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Cost recovery

In the national economy as a whole, the effectiveness of capital investments is measured by the growth of national income. The quotient of dividing capital investments by the average annual increase in national income caused by these investments is equal to their payback period in years: T=K:D, where K is capital investment, D is the average annual increase in national income, T is the payback period.

For sectors of the national economy and industry, the effect is expressed in an increase in net production, profit or a reduction in production costs (for planned unprofitable enterprises and for industries and enterprises where settlement prices are used). The inverse ratio - effect to capital costs - characterizes the value of the overall (absolute) economic efficiency of capital investments.

Cost return is also used as an indicator of the comparative economic efficiency of capital investments when choosing best options technical solutions, complex programs, equipment and technology - in the development of construction projects, options for planning and construction solutions, as well as the organization of construction. Different variants As a rule, they require different capital investments and operating costs.

Actual payback periods should not exceed standard ones. Standard payback periods and corresponding standards for the general (absolute) efficiency of capital investments for the national economy as a whole are established by the USSR State Planning Committee and are differentiated for individual sectors of the national economy and industry by the relevant ministries and departments in agreement with the USSR State Planning Committee.

Standard payback periods and standards for the overall (absolute) efficiency of capital investments are periodically reviewed. The standard payback period for calculations of comparative efficiency in the national economy is 8.3 years (the total annual savings from cost reduction should be equal in value to additional capital investments in no more than 8.3 years). In the future, standard payback periods should decrease.
The XXVII Congress of the CPSU set the task of “increasing the efficiency of capital investments... reducing the payback period for capital investments” (Materials of the XXVII Congress of the CPSU, p. 274).

This task is being solved on the basis of increasing the dynamism of the Soviet economy, technical renewal of production, improving the management of the construction complex, strict adherence to regulatory deadlines for the construction of production facilities and their achievement of design indicators.

BRIEF METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR SELECTED STATISTICAL INDICATORS GIVEN IN THE YEARBOOK Gross National Product (GNP) In practice since 1988 economic calculations USSR introduced widely used in foreign countries and international statistics indicator of gross national product (GNP) in additional figures. attention to the system of summary national economic indicators (national income, social product, etc.). GNP is the most common outcome indicator economic activity in the national economy as a whole. It is intended to characterize the interrelated aspects of the economic process: the production of material goods and the provision of services, the distribution of income, the final use of material goods and services. GNP covers the results of economic activity of all economic units: enterprises, organizations and institutions in both the sphere of material production and the service sector, personal subsidiary plots of the population, individuals, self-employed labor activity. The results of economic activity appear in the form of material goods and services (material and intangible). GNP is defined as created, distributed (at the stage of income generation) and used (used). Created GNP is defined as the sum of “gross value added” of all sectors of the national economy; GNP does not include the cost of consumed: raw materials, materials, fuel, energy and others material resources, as well as services provided to business units. At the stage of income formation, GNP is defined as the total amount of income of economic units (and the population) from economic activity (wages, profits, net income of collective farms, income received through individual labor activity, etc.), as well as depreciation charges (depreciation estimates ). Used GNP is defined as household final consumption expenditure, government agencies serving households, gross capital formation, final consumption of government agencies and organizations satisfying collective needs, and the foreign trade balance. Household final consumption expenditures cover household expenditures on the purchase of consumer goods and services from the personal budget, as well as receipts of products and services in non-commodity form. Expenditures on final consumption of households include: - purchases of new short-term and durable goods in state and cooperative trade, on the collective farm market and from private individuals; - purchases of market consumer services (rent and payment utility payments for central heating, water, sewerage, gas, electricity for lighting and household needs, payments for hotel accommodation, payment for household services, purchase of vouchers to sanatoriums, holiday homes, boarding houses, payments for paid services medical institutions, payment for transport and communication services, fees for preschool institutions, expenses for purchasing tickets to movies, theaters, sporting events and other payments, for training courses and other services; - the cost of agricultural and other products produced by households for their own consumption; - the cost of products and services received in kind as wages; - clothing and food purchased by government agencies to supply the army; - imputed rent for dwellings occupied by their owners; - balance of household purchases of antique and second-hand consumer goods. Final consumption expenditures of government institutions serving households cover the cost of free services provided by these institutions and organizations in the fields of education, culture and art, healthcare, physical education and tourism, and social security. At the same time, the final consumption expenditures of government institutions serving households do not include partial payment for services by the population, taken into account in household consumer expenditures, as well as the cost of services related to intermediate consumption (for example, the cost of socio-cultural services provided by enterprises and organizations their workers and employees, etc.). Gross capital formation includes expenses of all enterprises, organizations and institutions in the sphere of material production and the service sector for capital investments and changes in inventories of material working capital. 1 Capital investments include: - costs for the construction of buildings, structures, reconstruction and technical re-equipment, purchase of machinery and equipment, Vehicle, livestock (accounted for in the composition of fixed assets), for perennial plantings, for reclamation work; - costs for major repairs of buildings, structures, machinery and equipment; - the cost of installation work, drilling work (in terms of deep exploratory drilling), geological exploration work (in terms of certain objects); - the cost of economic construction carried out by enterprises, organizations and institutions of the national economy.

Expenditures of the population on housing construction are considered as capital investments of the population, and the purchase of durable goods (passenger cars, televisions, furniture, etc.) is considered as consumer expenses of households. The increase in material working capital covers the change in the value of stocks of raw materials, materials, fuel and other items, labor for the year in all enterprises, organizations and institutions of the national economy. This article includes changes in the value of work in progress, as well as changes in the cost of young livestock and fattening livestock. The change in the value of stocks of agricultural products of household plots of the population is also included. Expenditures on final consumption of government institutions and organizations that satisfy collective needs cover the cost of services provided by these institutions in the field of public administration, science, defense, etc. The cost of these services is taken in the amount of current costs (including consumption of fixed assets) of the relevant organizations minus payments of the population, enterprises and organizations. This article also includes the balance of foreign trade and income from economic activity (profit, wages, income such as profit) received from abroad. GNP is calculated in actual and comparable (constant) prices. When calculating GNP indices, the following prices were used as comparable prices: for 1976-1985. - prices 1973, for 1986-1988. - prices 1983. For 1989-1990. the calculation was made using a deflator index. Deflator index is a special price index for recalculating cost indicators from actual prices into constant (fixed) prices. GNP, at constant prices, is formed by summing the final use components calculated at constant prices, using price indexes calculated in accordance with international practice based on monitoring changes in prices for representative goods (services). The gross social product is the totality of created material goods and is defined as the sum of the gross output of sectors of material production: industry, agriculture, forestry, construction, freight transport, communications in the part serving material production, trade and public catering, logistics, procurement of agricultural Products, as well as other branches of material production - information and computing, services and other production activities (publishing, film production, collection and storage of scrap metal and scrap, procurement of firewood by the population, picking mushrooms, berries, etc.). 686"

When calculating the gross social product by sectors of material production, the products of the sectors are calculated in actual sales prices, which include, along with other types of net income, that part of it that is sold in the form of turnover tax. At the same time, turnover tax, including that received from the sale of products made from agricultural raw materials, is taken into account in industrial products. When calculating the gross social product, the turnover tax is included in industrial products minus compensation for the difference in prices during the procurement and sale of agricultural products; a small part of the sales tax is included in the production of semi-finished products. The gross social product is divided into a fund for reimbursement of material costs and national income. National income represents the value newly created in the branches of material production. In other words, it is that part of the gross social product that remains minus the means of production consumed in the production process (raw materials, fuel, electricity, etc.). National income is obtained as a result of the net output of individual branches of material production. The net output of a particular industry is calculated as the difference between gross output and material production costs. Like the gross social product, national income is calculated in actual and comparable (constant) prices. When calculating national income indices, the following prices were used as comparable prices: for 1976-1985. - prices 1973, for 1886-1988. - prices 1983. For 1988-1990. the calculation was made using a deflator index. National income is formed by summing up the net output of sectors of the national economy in comparable (constant) prices using price indices calculated in accordance with international practice based on the goods (services) provided. National income indices for long periods during which various comparable prices are calculated by the chain method, i.e. by multiplying growth rates calculated for certain periods on the basis of identical comparable prices.The yearbook, along with data on indices of national income produced, also provides data on indices of national income used for consumption and accumulation. each individual year, the total amount of consumption and accumulation (i.e., national income used for consumption and accumulation) in actual prevailing prices differs from national income as a result of the net production of sectors of material production (produced national income) by the amount of compensation for losses and foreign trade balance. When the national income used for consumption and accumulation is calculated over a number of years in comparable (constant) prices, then J this 687

