responsible for the scientific and economic part, and Kruzenshtern for the maritime one. In August 1803, the Neva and Nadezhda sailed from Kronstadt. After the Hawaiian Islands, the ships, as agreed, dispersed. The Neva, under the leadership of Lisyansky, sailed north to the islands of Kodiak and Sitka in the Gulf of Alaska, with a cargo of goods for the RAC, to rendezvous with the Nadezhda in Macau in September 1805. "Nadezhda" went to Kamchatka - and then to Japan to carry out Rezanov's diplomatic mission. On the way, Nadezhda encountered a severe storm - and, as it later turned out, into a tsunami zone.
Alas, the mission was a failure - after almost six months of waiting in Nagasaki, the Russians were refused. The Japanese emperor returned the gifts (huge mirrors in frames), refused to accept the embassy and ordered to immediately leave Japan, however, he supplied the ship with water, food and firewood. The captains met in Macau, profitably exchanged furs for tea, porcelain and other goods rare and marketable in Europe, and set off for Russia. After the storm, having lost sight of each other, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” safely returned to Russia, first “Neva”, then, a couple of weeks later, “Nadezhda”.
The voyage was not as serene as we would have liked. Problems began almost immediately after departure. Chamberlain Rezanov had a rescript signed by Alexander I, according to which he, Rezanov, was appointed head of the expedition, but with the caveat that all decisions should be made jointly with Captain Krusenstern.
In order to accommodate Rezanov’s retinue on the relatively small Nadezhda, they had to refuse a number of people who were really needed for the voyage. In addition, Rezanov’s retinue included, for example, Count Fyodor Tolstoy, later nicknamed the American, a completely uncontrollable person, a cruel manipulator and intriguer. He managed to quarrel with the entire team, more than once annoyed Krusenstern personally with his antics - and in the end he was forcibly landed on the island of Sitka.
N. P. Rezanov
On a warship, according to the charter, there could only be one leader, whose orders were carried out unquestioningly. Rezanov, as a non-military person, did not accept discipline at all, and gradually the relationship between him and Kruzenshtern became tense to the limit. Forced to share one tiny cabin for a couple of years, Rezanov and Kruzenshtern communicated through notes.
Rezanov tried to force Kruzenshtern to change the route of the expedition in order to immediately go to Kamchatka - in fact, interrupting the trip around the world. Finally, Rezanov allowed himself to be rude towards the captain in the presence of the team - and this, from the point of view of the regulations, was completely unforgivable. After a loud scandal, making sure that there was no one on his side, the offended Rezanov practically did not leave the cabin until the Nadezhda reached Petropavlovsk.
Fortunately, the experienced and cold-blooded commandant P. Koshelev sorted out the matter, regardless of faces, trying to ensure that a quarrel between two private individuals could not interfere with the fulfillment of public duty. Krusenstern completely agreed with this, and Rezanov had to back down. At the end of the Japanese mission, Rezanov left Nadezhda - and he and Kruzenshtern did not meet again, to mutual satisfaction.
The further story of N.P. Rezanov, who went to California and met there the 14-year-old beauty Maria Conception Arguello, daughter of the commandant of San Francisco, is known as one of the most romantic pages not only in Russian, but also, probably, in world history. The famous rock opera “Juno and Avos” tells exactly about their tragic love, but this is a different, albeit very interesting, story.
Kotzebue Travels
Among the volunteers who went with Krusenstern on the Nadezhda was a 15-year-old cabin boy, German Otto Kotzebue. The boy’s stepmother was the captain-lieutenant’s sister, Kristina Krusenstern. When the Nadezhda returned to port, Kotzebue was promoted to midshipman, and a year later to lieutenant, and although he was not a graduate of the naval school, Otto Evstafievich received the best of naval schools - the school of circumnavigation, and since then he has not thought of life without the sea and serving the Fatherland.
Brig "Rurik" on the stamp of the Marshall Islands
At the end of the circumnavigation of the world, Kruzenshtern worked tirelessly on the results of the expedition, prepared reports, issued and commented on maps and the Atlas of the Southern Seas, and in particular, together with Count Rumyantsev, developed a new circumnavigation expedition. She was given the task of finding the Northeast Sea Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. The expedition was supposed to set off on the brig “Rurik”. The command of the brig, on the recommendation of Krusenstern, was offered to Kotzebue.
This expedition returned 3 years later, having lost only one person and enriched the geography with a mass of discoveries. Little-studied or completely unknown islands, archipelagos and coasts of the Pacific Ocean were mapped and described in detail. Meteorological observations, studies of sea currents, ocean depth, temperature, salinity and transparency of water, terrestrial magnetism and various living organisms were an invaluable contribution to science - and had considerable practical benefits.
By the way, the German scientist and romantic poet A. von Chamisso, a translator of Pushkin, took part in the voyage on the Rurik as a naturalist. German. His novel “A Journey Around the World” became a classic of adventure literature in Germany, and it was also published in Russia.
O. E. Kotzebue made his third trip around the world in 1823–1826. Before that, for a year he guarded the shores of Russian America from pirates and smugglers with his 24-gun sloop “Enterprise”. The scientific results of the expedition on the "Enterprise" were perhaps more significant than the results of the voyage on the "Rurik". The physicist E. Lenz, a future academician who went with Kotzebue, constructed, together with his colleague, Professor Parrott, an instrument called a bathometer for taking water samples from various depths, and an instrument for measuring depths. Lenz studied the vertical distribution of salinity, scrupulously noted the temperature of Pacific waters and daily changes in air temperature at different latitudes.
By the 20s of the 19th century, traveling around the world ceased to be something unimaginable and out of the ordinary. A whole series of glorious Russian captains circled the globe, leaving Kronstadt and heading towards the horizon.
Vasily Golovnin - unstoppable and undaunted
Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin, a captain and an excellent marine painter, was considered a seasoned man even among his fellow captains. He had more than enough adventures. At the age of fourteen, as a midshipman, he took part in naval battles - and was awarded a medal, and then returned to finish his studies, since he was still too young to become an officer.
