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TEST
in the discipline: “Innovations in socio-cultural services and tourism”
on the topic: " Life cycle innovation"
Introduction
Life cycle of innovation
Stages of the production life cycle of an innovative product
Innovations in excursion activities
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
New technologies make it possible to organize vacations in a flexible and segmented manner that are competitive with the traditional offer. Mass, standard and complex tourism is being replaced by new types of tourism, made to order, based on demand.
The practice of new tourism is influenced by factors such as demographic changes (aging population), lifestyle, nature of work, frequency and duration of vacations. People are eager for new and unconventional travel. Their growing awareness and new needs stimulate the tourism business and encourage innovation and innovation. Most innovative tourism products have their own niches in the market space (for example, environmental, adventure, extreme tourism). Cultural and educational tourism, in which innovative products have appeared, is also steadily popular. Tourism enterprises have always been and are now active supporters of new technologies. As already noted, modern advances in telecommunications and e-marketing provide new opportunities for tourism business and significantly affect its models. Latest technologies promote the introduction of e-tourism (e-tourism) and e-travel (e-travel) and tourism information systems.
The object of this work is the life cycle - as a process.
The subject of the work is the life cycle of innovation using the example of innovation in excursion activities.
The goal is to study the life cycle of innovation.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Analyze the life cycle of innovation.
Identify the stages of the production life cycle of an innovative product.
Show innovations in excursion activities.
In this work, a method such as synthesis was used.
The methodology of this study is a systems approach.
The information base was compiled from scientific literature on the topic of the work.
The purpose and objectives of the work determined its structure, which consists of an introduction, three paragraphs, a conclusion and a bibliography.
1. Life cycle of innovation
There are two types of technological innovation: product and process. New product introduction is defined as radical product innovation. Such innovations are based on fundamentally new technologies or on a combination of existing technologies in new applications. Product improvement is an incremental product innovation associated with an existing product when its quality or cost characteristics change.
Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved production methods and technologies, changes in equipment or production organization.
According to the degree of novelty, innovations are divided into fundamentally new, i.e., having no analogues in the past and in domestic and foreign practice, and innovations of relative novelty. Fundamentally new types of products, technologies and services have priority, absolute novelty and are original samples, on the basis of which innovations-imitations and copies are obtained by replication. Among imitation innovations, a distinction is made between equipment, technology and products of market novelty, new scope of application and innovations of comparative novelty (which have analogues at the best foreign and domestic enterprises) and innovations-improvement. In turn, innovations and improvements according to their subject-content structure are divided into displacing, replacing, complementing, improving, etc.
The life cycle of an innovation is a set of interrelated processes and stages of innovation creation. The life cycle of an innovation is defined as the period of time from the origin of an idea to the discontinuation of an innovative product based on it. Innovation in its life cycle goes through a number of stages, including:
inception, accompanied by the completion of the required volume of research and development work, the development and creation of a pilot batch of innovations;
growth (industrial development with simultaneous entry of the product into the market);
maturity (stage of serial or mass production and increasing sales volume);
market saturation (maximum production volume and maximum sales volume);
decline (curtailment of production and withdrawal of the product from the market). From the perspective innovation activity It is advisable to distinguish both the life cycles of production and the life cycles of circulation of an innovation.
Stages of the life cycle of production of an innovative product
The first stage - the introduction of innovation - is the most labor-intensive and complex. It is here that the volume of expenses for mastering production and releasing a pilot batch of a new product is high. At the first stage, the technology is reproduced and improved, regulations are worked out production process. And it is at this stage that high production costs and low capacity utilization are observed.
The second stage, the stage of industrial development of production, is characterized by a slow and extended increase in production output.
The third stage - the rise stage - is characterized by a rapid increase in production and a significant increase in load production capacity, well-functioning technological process and production organization.
The fourth stage - the stage of maturity and stabilization - is characterized by a steady pace largest volumes release of products and the maximum possible utilization of production capacity.