In this case, the used national income will differ from the produced national income mainly due to the structure of the material composition, which changes differently over time. In this regard, when revalued in comparable (constant) prices, we obtain slightly different dynamics of used and produced national income. f Performance social labor calculated as the ratio of produced national income to the number of workers employed in sectors of material production. When comparing indices of social labor productivity with indices of labor productivity in individual sectors of material production, one should keep in mind: that, in contrast to the productivity of social labor, labor productivity in individual sectors of material production is calculated by gross output; The dynamics of social labor productivity are also influenced by changes in the structure of social production. Consumption of material goods and services by the population, calculated according to Soviet methodology, includes personal consumption of goods and products, as well as paid and unpaid paid services provided to the population by organizations and institutions of the non-productive sphere, as well as the state’s expenses for maintaining the housing stock in terms of what is not covered by low rents. State internal debt is the sum of all types of borrowed funds that the state, represented by the Union government and the governments of the republics, received from the population, enterprises, organizations and credit institutions for expenses and as of a certain date have not paid off their debt obligations. Profitability - characterizes the efficiency of materialized labor resources used in production or the efficiency of current production costs. Profitability is calculated as the ratio of profit to average annual cost production fixed assets and material resources. Depreciation deductions are deductions of part of the cost of labor tools to compensate for their wear and tear. They are included in the costs of production and circulation in the amount of the cost of the means of labor transferred to the products produced during their service life. Depreciation deductions are made monthly by all self-supporting enterprises and organizations based on established standards and the book value of fixed assets on which depreciation is charged. Working capital - cash, invested in production working capital and circulation funds. Production working capital includes raw materials, materials, fuel, feed, seeds and other material assets, costs of work in progress and self-made semi-finished products, deferred expenses, low-value and wearable items. Circulation funds consist of the balances of unsold finished products, funds in settlements and cash. 688

Payments and benefits received by the population from public consumption funds include corresponding expenses of the state budget, state, cooperative enterprises and economic organizations, collective farms, trade unions and other public organizations. Payments and benefits include expenses for free training and advanced training, free medical care, expenses for the payment of pensions, benefits, scholarships to students, free discounted vouchers to sanatoriums and rest homes, expenses for maintaining the housing stock in the part not covered by apartment rent. "pay, expenses for annual payments, vacations of workers and some other payments and benefits. When determining the volume of these payments and benefits, expenses for education and other educational activities are taken without expenses for science, printing and art; expenses for all types of social cultural events are taken into account without expenses for capital investments; expenses for sanatorium and resort assistance are taken into account without the share that is partially paid by the population; expenses for preschool institutions and boarding schools - ^ without paying parents; payment for vacations is taken into account in the amount minus taxes paid. The distribution of the population into urban and rural is made according to place of residence, while urban settlements are considered to be settlements approved legislative acts republics as cities, urban-type settlements, workers' settlements, resort villages. All other settlements are rural. Life expectancy at birth is the number of years that, on average, those born in a given period will live if, throughout their lives, the mortality rate at each age remains the same as it was in the years of birth. Age-specific fertility rates characterize average level fertility rates of women in each age group. They are calculated as the quotient of the number of births per year to women of a given age group divided by the average annual number of women of this age, obtained from current estimates. When calculating the coefficient for the age group up to 20 years, the number of women aged 15-19 years was taken as the denominator. When calculating the coefficient for the age group 15-49 years, the numerator takes into account all births, including those born to mothers under 15 years of age and 50 years and older. The total fertility rate shows how many children on average one woman would give birth to over the course of throughout her life, while maintaining the existing birth rate at each age. This indicator does not depend on the age composition of the population and characterizes the average birth rate in a given calendar period. Age-specific mortality rates characterize the average mortality rate in each age group. They are calculated as the quotient of the number of deaths at this age per year

by the average annual number of persons of a given age, obtained from current estimates. Standardized indicators for individual diseases and major classes of causes of death are presented in order to exclude the influence of differences in the age structure of the population that make the usual indicators incomparable. In this case, the influence of differences in the age composition of patients from certain diseases, as well as those who died from different causes of death, is excluded. The population employed in the national economy includes workers and employees of state, cooperative and public enterprises, institutions and organizations; "collective farmers employed in the public economy of collective farms; collective farmers and family members of workers and employees of working age engaged in private farming; persons engaged in individual labor activities. Not included in the population employed in the national economy students of working age, part-time students and military personnel. The labor force refers to the part of the population capable of working. labor resources persons of working age are included, except for non-working disabled people of groups I and It, and non-working citizens receiving a pension on preferential terms; actually working teenagers and working people of retirement age. The tables on the average annual number of workers and employees provide data on average number employees, which takes into account employees on the payroll of enterprises, institutions and organizations, including those employees who were absent due to illness, on annual and additional leave. Some workers are not included in the average number, for example, women on maternity leave, women on additional leave for child care until he reaches the age of three years. By definition, staff turnover refers to the departure of at will, dismissal for absenteeism and other violations of labor discipline. The average monthly monetary wage of workers and employees in the national economy and sectors of the national economy is determined by dividing the accrued fund wages and a material incentive fund (except for one-time assistance), one-time and other bonuses not included in the wage fund and the material incentive fund, for the average annual number of workers and employees. Benefits received by workers and employees from social insurance funds are not included in the wage fund and average wages. 890

