How many birds are there in the picture? Class Birds (Aves). Features of the body structure of birds

Bird class- warm-blooded animals whose body is covered with feathers (the only group of animals), and whose forelimbs are turned into wings; forelimbs - legs. Birds fly beautifully, surpassing all other vertebrates in this regard. Birds also move well on the ground, climb trees, and many dive and swim in the water. Birds are extremely diverse in size, shape, color, habits and have adapted to living in different climatic conditions. There are about 9 thousand species.

External structure of the bird

Birds have a head, neck, torso, limbs and tail. Birds have a small head, with a beak, eyes, and nostrils located on it. The beak is formed by bony jaws extended forward, which are covered with horny sheaths on top. Birds have no teeth, which makes their skull lighter. The nostrils are located at the base of the upper part of the beak. The round eyes are covered by two eyelids and a nictitating membrane. Closer to the back of the head, ear openings are hidden under the feathers. The movable neck connects the head to the compact body.

Features of the bird's body structure

The most important orders of birds

_______________

A source of information: Biology in tables and diagrams./ Edition 2, - St. Petersburg: 2004.

Repeat general characteristics and classification of the phylum Chordata.

Study aromorphoses of the Birds class. Write it down in your notebook.

Study the structure of birds. Complete the notes in your notebook.

View stuffed animals different types birds.

Study the external and internal structure of birds using the example of a Pigeon (dissection of a pigeon).

In the album, complete 7 drawings, indicated in the printed manuals with a V (red tick). In the electronic manual, the drawings that need to be completed in the album are presented at the very end of the text.

Write down and learn the classification of modern birds in your notebook.

In your notebook, draw and fill out Table 1:

Table 1. Structure of a bird's egg.

In your notebook, draw and fill out Table 2:

Table 2. Diversity of birds.

Know the answers to Control questions Topics:

General characteristics of the type Chordata.

Classification of the phylum Chordata.

Features of the organization of birds. Systematic position, lifestyle, body structure

, reproduction, meaning in nature and for humans Pigeon.

General characteristics of birds In modern animal taxonomy Birds

(Aves) is a class in the phylum Chordata of the subphylum Vertebrata. Basic aromorphoses

1. (aromorphoses are major evolutionary changes leading to a general complication of the structure and organization of the organism) Birds are as follows:

   the appearance of a four-chambered heart;

   complete separation of arterial and venous blood flow;

   perfect thermoregulation;

   formation of spongy lungs;

   progressive development of the nervous system;

   ability to fly;

In modern animal taxonomy adaptive behavior.

- warm-blooded animals capable of flight. They settled all over the globe, inhabited a variety of places, and also mastered the air habitat. Currently, more than 8 thousand species are known, united in 35-40 orders.

Birds arose at the beginning of the Jurassic period (195 million years ago), and maybe a little earlier - back in the Triassic of the Mesozoic era (230 million years ago), from ancient reptiles, from which dinosaurs originated.

Bird structure The structure of birds is considered using an example Dove (phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrates, class Birds, order Columniformes). Dove

So, the body of birds is streamlined and consists of a small head, neck, body and tail. The forelimbs are wings, the hind limbs are legs. On the head is a beak consisting of a mandible and a mandible. The beak is covered with a horny sheath. At the base of the beak are the openings of the nostrils; adjacent to them is an area of ​​soft bare skin - the cere. On the sides of the head are large eyes, protected by the upper and lower eyelids and the nictitating membrane. Behind the eyes are the external auditory openings. The neck is long and mobile.

Cover. The skin is thin and dry. A single skin gland located at the base of the tail (coccygeal gland) secretes a fat-like secretion for lubrication.

General characteristics of birds

feathers (elasticity, water-repellent property). The skin is covered with feathers (Fig. 1, 2).

The feather consists of a blade, a shaft and a fan (Fig. 2). The fan is formed by beards of the first and second order, which are connected by hooks, forming a closed plate. The contour feathers on the tail are called tail feathers, on the wings - flight feathers, and on the ventral and dorsal sides of the body - coverts. The plane of the wing is formed by two rows of contour, flight feathers, covered with covert feathers overlapping each other (streamlined body shape). Down feathers are located under the coverts. The change in feather cover is accompanied by seasonal molting. Its functions: acquisition of seasonal coloration, display coloration during the mating season and thermoregulation. Areas covered with contour feathers alternate with areas of bare skin. By giving off excess heat, non-feathered areas protect the body from overheating. On the lower part (tarsus) the fingers are covered with horny shields.

The characteristics of feathers are discussed in Table 1.

Rice. 1. Types of feathers.

1 - outline pen; 2 - side feather of capercaillie; 3 - down feather; 4 - thread-like feather; 5 - bristles; 6 - actual fluff.

General characteristics of birds

Rice. 2. The structure of the feather.

1 - fan; 2 - barrel; 3 - downy part of the fan; 4 - upper hole; 5 - beginning; 6 - bottom hole.

Table 1. Types of feathers in birds.

General characteristics of birds

Increasing the catching surface of the mouth Skeleton

has structural features due to its adaptation to flight and walking on land only on its hind limbs. The lightness of the skeleton is ensured by the pneumaticity of the bones (the presence of air cavities in the tubular bones). The strength of the skeleton is ensured by the fusion of individual bones (sternum, complex sacrum).