He made his first independent voyage around the world when he was just a lieutenant. The Admiralty changed own rules and handed over the sloop "Diana" to the command of the lieutenant, because everyone understood what kind of person Lieutenant Golovnin was. And indeed, their expectations were justified - an excellent captain, Golovnin fully possessed calmness, courage, and unbending character. When, due to the outbreak of war, Russian sailors were detained by the British in South Africa, Golovnin managed to escape captivity and still completed the mission assigned to the expedition. Voyage around the world on the sloop "Diana" in 1808–1809. completed successfully.
The “gentleman’s” captivity by the British was not too painful for our sailors, but the imprisonment during the second voyage turned out to be no joke. This time Golovnin and a number of his comrades ended up in a real prison - among the Japanese. Those who did not like the fact that the Russian ship was conducting a cartographic survey of the Kuril Islands - in 1811 Golovnin was instructed to describe the Kuril and Shantar Islands and the shore of the Tatar Strait. Japan decided that daring cartographers violated the principle of isolation of their state - and if so, then the criminals belong in prison. The captivity lasted two years, because of this incident, Russia and Japan teetered on a dangerous brink - war between them was quite possible.
Japanese scroll depicting the capture of Golovnin
Titanic efforts were made to save Golovnin and his people. But only thanks to the actions of Golovnin’s friend, officer P.I. Ricord and the help of the influential Japanese merchant Mr. Takataya Kahei, with whom Ricord was able to establish purely human contact, it was possible to accomplish the almost incredible - to return the Russian sailors from Japanese prison. On the territory of the Nalychevo Natural Park in Kamchatka there are the so-called “peaks of Russian-Japanese friendship” - Kaheya Rock, Mount Rikord and Mount Golovnina. Nowadays, the “Golovnin incident” is one of the textbook cases in the history of world diplomacy.
Golovnin's notes about his adventures were translated into many languages, and became a bestseller in Russia. Returning home, Vasily Golovnin continued to work tirelessly for the benefit of Russian navigation; his knowledge, experience, and energy were invaluable, and Golovnin’s books about distant travels were read by many young men who later chose a career as a naval officer.
Baron Wrangel - Chief of Alaska
In 1816, midshipman Ferdinand Wrangel, who served in Reval, submitted a request to participate in Captain Golovnin’s expedition on the Kamchatka sloop. The young man was refused. Then he, telling his superiors that he was sick, reached St. Petersburg and practically fell at Golovnin’s feet, asking to take him with him. He sternly noted that unauthorized flight from the ship is desertion and worthy of trial. The midshipman agreed, but asked to be put on trial after the voyage, during which he was ready to become at least a simple sailor. Golovnin waved his hand and gave up.
This was the first trip around the world by Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, in whose honor the now famous nature reserve - Wrangel Island - was later named. On board the Kamchatka, the desperate young man not only went through maritime school, but also diligently filled in the gaps in his education, and also found true friends - future researchers and tireless travelers Fyodor Litke and yesterday's lyceum student, Pushkin's friend Fyodor Matyushkin.
The trip on the Kamchatka turned out to be an invaluable source of personnel for the Russian fleet. Wrangel returned from his voyage an excellent sailor and a learned researcher. It was Wrangel and Matyushkin who were ordered to go on an expedition to explore the northeastern coast of Siberia.
Map showing Wrangel's travel routes
Few people devoted as much effort and energy to the study of Alaska and Kamchatka as Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel. He explored North-Eastern Siberia from sea and land, sailed around the world, commanding the military transport "Krotkiy", was awarded orders, and in 1829 was appointed chief administrator of Russian America, and, by the way, built a magnetic meteorological observatory in Alaska . Under his leadership, Russian America flourished and new settlements were created. The island is named after him, his works for the benefit of Russia were highly appreciated by the state and history. Less than fifty years have passed since the end of the first round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, and the Russian fleet has rapidly flourished and developed - there are so many enthusiasts, truly devoted to their work, in its ranks.
Unknown land
“I went around the ocean of the Southern Hemisphere at high latitudes and did it in such a way that I undeniably rejected the possibility of the existence of a continent, which, if it could be discovered, would only be near the pole, in places inaccessible for navigation... The risk associated with sailing in these unexplored and ice-covered seas in search of the southern continent, so great that I can safely say that no person will ever dare to penetrate further south than I did.”, - these words of James Cook, the navigation star of the 18th century, closed Antarctic exploration for almost 50 years. There were simply no people willing to finance projects that were obviously doomed to failure, and, if successful, would still be commercial failures.
It was the Russians who went against common sense and everyday logic. Krusenstern, Kotzebue and polar explorer G. Sarychev developed the expedition and presented it to Emperor Alexander. He unexpectedly agreed.
The main task of the expedition was defined as purely scientific: "discoveries in the possible vicinity of the Antarctic Pole" with the aim of “acquiring complete knowledge about our globe”. The expedition was charged with the duties and instructions to note and study everything that deserves attention, “not only related to maritime art, but also generally serving to disseminate human knowledge in all parts”.
V. Volkov. Discovery of Antarctica by the sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny”, 2008.
In the summer of the same year, the sloop Mirny and the transport converted into a sloop, Vostok, set out towards the South Pole. They were led by two captains who were considered one of the best in the Russian fleet - the expedition commander Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen, a participant in the round-the-world trip of Krusenstern and Lisyansky, and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, a young but very promising captain. Subsequently, Lazarev would make three trips around the world, but these exploits would not overshadow his fame as a polar explorer.
The voyage lasted 751 days, of which 535 days were in the Southern Hemisphere, with 100 days in ice. The sailors went beyond the Antarctic Circle six times. No one has approached the mysterious Antarctica so close and for so long. In February 1820 Bellingshausen wrote: "Here beyond the ice fields fine ice and islands a continent of ice is visible, the edges of which are broken off perpendicularly, and which continued as we saw, rising to the south, like a shore. The flat ice islands located near this continent clearly show that they are fragments of this continent, for they have edges and an upper surface similar to the mainland.”. For the first time in human history, people saw Antarctica. And these people were ours, Russian sailors.