Total family income is the sum of monetary and natural (in monetary terms) income received by family members in the form of wages and other cash payments from state, cooperative and rental enterprises and organizations, collective farms, income from personal subsidiary farming And entrepreneurial activity, receipts from government loans, dividends from shares, loans provided to the population and income from other sources, as well as payments and benefits from public consumption funds taken into account in the family budget: pensions, scholarships, benefits and various subsidies. Retail turnover of state and cooperative trade is defined as the volume of sales of goods to the population by a retail trade network, a public catering network, and also in addition to trading network directly by industrial and transport enterprises, etc.; in addition, retail trade turnover includes the sale by the trading network to organizations, institutions and enterprises of food products for feeding the contingents they serve (in sanatoriums, child care institutions, hospitals, etc.) and non-food products for their current economic needs. The volume of trade turnover reflects sales revenue goods (products) by public catering cooperatives, trade, trade and purchasing cooperatives, as well as goods manufactured in the course of individual labor activity and sold through a general distribution network. Consumer cooperative organizations purchase agricultural products from collective farmers at prices according to the agreement, accept products from collective farms on commission and then sell them to the population. This sale is also included in the total volume and structure of retail turnover for the relevant product groups. Sales indices of individual goods and product groups calculated at comparable prices, including the turnover of consumer cooperation for the sale of agricultural products purchased at prices as agreed. The index of retail prices of goods sold through state and cooperative trade for each year is determined by assessing the entire mass of goods sold to the population in the reporting year through retail trade; public catering and chain stores of co-op traders, at prices of the base and reporting periods. Retail price indices calculated up to 1988 (inclusive) reflected both changes in state list prices, carried out by law, and changes in the prices and volume of agricultural products sold at co-op prices. Starting from 1989, the index of retail prices of non-food products, and from the second half of 1990 - of food products, is calculated on the basis of registration of prices of representative goods (1030 types). Based on these observations of prices for goods in 159 regional (territorial), republican centers, summary indices of prices for goods are calculated by 691 enlarged groups. This index, along with changes in prices for comparable products, takes into account hidden price increases for new products, manifested in the setting of prices that do not correspond to changes in the consumer properties of products, the influence of contract prices, seasonal price fluctuations and other price-forming factors, as well as the influence of changes in the ratio of product sales volumes in state trade, cooperative stores, on the collective farm market, cooperatives and as a result of individual labor activities. Consumer Price Index Consumer Price Index is a relative indicator characterizing the change in the cost of the consumer basket of goods and services purchased by the population. It allows you to assess the actual dynamics of prices for a set of goods (services) - representatives for the population and measures the ratio of the cost of a quantitatively and qualitatively fixed consumer basket at the current moment to its cost in the base period and does not take into account the impact of changes in household income, quantity and structure of consumption. If a product is purchased not in a retail chain, but from a reseller, the consumer price index is determined based on the prices at which goods and services are actually purchased by the population. The consumer price index is calculated on the basis of individual indices of retail prices for consumer goods and tariffs for paid services to the population, calculated on the basis of monthly registration of prices and tariffs for a set of representative goods (services). The weights in constructing the consumer price index are the consumption structure of the base period, calculated on the basis of budget surveys of families. The index of retail prices and tariffs for consumer goods and paid services to the population is a relative indicator characterizing the change in the cost of a certain set of goods and services purchased by the average consumer. The index of retail prices and tariffs for consumer goods and paid services to the population is calculated on the basis of individual indices of retail prices for consumer goods and tariffs for paid services to the population, calculated on the basis of monthly registration of prices and tariffs for a set of goods (services) - representatives, weighted by the actual structure of retail turnover of the reporting period. The index of retail prices and tariffs characterizes the change in prices and tariffs for volume goods sold and services, and the consumer price index characterizes changes in prices and tariffs for the volume of goods and services purchased by the population. The volume of acquisition may differ from the volume of sales by the amount of the balance of export and import of goods by the population abroad, consumption by cooperatives and individuals engaged in self-employment, goods for production needs, small wholesale, etc. 692

The volume of sales on the collective farm non-village market includes the sale of agricultural products by collective farms, collective farmers and other groups of the population with subsidiary farming to workers, employees and organizations at prices agreed upon. The sale of goods by collective farms and collective farms to each other constitutes intra-village market turnover, which is not included in the turnover of the extra-village collective farm market. Unsatisfied demand (forced monetary savings) of the population characterizes part of the savings formed due to insufficient opportunities to sell them on the market for goods and services and through other channels. The amount of unsatisfied demand includes both a part of current income not realized due to a lack of goods and services, and a part of previously accumulated forced savings that turned into unsatisfied demand due to a decrease in the population’s propensity to save. The determination of unsatisfied demand is carried out using a macroeconometric model based on information on the dynamics of household income (without compulsory payments and voluntary contributions), cash savings (in the hands of the population, in deposits, certificates, shares, etc.), as well as various trade turnover and paid services. Paid services to the population include: domestic services, services of passenger transport, communications, housing and communal services, services for the maintenance of children in preschool institutions, tourist excursion and sanatorium-resort services, services of cultural institutions, health care, physical culture and port, legal services and Savings institutions Bank of the USSR, etc. The volume of sales of services by type in accordance with the current methodology includes: then household services ^ - all paid household services performed according to individual orders of the population for cash, as well as services on orders medical and preventive institutions, preschool institutions, orphanages, boarding schools, boarding schools and homes for the elderly and disabled; for passenger transport services - public transport services: railway (including subway), Jurassic, air, river and road; urban electric transport (tram, trolleybus); transport of ministries and departments engaged in the transportation of passengers; for Housing and communal services - amounts received from the population for an apartment, for accommodation in hostels, hotels, and other payments for various public utilities, (for the supply of electricity, gas, water supply, central heating, etc.); for health services - amounts received from the population for different kinds medical care and sanitary services provided by health care institutions, self-supporting, or their divisions; 693

for tourist and excursion services, cultural services, physical culture and sports, sanatorium-resort and health-improving services - amounts received from the population, as well as the amount of surcharges from trade union funds included in the price of the voucher, entrance ticket, subscription; = for communication services, for the maintenance of children in preschool institutions, legal services, institutions of the Savings Bank of the USSR, other services - amounts received from the population for services provided to them by these institutions, "Housing stock - a set of residential apartments and rooms with auxiliary premises, located both in residential buildings and in non-residential buildings, but with residential premises (a doctor’s apartment at a hospital, a teacher’s apartment at a school, etc.) The housing stock does not include dachas, summer garden houses, other buildings and premises , intended for seasonal or temporary residence, regardless of the length of residence of citizens in them. Dwellings are recorded according to four main forms of ownership: state housing stock - residential buildings owned by the state; public housing stock - residential buildings owned by collective farms and other cooperative organizations, their associations, trade unions and other public organizations; housing construction cooperative fund - owned by housing construction cooperatives; individual housing stock - privately owned by citizens. The total area of ​​residential buildings consists of living space and the area of ​​utility rooms. Utility (auxiliary) spaces include premises located inside apartments; kitchens, corridors, sanitary facilities, bathrooms and dressing rooms, pantries, built-in wardrobes. In dormitories, auxiliary (auxiliary) premises, "in addition to the above, include premises for cultural and social purposes and medical services. The area of ​​auxiliary (auxiliary) premises also includes covered apartment verandas, loggias, terraces and balconies with established reduction coefficients, if provided technically -economic indicators of residential projects, The total area of ​​residential buildings does not include the area of ​​lobbies, vestibules, landings, common corridors, as well as the area of ​​residential buildings intended for built-in and attached non-residential premises. Residential area is the area of ​​living rooms in residential buildings and premises: bedrooms, dining rooms, rooms for recreation and extracurricular activities in boarding schools, in orphanages and in dormitories of educational institutions, in homes for the disabled; residential apartments consisting of one living room, which also serves as a kitchen; living rooms in non-residential buildings and indoors - in schools, hospitals, clinics, etc. ,.. . The living area does not include: the area of ​​kitchens, corridors, bathrooms, storage rooms and other auxiliary and utility rooms; area of ​​apartments and rooms, although intended 694