The skeleton consists of the axial skeleton (spine), the head skeleton (skull) and the limb skeleton. The structure of the bird's skeleton is shown in Figure 3. The spine is divided into five sections: cervical includes 14 movably connected vertebrae. Chest consists of five vertebrae fused together. Together with the ribs and sternum, they form the chest. There is a growth on the sternum - a keel, which increases the area of ​​attachment of the pectoral muscles. Lumbar formed by six vertebrae fused into one continuous bone plate. Sacral consists of two vertebrae. The last thoracic vertebra, all lumbar, sacral and anterior caudal vertebrae (five) are fused with each other into a single complex sacrum. Tail

consists of 15 vertebrae. The anterior five vertebrae form part of the compound sacrum, the middle six remain free, and the four posterior vertebrae fuse to form the coccygeal bone (pygostyle), to which the bases of the tail feathers are attached. Scull

large, movably articulated with the spine using one condyle. It consists of a large brain section and jaws covered with horny sheaths, forming a beak (without teeth). The skull has a narrow base and very close walls of huge eye sockets. Bone fusion occurs with the disappearance of the skull sutures (strength, lightness of construction). Limb skeleton includes belts and skeleton of free limbs. Shoulder girdle consists of three paired bones: the scapula, the clavicle and the crow bones. Both collarbones grow together into a fork, which gives elasticity to the belt. Pelvic girdle

durable, stable. The paired pelvic bones are fused with the lumbar and sacral spine and the first caudal vertebrae. the forelimbs are transformed into wings and consist of a shoulder, forearm and hand. The bones of the carpus and metacarpus fuse to form a buckle. Only three of the fingers are preserved - the second, third and fourth, while the third finger has two phalanges, and the second and fourth - one each. The hind limbs are used for moving on the ground and consist of the thigh, tibia (the fibula is rudimentary and fused to the tibia) and the tarsus (fused bones of the tarsus and metatarsus). There are four fingers, three of them are directed forward, one is directed back.

General characteristics of birds

Rice. 3. Skeleton of a pigeon (diagram).

1 - upper jaw; 2 - lower jaw; 3 - cervical vertebrae; 4 - shoulder; 5 - thoracic vertebrae; 6 - collarbone; 7 - crow bone; 8 - sternum; 9 - keel; 10 - shin; 11 - shank; 12 - thigh; 13 - pelvis; 14 - coccygeal bone; 15 - caudal vertebrae; 16 - ribs; 17 - forearm; 18 - brush; 19 - blade; 20 - skull; 21 - toes.

General characteristics of birds

Rice. 4. Internal structure of a bird (pigeon).

1 - trachea, 2 - goiter, 3 - singing (lower) larynx, 4 - jugular vein, 5 - ventricles of the heart, 6 - right atrium, 7 - aorta, 8 - innominate artery, 9 - pulmonary arteries, 10 - lungs, 11 - liver, 12 - small intestine, 13 - pancreas, 14 - large intestine, 15 - cecum, 16 - cloaca, 17 - bursa of Fabricius, 18 - ureter, 19 - kidney, 20 - testis, 21 - muscular stomach.

General characteristics of birds

The internal structure of the bird is shown in Figure 4.

Muscular system highly developed and differentiated. The muscles of the chest are the most developed, providing movement of the wings. The paired pectoralis major, attached to the sternum and its keel, serve to lower the wing, the subclavian muscles - to raise the wing. The long neck muscles provide complex head movements. The highly developed muscles of the hind limbs are designed for movement on the ground.

Nervous system consists of the spinal cord and brain with nerves extending from them. The brain is represented by the following sections:

1. Forebrain has developed cerebral hemispheres. Their surface contains a cluster of nerve cells that form the archipallium. However, most of the forebrain is formed by the striatum. There are no furrows or convolutions. The hemispheres regulate the complex forms of bird behavior, the visual lobes are highly developed, and the olfactory lobes are poorly developed.

2. Diencephalon poorly developed. On the upper side there is an epiphysis, and on the bottom, behind the optic chiasm, there is a large pituitary gland.

3. Midbrain has well-developed visual tuberosities.

4. Cerebellum well developed in connection with coordination of movements and balance during flight. It consists of a middle lobe - a worm and two lateral protrusions. The back covers the midbrain and part of the medulla oblongata.

5. Medulla passes into the spinal cord.

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves originating from the brain.

Spinal cord has a thickening in the shoulder and lumbar regions, where nerves extend from it to the fore and hind limbs, forming the brachial and pelvic plexus.