The fifth stage - the stage of withering or decline - is associated with a drop in capacity utilization, curtailment of production of a given product and a sharp decrease in inventory down to zero.
Frequent changes in equipment and technology create great complexity and instability in production. During the period of transition to new equipment and the development of new technological processes, the efficiency indicators of all departments of the enterprise decrease. That is why innovations in the field of technological processes and tools must be accompanied by new forms of organization and management, operational, processor-by-processor and detailed calculations economic efficiency.
The life-cycle concept of innovation plays a very important role in determining both the maximum output, sales and profit, and the life cycle of a particular innovation. Life cycle analysis new technology and technologies is carried out in the following sequence, including:
) determination of the total duration of the life cycles of products of a given family, generation over the entire history, in order to establish a stable value of the cycle of a given type of equipment or technological process, including by stages; 2) determining the distributions of the durations of life cycles and their stages around the central tendency, since this is the basis for forecasting the duration of life cycles of a future innovation;
) development of a basis for strategy and tactics for production growth in accordance with the duration of the life cycle stages of new equipment and technology;
) probability distribution of the duration of the cycles of future samples and, in proportion to it, resources in the time of the next cycle;
) a thorough analysis of the factors influencing the duration of past cycles, and extrapolation of the results to predict their influence on the life cycles of future products;
) formalization of methods for collecting initial data and the use of econometric calculation models.
Innovations in excursion activities
The historical and cultural center with museum and ethnographic complexes should become an interesting and attractive tourist attraction. For this purpose, it is planned to create a traditional exhibition and display reconstructed, preferably functioning, complexes.
In archaeological and ethnographic villages, along with reconstructed complexes, workshops for the production of a wide variety of products can operate. Very interesting example Organization of tourism activities is available in the Bulgarian city of Tolbukhin. The ethnographic complex created there successfully solves the problems of preserving, understanding the architecture, life and economic past of the city of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The complex includes restored stone ponds, craft workshops (brassworks, blacksmithing, carpentry, cloth-making, knitting, weaving, carving, jewelry, bookbinding, pottery, sharpening, workshops for musical instruments Bulgarian national embroidery). In these workshops, folk craftsmen use authentic samples and old techniques with original tools to produce works of high artistic quality.
So for the effective and dynamic development of the tourism sector, ideally innovation sphere(in this case tourist) must have a special innovative infrastructure (national parks, cultural, entertainment and leisure centers, modern hotels, hotels, country clubs, roads, transport, etc.).
The innovation process is a set of scientific, production, financial, commercial and organizational activities carried out in a certain sequence, leading to innovation. As noted, in previous topics, a distinction is made between “Innovation as a product” and “Innovation as a process”. In our opinion, “Innovation is a process” is more applicable to innovation processes related to the implementation of commercial projects.
Innovation - the process has four stages of the life cycle:
) “emergence”, 2) “development” 3) “diffusion” 4) “routinization”.
An example of the second stage could be as follows. So for testing innovative projects a special expedition is being organized with the participation of employees of various publishing houses, representatives of several travel agencies - the organizers of the project, correspondents, tour guides, photographers and students - future specialists in the tourism business.
One of these expeditions took place in 2002 and followed the route: Tver - Kazan - Ufa - Sterlitamak - Yelabuga. The journey lasted 10 days and stretched a total of 5,000 km.
During the expedition, its participants examined architectural and archaeological monuments, nature reserves, ancient monasteries and temples. Among other things, the expeditioners visited the Kazan Kremlin with ancient buildings and a new mosque, the Raifa Monastery on the shore of a beautiful lake, the museums of Shishkin and M. Tsvetaeva in Elabuga, the national parks “Nizhnyaya Kama”, “Bashkiria” and “Taganay”, the South Ural Nature Reserve , examined springs in the mountains, the unique Shulgan-Tash reserve with a cave, etc.
Conclusion
innovation vital profit sale
Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved production methods and technologies, changes in equipment or production organization. The life-cycle concept of innovation plays a very important role in determining both the maximum output, sales and profits, and the life cycle of a particular innovation. The innovation process is a set of scientific, production, financial, commercial and organizational activities carried out in a certain sequence, leading to innovation. As noted, in previous topics, a distinction is made between “Innovation as a product” and “Innovation as a process”.