for living, but used for other purposes (offices, shops, pharmacies, child care facilities, etc.). Fresh water consumption is the volume of use of water taken from 43 different sources for household needs. This does not include recycled water consumption, as well as the reuse of waste and collector-drainage water. Recycling and consistent use of water - the amount of savings in fresh water intake through the use of recycling and recycling water consumption systems, including the use of waste and collector-drainage water. Recycling does not include water consumption in heating systems. Regulatory-treated wastewater - the volume of industrial and municipal wastewater that has been treated and discharged into water bodies does not lead to a violation of established standards for the quality of natural water resources. The total number of registered crimes in general and by certain species- identified and officially registered socially dangerous acts provided for by the criminal law. National wealth, taken into account in statistics at the present time, is the totality of accumulated maternal wealth created by the labor of people, which the Society has at its disposal at a given point in time. In accordance with the economic purpose, the elements of national wealth are divided into the following groups: production and non-productive >fixed assets, material working capital, as well as personal property of the population. Fixed assets constitute the most important part of the country’s national wealth. Fixed assets include buildings, structures, transmission devices, machinery and equipment (working and power machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and construction equipment, laboratory equipment, computer technology), vehicles, tools, working and productive equipment and other types of fixed assets. Fixed assets according to their purpose are divided into industrial and non-productive. Production fixed assets include labor assets operating in the sphere of material production, which are repeatedly involved in the production of material goods, [the latter at the same time retain their natural form, wear out gradually and transfer their value to the created realized product in parts in the form of depreciation charges. Fixed assets that are not directly involved in the production process are non-productive fixed assets. |ami. Funds of housing and communal services, organizations and institutions of health care, education, science, culture, art, credit institutions and government bodies are classified as production fixed assets, regardless of whether they are listed on the balance sheets of production or non-production enterprises and organizations. Fixed assets include fixed assets of state, cooperative and public enterprises and organizations; collective farms, as well as fixed assets owned by the population. The main assets of the population include residential buildings, outbuildings, perennial plantings, working and productive livestock. The dynamics of fixed assets is calculated in comparable prices at the end of the year. The renewal rate of production fixed assets is defined as the ratio of the cost of commissioning production fixed assets to their availability at the end of the year (excluding the cost of livestock). The retirement rate of production fixed assets is defined as the ratio of the value of liquidated production fixed assets to their availability at the beginning of the year (excluding the cost of livestock). The capital productivity of production fixed assets is calculated as the ratio of produced national income to the average annual value of production fixed assets (in comparable prices). Material intensity of national income (without depreciation) is calculated as the ratio of the costs of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy and other items of labor to the produced national income. The energy intensity of produced national income is understood as a general indicator characterizing the level of gross consumption of primary energy and its equivalents within the country per unit of produced national income. The metal intensity of produced national income is understood as a general indicator characterizing the level of metal costs to the final result of social reproduction, and is defined as the ratio of metal costs in natural units of measurement to the volume of national income produced. . The reported intersectoral balance of production and distribution of products (MOE) is an economic table that allows you to obtain a detailed description of the reproduction process. social product in terms of material composition and value (in actual prices) in a detailed sectoral breakdown. MOB -component Balance Sheet of the National Economy (BNH). The MOB represents a further development and detailing of the BNK and, first of all, its most important section - the consolidated material balance. . The MOB is compiled for “pure industries,” which represent the totality of production of products of certain groups. The MOB scheme is built in the form of a chess table, in which both the subject (rows) and the predicate (graphs) are highlighted in

the same sequence of branches of material production. Following the list of industries, the subject of the table contains articles that characterize individual elements of net production (wages, profits, turnover tax, etc.), and in the predicate - elements of the final use of products (non-productive disposal, accumulation, etc.). Each line represents the introductory material balance of the industry's products, which shows how the products of each industry are used for production consumption (by consumer industries), non-productive consumption, accumulation and other expenses. Each column shows the balance of the industry's products by value. In the yearbook, the MOB is presented in final consumption prices with the inclusion of trade, transport and procurement costs associated with the delivery of products to consumers, i.e. in the prices of actual consumption of products, in contrast to the prices of producer gels (without trade, transport and procurement costs). The number of specialists who carried out research, design, design and technological work included specialists with higher and secondary specialized education (including graduate students) who were directly involved in the implementation of scientific and technical work, as well as heads of scientific organizations and departments, carried out scientific and technical work. The number of specialists who performed research, design and technological work does not include managers and specialists of economic planning and financial departments, logistics departments, scientific and technical information bodies, scientific, scientific and technical and other special libraries, patent services, laboratory assistants who do not have higher and secondary education, accounting workers, personnel services, typists and HR- "." The total volume of production of industry as a whole and of individual industries is determined as the sum of data on the volume of production of individual industrial enterprises, recorded using the factory method. Products, industrial enterprise the cost of all finished products produced by the enterprise during the reporting period and semi-finished products sold externally (both from its own raw materials and materials, and from the customer’s raw materials and materials), as well as the cost of work performed of an industrial nature on orders from outside or non-industrial enterprises is considered and organizations of their enterprise. The cost of production is not included in the products of an industrial enterprise (with certain exceptions). own production, spent on industrial production needs within a given enterprise. 697

Indices of the total volume of industrial production compared to the previous year are calculated based on data on production in comparable periods, i.e. at the same prices, while the products are assessed at these prices directly at the enterprises. Indices for long periods during which different comparable prices were used are calculated using the chain method, that is, by multiplying the indices for individual periods during which comparable prices were used. Indices are calculated in the same order when changing the methodology for planning and accounting for products and changing organizational structure enterprises, Distribution of industrial products and* production of means of production (group “A”) and production of consumer goods (group “B”) is carried out in accordance with the actual use of products. At the same time, some types of products entirely belong to group “A” (machines, equipment, ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, mineral fertilizers, cellulose, etc.), other types of products entirely belong to group “B” (sewing and knitwear finished products, food fish products, bread and bakery products, household refrigerators, radios, furniture, etc.) A number of types of products used for production and non-production purposes (electricity, coal, finished fabrics, flour, meat, animal oil, etc.) , is distributed between group "A" and group "B" according to their actual use. The production of industrial products in physical terms is shown, as a rule, by gross output, that is, including products spent on industrial production needs within a given enterprises. Labor productivity indices in industry are determined by output in comparable prices per worker. When calculating indices for long periods, the method of chain indices is used. The indicator of change in costs per ruble of marketable products is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the difference between the actual costs per ruble of marketable products of a given year (in prices comparable to the previous year) and the costs per ruble of marketable products for the previous year to the costs per ruble of marketable products of the previous year. Capital productivity by industry sector is calculated based on the volume of products (work, services) in comparable wholesale prices enterprises and the average annual cost of production fixed assets in comparable prices. Depreciation of industrial and industrial fixed assets is defined as the ratio of depreciation charges accrued for renovation (restoration) to the original cost of fixed assets.

The level of production capacity utilization is determined based on the average annual capacity operating in the reporting period and production output, extraction or processing of raw materials during operating hours. For enterprises and facilities under development, the volume of production of products to be released is determined in accordance with the standards for the development of design capacities. Data on the production of consumer goods (in retail prices) includes: food and non-food consumer goods, including alcoholic beverages . General indicators for the agro-industrial complex are given according to the composition of industries determined by the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 14, 1985 “On further improvement of management of the agro-industrial complex.” The agro-industrial complex includes: agriculture and forestry, procurement of agricultural products, food industry, flour-milling-cereals and feed milling industry, rural construction, repair of agricultural machinery, primary processing of non-food agricultural raw materials, state and cooperative trade food products and catering. Enterprises and organizations producing means of production and other resources for the agricultural sector closely coordinate their work with the agro-industrial complex. Selected data characterizing the agro-industrial complex are presented in the collection, including these industries. The industries providing the agro-industrial complex with means of production include: tractor and agricultural engineering, production of technological equipment for the food, feed industry and for trade and public catering enterprises; production of mineral fertilizers, chemical plant protection products, agricultural tools, limestone and dolomite flour, peat extraction for agriculture, microbiological industry and some other industries. The given indicators for individual industries or groups of homogeneous industries of the agro-industrial complex are calculated according to the methodology of the corresponding industries. Indicators characterizing the agro-industrial complex in a generalized form were calculated according to the methodology adopted for the formation of corresponding indicators for the national economy as a whole. The volume of capital investments for the development of the agro-industrial complex (including industries that provide agriculture with means of production) includes costs: for the development of agriculture throughout the entire range of work, in the food, microbiological, fly-harm, cereal and feed industry, for the production of mineral fertilizers, for development tractor, agricultural and food engineering, trade, as well as capital investments of consumer cooperation and cooperative and individual housing construction for workers of agricultural enterprises.

