Industrial railway transport. Railway industry in Russia. What is an electronic ticket and electronic registration
Railroad industrial transport carries out a volume of transportation three times greater than mainline transport (approximately 3.0 billion tons per year). The length of communication routes of industrial railway transport is more than 95 thousand km, 60% of access roads have an average length of 1.5-2.5 km. The share of time spent by cars on industrial transport tracks in the total turnaround time of cars is 20-22%.
Railroad industrial transport in open-pit mines (quarries) operates on steep slopes, on temporary tracks, and with other technologies in the mining industry, its operation depends on the depth of mineral deposits, the method of stripping, the equipment used, slopes, trench lengths, etc. .
The freight load of this type of transport ranges from several thousand to 20 million tons per access road per year. Its paths are characterized by a large number of curved sections with a small radius (100 m or less). Industrial railways and must withstand heavy loads at speeds of 8-15 km/h.
Diesel locomotives with a capacity from 150 to 4000 hp are mainly used on factory premises. s, but in mines and in some open-pit mining and processing plants, electric locomotives with a power of up to 2100 kW are used. To transport cargo from deep quarries (500 m or more), special electric trains or traction units have been created. Hybrid locomotives and traction units are being created that operate as diesel locomotives or electric locomotives (if contact networks are available). To transport some goods, specialized rolling stock is used, for example, cast iron carriers for liquid metal with a carrying capacity of up to 140 tons (and over long distances - up to 600 tons), slag carriers with a carrying capacity of 48 tons for molten slag at a temperature of 1400-1500 ° C, dump cars (dump cars) with a carrying capacity up to 200 tons, etc. Specialized rolling stock makes up approximately 70%.
Since there is no industrial transport centralized system management, in order to increase the efficiency of use of industrial railway transport, united enterprises were formed, and in large industrial hubs - inter-industry enterprises of industrial railway transport (IPZHT), serving cargo owners of different departments. Under market relations, PPZhT became independent joint-stock enterprises and firms. The Promzheldortrans concern was created, the length of the rail track is 5000 km. For better interaction between PPZhT, a cargo ownership association (GRASSO) has been created, which includes transport enterprises from various industries National economy. In the context of a decline in transportation volumes and competition, transport enterprises are merging and work is being carried out to coordinate their actions in the market transport services and tariff policy with mainline railway transport.
To ensure safety, operational control of train movement on the territory of the enterprise and communication with external transportation, various systems are widely used.
To increase the efficiency of use of industrial railway transport, united enterprises were formed, and in large industrial hubs - inter-industry enterprises serving cargo owners of different departments
Own industrial railway transport at an enterprise carrying out serious economic activity transportation of products, raw materials, production waste, etc. is not a luxury, but an urgent necessity. Today, the activities of industrial railway transport cover more than 10,000 enterprises of all industries.
The interaction of mainline railway and industrial transport consists in the transportation of goods from one economic facility to another, most often from a specific industrial organization to the station that is part of the Russian Railways structure. At the same time, the activities of industrial railway transport account for about 90% of the total freight transport carried out on railways common use.
Industrial railway transport at an enterprise in any industry has the same infrastructure as the railway transport of JSC Russian Railways, namely:
1) Access roads, the gauge of which is almost universally 1524 mm, and the length ranges from 100 m (for small enterprises) to over 400 km (for industrial giants);
2)
Traction rolling stock - traction rolling stock includes:
locomotives, in most cases - diesel, since industrial access roads (non-public tracks) are not equipped with a contact network: diesel locomotives, traction modules, railcars;
cars of the most varied configurations: covered cars, gondola cars, hoppers, platforms, dump cars, tanks, refrigerators, etc.
3) Specialized service organizations whose competence includes such types of work as, maintenance and.
All work on industrial railway transport is regulated by the same regulatory and technical documents and instructions as work on public railway tracks.
They have enormous experience behind them on big hardware. That is why we are pleased to offer you the entire range of our products, starting from and ending with your railway facilities.