Bibliography
Special literature
Bronnikova, T.S. Marketing: training manual/ T.S. Bronnikova. - Taganrog: TRTU, 2006. - 231 p.
Grechikova, I.N. Management / I. Grechikova. - 3rd ed. - M.: UNITY, 2006. - 154 p.
Zavyalov, P.S. Formula for success: marketing. M.: UNITY, 2007. - 112 p.
Meskon, M. Fundamentals of management / Transl. from English / M. Meskon. - M.: Delo, 2007. - 265 p.
Santo, B. Innovation as a means of economic development. Per. from Hungarian - M.: Progress. - 2006. - 215 p.
Types of innovation
There are two types of technological innovation: product and process. New product introduction is defined as radical product innovation. Such innovations are based on fundamentally new technologies or on a combination of existing technologies in new applications. Product improvement - incremental product innovation - is associated with an existing product when its quality or cost characteristics change.
Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved production methods and technologies, changes in equipment or production organization.
According to the degree of novelty, innovations are divided into fundamentally new, i.e., having no analogues in the past and in domestic and foreign practice, and innovations of relative novelty. Fundamentally new types of products, technologies and services have priority, absolute novelty and are original samples, on the basis of which innovations-imitations and copies are obtained by replication.
Among imitation innovations, a distinction is made between equipment, technology and products of market novelty, new scope of application and innovations of comparative novelty (which have analogues at the best foreign and domestic enterprises) and innovations-improvement. In turn, innovations and improvements according to their subject-content structure are divided into displacing, replacing, complementing, improving, etc.
Innovation life cycle
The life cycle of an innovation is a set of interrelated processes and stages of innovation creation. The life cycle of an innovation is defined as the period of time from the origin of an idea to the discontinuation of the product implemented. its basis for an innovative product. A generalized diagram of the innovation life cycle is presented in Fig. 1 Enterprise Economics: Textbook / Ed. N.A. Safronova. - M.: Yuris, 2007. P.367. .
Rice. 1.
Innovation in its life cycle goes through a number of stages, including:
* origin, accompanied by the implementation of the required volume of research and development work, the development and creation of a pilot batch of innovations;
* growth (industrial development with simultaneous release of the product to the market);
* maturity (stage of serial or mass production and increase in sales volume);
* market saturation (maximum production volume and maximum sales volume);
* decline (curtailment of production and withdrawal of the product from the market). From the standpoint of innovation activity, it is advisable to distinguish both the life cycles of production and the life cycles of circulation of an innovation.
A graphical interpretation of the production life cycle is shown in Fig. 2 Santo B. Innovation as a means of economic development. Per. from Hungarian - M.: Progress. - 2006. P.42..
Rice. 2.
The first stage - the introduction of innovation - is the most labor-intensive and complex. It is here that the volume of expenses for mastering production and releasing a pilot batch of a new product is high. At the first stage, the technology is reproduced and improved, and production process regulations are worked out. And it is at this stage that high production costs and low capacity utilization are observed.
The second stage - the stage of industrial development of production - is characterized by a slow and extended increase in production output.
The third stage - the stage of recovery - is characterized by a rapid increase in production, a significant increase in the utilization of production capacity, and the smoothness of the technological process and organization of production.
The fourth stage - the stage of maturity and stabilization - is characterized by a stable pace of the highest volumes of product output and the maximum possible utilization of production capacity.
The fifth stage - the stage of withering or decline - is associated with a drop in capacity utilization, curtailment of production of a given product and a sharp decrease in inventories down to zero.
The composition and structure of the life cycles of new equipment and technology are closely related to the parameters of production development. So, for example, at the first stage of the life cycle of new equipment and technology, labor productivity is low, production costs decrease slowly, the enterprise’s profit increases slowly, or economic profit even negative. During a period of rapid growth in product output, production costs are noticeably reduced and initial costs are recouped.