The volume of capital investments for the development of agriculture for the entire range of works includes capital investments in agriculture, for the development of agricultural research institutions, as well as capital investments for the construction of enterprises for processing agricultural products, for the production of building materials and for the development of the production base of the construction industry contracting organizations serving agriculture for the construction of housing and cultural and community facilities for agricultural enterprises. . The remuneration of collective farmers includes total amount money and the cost of products determined to be issued to collective farmers for work in all sectors of the public economy. At the same time, for the purpose of comparability with indicators of wages of workers and employees, in-kind payments to collective farmers are valued at state retail prices. The average annual number of collective farmers employed in the public economy is determined by summing the number of all workers (able-bodied collective farmers, teenagers and elderly people, regardless of the number of days they worked) for all months of the reporting year and dividing the resulting amount by 12. The average annual number of state farm workers is determined by summing the average payroll number of employees for all months of the reporting year and dividing the resulting amount by 12. Monthly data is calculated by summing the number of employees on the list for all its calendar days, including holidays and weekends, and dividing the resulting amount by the number of calendar days of the month. Number temporary workers recruited for agricultural work from among pensioners, housewives, students working on certain days, is calculated by dividing the number of man-days worked by them by the number of working days in a month. Labor productivity in public agriculture is calculated: annual - by dividing agricultural products in monetary terms (in comparable prices) by the average annual number of workers employed in agriculture, hourly - by dividing agricultural products in monetary terms (in comparable prices) by the number man-hours worked in agriculture per year. Direct labor costs in man-hours for the production of 1 centner of agricultural products on collective and state farms include the costs (excluding general production and general economic costs) of able-bodied, adolescents and elderly people employed directly in the production of this type of product. 700

Agricultural products in monetary value at comparable prices are defined as the sum of crop and livestock products. Comparable prices were obtained as the weighted average prices of the commodity and non-commodity parts of agricultural products. The commodity part of the products is valued according to actual sales: sales of products to the state by collective farms, so-farms, inter-farm and other production agricultural enterprises and the population - at state procurement prices, sales by collective farms and the population on the market - at prices collective farm market. The non-commodity part of the products on collective farms, state farms, inter-farm and other production agricultural enterprises is valued at cost price. On household farms, the non-commodity part of the products, spent for personal consumption and in agricultural production, is valued at average commodity prices. In Currently, the USSR average prices of 1983 have been taken as comparable prices. From 1975 to 1985, the volume and indices of agricultural production were determined in 1973 prices, since 1986 - in 1983 prices. The volume of crop production is determined the size of the sludge collection of agricultural crops, which is estimated at comparable prices. In addition, to the cost of the gross collection i given year the increase (or deduction) of the cost of work in progress in crop production for the year is added, as well as the cost of growing young perennial plantings. Work in progress in crop production is characterized by expenses for sowing winter crops and preparing the soil for spring crops, made in a given year for the harvest of the future year. The cost of growing young perennial plantings includes the cost of establishing and growing perennial plantings to fruiting age. The volume of livestock production is determined by the size of the produced offspring and the increase in young animals raised per year, the weight gain of adult livestock obtained as a result of fattening, as well as the amount of milk, wool, eggs and other livestock products obtained in the process of economic use of livestock and poultry and not related to their slaughter. The volume of livestock production is determined in monetary terms at comparable prices. Meat production includes meat of all types of livestock and poultry, raw kir, and food by-products. Data are provided for both industrial and on-farm slaughter of livestock and poultry. Milk production is characterized by actual milk yield<оровьим, овечьим, козьим, верблюжьим, кобыльим молоком, независимо от того, было ли оно реализовано или часть его потреблена з хозяйстве на выпойку телят и поросят. Молоко, высосанное теля- 701

Tami, when kept under suckling, is not included in the production and is not taken into account when determining the average milk yield from one cow.

Wool production includes all actually sheared sheep, goat, camel wool and goat down, regardless of whether it was sold or used for on-farm needs. Wool obtained from sheepskins during industrial processing into leather (the so-called “sour wool”) is not included in the products. The wool weight is shown physically (i.e. the weight of unwashed wool), immediately after shearing the sheep. Egg production includes their collection during the year from all types of poultry, including eggs used for poultry reproduction (incubation, etc.). Government purchases of agricultural products constitute the bulk of marketable agricultural products. The volume of government procurement takes into account all products sold to the state by collective farms, state farms and other industrial agricultural enterprises and the population. Livestock sold after fattening in interfarm organizations is included in the volume of livestock sales to the state by collective and state farms. Data on purchases of grain, sugar beets, oilseeds, flax fiber, hemp, tobacco, shag, potatoes, milk are given in the credit weight, that is, in the weight taking into account premiums or discounts for deviations in the quality of products from the established standard. Data on purchases of livestock and poultry are given both in the weight of live livestock and poultry, and in terms of slaughter weight, which is calculated based on the meat yield coefficients for the slaughter of livestock and poultry in industry. The forest fund area is the part of the territory of the USSR occupied by forests, as well as not occupied by them, but intended for the needs of forestry. The forest fund includes forest area, i.e., territory covered with forest (actually occupied by tree species forming plantations) and not covered with forest, but intended for forest growing (burnt areas, clearings, wastelands, clearings, open areas, areas of dead plantings). In addition, the forest fund includes non-forest areas: agricultural lands (arable lands, hayfields, pastures), areas special purpose(roads, clearings, ditches, estates, etc.), as well as areas of swamps, sands, ravines, steep slopes and other territories. 702

Forest management is a system of measures, including the determination of boundaries, division of the forest into divisions and areas of forest plantations, groups, categories of protection (water protection, protective, sanitary and hygienic and recreational, etc.); forest inventory (forest area and timber stock); determination of the size of annual forest use (calculated cutting area), reforestation, etc. The inclusion of young plantations in the category of valuable (highly productive) forest plantations is determined based on the area classified as valuable tree plantations, grown forest crops (planting and sowing) and young stands, as a result of measures to promote natural reforestation, reconstruction of low-value plantings and thinning. Capital investments include costs for new construction, reconstruction, expansion and technical re-equipment of existing industrial, agricultural, transport, trade and other enterprises, costs for housing, utilities and cultural and community construction. Capital investments include costs for construction works all types; equipment installation costs; for the purchase of equipment that requires and does not require installation, provided for in construction estimates; for the purchase production tool and household equipment included in construction estimates; for the purchase of machinery and equipment not included in construction estimates; for other capital works and costs. Capital investments do not include the costs of drilling and geological exploration carried out using estimates of operating funds from the state budget or funds from core activities, for the acquisition and formation of the main herd; costs for the purchase of equipment and inventory for government operating institutions (schools, hospitals, preschool institutions), carried out through allocations from the budget, as well as for major repairs of buildings and structures, equipment, vehicles and other fixed assets. Capital investments in sectors of the national economy: industry, agriculture, forestry, construction, transport, communications, trade and public catering, logistics and sales, procurement, information and computing services are shown only for production facilities; capital investments in housing, utilities, cultural amenities and other non-productive 703

Industrial construction is not included in these industries, but is reflected in the corresponding non-manufacturing industries. For the main national economic complexes, data are presented according to the composition of industries. From the total total of capital investments in industry, capital investments are allocated for the construction of new ones, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment and maintenance of the capacities of existing enterprises and other production facilities intended for the production of industrial goods (group “A”) and for the production of consumer goods ( group "B") Capital investments in industry in group “A” include costs for the construction of new ones, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment and maintenance of the capacity of existing enterprises and other production facilities^ as well as costs for the purchase of equipment, tools and household implements of the entire mining and manufacturing industry, for with the exception of enterprises engaged in the production of consumer goods. Capital investments in industry in group “B” include costs for the construction of new, reconstruction, expansion and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, including costs for the purchase of equipment, tools and household equipment for the manufacturing industry, ensuring the production of consumer goods (clothing, footwear, food , furniture, etc.). Some enterprises produce products used as means of production and as consumer goods. In this case, the distribution of capital investments in industry into group “A” and group “B” is made depending on the predominant purpose of the products of these enterprises. Capital investments of collective farms include costs incurred by all collective farms (including fishing farms) and inter-farm enterprises. Capital investments of the population include the costs of constructing their own residential buildings with the necessary buildings and utility rooms. The commissioning of fixed assets indicator includes the cost of completed and commissioned enterprises, buildings and structures of production and non-production 704