James Cook led three voyages around the world, each of which brought significant discoveries to the world community.
Sailor, cartographer, explorer and pioneer James Cook was born on October 27, 1728.
He became famous both for his many discoveries, including as the first explorer of the southern polar seas and Antarctica, and for the mythological story of his tragic death at the hands of wild aborigines during his circumnavigation. Mr. Cook is also known for the diet he created for long journeys, under which no one in his crews suffered from scurvy, the curse of travelers of that time.
The famous English navigator lived 50 years, 37 of which he was a sailor. First, from the age of thirteen, as a cabin boy, then as a skipper, and in the prime of his career - a fellow of the Royal Society and a captain in the Royal Navy. And this despite the fact that he did not have a naval, military or at least some kind of education. From his youth, he learned everything easily and very quickly, and soon he was recognized as an experienced and skillful sailor. He is even recognized as the leading expert of his time on the Pacific Ocean.
Cook's achievements are not theoretical, but practical: he simply swam many rivers and seas himself, saw new lands with his own eyes and put them on the map. On instructions from the British Admiralty, he and his crew made three voyages around the world for military-scientific purposes. He died, one might say, at a combat post - during his third trip around the world. Then his ship encountered ice and was forced to return to warm waters to stop. The British stopped in the Hawaiian Islands.
The customs of the aborigines were strikingly different from the European ones, which led to a categorical misunderstanding of each other and, ultimately, to tragedy. The islanders revered white people as deities, which did not deny theft. According to their concepts, it was necessary to get hold of the property that the deities brought with them. And one day they even stole tools for repairing the ship. The leader of the expedition, Cook, and eight sailors arrived in the local village to investigate. The Aborigines attacked the delegation, Cook and three other British were killed, the rest fled on the longboat to the sloop. According to the famous legend, the Hawaiians ate the murdered James Cook. But ancient sources say that the British demanded to hand over the commander’s corpse. And a couple of days later the natives brought pieces of meat and almost the whole head of Cook. The comrades considered the terrible transfer to be the remains of James Cook and buried them in the waters of the Pacific Ocean.
Islands in the Pacific Ocean, a bay off the southern coast of Alaska, a strait between the North and South islands of New Zealand, and a mountain on the South Island of this country are named after Cook. James Cook led three voyages around the world, each of which brought significant discoveries to the world community.
"Evening Moscow" invites you to remember these expeditions and their results.
1. The first circumnavigation of the world 1768-1771 on the barque "Indevre", which lasted more than three years. Then the British Admiralty intended to find the Southern Continent and annex it to the British Empire. Cook's ship headed to the Pacific Ocean, where explorers discovered four islands. Then followed a long passage in vain, and on October 8, 1769, the Indevre finally reached a large unknown land. It was mountainous and snowy; it took more than three months to survey its contour; it turned out to be two large islands. This is how Europeans discovered New Zealand. In the summer, the expedition reached the east coast of Australia and declared it a British possession called New South Wales. James Cook's reward for such a gift to the empire was the awarding of the rank of captain 1st rank.
2. Antarctic circumnavigation- Cook's second expedition in 1772-1775 on two ships - the sloop Resolution and the barque Adventure. Having achieved its goal, the British Admiralty again sends people to search for the Southern Continent, and at the same time to survey the islands of New Zealand. This voyage became an outstanding event in the history of geographical exploration of the 18th century. After all, no one has ever sailed so far into the polar latitudes. The expedition clarified maps of Oceania and the islands of the South Atlantic, their geology, flora and fauna. For the first time in the history of navigation, ships crossed the Antarctic Circle, this happened in January 1773. James Cook understood that the land was somewhere nearby, but the ice didn’t let him get any closer, so he had to turn around. But the team in the Arctic Ocean discovered South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and in the Pacific Ocean - the islands of New Caledonia, Norfolk and several atolls. Cook also discovered completely unusual “ice islands” - that’s what he called flat icebergs in his descriptions.
Test tasks.
1. Ferdinand Magellan was
a) a Spaniard in the service of the King of Portugal
b) a Portuguese in the service of the King of Spain
c) an Italian in the service of the King of Spain
d) a Frenchman in the service of the King of Portugal
2. The strait connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean was named by Ferdinand Magellan
a) Drake Passage
b) Strait of Magellan
c) the Strait of All Saints
d) Bering Strait
3. Ferdinand Magellan's expedition circled the globe, moving all the time
a) from west to east
b) from east to west
c) from right to left
d) from left to right
4. The first circumnavigation of the world continued
a) 3 years
5. The captain who was the first to sail his ship around the world was called
a) Fernand
d) Alvarez
6. List geographical features in the order of their achievement by the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan. Put the letters corresponding to them in the table.
a) Indian Ocean
b) Philippine Islands
c) equator
d) Pacific Ocean
Thematic workshop.
Here are five excerpts from the recordings of Magellan's companion Antonio Pigafetta, which he wrote in the form of a letter to his patron, Signor Philippe de Villiers L'Isle Adan. Put them in the correct order and answer the questions.
a) On Wednesday, November 28, 1520, we got out of this strait and plunged into the vastness of the Pacific Sea. For three months and twenty days we were completely deprived of fresh food. We ate crackers, but they were no longer crackers, but cracker dust mixed with worms. We often ate sawdust.
b) We reached Mactan three hours before dawn. As soon as morning came, forty-nine of our people rushed into the water, which reached their hips. I had to swim a distance of more than two shots from a crossbow before reaching the shore. Because of the underwater rocks, the boats could not get closer to the shore. When we reached the shore, the natives, numbering over 1,500 people, lined up in three detachments. Seeing us, they rushed at us with incredible screams, two detachments attacked our flanks, and one from the front.