Frequent changes in equipment and technology create great complexity and instability in production. During the period of transition to new equipment and the development of new technological processes, the efficiency indicators of all departments of the enterprise decrease. That is why innovations in the field of technological processes and tools must be accompanied by new forms of organization and management, operational, processor-by-process and detailed calculation of economic efficiency.
The life-cycle concept of innovation plays a very important role in determining both the maximum output volume, sales volume and profit, and the life cycle duration of a particular innovation Meskon M., Albert M., Fedouri F. Fundamentals of Management / Transl. from English - M.: Delo, 2007. P.381..
Analysis of the life cycles of new equipment and technologies is carried out in the following sequence, including:
1) determination of the total duration of life cycles of products of a given family, generation over the entire history. in order to establish a stable cycle value for a given type of equipment or technological process, including by stages;
2) determining the distributions of the durations of life cycles and their stages around the central tendency, since this is the basis for forecasting the duration of life cycles of a future innovation;
3) development of a basis for strategy and tactics for production growth in accordance with the duration of the life cycle stages of new equipment and technology;
4) probability distribution of the duration of the cycles of future samples and, in proportion to it, resources in the time of the next cycle;
5) a thorough analysis of the factors influencing the duration of past cycles, and extrapolation of the results to predict their impact on the life cycles of future products;
6) formalization of methods for collecting initial data and the use of econometric calculation models.
The methodology for analyzing the duration of life cycles allows us to give an answer about the dynamics of technical and economic indicators of production. Firstly, this makes it possible to determine the period of production growth to the maximum, which is equivalent to the best trends in the leading indicators of economic efficiency: levelized costs, production costs, labor productivity, profitability. Secondly, it is necessary to establish the dependence of output growth on the extremum of technical and economic indicators and on sales volume, because they, as a rule, do not coincide. Thirdly, it is necessary to analyze the trends in changes in technical and economic indicators when the volume of output is doubled, to give an answer: is there proportionality, inertia, a lag effect, etc. From the above methodology it is clear that the study of the dynamics of the duration of life cycle stages depending on technical and economic indicators and sales volume is one of the most important modern methods analysis of new equipment and technology.
Stages of the innovation life cycle
A cycle (Greek kyklos - circle) means a set of interconnected phenomena, processes, works that form a complete circle of development over any period of time.
The life cycle of an innovation is a certain period of time during which the innovation has active vitality and brings profit or other real benefits to the producer and/or seller.
The producer (lat. producens - producing) of innovation is the producer of this innovation.
Considering the dependence on the type of innovation, their life cycles differ in:
Total cycle duration,
The duration of each stage within the cycle,
Features of the development of the cycle itself,
Number of stages.
Life cycle diagrams are different for a product and for an operation.
Product life cycle - this is the process of its creation, sale and profit, consisting of the following phases:
Implementation,
Maturation,
Saturation,
Implementation phase. It includes the following stages:
1. New product development. At this stage, the producer of a new product organizes the innovation process, i.e., carries out work on initiation, idea search, feasibility study and creation of a new product. At this stage, capital is invested, the return of which, together with income, will occur in subsequent stages.
2. Entering the market. Those. period of introduction of a new product into economic activity buyers, including under the influence of advertising. The product begins to bring money to the producer or seller some time after its appearance on the market. The duration of this stage depends on the intensity of advertising, availability and performance retail outlets and so on. It is characterized by a period slow growth sales as the product enters the market. This is where large costs are incurred to introduce a new product to the market. There are not many manufacturers of the product and they produce its main variants. At this stage, enterprises incur losses due to low sales volumes and significant sales promotion costs.
Growth phase (market development) - a period of increasing sales volumes of a new product. In case new product satisfies the interests of the market, then its sales increase. Profits increase, sales promotion costs decrease. It is important to note that in order to stimulate the growth of market capacity and strengthen its position in the market, the enterprise improves the quality of a new product, gives it new functions, produces new modifications, uses new sales channels, promptly reduces prices in order to additionally attract the number of buyers, and penetrates into new segments. market, etc.