water destinations; cost of commissioned equipment of all types (requiring and not requiring installation); stand, most tools, equipment and other items included in fixed assets; the cost of irrigation and drainage work; cost of completed drilling and commissioning of oil and gas production wells, I also have exploration wells with the required oil and gas flow rates transferred for operation; Capital costs for land improvement and other costs associated with an increase in the value of fixed assets. Labor productivity in construction is determined by the volume of construction and installation work at an estimated cost per employee engaged in construction and installation work and in ancillary production (construction and production personnel) listed on the balance sheet - construction organizations. Labor productivity indices for long periods are calculated using the chain method, that is, by multiplying rates. The average annual number of workers employed in construction organizations includes the number of workers of all contract construction organizations, as well as enterprises and organizations performing construction and installation work in an economic way, the coefficient of renewal of production basic backgrounds. The value of construction assets1 is defined as the ratio of the cost of commissioned production fixed assets "for construction purposes" to their value at the end of the year. " "> The retirement rate of production fixed assets for construction purposes is defined as the ratio of the value of liquidated production fixed assets for construction purposes to their availability at the beginning of the year. Depreciation of production fixed assets for construction purposes is defined as the ratio of the amount of accrued depreciation to the original the cost of production fixed assets for construction purposes at the end of the year. "Transport of the national economy includes transport of general and non- common use. Public transport transports any cargo and any passengers, and non-public transport transports not any cargo, but only cargo and passengers of its enterprise and its ministry or department. - Dispatch of cargo in tons is calculated as the mass (weight) of all shipments of cargo, including packaging, accepted for transportation by transport. Freight turnover in ToshkomsshkAgetry represents the mileage of cargo and is defined as the sum of the products of the weight of each shipment (dispatch) of transported cargo in tons by the distance of its transportation in kilometers.

But before we get into the numbers, let me outline a few general provisions, which determine our work in building a socialist economy (I’m thinking of starting with the economy).

First position. We work and build in a capitalist environment. This means that our economy and our construction will develop in contradiction, in clashes between our economic system and the capitalist economic system. There is no way we can avoid this contradiction. This is the framework within which the struggle of two systems, the socialist system and the capitalist system, must take place. This means, in addition, that our economy must be built not only in opposition to the capitalist economy externally, but also in opposition to various elements within our country, in opposition of socialist elements to capitalist elements.

Hence the conclusion: we must build our economy in such a way that our country does not turn into an appendage of the world capitalist system, so that it is not included in common system capitalist development as its auxiliary enterprise, so that our economy develops not as an auxiliary enterprise of world capitalism, but as an independent economic unit, relying mainly on the domestic market, relying on the link between our industry and the peasant economy of our country.

There are two general lines: one proceeds from the fact that our country must remain an agrarian country for a long time, must export agricultural products and bring in equipment, that we must stand on this and continue to develop along this path. This line essentially requires the curtailment of our industry. It received its expression recently in Shanin’s theses (maybe someone read them in “ Economic Life"). This line leads to the fact that our country could never, or almost never, truly industrialize; our country, from an economically independent unit based on the domestic market, would have to objectively turn into an appendage of the general capitalist system. This line means a departure from the tasks of our construction.

This is not our line.

There is another general line, based on the fact that we must make every effort to make our country an economically independent country, based on the internal market, a country that will serve as a center for attracting all other countries that are gradually falling away from capitalism and flowing into the mainstream of the socialist economy. This line requires the maximum development of our industry, but in moderation and in accordance with the pace of the resources that we have. She resolutely rejects the policy of turning our country into an appendage of the world capitalist system. This is our construction line, which the party adheres to and which it will continue to adhere to. This line is obligatory as long as there is a capitalist environment.

It will be another matter when the revolution wins in Germany or France, or in both countries together, when socialist construction begins there on a higher technical basis. Then we will move from the policy of transforming our country into an independent economic unit to the policy of including our country in the general mainstream of socialist development. But while this has not yet happened, we absolutely need that minimum of independence for our national economy, without which it will be impossible to save our country from economic subordination to the system of world capitalism.

This is the first point.

Second position which we must also be guided in our construction, like the first,” is to take into account each time the peculiarities of our management of the national economy in a way that is different from the management in capitalist countries. There, in capitalist countries, private capital dominates, there the mistakes of individual capitalist trusts, syndicates, certain groups of capitalists are corrected by the elements of the market. Too much is produced - there will be a crisis, but then, after the crisis, the economy will return to normal. If you are too carried away with imports and end up with a passive trade balance, the exchange rate will swing, inflation will result, it will decrease imports, exports will increase. All this is in the order of crises. Not a single major mistake or any major overproduction or serious gap between production and the total amount of demand occurs in capitalist countries without the mistakes, mistakes and gaps not being corrected in an orderly manner this or that crisis. This is how they live in capitalist countries. But we cannot live like this. There we see economic, trade, and financial crises affecting certain groups of capitalists. Ours is a different matter. Every serious hitch in trade, in production, every serious miscalculation in our economy ends not in one or another individual crisis, but affects the entire national economy. Every crisis, be it commercial, financial, industrial, can turn into a general crisis in our country, hitting the entire state. Therefore, we are required to take special care and foresight during construction. Therefore, here we must manage the economy in a planned manner so that there are fewer miscalculations, so that our management of the economy is extremely insightful, extremely prudent, and extremely error-free. But since, comrades, we, unfortunately, are not distinguished by either special insight, or special forethought, or special abilities for error-free management of the economy, since we are just learning how to build, then we make mistakes and will continue to make them in the future. Therefore, we must build with reserves; we need reserves that could cover our gaps. All our work over the past two years shows that we are not guaranteed against accidents or errors. In the field of agriculture, a lot depends on us not only on our management, but also on natural forces (poor crops, etc.). In the field of industry, a lot depends not only on our management, but also on the domestic market, which we have not yet mastered. In the field of foreign trade, a lot depends not only on us, but also on the behavior of Western European capitalists, and the more our exports and imports grow, the more dependent we become on the capitalist West, the more vulnerable we become to attacks from enemies. To protect ourselves from all these accidents and inevitable mistakes, we need to internalize the idea of ​​​​the need to accumulate reserves.

We are not guaranteed against shortages in agriculture. Therefore, a reserve is needed. We are not guaranteed against the accidents of the domestic market in the development of our industry. I'm not even talking about the fact that, living on our own accumulated funds, we must be especially stingy and restrained in spending accumulated funds, trying to invest every penny wisely, that is, in such a thing, the development of which at any given moment is absolutely necessary. Hence the need for reserves for industry. We are not guaranteed against accidents in foreign trade (disguised boycott, disguised blockade, etc.). Hence the need for reserves.

It would be possible to double the amount allocated for agricultural credit, but then there would not be the necessary reserves left to finance industry, industry would lag far behind agriculture in its development, the production of manufactured goods would be reduced, and the result would be an inflated price for manufactured goods with all the ensuing consequences.

It would be possible to invest twice as much in the development of industry, but this would be such a rapid pace of industrial development that we would not be able to withstand due to the large lack of free capital, and because of which we would certainly fail, not to mention the fact that there was not enough would be a reserve for agricultural lending.

It would be possible to advance the development of our imports, mainly the import of equipment, twice as much as is the case now, in order to rapidly advance the development of industry, but this could cause imports to exceed exports, a passive trade balance would form, and our currency would be undermined, i.e. the basis on which alone planning and development of industry is possible would be undermined.

It would be possible, no matter what, to push forward exports with all our might, not paying attention to the state of the domestic market, but this would certainly cause great complications in the cities in the sense of a rapid rise in prices for agricultural products, in the sense of undermining, therefore, wages and in the sense of some artificially organized famine with all the ensuing results.

It would be possible to raise workers' wages not only to the pre-war level, but even higher, but this circumstance would cause a decrease in the rate of development of our industry, because the development of industry under our conditions, in the absence of loans from outside, in the absence of credits, etc., is possible only on the basis of accumulating some profit necessary to finance and feed industry, which, however, would be excluded, i.e. Any serious accumulation would have been excluded if we had taken the rate of wage rise extremely accelerated.