c) The captain fell face down, and immediately they pelted him with iron and bamboo spears and began to strike him with cutlasses until they killed the true leader. He kept turning back and forth to see if we had all managed to board the boats. Believing that he had died, we, wounded, retreated as soon as possible to the boats, which immediately set off.
d) Your Excellency, the glory of such a noble captain will not be erased from memory in our days. Among other virtues, he was distinguished by such steadfastness in the greatest vicissitudes that no one has ever possessed. He endured hunger better than anyone else, more accurately than anyone else in the world, he knew how to understand
in navigation charts. And the fact that this is so in fact is obvious to everyone, for no one else had such a gift and such thoughtfulness in studying how to circumnavigate the world, which he almost accomplished.
e) Having heard that in the city of Seville a detachment of five ships was equipped to extract spices in the Moluccas under the command of Captain-General Fernand de Magalhães (Magellan), I went there from the city of Barcelona, taking with me a lot of well-wishing -body letters. I spent three whole months in Seville waiting while the said fleet was preparing to sail, and when the time for departure finally arrived, the voyage began under extremely happy omens.
d A b V G
1. How many times did Magellan’s expedition cross the equator?
The voyage was around the world, crossing the equator 4 times.
2. What in the above passages gives reason to consider the assessment that Pigafetta gave to Ferdinand Magellan as fair?
He was a famous military man and sailor. The Portuguese managed to win the favor of the Spanish king. Who allowed us to assemble a round-the-world expedition. Spanish merchants gave money for the expedition, believing Magellan that the journey would be profitable. Suppressed the rebellion of the Spanish captains. He had authority among all the sailors of the expedition. Managed to calculate the path across the ocean. Found a strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He fought bravely and died in battle with the natives. The expedition brought huge profits, many times higher than the costs.
Magellanic strait-strait, separating the Tierra del Fuego archipelago from continental South America.
4. How many days did the voyage across the Pacific Ocean last?
Almost 4 months, about 111 days. On November 28, he set out with 3 ships into an unknown ocean (called it Pacific because of the weather), and on March 15, the expedition approached the large Philippine archipelago.
Cartographic workshop.
Trace the route of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition on the map and name the geographical objects through which he passed.
2 - Atlantic Ocean.
4 - Strait of All Saints.
5 - Pacific Ocean.
6 - Philippine Islands.
9 - Indian Ocean.
In the history of the first half of the 19th century, a number of brilliant geographical studies are known. Among them, one of the most prominent places belongs to Russian trips around the world.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia occupied a leading place in organizing and conducting circumnavigation and ocean exploration.
The first voyage of Russian ships around the world under the command of captain-lieutenants I.F. Krusenstern and Yu.F. Lisyansky lasted three years, like most circumnavigations of that time. This journey in 1803 begins an entire era of remarkable Russian expeditions around the world.
Yu.F. Lisyansky received orders to go to England to purchase two ships intended for circumnavigation. Lisyansky bought these ships, Nadezhda and Neva, in London for 22,000 pounds sterling, which was almost the same amount in gold rubles at the exchange rate of that time.
The price for the purchase of "Nadezhda" and "Neva" was actually equal to 17,000 pounds sterling, but for corrections they had to pay an additional 5,000 pounds. The ship "Nadezhda" has already been three years old since its launch, and the "Neva" is only fifteen months old. "Neva" had a displacement of 350 tons, and "Nadezhda" - 450 tons.
In England, Lisyansky bought a number of sextants, lel-compasses, barometers, a hygrometer, several thermometers, one artificial magnet, chronometers by Arnold and Pettiwgton, and more. The chronometers were tested by academician Schubert. All other instruments were Troughton's work.
Astronomical and physical instruments were designed to observe longitudes and latitudes and orient the ship. Lisyansky took care to purchase a whole pharmacy of medicines and anti-scorbutic agents, since in those days scurvy was one of the most dangerous diseases during long voyages. Equipment for the expedition was also purchased from England, including comfortable, durable clothing for the team that was suitable for various climatic conditions. There was a spare set of underwear and dresses. Mattresses, pillows, sheets and blankets were ordered for each of the sailors. The ship's provisions were the best. The crackers prepared in St. Petersburg did not spoil for two whole years, just like solonia, which was salted with domestic salt by the merchant Oblomkov. The Nadezhda crew consisted of 58 people, and the Neva crew of 47. They were selected from volunteer sailors, of whom there were so many that everyone who wanted to participate in a trip around the world could be enough to staff several expeditions. It should be noted that none of the team members participated in long voyages, since in those days Russian ships did not descend south of the northern tropic. The task that faced the officers and crew of the expedition was not easy. They had to cross two oceans, go around the dangerous Cape Horn, famous for its storms, and rise to 60° N. sh., visit a number of little-studied coasts, where mariners could expect uncharted and undescribed pitfalls and other dangers. But the command of the expedition was so confident in the strength of its “officers and enlisted personnel” that they rejected the offer to take on board several foreign sailors familiar with the conditions long voyages. Among the foreigners on the expedition were naturalists Tilesius von Tilenau, Langsdorff and astronomer Horner. Horner was of Swiss origin. He worked at the then famous Seeberg Observatory, whose director recommended him to Count Rumyantsev. The expedition was also accompanied by a painter from the Academy of Arts.
The artist and scientists were with the Russian envoy to Japan, N.P. Rezanov, and his retinue on board the large ship Nadezhda. "Nadezhda" was commanded by Krusenstern. Lisyansky was entrusted with command of the Neva. Although Krusenstern was listed as the commander of the Nadezhda and the head of the expedition at the Naval Ministry, in the instructions given by Alexander I to the Russian ambassador to Japan, N.P. Rezanov, he was called the main commander of the expedition. This dual position was the reason for the emergence of conflictual relationships between Rezanov and Krusenstern. Therefore, Kruzenshtern repeatedly submitted reports to the Directorate of the Russian-American Company, where he wrote that he was called upon by the highest order to command the expedition and that “it was entrusted to Rezanov” without his knowledge, to which he would never agree, that his position “does not consist only to watch the sails,” etc. Soon the relationship between Rezanov and Kruzenshtern became so tense that a riot occurred among the Nadezhda crew.