Sense organs. The leading ones are vision and hearing. Organ of taste- taste buds in the pharynx. Olfactory organ poorly developed. Organ of vision very well developed. The eyeballs are large and located on the sides of the head. The field of view of each eye is 150°, and the field of binocular vision is 30-50°. Visual acuity is very high. The image on the retina is large, which allows you to distinguish the details of the object. The retina has a high density of photoreceptors; birds distinguish colors and shades. Accommodation (double) is carried out by changing the shape of the lens (under the action of the ciliary muscle) and simultaneous movement relative to the retina. In the area of ​​the blind spot there is a vascular formation - a ridge, which is a source of nutrients and oxygen. The mechanical strength of the eyes is ensured by the thickening of the sclera and the appearance of bone plates in it. The eyelids are well developed. There is a nictitating membrane (third eyelid). Hearing organ developed

General characteristics of birds

Fine. Consists of the inner and middle ear. In the inner ear, the growth of the round sac lengthens and the number of sensory cells increases. In the middle ear, the size of the tympanic cavity increases, the shape of one auditory bone - the stapes - becomes more complex, which increases its mobility. The size of the eardrum increases. The Eustachian tubes open into the pharynx through one common opening. The rudiments of the outer ear appear, and there is an auditory canal ending in the eardrum. Organs of skin touch- an accumulation of sensitive cells that respond to changes in the position of feathers. Thermal detectors record changes in body temperature, consist of a cluster of sensitive cells entwined with nerve endings.

Digestive system associated with the characteristics of life processes. Warm-blooded and highly mobile birds require significant amounts of food and its rapid absorption. Food in the gastrointestinal tract is quickly digested due to the activity of digestive enzymes and an increase in the absorption surface of the intestine. The horny edges of the jaws form a beak, which serves to capture food. No teeth. The tongue is muscular, conical, and has keratinized spines for holding food. Ducts of the salivary glands with digestive enzymes. The pharynx has a laryngeal slit with a respiratory system. The esophagus is long and easily extensible; its lower part forms a temporary receptacle for food - the goiter. The stomach is divided into two sections: glandular, with thick walls that secrete digestive juices; muscular, with an internal dense horny surface, where food, moistened with digestive enzymes, is mechanically processed by muscle contractions and crushed by pebbles (gastroliths).

The intestine is long, differentiated into the duodenum (the ducts of the liver and pancreas open), small intestine, paired blind and short large intestine, ending in the cloaca. The rectum is very short, and undigested food remains are quickly eliminated without accumulating. On the dorsal side of the cloaca there is a blind outgrowth - the bursa of Fabricius, which performs the function of an endocrine gland and is involved in the body's immune defense. The liver is large, bilobed. The pigeon does not have a gallbladder.

Respiratory system consists of a complex system of airways and lungs. The airways include the nostrils, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, and long trachea. At the site where the trachea branches into the bronchi there is a lower larynx, characteristic only of birds. It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate and produce sounds when air passes through. The variety of sounds produced is controlled by the contraction of specific singing muscles. The lungs are dense spongy bodies, low in extensibility, with a small volume. Consist of branched bronchial tubes. The main bronchus enters the lung and gives off 15-20 branches (secondary bronchi), interconnected by parabronchi with numerous projections (bronchioles), intertwined with a network of blood vessels

General characteristics of birds

capillaries (gas exchange occurs). Some of the bronchial branches (4-5 bronchi) extend beyond the lungs and form thin-walled extensions - air sacs located between the internal organs. Their volume is approximately 10 times the volume of the lungs. There are paired air sacs (cervical, prothoracic, metathoracic and abdominal) and unpaired air sacs (interclavicular). The outgrowths of the air sacs penetrate into the cavities of large bones. The meaning of air sacs: cooling and lightening the body, “pumps” that pump air into poorly extensible lungs (gas exchange does not occur in the sacs). The mechanism of thoracic breathing. When the chest expands, inhalation occurs; when the pectoral muscles relax and the chest cavity narrows, exhalation occurs. Unlike all terrestrial vertebrates, birds are saturated with oxygen through the lungs both during inhalation and exhalation (the so-called double breathing).

Circulatory system closed, has two circles of blood circulation. The heart has four chambers (the right half contains venous blood, the left half contains arterial blood), so arterial and venous blood are completely separated, which ensures a high metabolic rate (warm-blooded animals). Two independent vessels depart from the heart: the pulmonary trunk (carries venous blood) and the right aortic arch (arterial blood).

Pulmonary circulation. The pulmonary trunk departs from the right ventricle, which, when leaving the heart, divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, and oxygenated arterial blood flows through the right and left pulmonary veins into the left atrium.

Great circle of blood circulation. The right aortic arch departs from the left ventricle, which, when leaving the heart, is divided into two vessels: the right and left innominate arteries, each of which branches into the common carotid and subclavian arteries (brachial and thoracic). The right aortic arch curves around the heart and forms the dorsal aorta. All organs of the body are supplied with arterial blood. Venous blood from the posterior parts of the body collects through the inferior vena cava and flows into the right atrium, after being cleared through the portal system of the liver and kidneys. Venous blood from the front of the body collects into the anterior vena cava, which drains into the right atrium. The heart is large compared to the size of the body. The high speed of blood circulation through the vessels is ensured by a high heart rate.

Excretory system represented by the pelvic kidneys (metanephros, secondary kidney). The relative size of the kidneys in birds is large and is directly related to a very intense general metabolism. The ureters extend from the kidneys and empty into the cloaca. The end product of metabolism is uric acid. Urine passes through the excretory tract quickly due to the poor solubility of uric acid, the possibility of blockage of the urinary tract by uric salts, and is excreted in the form of white crystals along with the droppings. Related to this is the lack of

General characteristics of birds

bladder birds. Water loss during urination in birds is small, since water is reabsorbed in the cloaca.