Etc.

These are the two main guiding principles that will serve as a torch, a beacon in our work to build our country.

Now let me those go to the numbers.

However, one more digression. We have some diversity in our economic system - as many as five ways. There is an almost natural way of farming: these are peasant farms, the marketability of which is very low. There is a second way of economy, the way of commodity production, where commodity production plays a decisive role in peasant farming. There is a third way of economy - private capitalism, which has not been killed, which has revived and will revive to a certain extent as long as we have NEP. The fourth way of economy is state capitalism, i.e. that capitalism that we allowed and have the opportunity to control and limit as the proletarian state wants it. Finally, the fifth structure is socialist industry, that is, our state industry, where in production there are not two hostile classes - the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, but one class - the proletariat.

I wanted to say two words about these five economic structures, because without these two words it will be difficult to understand the group of figures that I will announce, and the trend that is noted in the development of our industry, especially since these five economic structures in the system of our building Lenin spoke at one time in sufficient detail, teaching us to be able to take into account the struggle between these structures in our construction work.

I would like to say two words about state capitalism and about state industry, which is a socialist type, in order to dispel the misunderstandings and confusion that have developed around this issue in the party.

Can our state industry be called state capitalist? It is forbidden. Why? Because state capitalism under the dictatorship of the proletariat is an organization of production in which two classes are represented: the exploiting class, which owns the means of production, and the exploited class, which does not own the means of production. Whatever special form state capitalism may have, it must still be capitalist in essence. Ilyich, when he analyzed state capitalism, had in mind first of all concessions. Let's take concessions and see if there are two classes represented here. Yes, they are. The capitalist class, i.e. the concessionaires, who exploit and temporarily own the means of production, and the proletarian class, who are exploited by the concessionaire. That we do not have elements of socialism here is clear from the fact that no one dares to poke his nose into a concession enterprise with a campaign to increase labor productivity, because everyone knows that a concession enterprise is not a socialist enterprise, an enterprise alien to socialism.

Let's take another type of enterprise - state enterprises. Are they state capitalist? No, they are not. Why? Because they represent not two classes, but one class, the class of workers, which, in the person of its state, owns the tools and means of production and which is not exploited, because the maximum of what is obtained in the enterprise in excess of wages goes to the further development of industry, those. to improve the situation of the working class as a whole.

It may be said that this is still not complete socialism, if we bear in mind those vestiges of bureaucracy that remain in the management bodies of our enterprises. This is right. But this does not contradict the fact that state industry is a socialist type of production. There are two types of production: a capitalist type, including state capitalist, where there are two classes, where production works for profit for the capitalist, and there is another, socialist type of production, where there is no exploitation, where the means of production belong to the working class and where enterprises do not operate for profit for the alien class, but for the expansion of industry for the workers as a whole. Lenin said that our state enterprises are consistently socialist in type of enterprise.

Here we could draw an analogy with our state. Our state is also called non-bourgeois, because according to Lenin it is a new type of state, a type of state proletarian. Why? Because our state apparatus does not work to oppress the working class, as is the case with all bourgeois states without exception, but to liberate the working class from the yoke of the bourgeoisie. That is why, by type, our state is a proletarian state, although you can find as much rubbish and relics of antiquity in the apparatus of this state as you like. No one, like Lenin, who proclaimed our Soviet system to be a proletarian type of state, scolded it so strongly for its bureaucratic remnants. Nevertheless, he insisted all the time that our state is a new type of proletarian state. It is necessary to distinguish the type of state from the heritage and remnants that are still preserved in the system and apparatus of the state. In the same way, it is imperative to distinguish bureaucratic remnants in state-owned enterprises from the type of industrial construction that we call the socialist type. It cannot be said that since there are still mistakes, bureaucracy, etc. in economic bodies or trusts, our state industry is not socialist. You can't say that. Then our state, which is proletarian in type, would not be proletarian. I can name a whole series of bourgeois apparatuses that work better and more economically than our proletarian state apparatus. But this does not mean that our state apparatus is not proletarian, that our state apparatus is not higher in type than the bourgeois. Why? Because although this bourgeois apparatus works better, it works for the capitalist, and our proletarian state apparatus, even if it sometimes wobbles, still works for the proletariat, against the bourgeoisie.

This fundamental difference must not be forgotten. The same must be said about state industry. It is impossible, on the basis of the inconsistencies and remnants of bureaucracy that exist in the management bodies of our state-owned enterprises and which will still exist, it is impossible, on the basis of these remnants and these shortcomings, to forget that our enterprises are essentially socialist enterprises. At enterprises, for example, Ford, which work properly, there may be less theft, but still they work for Ford, for the capitalist, and your enterprises, where there is sometimes theft and where things do not always go smoothly, still work for the proletariat .

This fundamental difference must not be forgotten. Let us now move on to figures about our national economy as a whole.

Agriculture. Its gross output for 1924/25, if we compare its level with the pre-war level, with the level of 1913, rose to 71%. In other words, in 1913 more than 12 billion rubles were produced at pre-war prices, and in 1924/25 more than 9 billion rubles were produced. By the next year 1925/26, it is expected, based on the data available to our planning authorities, to bring the further increase in production to 11 billion rubles, i.e., to 91% of the pre-war level. Agriculture is growing - this conclusion naturally arises.

Industry. If we take all industry, both state and concession and private, then in 1913 all industry produced 7 billion rubles in gross output, and in 1924/25 it gave 5 billion. This is 71% of the pre-war norm. Our planners assume that next year production will reach 6½ billion, i.e. this would be about 93% of the pre-war norm. Industry is booming. This year it has risen faster than agriculture.

Of particular note is the issue of electrification. The GOELRO plan in 1921 planned for the construction of 30 power plants with a capacity of 1,500 thousand kilowatts and a cost of 800 million gold rubles within 10-15 years. Before the October Revolution, the capacity of power plants was 402 thousand kilowatts. To date, we have built stations with a capacity of 152.35 thousand kilowatts and 326 thousand kilowatts are scheduled for commissioning in 1926. If development proceeds at this pace, then in 10 years, i.e. approximately by 1932 (the minimum planned period), the plan for electrification of the USSR will be implemented. Parallel to the growth of electrical construction, there is a growth in the electrical industry, the program of which for 1925/26 is designed for 165-170% of the pre-war level. It should be noted, however, that the construction of large hydroelectric stations leads to large cost overruns compared to planned plans. For example, the initial estimate of Volkhovstroy was compiled at 24,300 thousand “approximate” rubles, and by September 1925 it grew to 95,200 thousand red rubles, which is 59% of the funds spent on the construction of priority stations, with Volkhovstroy’s capacity being 30% power of these stations. The initial estimate for the Zemo-Avchala station was planned at 2,600 thousand gold rubles, and the latest requirements amount to about 16 million red rubles, of which about 12 million have already been spent.

If we take and compare the production of state and cooperative industry, one way or another united, with the production of private industry, we get this: in 1923/24, state and cooperative industry had out of the entire amount industrial production for the year 76.3%, private - 23.7%, and in 1924/25 the share of state and cooperative industry was 79.3%, while the share of private industry was no longer 23.7%, but 20.7%.

The share of private industry fell during this period. Next year it is expected that the share of state and cooperative industry will be about 80%, while the share of private industry will decrease to 20%. Absolutely private industry is growing, but since state and cooperative industry are growing faster, the share of private industry is falling progressively.

If we take the property concentrated in the hands of the state and the property in the hands of private economic entities, it turns out that in this area too - I mean the control figures of the State Planning Committee - the preponderance is on the side of the proletarian state, because the state has capital funds in the amount of at least 11.7 billion (in red rubles), and to private owners, mainly peasant farms, owns funds worth no more than 7 and a half billion.