The Russian envoy to Japan, after a series of troubles and insults, was forced to retire to his cabin, from which he did not leave until his arrival in Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka. Here Rezanov turned to Major General Koshelev, a representative of the local administrative authorities. An investigation was ordered against Krusenstern, which took on an unfavorable character for him. Considering the situation, Kruzenshtern publicly apologized to Rezanov and asked Koshelev not to allow the investigation to proceed further. Only thanks to the kindness of Rezanov, who decided to drop the case, Kruzenshtern avoided major troubles that could have had fatal consequences for his career.
The above episode shows that the discipline on the Nadezhda ship, commanded by Kruzenshtern, was not up to par if such a high-ranking person vested with special powers as the Russian envoy to Japan could be subjected to a number of insults from the crew and the captain of the Nadezhda himself. It is probably no coincidence that the Nadezhda was in a very risky position several times during its voyage, while the Neva only once landed on a coral reef and, moreover, in a place where it could not be expected according to cards. All this leads to the assumption that the generally accepted idea of Kruzenshtern’s leading role in the first Russian trip around the world does not correspond to reality.
Although the ships were supposed to make the first part of the journey to England, and then across the Atlantic Ocean, bypassing Cape Horn, together, then they had to separate at the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands. "Nadezhda", according to the expedition plan, should have gone to Kamchatka, where she was supposed to leave her cargo. Then Kruzenshtern should have gone to Japan and delivered there the Russian ambassador N.P. Rezanov and his retinue. After this, "Nadezhda" had to return to Kamchatka again, take a cargo of furs and take it to Canton for sale. The Neva's route, starting from the Hawaiian Islands, was completely different. Lisyansky was supposed to go "north-west, to the island of Kodiak, where the main office of the Russian-American company was located at that time. The Neva was supposed to winter here, and then it was supposed to take a cargo of furs and deliver it to Canton, where it was assigned meeting of both ships - "Neva" and "Nadezhda". From Canton, both ships were supposed to head to Russia past the Cape of Good Hope. This plan was carried out, although with retreats caused by storms, which separated the ships long ago, as well as long stops for necessary repairs and food replenishment.
Naturalists present on the ships collected valuable botanical, zoological and ethnographic collections, made observations of sea currents, temperature and density of water at depths of up to 400 m, tides and barometer fluctuations, systematic astronomical observations to determine longitudes and latitudes and established the coordinates of the whole a number of points visited by the expedition, including all the harbors and islands where there were anchorages.
If the special tasks of the expedition in the Russian colonies were successfully completed, then the same cannot be said about that part of the expedition’s plans that was associated with the organization of the embassy to Japan. The embassy of N.P. Rezanov was unsuccessful. Although he was surrounded by attention and all kinds of signs of honor and respect upon his arrival in Japan, he failed to establish trade relations with this country.
On August 5, 1806, the Neva arrived safely at the Kronstadt roadstead. Cannon salutes from the Neva and response salvos from the Kronstadt Fortress rang out. Thus, the Neva spent three years and two months at sea. On August 19, Nadezhda arrived, which had been on a circumnavigation for fourteen days longer than Neva.
The first Russian circumnavigation constituted an epoch in the history of the Russian fleet and brought to world geographical science a number of new information about little-explored countries. A whole series of islands that were visited by Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern had only recently been discovered by sailors, and their nature, population, their customs, beliefs and economy remained almost completely unknown. These were the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands, discovered in 1778 by Cook, less than thirty years before they were visited by Russian sailors. Russian travelers could observe the life of the Hawaiians in its natural state, not yet changed by contact with Europeans. The Marquesas and Washington Islands, as well as Easter Island, have been little studied. It is not surprising that the descriptions of the Russian trip around the world made by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky aroused keen interest among a wide range of readers and were translated into a number of Western European languages. The materials collected during the voyage of the Neva and Nadezhda were of great value for the study of the primitive peoples of Oceania and the North Pacific Ocean. Our first Russian travelers observed these peoples in the stage of tribal relations. They were the first to describe in detail the peculiar, ancient Hawaiian culture with its immutable laws of “taboo” and human sacrifice. The rich ethnographic collections collected on the ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda", together with descriptions of the customs, beliefs and even the language of the Pacific islanders, served as valuable sources for the study of the peoples inhabiting the Pacific islands.
Thus, the first Russian trip around the world played a big role in the development of ethnography. This was greatly facilitated by the great observation and accuracy of the descriptions of our first travelers around the world.
It should be noted that numerous observations of sea currents, temperature and water density, which were made on the ships Nadezhda and Neva, gave impetus to the development of a new science - oceanography. Before the first Russian voyage around the world, such systematic observations were not usually made by navigators. Russian sailors turned out to be great innovators in this regard.
The first Russian circumnavigation opens a whole galaxy of brilliant trips around the world made under the Russian flag.
During these travels, excellent cadres of sailors were created who gained experience in long-distance voyages and highly qualified in the difficult art of navigation for a sailing fleet.
It is interesting to note that one of the participants in the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, Kotzebue, who sailed as a cadet on the ship "Nadezhda", subsequently himself carried out an equally interesting circumnavigation on the ship "Rurik", equipped at the expense of Count Rumyantsev.
The expedition on the ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda" paved a new route to the Russian North American colonies. Since then, their supply of necessary food and goods has been carried out by sea. These continuous long-distance voyages revived colonial trade and in many ways contributed to the development of the North American colonies and the development of Kamchatka.
Russia's maritime ties with the Pacific Ocean have strengthened and the international trade. With a number of valuable observations along long-distance voyage routes, the first Russian trip around the world laid a strong foundation scientific basis the difficult art of long-distance navigation.