Reproductive system. Dioecious. Gonads are paired. In males, bean-shaped testes, suspended on the mesentery, are located above the upper lobe of the kidneys. The size of the testes varies with the seasons. By the breeding season, the volume of the testes increases 1500 times. Poorly defined appendages are attached to the inner edges of the testes, from which vas deferens extend, located parallel to the ureters and flowing into the cloaca. In some species, the vas deferens, before flowing into the cloaca, form an extension - seminal vesicles (semen reservoir). There is no aggregative organ. Fertilization is internal (in the upper parts of the oviduct), by bringing the cloacal openings of the female and the male closer together. In females, the reproductive system consists of the left ovary and the left oviduct, which opens into the cloaca. The reason for the reduction of the right half is apparently associated with the laying of relatively large eggs with a hard shell. The ovary is granular, irregular in shape, located in front of the left kidney. Its size varies depending on the maturity (size) of the developing eggs. The oviduct looks like a long tube, one end of which opens into the cloaca, and the other into a funnel into the body cavity. The initial section of the oviduct is rich in glands that secrete protein, which covers the passing egg with a thick layer. In the next section, the egg is covered with subshell membranes. In the uterus, a calcareous egg shell is formed and the supra-shell membrane is stained. The last section of the oviduct (vagina) is short and has significant muscles, from which the egg exits into the cloaca and then out. The entire period of passage of an egg through the oviduct is 41 hours for a pigeon.

Birds are amniotes, i.e. vertebrates whose embryos have embryonic membranes that ensure the development of the embryo in the ground-air environment.

Development in birds it is direct. The female pigeon lays two eggs in the nest. According to the type of development, pigeons belong to chicks (nesting) birds. The development of the embryo begins as a result of warming the egg (incubation for 16-19 days). As development progresses, feather cover and a beak appear, and the tail disappears. Before hatching, the chick breaks through the inner shells of the egg with its beak and breathes through the lungs in the air chamber. Then, with a tubercle on its beak, the chick breaks through the egg shell and emerges from it. The hatched chicks are naked, blind and require long-term care from their parents. The chicks are cared for by both parents, who first feed them with “crop milk” and then regurgitate partially digested food for them. Fully fledged chicks leaving the nest switch to feeding on grain. The structure of a bird's egg is presented in Table 2. The differences between hatchlings and brood chicks are described in Table 3.

Seasonal phenomena in the life of birds. All birds can be divided into migratory, nomadic and sedentary. Migratory birds (ducks, geese, swallows) include species

General characteristics of birds

which migrate considerable distances from nesting sites. Nomadic birds (woodpeckers, tits, bullfinches) do not make regular flights in strictly defined directions; they winter near their nesting sites. Resident birds(rock pigeon, sparrows, jackdaws) migrate within the same area where they breed.

Ecology of birds. Birds are adapted to different habitats, which determines the occurrence among them environmental groups(Table 4). Each group is attached to its habitats, uses its own food and has certain adaptations for obtaining it.

Features of birds' adaptation to flight: transformation of the forelimbs into wings; streamlined body covered feathers; formation of the sternum in the form keel, with powerful muscles that control the wings; double breathing, providing intensive metabolism; lightweight skeleton(hollow bones); weight loss due to the absence of a bladder, one ovary, teeth, rectum, copulatory organ; Availability high visual acuity and progressive development of the brain, in particular the cerebellum.

Table 2. Structure of a bird's egg.

General characteristics of birds

The chamber passes into the space between the fibers of the subshell membranes

General characteristics of birds

serous membrane (serosa,

opportunity to feed chicks

General characteristics of birds

Thin strong beak. Tenacious and sharp claws, long fingers. Stiff tail feathers. Migratory

General characteristics of birds

The plumage is dense, the coccygeal gland is well developed. The beak is flattened, with horny teeth along the edges.

Seabirds

1. 
   
2. 
   Seagull, guillemot, cutwater, puffin, cormorant
3. 
   They form bird colonies on steep cliffs and feed on fish. Pincer beak or harpoon beak for catching fish from the air and under water. Sedentary
4. 
   Predator birds
5. 
   Eagle, falcon, vulture, hawk, kite, owl

Predators.

1. 
   Many birds of prey can soar for a long time using warm currents of rising air. Sedentary
2. 
   Task 1. “External structure”
3. 
   What types of outline feathers do birds have?
4. 
   How often do birds molt?

^

Task 3. “Bird Skeleton”

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 – 21?
2. 
   What features are characteristic of bird bones?
3. 
   What sections are distinguished in the spine?
4. 
   Which parts of the spine are fused? Why?
5. 
   What is special about the sternum of flying birds?
6. 
   What kind of pelvis is typical for birds? In connection with what?
7. 
   What bones form the shoulder girdle?
8. 
   What is the buckle made of?
9. 
   What is the tarsus formed by?