Our traction train - diesel locomotives ChME3, TEM-2 (7, 15, 18), TGM-4 (6, 23), etc., under the control of first-class drivers, will transport any of your cargo over any distance. At the same time, you don’t have to worry about or loading wagons - that too.
In addition, we will coordinate all possible issues with the relevant services of JSC Russian Railways, thus establishing interaction between mainline railway and industrial transport for your enterprise.
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Industrial railway transport
Industrial transport organizes external and internal transportation of enterprises of various forms of ownership. The predominant role in the transportation work of industrial transport is occupied by railway (70-80% of the total volume).
Industrial railway transport, on the one hand, is an integral integral part production (technological transportation), and on the other hand, the most important link in the unified transport system of the Russian Federation (operations in the sphere of circulation).
Industrial railway transport provides four main forms of service railway tracks non-public use: railways, organizations of intersectoral industrial railway transport, sectoral united transport enterprises, transport workshops of the enterprise. Industrial railway transport is a transport and technological complex that ensures the systematic movement of objects, products and means of labor in the production process, as well as interaction with mainline railway transport. Together with other modes of transport and means of transportation, industrial railway transport implements technological connections within the enterprise, and is also used to ensure technological connections between enterprises and to move workers within the enterprise. It is divided into external and internal.
External industrial transport ensures that the enterprise receives raw materials, fuel, equipment and workpieces from mainline transport and transfers finished products to mainline transport.
Internal (or intra-production) industrial transport carries out technological transportation, moving objects of labor from one workplace to another within the boundaries of a workshop and from one workshop to another within the enterprise.
Operations performed by all types of industrial transport should be considered as constituent elements production process enterprises.
The total length of normal gauge railway tracks (1520 mm) for industrial transport exceeds the operational length of main roads. The total track length of individual enterprises in the metallurgical, chemical and coal mining industries is 300 kilometers or more.
The features of industrial railway transport engaged in a particular production are determined by the nature of this production. In the mining industry, for example, its operation depends on the depth of occurrence of minerals, the method of stripping operations, the mining equipment used, the stages of extraction, the length of trenches, etc. In ferrous metallurgy, transportation of ingots is carried out in molds on special carts, liquid iron - in regular or mixer type. The predominant nature of the movement is shunting, the transportation range is 2-5 km.
In addition to rail transport (broad and narrow gauge), industrial automobile and conveyor transport have become widespread.
Railway industry concept
The term "railway industry" is extremely rare. Therefore, sometimes there is confusion with its interpretation. Sometimes it is identified with railway transport, sometimes with the mechanical engineering industry. But the truth is in the middle.
Definition 1
Railway industry- this is a set of industries that ensure the construction of railways, their operation and branches of railway engineering.
So we are dealing with intersectoral complex. Its industries belong to both construction and mechanical engineering and transport. The industry structure of this complex has the following composition:
- railway engineering;
- railway transport;
- road construction;
- service industries (energy, communications, electrical engineering, etc.).
The railway industry began with the invention of the steam engine and its installation on a locomotive.
Railway engineering in Russia
Definition 2
Railway engineering is the branch of transport engineering that produces various types of railway equipment (locomotives, cars, transport platforms, etc.).
For a long time, due to its economic backwardness, Russia was forced to purchase railway equipment abroad. Russia's main trading partners were Great Britain and Germany. In the 19th century, it was Britain that was the world leader in the development of capitalism in general and railway transport in particular.
Railway engineering in Tsarist Russia was represented by carriage building and carriage repair enterprises in St. Petersburg (Petrograd) and Moscow. Locomotives were purchased mainly from Great Britain. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Lugansk Steam Locomotive Plant began its work, and a plant began to be built in Kharkov. Steam locomotive repair enterprises opened in Moscow, Kyiv, Kolomna and St. Petersburg.