Pirates are sea (or river) robbers. The word "pirate" (lat. pirata) comes, in turn, from the Greek. πειρατής, cognate with the word πειράω (“try, test”). Thus, the meaning of the word would be "trying one's luck." Etymology shows how precarious the boundary between the professions of navigator and pirate was from the very beginning.
Henry Morgan (1635-1688) became the most famous pirate in the world, enjoying a peculiar fame. This man became famous not so much for his corsair exploits as for his activities as a commander and politician. Morgan's main achievement was helping England seize control of the entire Caribbean Sea. Since childhood, Henry was restless, which affected his adult life. Behind short term he managed to be a slave, gather his own gang of thugs and get his first ship. Along the way, many people were robbed. While in the queen's service, Morgan directed his energy to the ruin of the Spanish colonies, which he did very well. As a result, everyone learned the name of the active sailor. But then the pirate unexpectedly decided to settle down - he got married, bought a house... However, his violent temper took its toll, and in his spare time, Henry realized that it was much more profitable to capture coastal cities than just rob sea vessels. One day Morgan used a cunning move. On the way to one of the cities he took big ship and filled it to the top with gunpowder, sending it to the Spanish port at dusk. The huge explosion led to such turmoil that there was simply no one to defend the city. So the city was taken, and the local fleet was destroyed, thanks to Morgan's cunning. While storming Panama, the commander decided to attack the city from land, sending his army bypassing the city. As a result, the maneuver was a success and the fortress fell. Last years Morgan spent his life as Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica. His whole life passed at a frantic pirate pace, with all the delights appropriate to the occupation in the form of alcohol. Only rum defeated the brave sailor - he died of cirrhosis of the liver and was buried as a nobleman. True, the sea took his ashes - the cemetery sank into the sea after the earthquake.
Francis Drake (1540-1596) was born in England, the son of a priest. The young man began his maritime career as a cabin boy on a small merchant ship. It was there that the smart and observant Francis learned the art of navigation. Already at the age of 18, he received command of his own ship, which he inherited from the old captain. In those days, the queen blessed pirate raids, as long as they were directed against the enemies of England. During one of these voyages, Drake fell into a trap, but, despite the death of 5 other English ships, he managed to save his ship. The pirate quickly became famous for his cruelty, and fortune also loved him. Trying to take revenge on the Spaniards, Drake begins to wage his own war against them - he plunders their ships and cities. In 1572, he managed to capture the "Silver Caravan", carrying more than 30 tons of silver, which immediately made the pirate rich. An interesting feature of Drake was the fact that he not only sought to loot more, but also to visit previously unknown places. As a result, many sailors were grateful to Drake for his work in clarifying and correcting the world map. With the permission of the queen, the pirate went on a secret expedition to South America, with the official version of the exploration of Australia. The expedition was a great success. Drake maneuvered so cunningly, avoiding the traps of his enemies, that he was able to travel around the world on his way home. Along the way, he attacked Spanish settlements in South America, circumnavigated Africa and brought home potato tubers. Total profit from the campaign was unprecedented - more than half a million pounds sterling. At that time it was twice the budget of the entire country. As a result, right on board the ship, Drake was knighted - an unprecedented event that has no analogues in history. The apogee of the pirate's greatness came at the end of the 16th century, when he took part as an admiral in the defeat of the Invincible Armada. Later, the pirate’s luck turned away; during one of his subsequent voyages to the American shores, he fell ill with tropical fever and died.
Edward Teach (1680-1718) is better known by his nickname Blackbeard. It was because of this external attribute that Teach was considered a terrible monster. The first mention of the activities of this corsair dates back only to 1717; what the Englishman did before that remains unknown. Based on indirect evidence, one can guess that he was a soldier, but deserted and became a filibuster. Then he was already a pirate, terrifying people with his beard, which covered almost his entire face. Teach was very brave and courageous, which earned him respect from other pirates. He wove wicks into his beard, which, when smoking, terrified his opponents. In 1716, Edward was given command of his sloop to conduct privateering operations against the French. Soon Teach captured more capital ship and made it his flagship, renaming it Queen Anne's Revenge. At this time, the pirate operates in the Jamaica area, robbing everyone and recruiting new henchmen. By the beginning of 1718, Tich already had 300 people under his command. Within a year, he managed to capture more than 40 ships. All the pirates knew that the bearded man was hiding treasure on some uninhabited island, but no one knew where exactly. The pirate's outrages against the British and his plunder of the colonies forced the authorities to announce a hunt for Blackbeard. A massive reward was announced and Lieutenant Maynard was hired to hunt down Teach. In November 1718, the pirate was overtaken by the authorities and killed during the battle. Teach's head was cut off and his body was suspended from a yardarm.
William Kidd (1645-1701). Born in Scotland near the docks, the future pirate decided to connect his destiny with the sea from childhood. In 1688, Kidd, a simple sailor, survived a shipwreck near Haiti and was forced to become a pirate. In 1689, betraying his comrades, William took possession of the frigate, calling it the Blessed William. With the help of a privateering patent, Kidd took part in the war against the French. In the winter of 1690, part of the team left him, and Kidd decided to settle down. He married a rich widow, taking possession of lands and property. But the pirate’s heart demanded adventure, and now, 5 years later, he is already a captain again. The powerful frigate "Brave" was designed to rob, but only the French. After all, the expedition was sponsored by the state, which did not need unnecessary political scandals. However, the sailors, seeing the meager profits, periodically rebelled. The capture of a rich ship with French goods did not save the situation. Fleeing from his former subordinates, Kidd surrendered into the hands of the English authorities. The pirate was taken to London, where he quickly became a bargaining chip in the fight political parties. On charges of piracy and the murder of a ship's officer (who was the instigator of the mutiny), Kidd was sentenced to death. In 1701, the pirate was hanged, and his body hung in an iron cage over the Thames for 23 years, as a warning to the corsairs of imminent punishment.