^

Task 4. “Internal structure of birds”

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 – 16?
2. 
   What is characteristic of the esophagus of birds of prey, chickens and pigeons?
3. 
   What is characteristic of the stomach of birds?
4. 
   The ducts of which glands open into the initial part of the small intestine?
5. 
   What is at the border of the small and large intestines?
6. 
   Where are the vocal cords of birds located?
7. 
   What are the lungs of birds?

^

Task 5. “Double Breathing”
birds"

1. 
   Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs of birds?
2. 
   In what direction does air flow through a bird's lungs when it inhales? When exhaling?
3. 
   How many times is the volume of the air sacs greater than the volume of the lungs?
4. 
   Does gas exchange occur in the air sacs?
5. 
   Explain the drawing.

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 – 8?
2. 
   Which half of the heart contains venous blood?
3. 
   From which chamber of the heart does the pulmonary circulation begin?
4. 
   Which vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs?
5. 
   Through which veins does arterial blood flow?
6. 
   From which chamber of the heart does the systemic circulation begin?
7. 
   What is the aortic arch in birds?

^

Task 7. “The brain of birds”

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 – 5?
2. 
   How many pairs of cranial nerves do anamnia (fish, amphibians) and amniotes (birds) have?

**Test 1. Features of the digestive system of birds.

1. 
   Some species of modern birds have teeth on their jaws.
2. 
   In pigeons and birds of prey, the esophagus expands into a crop.
3. 
   From the esophagus, food first enters the muscular and then the glandular stomach.
4. 
   The ducts of two large digestive glands, the pancreas and the liver, open into the stomach.
5. 
   The ducts of the liver and pancreas open into the first section of the small intestine.
6. 
   At the border of the small and large intestines there is a well-developed cecum.
7. 
   The large intestine is short and opens into the cloaca.
8. 
   The digestive, excretory and reproductive systems open into the cloaca.

1. 
   At the top of the trachea there is a singing larynx.
2. 
   The singing larynx is located at the point where the trachea divides into the bronchi.
3. 
   The enrichment of blood with oxygen occurs in the capillaries that weave around the alveoli.
4. 
   The enrichment of blood with oxygen occurs in the capillaries intertwining the parabronchi.
5. 
   Birds have double breathing: gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.
6. 
   Air passes through the lungs in one direction during inhalation and exhalation - from the back air sacs through the lungs to the front.
7. 
   When you inhale, air fills the lungs, and when you exhale, it leaves the lungs, that is, it moves through the lungs in two directions.
8. 
   The volume of the air sacs is 10 times the volume of the lungs.
9. 
   Air sacs protect the bird from overheating during flight.

1. 
   The heart is four chambered.
2. 
   The right side of the heart contains arterial blood.
3. 
   The pulmonary (pulmonary) circulation ends in the right atrium.
4. 
   The systemic circulation ends in the right atrium.
5. 
   The right aortic arch and the pulmonary artery depart from the ventricle.
6. 
   The left aortic arch and pulmonary artery depart from the ventricle.
7. 
   Arterial blood flows through the pulmonary artery.
8. 
   In birds, the heart works very intensively; the heart rate in small birds can reach 1000 times per minute.
9. 
   Birds have a very fast metabolism, they have a constant body temperature and are warm-blooded animals.

1. 
   The complex behavior of birds is associated with good development of the forebrain.
2. 
   Good vision is provided by the diencephalon.
3. 
   A well-developed cerebellum is responsible for the coordination of movements.
4. 
   Most birds' vision is black and white.
5. 
   Most birds have color vision.
6. 
   Birds' sense of smell is poorly developed.
7. 
   The end product of metabolism in birds is ammonia.
8. 
   The end product of metabolism in birds is uric acid.
9. 
   The end product of metabolism in birds is urea.
10. 
    Birds do not have a bladder due to flight.
11. 
    The bladder of birds is small and opens into the cloaca.

A – male genitourinary system; B – females

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 – 7?
2. 
   What feature is characteristic of the excretory system of birds?
3. 
   In which part of the oviduct does fertilization of the egg occur?
4. 
   Which ovary is usually reduced in birds?
5. 
   What membranes does the egg cover as it passes through the oviduct?

^

Task 10. “Structure of the egg and development of the embryo”

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 – 11?
2. 
   What are the membranes that cover the egg called?
3. 
   What are chalazas?
4. 
   Why is the germinal disc always located on top?
5. 
   What is the name of the embryonic membrane that surrounds the developing embryo and is filled with fluid in which the embryo floats?
6. 
   Which membrane is an outgrowth of the hindgut, accumulates metabolic products, blood vessels grow in it and becomes an important organ of gas exchange?
7. 
   What is the name of the outermost germinal membrane adjacent to the shell?

^

Task 12. “Chicks of the same age”

1. 
   What type of development do the chicks shown in the picture have?
2. 
   What features are characteristic of the chicks shown in Figure 1?
3. 
   What features are characteristic of the chicks shown in Figure 2?
4. 
   What determines the clutch size of chicks and brood birds?

**Test 1. The reproductive system of male birds has the following features:

1. 
   The gonads are two testes in the body cavity.
2. 
   The vas deferens open into a separate genital opening on the surface of the body.
3. 
   The vas deferens open into the cloaca.
4. 
   By the time of reproduction, the size of the testes increases a thousand times.