This is a fact that suggests that the share of socialized funds is very high, and this share increases in comparison with the share of property in the non-socialized sector.

And yet our system as a whole cannot yet be called either capitalist or socialist. Our system as a whole is a transition from capitalism to socialism, where private peasant production still predominates, in terms of volume of production, but where the share of socialist industry is growing continuously. The share of socialist industry is growing in such a way that this industry, taking advantage of its concentration, taking advantage of its organization, taking advantage of the fact that we have the dictatorship of the proletariat, taking advantage of the fact that transport is in the hands of the state, taking advantage of the fact that the credit system is ours and the banks are ours, Taking advantage of all this, our socialist industry, the share of which in the entire volume of national production is growing step by step, this industry, moving forward, begins to subjugate private industry, adapt to itself and lead all other economic structures. Such is the fate of the village - it must go beyond the city, behind large-scale industry.

This is the main conclusion that emerges if we raise the question about the nature of our system, about the share of socialist industry in this system, about the share of private capitalist industry, and, finally, about the share of small-scale commodity, mainly peasant, production in the general national economy.

Two words about the state budget. You should know that it has grown to 4 billion rubles. If we take it in pre-war rubles, then our state budget, in comparison with the state budget of the pre-war period, will be no less than 71%. Then, if we add to the sum of the national budget the sum of local budgets, as far as they can be calculated, then our state budget will be no less than 74.6% compared to 1913. It is characteristic that in our state budget system the share of non-tax revenues is much higher than the share of tax revenues. All this also suggests that our economy is growing and moving forward.

Question about the profits we had last year , from our state and cooperative enterprises is of utmost importance, since we are a capital-poor country, a country that does not have large loans from outside. We must keep a close eye on our industrial and commercial enterprises, banks and cooperatives in order to know what we can have for the further development of our industry. In 1923/24, the state industry of union significance and Glavmetal, it seems, gave about 142 million red rubles in profit. Of these, 71 million were transferred to the treasury. In 1924/25 we already have 315 million. Of these, 173 million are planned to be transferred to the treasury.

State trade of union significance in 1923/24 produced about 37 million, of which 14 million went to the treasury. In 1925 we have less - 22 million, due to the policy of reducing prices. Of this amount, about 10 million will go to the treasury.

In foreign trade in 1923/24, we had a profit of more than 26 million rubles, of which about 17 million went to the treasury. In 1925 international trade gives, or rather has already given, 44 million. Of these, 29 million goes to the treasury.

According to Narkomfin estimates, in 1923/24 banks made a profit of 46 million, of which 18 million went to the treasury, c. 1924/25 - more than 97 million, of which 51 million went to the treasury.

Consumer cooperation gave 57 million in profit in 1923/24, agricultural - 4 million.

The numbers I just quoted are more or less understatements. Do you know, why. You know how our economic authorities calculate in order to keep more for themselves in order to expand their business. If these numbers seem small to you, and they really are small, keep in mind that they are a bit of an understatement.

A few words about the turnover of our foreign trade.

If our entire trade turnover for 1913 is taken as 100, then it turns out that in 1923/24 we reached 21% of the pre-war level in our foreign trade, and 26% of the pre-war level in 1924/25. Exports in 1923/24 amounted to 522 million rubles; import - 439 million; total turnover - 961 million; surplus - 83 million. In 1923/24 we had a trade surplus. In 1924/25 exports amounted to 564 million; imports - 708 million; total turnover -1,272 million; balance - minus 144 million. We finished this year in foreign trade with a passive balance of 144 million. Let me dwell on this for a moment. We are often inclined to explain this passive balance in the past business year by the fact that this year, due to poor harvests, we imported a lot of grain. But we imported 83 million worth of bread, and here it turns out to be minus 144 million. What does this minus lead to? Moreover, by buying more than we sell, importing more than we export, we thereby call into question our balance of accounts and, therefore, our currency. We had a directive from the Thirteenth Party Congress that the party should strive for an active trade balance at all costs. I must admit that we all, both the Soviet authorities and the Central Committee, made a grave mistake here by not following the directive given to us. It was difficult to fulfill it, but it would still be possible to at least get some active balance with a certain amount of pressure. We made this gross mistake, and the congress must correct it. However, the Central Committee itself tried to correct it in November of this year at a special meeting, where, having looked at the figures of our imports and exports, it decided that by next year - and we outlined there the main elements of our foreign trade turnover for the next year - so that by next year foreign trade will be concluded with a surplus of at least 100 million. This is necessary. This is absolutely necessary for a country like ours, where there is little capital, where the import of capital from abroad does not occur or occurs to a minimal extent, and where the balance of accounts, its balance must be maintained at the expense of the trade balance in order for our red the currency did not swing, and so that by preserving the currency, we could thereby preserve the possibility of further development of our industry and agriculture. You have all experienced what a swinging currency means. We must not return to this unfortunate point, and we must take all measures to nip in the bud all factors that could lead us in the future to conditions that could swing our currency.

For the national economy of the Russian Federation as a whole and the republics (subjects of the Federation) overall economic efficiency is defined as the ratio of the annual increase in national income in comparable prices to the capital investments that caused this increase, according to the formula:

Enk=ΔD/K

Where Enk- indicator (coefficient) of the economic efficiency of capital investments in the national economy as a whole;

ΔD- increase in annual national income, rub.; TO- cap. investments that caused this increase, rub.

Payback period of capital investments for the national economy as a whole is determined by the formula: Тнх=К/ ΔД

The indicators of the overall (absolute) economic efficiency of capital investments obtained as a result of calculations are compared with standards and similar indicators for the previous period.

Capital investments are recognized as cost-effective if the obtained indicators are not lower than the standards and reporting indicators for the previous period.

Standard indicators of the general (absolute) efficiency of capital investments in the national economy are used at the level En = 0.14: for industry En = 0.16; for agriculture En = 0.12; for construction En = 0.22; for trading En = 0.25.

In the future, the value of the standards should increase with the growth of labor productivity, technological progress, and a decrease in material intensity and capital intensity of products.

When calculating the economic efficiency of investing in individual objects, enterprises should take into account the fact that the ruble invested in this year, in 3-5 years will have a different meaning. Over time, money loses its value.

Therefore, when a decision is made to invest in a specific object, an enterprise (organization) must take into account the time factor and evaluate factors such as the volume of product sales, its cost, profit and profitability, taking into account changes over time. This operation is called discounting.

Discounting based on the fact that any amount that will be received in the future has less value (utility) for the investor in the current year.

If this year you put a certain amount of money into circulation and “force” it to generate income, then in 3-5 years it will not only remain, but also increase. Discounting makes it possible to determine the cash equivalent of an amount that will be received in the future. To do this, the amount expected to be received in the future should be reduced by the income accruing over a certain period according to the rule of compound interest.

Future value is determined by the formula: BS = NS(1 + PS) t

Where BS- the amount of money that will be received in t years (future value);

NS- initial cost (current cost);

PS- interest rate or rate of return;

t- the number of years for which income is summed up.

Example. This year we invested 4.0 million rubles. at 10% per annum, therefore, in a year you can get 4.0 (1 + 0.1) = 4.4 million rubles.

The impact of inflation, if forecast, should also be taken into account.

Impact of inflation is one of the negative factors that must be taken into account in calculating the efficiency of capital investments, especially in the conditions of Russia, which has been living with continuous inflation for several years. If the inflation index is higher than the accepted interest rate, then the real value of the amount of money deposited in the bank in the future will be even lower than in the current year. Inflation “eats” the amount of money put aside.

The real interest rate (taking into account inflation) can be determined by the formula:

Psreal=[(1+Psnom)/(1+I)]-1

Where PSnom- nominal interest rate; AND- inflation index.

For example, invested funds at a nominal rate of 20% per annum, the inflation index is 10% per annum. By applying the formula to the above example, you can determine the real interest rate, which will be: (1+0.2)/(1+0.1)-1=0.9%

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