Mary Read (1685-1721). From childhood, girls were dressed in boy's clothes. So the mother tried to hide the death of her early deceased son. At age 15, Mary joined the army. In the battles in Flanders, under the name Mark, she showed miracles of courage, but she never received any advancement. Then the woman decided to join the cavalry, where she fell in love with her colleague. After the end of hostilities, the couple got married. However, the happiness did not last long, the husband died unexpectedly, Mary, dressed in men's clothing, became a sailor. The ship fell into the hands of pirates, and the woman was forced to join them, cohabiting with the captain. In battle, Mary wore a man's uniform, participating in skirmishes along with everyone else. Over time, the woman fell in love with a craftsman who helped the pirates. They even got married and were going to put an end to the past. But even here the happiness did not last long. Pregnant Reed was caught by authorities. When she was caught along with other pirates, she said that she committed the robberies against her will. However, other pirates showed that there was no one more determined than Mary Read in the matter of plundering and boarding ships. The court did not dare to hang the pregnant woman; she patiently awaited her fate in a Jamaican prison, not fearing a shameful death. But a strong fever finished her off early.
Olivier (Francois) le Vasseur became the most famous French pirate. He was nicknamed "La Blues", or "the buzzard". A Norman nobleman of noble origin was able to turn the island of Tortuga (now Haiti) into an impregnable fortress of filibusters. Initially, Le Vasseur was sent to the island to protect the French settlers, but he quickly expelled the British (according to other sources, the Spaniards) from there and began to pursue his own policy. Being a talented engineer, the Frenchman designed a well-fortified fortress. Le Vasseur issued a filibuster with very dubious documents for the right to hunt the Spaniards, taking the lion's share of the spoils for himself. In fact, he became the leader of the pirates, without taking direct part in the hostilities. When the Spaniards failed to take the island in 1643, and were surprised to find fortifications, Le Vasseur's authority grew noticeably. He finally refused to obey the French and pay royalties to the crown. However, the deteriorating character, tyranny and tyranny of the Frenchman led to the fact that in 1652 he was killed by his own friends. According to legend, Le Vasseur collected and hid the largest treasure of all time, worth £235 million in today's money. Information about the location of the treasure was kept in the form of a cryptogram on the governor's neck, but the gold remained undiscovered.
William Dampier (1651-1715) is often called not just a pirate, but also a scientist. After all, he completed three voyages around the world, discovering many islands in the Pacific Ocean. Having been orphaned early, William chose the sea path. At first he took part in trade voyages, and then he managed to fight. In 1674, the Englishman came to Jamaica as a trading agent, but his career in this capacity did not work out, and Dampier was forced to again become a sailor on a merchant ship. After exploring the Caribbean, William settled on the Gulf Coast, on the Yucatan coast. Here he found friends in the form of runaway slaves and filibusters. Dampier's further life revolved around the idea of traveling around Central America, plundering Spanish settlements on land and sea. He sailed in the waters of Chile, Panama, and New Spain. Dhampir almost immediately began keeping notes about his adventures. As a result, his book “A New Journey Around the World” was published in 1697, which made him famous. Dampier became a member of the most prestigious houses in London, entered the royal service and continued his research, writing a new book. However, in 1703, on an English ship, Dampier continued a series of robberies of Spanish ships and settlements in the Panama region. In 1708-1710, he took part as a navigator of a corsair expedition around the world. The works of the pirate scientist turned out to be so valuable for science that he is considered to be one of the fathers of modern oceanography.
Zheng Shi (1785-1844) is considered one of the most successful pirates. The scale of her actions will be indicated by the fact that she commanded a fleet of 2,000 ships, on which more than 70 thousand sailors served. The 16-year-old prostitute "Madame Jing" married the famous pirate Zheng Yi. After his death in 1807, the widow inherited a pirate fleet of 400 ships. Corsairs not only attacked merchant ships off the coast of China, but also sailed deep into river mouths, ravaging coastal settlements. The emperor was so surprised by the actions of the pirates that he sent his fleet against them, but this did not have significant consequences. The key to Zheng Shi's success was the strict discipline she established on the courts. It put an end to traditional pirate freedoms - robbery of allies and rape of prisoners was punishable death penalty. However, as a result of the betrayal of one of her captains, the female pirate in 1810 was forced to conclude a truce with the authorities. Her further career took place as the owner of a brothel and a gambling den. The story of a female pirate is reflected in literature and cinema; there are many legends about her.
Edward Lau (1690-1724) also known as Ned Lau. For most of his life, this man lived in petty theft. In 1719, his wife died in childbirth, and Edward realized that from now on nothing would tie him to home. After 2 years, he became a pirate operating near the Azores, New England and the Caribbean. This time is considered the end of the age of piracy, but Lau became famous for a short time managed to capture more than a hundred ships, showing rare bloodthirstiness.
Arouge Barbarossa(1473-1518) became a pirate at age 16 after the Turks captured his home island of Lesbos. Already at the age of 20, Barbarossa became a merciless and brave corsair. Having escaped from captivity, he soon captured a ship for himself, becoming the leader. Arouj entered into an agreement with the Tunisian authorities, who allowed him to set up a base on one of the islands in exchange for a share of the spoils. As a result, Urouge's pirate fleet terrorized all Mediterranean ports. Getting involved in politics, Arouj eventually became the ruler of Algeria under the name of Barbarossa. However, the fight against the Spaniards did not bring success to the Sultan - he was killed. His work was continued by his younger brother, known as Barbaross the Second.