1. 
   Gonads – two ovaries in the body cavity.
2. 
   In birds, only the left ovary is developed, the right one is reduced.
3. 
   In birds, only the right ovary is developed, the left is reduced.
4. 
   Fertilization of the egg occurs in the upper part of the oviduct.
5. 
   Fertilization of the egg occurs in the cloaca.
6. 
   In the oviducts, the egg is covered with germinal and egg membranes.
7. 
   In the oviducts, the egg is covered only by the egg membranes.

1. 
   Amnion. 5. Shell.
2. 
   Serosa (chorion). 6. Suprashell.
3. 
   Protein. 7. Allantois.
4. 
   Two are fibrous.

1. 
   The weight will be the same.
2. 
   The egg will be heavier.
3. 
   Chicken with shells will be heavier.

1. 
   Chickens. 5. Parrots.
2. 
   Ducks. 6. Woodpeckers.
3. 
   Geese. 7. Songbirds.
4. 
   Pigeons. 8. Swans.

1. 
   What ancient reptiles are considered the ancestors of birds?
2. 
   When did Archeopteryx live on Earth?
3. 
   
4. 
   What features of Archeopteryx indicate that it could not have been a good flyer?

^

Task 15. “Bird Class”

1. 
   What are the features external structure allowed birds to master the air habitat?
2. 
   How many species of modern birds are known to science?
3. 
   What are the feathers of birds formed by?
4. 
   Which gland is well developed in birds?
5. 
   What parts does the bird skeleton consist of?
6. 
   Features of skeletal bones associated with flight?
7. 
   What parts of the bird's spine are fused?
8. 
   What is the girdle of the forelimbs?
9. 
   What bones does the forelimb consist of?
10. 
    What bones does the hind limb consist of?
11. 
    What muscles lift the wing? Lowering the wing?
12. 
    What two stomachs do granivorous birds have?
13. 
    In what direction does air move through the lungs of birds when they inhale and exhale?
14. 
    What kind of blood is in the right side of the heart?
15. 
    What is the aortic arch in birds?
16. 
    What parts of the brain are better developed in birds compared to reptiles?
17. 
    What reflexes are called conditioned?
18. 
    What kind of kidneys do birds have?
19. 
    What is the main product of protein metabolism excreted in birds?
20. 
    What is characteristic of the reproductive system of female birds?
21. 
    What egg membranes are found in an egg?
22. 
    What embryonic membranes are formed during the development of a bird embryo?
23. 
    Give two examples each of brood and breeding birds.
24. 
    Give two examples each of sedentary, nomadic and migratory birds.
25. 
    What is the name of the largest modern bird? Her weight and height?
26. 
    Which ancient reptiles have many common features with birds and are considered the ancestors of birds?
27. 
    What features are characteristic of the skeletal bones and jaws of Archeopteryx?
28. 
    When did real birds appear?

1. Pterilia, apteria. 2. Shank. 3. Buckle. 4. Kiel. 5. Double breathing. 6. Bronchioles of parabronchi. 7. Air bags.

Answers:

Exercise 1. 1. 1 – head; 2 – torso; 3 – tail; 4 – wings; 5 – tarsus of legs; 6 – toes; 7 – beak; 8 – mandible. 2. Organs of vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. 3. Head, torso, tail, limbs. 4. Thin, dry, devoid of glands (with a single coccygeal gland). 5. Apteria.

Task 2. 1. 1 – beginning; 2 – pen shaft; 3 – fan; 4 – 1st order beards; 5 – 2nd order beards; 6 – hooks; 7 – contour cover feather; 8 – down feather; 9 – fluff; 10 pterilia; 11 – apteria; 12 – primary flight feathers; 13 - secondary flight feathers. 2. Contour, feather and down. 3. Integumentary; primary-, secondary-, tertiary flight feathers and tail feathers. 4. Once or twice a year.

Task 3. 1. 1 – mandible; 2 – beak; 3 – cerebral part of the skull; 4 – cervical spine; 5 – collarbones; 6 – crow bones (coracoids); 7 – shoulder blades; 8 – humerus; 9 – bones of the forearm; 10 – buckle; 11 – phalanges of fingers; 12 – ribs; 13 – sternum; 14 – keel; 15 – pelvic bones fused with a complex sacrum; 16 – caudal vertebrae; 17 – coccygeal bone; 18 – femur; 19 – tibia bones; 20 – shank; 21 – phalanges of fingers. 2. Lightweight, pneumatic, with cavities inside. 3. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal. 4. The thoracic vertebrae are fused with a complex sacrum (the lumbar, 2 sacral and part of the caudal vertebrae are fused and form a complex sacrum), due to the birds relying only on their hind limbs. The last caudal vertebrae are fused into the coccygeal bone. 5. Formed a keel. 6. Open, the pubic bones do not fuse, due to the large size of the eggs, covered with a hard shell. 7. Paired shoulder blades, clavicles, crow bones (coracoids). 8. Fused bones of the wrist and some bones of the metacarpus. 9. Part of the tarsal bones and all metatarsal bones are fused.