The growth phase includes the following stages of the product life cycle:
1. Market development. This stage is accompanied by an increase in the sales volume of the product until a certain limit of market saturation with this product is reached.
2. Market stabilization. Throughout this stage, the sales volume of the product is relatively stable.
Maturation phase - this is a period of slowdown in the growth rate of sales of goods. In terms of time, this period is much longer than the previous ones and most of the products on the market are at the maturity stage. If sales growth rates slow down, then manufacturers accumulate inventories products sold, competition is intensifying. Under these conditions, competitors strive to sell goods at reduced prices, increase advertising costs, increase costs for creating improved product options, and stimulate sales.
Saturation phase - This is a period of time when certain groups of buyers move towards new modifications of a product. This phase includes the following stages:
1. Decrease in the market - decline in sales volumes of the product, but demand for it still exists.
2. Market rise, ᴛ.ᴇ. behavior of events that allow you to increase sales volume and the duration of the product life cycle for a certain period of time: additional advertising events, changes pricing policy, the use of material sales incentives.
Recession phase (the stage of market decline - a sharp decrease in sales volumes). As sales and profits decrease, a number of enterprises leave the market, and the remaining ones reduce the volume of product supply, move away from small market segments, and reduce prices.
When considering life cycle of a new operation The following should be considered:
1. The operation is implemented in the form of a complete document describing the entire procedure for performing this operation.
2. Operations are carried out in two directions:
* within the business entity that developed this operation, in order to reduce the time required to carry out work, free up workers, and save cash etc.
* on the market by selling the operation to other business entities. The operations are not patented, but represent know-how.
The life cycle of a new operation includes four stages:
1. Development of a new operation and its execution in the form of a document. Here work is carried out on initiation, on searching for an idea, on developing the entire operation algorithm, on creating a document (instructions, methodological instructions etc.). At the same stage, the producer finances all costs of developing the operation.
2. Implementation of the operation associated with its implementation by an economic entity or its sale on the market. At this stage, the mechanism of promotion and diffusion of innovation is active.
3. Market stabilization. The market is becoming saturated with this operation.
4. Market decline.
3. Scientific, technical and innovative activities
The life cycle of an innovation is a set of interrelated processes and stages of innovation creation. The life cycle of an innovation is defined as the period of time from the origin of an idea to the discontinuation of the product implemented. its basis for an innovative product.
Innovation in its life cycle goes through a number of stages, including:
* origin, accompanied by the implementation of the required volume of research and development work, the development and creation of a pilot batch of innovations;
* growth (industrial development with simultaneous release of the product to the market);
* maturity (stage of serial or mass production and increase in sales volume);
* market saturation (maximum production volume and maximum sales volume);
* decline (curtailment of production and withdrawal of the product from the market). From the standpoint of innovation activity, it is advisable to distinguish both the life cycles of production and the life cycles of circulation of an innovation.
2.Innovation process. Stages
At the first stage, innovation occurs as a result of a certain activity: an innovative idea (plan), discovery, invention, etc. turn into innovation, its “independent” existence and functioning begins. Then the innovation process enters a new phase, and only if potential consumers of the innovation are widely interested in its use, which predetermines the transition to a new stage. ^ The second stage can be called the stage of innovation formation (widespread introduction of innovation, gradually increasing application in various areas of human activity, conquest of a potential area of effective use). This stage ends with the cessation of penetration of innovation into the field of its application and its relative stabilization. ^ Third stage innovation process is the process of his maturity. This is the stage of “dominance” of a certain innovation as a way to satisfy a specific need. This stage of an effective alternative ends with the beginning of replacing a given product, technique, technology, attitude with a new, more progressive one. ^ The fourth stage of the innovation press is characterized by a reduction in the scale of application of innovation, associated with replacement by new innovations that are at the stage of growth (formation).