Bartholomew Roberts(1682-1722). This pirate was one of the most successful and fortunate in history. It is believed that Roberts was able to capture more than four hundred ships. At the same time, the cost of the pirate's production amounted to more than 50 million pounds sterling. And the pirate achieved such results in just two and a half years. Bartholomew was an unusual pirate - he was enlightened and loved to dress fashionably. Roberts was often seen in a burgundy vest and breeches, he wore a hat with a red feather, and on his chest hung a gold chain with a diamond cross. The pirate did not abuse alcohol at all, as was customary in this environment. Moreover, he even punished his sailors for drunkenness. We can say that it was Bartholomew, who was nicknamed “Black Bart”, who was the most successful pirate in history. Moreover, unlike Henry Morgan, he never cooperated with the authorities. And the famous pirate was born in South Wales. His maritime career began as a third mate on a slave trading ship. Roberts' responsibilities included supervising the “cargo” and its safety. However, after being captured by pirates, the sailor himself was in the role of a slave. Nevertheless, the young European was able to please the captain Howell Davis who captured him, and he accepted him into his crew. And in June 1719, after the death of the leader of the gang during the storming of the fort, it was Roberts who led the team. He immediately captured the ill-fated city of Principe on the coast of Guinea and razed it to the ground. After going to sea, the pirate quickly captured several merchant ships. However, production off the African coast was scarce, which is why Roberts headed to the Caribbean in early 1720. The glory of a successful pirate overtook him, and merchant ships were already shying away at the sight of Black Bart's ship. In the north, Roberts sold African goods profitably. Throughout the summer of 1720, he was lucky - the pirate captured many ships, 22 of them right in the bays. However, even while engaged in robbery, Black Bart remained a devout man. He even managed to pray a lot in between murders and robberies. But it was this pirate who came up with the idea of a cruel execution using a board thrown over the side of the ship. The team loved their captain so much that they were ready to follow him to the ends of the earth. And the explanation was simple - Roberts was desperately lucky. At different times he managed from 7 to 20 pirate ships. The teams included escaped criminals and slaves of many different nationalities, calling themselves the "House of Lords". And the name of Black Bart inspired terror throughout the Atlantic.
Jack Rackham (1682-1720). And this famous pirate had the nickname Calico Jack. The fact is that he loved to wear Calico pants, which were brought from India. And although this pirate was not the most cruel or the luckiest, he managed to become famous. The fact is that Rackham’s team included two women dressed in men’s clothing - Mary Read and Anne Boni. Both of them were the pirate's mistresses. Thanks to this fact, as well as the courage and bravery of his ladies, Rackham's team became famous. But his luck changed when in 1720 his ship met the ship of the governor of Jamaica. At that time, the entire crew of pirates was dead drunk. To escape pursuit, Rackham ordered the anchor to be cut. However, the military were able to catch up with him and take him after a short fight. The pirate captain and his entire crew were hanged in Port Royal, Jamaica. Just before his death, Rackham asked to see Anne Bonney. But she herself refused him this, saying that if the pirate had fought like a man, he would not have died like a dog. It is said that John Rackham is the author of the famous pirate symbol - the skull and crossbones, the Jolly Roger.
Jean Lafitte (?-1826). This famous corsair was also a smuggler. With the tacit consent of the government of the young American state, he calmly robbed the ships of England and Spain in the Gulf of Mexico. The heyday of pirate activity occurred in the 1810s. It is unknown where and when exactly Jean Lafitte was born. It is possible that he was a native of Haiti and was a secret Spanish agent. It was said that Lafitte knew the Gulf coast better than many cartographers. It was known for sure that he sold the stolen goods through his brother, a merchant who lived in New Orleans. The Lafittes illegally supplied slaves to the southern states, but thanks to their guns and men, the Americans were able to defeat the British in 1815 at the Battle of New Orleans. In 1817, under pressure from the authorities, the pirate settled on the Texas island of Galveston, where he even founded his own state, Campeche. Lafitte continued to supply slaves, using intermediaries. But in 1821, one of his captains personally attacked a plantation in Louisiana. And although Lafitte was ordered to be insolent, the authorities ordered him to sink his ships and leave the island. The pirate has only two ships left from what was once a whole fleet. Then Lafitte and a group of his followers settled on the island of Isla Mujeres off the coast of Mexico. But even then he did not attack American ships. And after 1826 there is no information about the valiant pirate. In Louisiana itself, there are still legends about Captain Lafitte. And in the city of Lake Charles, “smugglers’ days” are even held in memory of him. A nature reserve near the coast of Barataria is even named after the pirate. And in 1958, Hollywood even released a film about Lafitte, he was played by Yul Brynner.
Thomas Cavendish (1560-1592). Pirates not only robbed ships, but were also brave travelers, discovering new lands. In particular, Cavendish was the third sailor who decided to travel around the world. His youth was spent in the English fleet. Thomas led such a hectic life that he quickly lost all his inheritance. And in 1585, he left the service and went to rich America for his share of the spoils. He returned to his homeland rich. Easy money and the help of fortune forced Cavendish to choose the path of a pirate to gain fame and fortune. On July 22, 1586, Thomas headed his own flotilla from Plymouth to Sierra Leone. The expedition aimed to find new islands and study winds and currents. However, this did not stop them from engaging in parallel and outright robbery. At the first stop in Sierra Leone, Cavendish, along with his 70 sailors, plundered local settlements. A successful start allowed the captain to dream of future exploits. On January 7, 1587, Cavendish passed through the Strait of Magellan and then headed north along the coast of Chile. Before him, only one European passed this way - Francis Drake. The Spanish controlled this part of the Pacific Ocean, generally calling it Spanish Lake. The rumor of English pirates forced the garrisons to gather. But the Englishman's flotilla was worn out - Thomas found a quiet bay for repairs. The Spaniards did not wait, having found the pirates during the raid. However, the British not only repelled the attack of superior forces, but also put them to flight and immediately plundered several neighboring settlements. Two ships went further. On June 12, they reached the equator and until November the pirates waited for a “treasury” ship with all the proceeds of the Mexican colonies. Persistence was rewarded, and the British captured a lot of gold and jewelry. However, when dividing the spoils, the pirates quarreled, and Cavendish was left with only one ship. With him he went to the west, where he obtained a cargo of spices by robbery. On September 9, 1588, Cavendish's ship returned to Plymouth. The pirate not only became one of the first to circumnavigate the world, but also did it very quickly - in 2 years and 50 days. In addition, 50 of his crew returned with the captain. This record was so significant that it lasted for more than two centuries.