After the October Revolution and the civil war, the young socialist state found itself under international economic blockade. To restore the economy destroyed by the war and boost the economy, the development of railway communication was required. The government managed to conclude an agreement with German companies for the supply of the first batches of steam locomotives. Subsequently, a course was set for the priority development of heavy engineering (including railway).
During the years of Soviet power, war-damaged buildings were restored and new railway engineering factories were built. The construction of the Moscow metro should also be included among the new buildings of the first Soviet five-year plans. The main draft force was steam locomotives. The railway network and railway engineering factories located on the territory of the European part of the Soviet Union were thoroughly destroyed during the Great Patriotic War.
The second half of the twentieth century is characterized by the development of railway electrification. For this purpose, electric locomotive plants were built in Novocherkassk and Tbilisi. Passenger cars were built in Riga and Kalinin, freight cars - in Kremenchug, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Abakan and Barnaul. Part of the rolling stock was imported from the countries of the socialist camp (diesel locomotives from Czechoslovakia, carriages from Poland). But this was not caused by the insufficiency of domestic machine-building capacities, but by political interests (maintaining the economy of the socialist countries of Europe).
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the railway complex, like the entire economy, experienced a crisis. But the development of the economy and the scope of the territory of Russia served as the basis for the formation of a domestic market for railway engineering products. Currently, Russian railway engineering includes the following sectors:
- locomotive building (diesel locomotive building and electric locomotive building);
- carriage building (production of freight and passenger cars);
- production of track equipment.
The largest railway engineering companies at present are: Transmashholding (plants in Bryansk, Kolomna, Novocherkassk), Uralvagonzavod, Altaivagonzavod, Tikhvin Carriage Building Plant, Armavir Heavy Engineering Plant. They provide supplies to the domestic market of all types of required products - freight and passenger cars, gondola cars, platforms, tanks, isothermal cars, diesel locomotives and electric locomotives. Regarding locomotives, Russian mechanical engineering produces both mainline locomotives, as well as shunting and shunting locomotives. The latter are used on various enterprises metallurgy, mechanical engineering, mining and forestry.
Railway mechanical engineering is characterized by high material consumption. Therefore, machine-building enterprises in this industry gravitate towards metallurgical bases. Currently, the geography of railway engineering is presented Central region, St. Petersburg, Northern Caucasus, Nizhny Tagil, Altaisk, Abakan.
An important component of the complex under consideration is the production of track equipment. The leading enterprises in this industry are the Kaluga plant "Remputmash", the Abdulinsky and Vereshchaginsky railway equipment plants. It is worth noting that Russian railway engineering currently requires significant investment.
Railway construction and railway transport in Russia
Due to the vast territories of the country, railway transport has played and continues to play an important role in the Russian economy. The country has one of the largest railway networks in the world. Its total length exceeds 124 thousand kilometers. More than a third of them are currently electrified. In terms of the length of railways, Russia is second only to the United States.
Rail transport in Russia accounts for 27% of passenger traffic and almost 45% of freight traffic (excluding pipeline transport). Unfortunately, Russian railway transport is characterized by relatively low competitiveness. In terms of the quality of railway infrastructure, Russia is only in 23rd place (and in terms of the quality of general transport infrastructure - in 74th place).
The first railways were built in Russia in the 19th century (Tsarskoye Selo road, Odessa-Balta road). The country's railway network is characterized by territorial disproportion. The most developed railway network is in the European part of the country. For a long time, the only highway in the Asian part of Russia was the Trans-Siberian Railway. During the years of Soviet power, new highways were laid. Road electrification has been carried out. In the 21st century, high-speed locomotives of domestic production were put into operation. The leader in Russian railway transport is the company OJSC Russian Railways.
Along with mainline transport, there is industrial transport, which carries out transportation on industrial enterprises, construction sites, quarries. Industrial transport is a complex set of technical means and technologies designed to carry out transport, loading and unloading operations and warehouse operations in the production sector. By and large, industrial transport carries out initial and final transportation.