Task 4. 1. 1 – trachea; 2 – bronchi; 3 – lungs; 4 – heart; 5 – glandular stomach; 6 – muscular stomach; 7 – liver; 8 – spleen; 9 – small intestine; 10 – pancreas; 11 – kidneys; 12 – large intestine; 13 – testis; 14 – seed tube; 15 – cloaca; 16 – cloacal opening. 2. The esophagus has a goiter. 3. There is a glandular stomach, where enzymes act on food, and a muscular stomach, where food is ground. 4. Liver and pancreas. 5. Blind processes. 6. In the lower larynx. 7. Dense spongy bodies.

Task 5. 1. In the walls of the tertiary bronchi (parabronchi). 2. Both when inhaling and when exhaling - in one direction, from the posterior pulmonary sacs to the anterior ones. 3. 10 times. 4. No.

Task 6. 1. 1 – right atrium; 2 – right ventricle; 3 – left atrium; 4 – left ventricle; 5 – right aortic arch; 6 – veins of the great circle (vena cava); 7 – pulmonary artery; 8 – pulmonary veins. 2. On the right. 3. From the right ventricle. 4. Through the pulmonary artery. 5. By pulmonary. 6. From the left ventricle. 7. Right.

Task 7. 1. 1 – forebrain; 2 – midbrain; 3 – cerebellum; 4 – diencephalon; 5 – medulla oblongata. 2. Anamnia have 10 pairs, amniotes have 12 pairs.

Task 8. **Test 1: 2, 5, 7, 8. **Test 2: 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9. **Test3: 1, 4, 5, 8, 9. **Test 4: 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10.

Task 9. 1. 1 – testes; 2 – vas deferens; 3 – kidneys; 4 – cloaca; 5 – ovary; 6 – oviduct; 7 – reduced right ovary (rudiment). 2. There is no bladder, it opens into the cloaca. 3. In the part where the oviduct funnel is located. 4. Right. 5. Albuginea, subshell, shell.

Task 10. 1. 1 – shell; 2 – subshell membranes; 3 – air chamber; 4 – protein; 5 – cords (chalaza) 6 – yolk; 7 – germinal disc; 8 – embryo; 9 – amniotic fluid under the amniotic membrane; 10 – allantois; 11 – serosa. 2. Albuginea, subshell, shell, suprashell. 3. Cords that hold the yolk suspended. 4. The lower part of the yolk is heavier. 5. Amnion. 6. Allantois. 7. Serosa.

Task 11.

Task 13. **Test 1: 1 – yes; 2 – no; 3 – yes; 4 – yes. **Test 2: 1 – no; 2 – yes; 3 – no; 4 – yes; 5 – no; 6 – no; 7 – yes. **Test 3: 1 – 3, 4, 5, 6. Test 4: 2 (during incubation and breathing of the embryo, some of the organic substances were oxidized). **Test 5: 1 – a; 2 – a; 3 – a; 4 – b; 5 B; 6 – b; 7 – b; 8 – a.

Task 14. 1. Thecodonts, who lived 200 million years ago. 2. 150 million years ago, during the Mesozoic era. 3. At the end of the Mesozoic era, 200 - 150 million years ago. 4. No keel, fingers on the wings, bones are not pneumatic.

Task 15. 1. Wings, plumage. 2. 8,600 species. 3. Beards of the first and second order, linked by hooks. 4. Coccygeal. 5. The skeleton of the head, the skeleton of the torso, limbs and their girdles. 6. Lightness, pneumaticity of bones. 7. Thoracic, lumbar, sacral and first vertebrae of the caudal region. 8. Paired shoulder blades, clavicles, crow bones and unpaired sternum. 9. Humerus, bones of the forearm, buckle and phalanges of the fingers. 10. Femur, shin bones, tarsus and phalanges of four fingers. 11. Raise - subclavian, lower - pectoralis major. 12. Glandular and muscular. 13. From the posterior air sacs through the lungs to the anterior ones. 14. Venous. 15. Right. 16. Forebrain, midbrain and cerebellum. 17. Which are formed during life in response to external irritations. 18. Secondary (pelvic, metanephros). 19. Uric acid. 20. Reduction of the right ovary. 21. Albuginea, two fibrous, shell, supra-shell. 22. Amnion, allantois, chorion. 23. Brood ducklings, chickens; chicks - pigeons, parrot chicks. 24. Residents - magpies, pigeons; nomadic - waxwings, bullfinches; migratory birds - swifts, swallows. 25. African ostrich, up to 3 m, 90 kg. 26. Thecodonts. 27. The bones are not pneumatic; the jaws have teeth. 28. 200-150 million years ago.

Task 16. 1. Feathered and non-feathered areas of the skin. 2. The distal tarsal bones are fused into one bone with the metatarsal bones. 3. The distal bones of the wrist are fused into two long bones with the bones of the metacarpus. 4. Growth of the sternum. 5. Double gas exchange during inhalation and exhalation, since both during inhalation and exhalation, air flows through the lungs in the same direction. 6. Thin-walled tubes braided with capillaries in which gas exchange occurs. 7. Outgrowths of the bronchi, located between the internal organs of birds, and their processes are located under the skin, between the muscles and in the cavities of the bones.