3.Innovation infrastructure: technology parks, technopolises, business incubators, innovation and technology centers, special economic zones, development commercialization offices, state innovation corporations. Their characteristics.
incubators are designed to “hatch” new innovative enterprises, assist them at the earliest stages of their development by providing information, consulting services, renting premises and equipment, and other services.
TECHNOPARKS. A technology park means a research and production territorial complex, main task which consists in creating the most favorable environment for the development of small and medium-sized knowledge-intensive innovative client firms.
Thus, the concept of a technology park is quite close to the concept of an incubator in the field of innovation. Both of these elements of innovation infrastructure are complexes designed to promote the development of small innovative companies and create a favorable, supportive environment for their functioning. What is the difference between them? The range of client companies of technology parks, unlike incubators, is not limited only to newly created and innovative companies at the earliest stage of development. The services of technology parks are used by small and medium-sized innovative enterprises that are at various stages of commercial development of scientific knowledge, know-how and high technology. In other words, technology parks are not characterized by a strict policy of constant renewal and client rotation, typical of incubators in the field of innovation. It should also be noted here that if technology parks are intended to support only innovative activities, then incubators can also be created for so-called non-technological ones, i.e. traditional industries and activities (for example, arts, agricultural activities).
TECHNOPOLISES. The development of the idea of technology parks, the complication and enrichment of the environment, which favorably affects the efficiency of innovation, have led to the emergence in many countries of the most integrated and comprehensive element of innovation infrastructure - technopolises. It is not always easy to draw a clear line between a technopark and a technopolis, since these elements have much in common (for example, some experts believe that the development of the Sophia Antipolis park in France turned it into a technopolis). Therefore, it is important to highlight those characteristics of a technopolis that allow us to talk about it as a separate independent group of technopark structures. Technopolis, which is often also called a scientific city or science city, “city of brains,” is a large modern scientific and industrial complex, including a university or other universities, research institutes, as well as residential areas equipped with cultural and recreational infrastructure. The purpose of constructing technopolises is to concentrate scientific research in advanced and pioneering industries, to create a favorable environment for the development of new knowledge-intensive industries in these industries. As a rule, one of the criteria that a technopolis must satisfy is its location in picturesque areas, harmony with natural conditions and local traditions.
Main feature ITC is that it is essentially a support structure for established small innovative enterprises that have already passed the most difficult stage of creation, formation and survival in the initial period of their activity, when up to 90% of small innovative firms perish. This is the conceptual difference between the ITC and the technology park. Therefore, ideally, technology parks should have been created at universities and fulfilled the task of incubating small firms, and ITCs were designed to ensure more stable connections between small businesses and industry, and therefore be created at enterprises or research and production complexes.
Special, free or special economic zone(abbreviated SEZ or SEZ) - a limited territory with a special legal status in relation to the rest of the territory and preferential economic conditions for national and/or foreign entrepreneurs. Main goal creating such zones is a solution strategic objectives development of the state as a whole or a separate territory: foreign trade, general economic, social, regional and scientific and technical tasks. Free Trade Zone (FTA) - territory removed from the national customs territory. Operations for storing goods and their pre-sale preparation (packaging, labeling, quality control, etc.) are carried out inside.
Industrial production zone (PPZ) - part of the national customs territory within which the production of specific industrial products is established; At the same time, investors are provided with various benefits.
Technology-innovation zone (TVZ) - a territory outside the national customs territory, within which research, design, engineering bureaus and organizations are located. Examples of TVZ: technology parks, technopolises.
Tourist and recreational zone (TRZ) - the territory in which tourism and recreational activities are carried out - the creation, reconstruction, development of tourism and recreation infrastructure facilities, the development and provision of services in the field of tourism.
Service zone - a territory with preferential treatment for companies engaged in the provision of financial and non-financial services (export-import transactions, real estate transactions, transportation)
Complex zones. They are zones with preferential treatment for economic activity on the territory of a separate administrative region. These are free enterprise zones in Western Europe, Canada, formed in depressed areas, special economic zones in China, special regime territories in Argentina, Brazil.