Non-public transport, which directly serves individual enterprises - agricultural, construction, etc. - ensures the normal functioning of their production.
Industrial transport includes:
· intra-shop technological transport;
· intershop technological transport;
· external industrial transport (located at the interface with public transport - it imports raw materials from mainline transport and transfers finished products from workshops to it)
At each enterprise, the means of industrial transport can be very different: railway, road, sea, river, air, conveyor and other types of industrial transport are applicable. These funds are used either separately or together.
Currently, enterprises widely use special technological conveyors (for bulk cargo), belt and roller conveyors, electric cars and trucks, overhead cable cars (in mines and workshops), etc. These devices are largely related to intra-shop industrial transport. Inter-shop transport often includes road and rail industrial transport. Enterprises located on the banks of rivers and lakes use river or sea industrial transport, having their own berths, vessels, warehouse and cargo equipment. More than 80% of all industrial transportation is carried out by rail and road industrial transport.
The share of costs in industrial transport, production costs are very high and amount to up to 20% (in Food Industry- 7%, and in open-pit mining - 60-65%, in processing areas - 20-25%). About 8 million people work in industrial transport.
Cargo transportation by industrial transport is 3 times more than by mainline railway transport. For example, to produce 1 ton of finished products - 1 million tons of steel, it is necessary to transport 17 million tons of cargo.
The average transportation distance by industrial transport is small - on average 6.5 km, by mainline railway transport - 1000 km. For this reason, the freight turnover indicator is not used to characterize industrial transport. The main evaluation indicator in industrial transport is cargo transportation.
In industrial transport, only 20% of tracks are currently electrified, in mainline transport - 60%.
Industrial transport plays a leading role in the work of enterprises in the ferrous metallurgy, coal, chemical, construction, forestry, wood and oil refining industries. Industrial transport is part of the enterprise infrastructure.
Industrial railway transport. The total length of all types of gauge of this type of transport is 62 thousand km, while the share of types with a normal gauge of 1520 mm exceeds 90%. For the most part, this type of transport is served by enterprises in the forestry and metallurgical industries. Industrial transport uses electric locomotives, which differ from mainline ones in their design features: the only central driver's cabin is raised above the body; an electric locomotive can move in curves with a radius of up to 60 m (current collection is carried out by side pantographs); most of the cars are specialized for certain types of cargo; low speed (up to 40 km/h); a large number of arrows and switch crossings.
Over the past 15 years, investments in the development of industrial railway transport have been sharply reduced. As a result, 40% of all rolling stock is operated beyond the standard service life and requires replacement. Some enterprises were corporatized and access roads passed into private hands.
Industrial automobile transport occupies an important place in the total volume of industrial transport. Automotive industrial transport has the following advantages:
1) high versatility and maneuverability (cargo delivery throughout the entire enterprise);
2) the ability to overcome large slopes of the track;
3) has small turning radii, thereby the need large venues to perform cargo operations falls.
Disadvantages of road industrial transport:
1) high cost of transportation compared to rail transport
2) dependence of fuel consumption on climatic conditions;
3) the structure of use of the vehicle fleet is imperfect - special vehicles are used little, and the operational service life trucks decreases sharply.
Effective use various types transport is created through combined automobile - rail transport systems, as well as the involvement of special vehicles - forklifts.
Also applicable in industrial transport pipeline transport, monorail cableways, cargo cableways in inter-shop and intra-shop transportation.
Main indicators of industrial transport. Qualitative performance indicators of industrial transport characterize the level of use of transport and loading and unloading equipment in terms of time and power. A general assessment of the quality of operational work is obtained when determining average productivity wagon, locomotive, automobiles, special types of industrial transport, means of mechanization of cargo handling. Quantitative indicators of the operation of industrial transport include the volumes of transportation performed at the enterprise by one or another type of transport for a specified period (volumes of external departure and arrival of goods, inter-shop and intra-shop volumes of transportation, volumes of loading and unloading and warehouse operations).