152. Draw a diagram of the external structure of the bird, label the main parts of the body. What features of the external structure of a bird are associated with its ability to fly?

Streamlined body shape
Presence of wings
Feather cover
Small head, long neck, body and limbs are more compact

153. Look at the drawing. Write the names of the parts of the pen indicated by numbers.

1. fan
2. rod (trunk)
3. start

154. Study the table “Bird Class. The structure of a pigeon." Look at the drawing. Write the names of the bones of the bird's skeleton, indicated by numbers.

1. skull
2. brush
3. forearm
4. shoulder
5. coccygeal bone
6. thigh
7. shin
8. shank
9. fingers
10. sternum with keel
11. cervical spine

155. Indicate the skeletal features associated with the adaptation of birds to flight.
The skeleton is characterized by strength and lightness. Tubular bones are hollow. Flat bones (skull, sacrum, pelvis) are very thin and grow together. The jaws have no teeth.
In the spinal column system there is a complex sacrum, formed by the fusion of the last thoracic vertebrae, the lumbar region, the sacral region itself and part of the caudal region. The last fused caudal vertebrae form the coccygeal bone.
All the bones of the pelvis grow together and grow to the complex sacrum.
The shoulder girdle is highly developed and consists of powerful caracoid bones, scapulae and fused clavicles.
The forelimbs retain only three fingers, with only the second finger having two phalanges. All the bones of the metacarpus and carpus are fused into one complex bone, to which the flight feathers are attached.
The hind limbs often have four toes, sometimes three or two. There is a complex tarsus bone.
The sternum is large and in most species bears a sharp keel to which powerful pectoral muscles are attached. The ribs of birds are flattened, the chest is strong and inactive.

156. Look at the drawing. Use colored pencils to color the bird's circulatory system. Label its parts. Indicate with arrows the movement of arterial and venous blood.

157. Fill out the table.

Bird organ systems.

158. Look at the drawing. Write the names of the parts of the bird's brain.

159. Describe the process of double breathing in a bird.
When birds inhale, the volume of the body cavity increases and the air sacs expand, sucking in air. In this case, air from the lungs is sucked into the front air sacs, and air from external environment along the trachea and bronchi it goes to the lungs and posterior air sacs. When you exhale, the volume of the body cavity decreases and under pressure internal organs air is squeezed out of the air sacs. Air containing a lot of oxygen from the rear air sacs is pumped into the lungs, and air from the front sacs, containing little oxygen but a lot of carbon dioxide, is pushed into the trachea and expelled out. Thus, oxygen-saturated air passes through the lungs almost continuously, both during inhalation and exhalation, enriching the blood with oxygen (“double breathing”).

160. Look at the drawing. Label the parts of the bird's reproductive system indicated by numbers.

1. ovary
2. oviduct
3. cloaca
4. kidney
5. ureter
6. vas deferens
7. testis

161. Describe the process of reproduction and development of a bird.
During the breeding season, birds form pairs.
Bird eggs are large, rich in yolk, and mature unevenly. The mature egg enters the oviduct. Fertilization occurs in its upper part. The walls of the oviduct contract, pushing the egg (fertilized egg) towards the cloaca. When moving, it becomes covered with shells. First, the egg is covered with an albumen, then with two fibrous (subshell) and then with a shell membrane. The egg enters the cloaca and is laid outside.
Bird eggs are large and contain many nutrients in the white and yolk.
The embryo in the egg develops very quickly, at high temperatures (37-38 ° C) and a certain humidity. By the end of development, the chick fills the entire internal cavity of the egg.
When hatching, the chick breaks through the parchment shell, sticks its beak into the air chamber and begins to breathe. Using an egg tooth (a tubercle on the beak), the chick breaks the shell and gets out of it.

162. Execute laboratory work"The external structure of a bird."
1. Consider the external structure of the bird. Describe the shape of its body, the color of its plumage.
The bird's body is covered with feathers, the forelimbs are modified into flight organs - wings. Birds' legs are massive, have four sections: femur, tibia, tarsus and 4 toes. The bird has a beak and eyes on its head. The body shape is streamlined. The color of the feather cover is camouflage.
2. Draw and label the bird's body parts.
see question 152.
3. Examine the bird's head. What organs are located on it?
Eyes, ear openings (covered with feathers - only the middle ear), beak, nostrils.
4. Examine the limbs of the bird. What are the features of their structure?
Modified forelimbs - wings - are used for flight. Birds' legs have four sections: thigh, tibia, tarsus and toes. Usually the feet are four-toed, but sometimes the number of toes is reduced to three or even two. Of the four fingers, in the vast majority of cases, three are directed forward, and some are directed backward.
5. Examine the feather cover of the bird. Make drawings various types feathers

6. Draw a diagram of the structure of a contour feather. Label its parts.

7. What features of the external structure of a bird are associated with its adaptability to flight?
see question 152.

163. Look at the pictures. Write the names of the ecological groups to which the depicted birds belong.

1. forest birds
2. birds of open spaces
3. waterfowl and water and coastal birds
4. birds foraging in the air
5. diurnal birds of prey

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