Performance wide range high-altitude work involves the use of special machinery or equipment - cranes, aerial platforms and scaffolding. But if work is carried out on multi-story buildings or hard-to-reach objects, industrial mountaineering is most often used. This technology for working at heights is based on the use of climbing equipment and safety equipment. Wherein workplace achieved by ascending or descending a system of fixed ropes.

The services of high-altitude specialists are resorted to construction companies, industrial enterprises, as well as institutions of the housing and communal services complex. In some cases, repairs are also necessary for private individuals. One of the most popular types of high-rise work is insulation and repair of facades, but other services of high-rise workers are also in sufficient demand, sometimes depending on the time of year. For example, clearing snow from a roof is one of the winter tasks for “urban climbers.” In the same time, summer period always different big amount orders for high-altitude workers.

Organizations providing industrial mountaineering services must have a license to carry out construction and installation work. For high-altitude specialists, it is mandatory to have a certificate of completion of industrial mountaineering courses, as well as regular retraining.

Equipment for industrial mountaineering

A high-altitude specialist must have a full set of equipment and tools necessary to perform work at height, whether it is washing the windows of a multi-story building or removing tree branches. A mandatory element of equipment is an individual fall arrest system (ISS), which includes a gazebo and a safety harness. The climber's equipment also includes ropes, clamps and carabiners.

The key characteristic of a climbing rope is the number of standard pulls it can withstand before breaking. This indicator depends on the material of manufacture, the number of fibers and the condition of the product (presence/absence of damage). The generally accepted classification distinguishes between static and dynamic types of ropes. The former are capable of stretching under load and absorbing the jerk in the event of a worker falling over. The latter do not have this property, but are distinguished by high strength and reliability.

A clamp is a holding device that automatically locks onto a rope when loaded. According to the design features, clamps are distinguished into bending, cam, wedging and wire varieties.

Carabiners, in turn, serve to connect the loops of the rope and secure it. They are made from durable metal- steel, titanium or duralumin. Carabiners for industrial mountaineering are equipped with a quick-opening latch and can be used to solve various problems - attaching a rope to a harness, hanging a working tool or auxiliary equipment.

The list of equipment elements also includes several types of triggers: “eight” (classic and horned), “lattice” and “puck”.

Types of high-altitude work

The wide possibilities of industrial mountaineering allow you to perform high-altitude work on objects of any complexity. The mobility of this technology gives it a noticeable advantage over traditional ways- using aerial platforms, electric cradles and scaffolding. In addition, industrial work is characterized by minimal time spent on preparation for work, which can be carried out in cramped spaces and on hard-to-reach objects.

The list of services of industrial climbers includes:

• Repair of facades and roofs of buildings of any number of storeys, as well as their cleaning and painting;
• Repair of balconies and loggias in residential buildings;
• Construction and installation works;
• Insulation and waterproofing of walls and roofs;
• Installation and repair of drainage systems;
• Crowning and removal of trees recognized as dangerous.

Also, industrial climbing is in high demand when insulating concrete houses using the “Warm Seam” technology. High-rise specialists carry out high-quality sealing of interpanel seams without the involvement of special equipment.

Mountaineering is an extreme sport, which consists of climbing mountain peaks and climbing ridges of varying difficulty. The term “mountaineering” itself comes from the name of the Alps, a famous mountain system. It was there that the peak was conquered for the first time in the world: in 1786, J. Balma and M. Pacard, representatives of Switzerland, climbed its highest point - Mount Mont Blanc (4,810 m).

Types of mountaineering

Mountaineering includes several types, depending on the type of mountain range, the duration of the ascent, the characteristics of the landscape zone, the structure of the mountains and their height - rocky, ice, snowy, high-altitude, flat, etc. Based on this, there are several types of mountaineering:

• hiking (short, fast and easy ascents to low altitude);
• trekking (a long mountain hike or transition with a well-thought-out route that does not involve climbing to the top);
• ski mountaineering (climbing mountains using alpine skis);
• bouldering (rock climbing - conquering separately located rock blocks and rocky massifs);
• ice climbing (climbing uphill on ice blocks and rocks);
• Big Wall (climbing large vertical walls over one kilometer long).

There is another type that is not directly related to sports, but is classified as mountaineering. This is industrial mountaineering, which involves specially trained personnel performing high-altitude work at various sites, including urban ones.

Mountaineering routes

Depending on the characteristics of the mountains (relief, rockfalls, length and number of difficult sections, escape route, steepness, risk to life) There are several gradations of mountaineering routes, which are assigned by a person who has examined a particular route in practice. The final difficulty number is approved centrally, after detailed study route. In the post-Soviet space, the previously used classification has been adopted, which is slightly different from the global one.

According to this gradation, mountaineering routes are divided into VI categories, in order of increasing difficulty:

• increased difficulty - VI (the most problematic, traumatic and difficult routes that require the highest skill and serious preparation from the climber);
• very difficult to overcome – V (in addition to self-confidence, they also require extraordinary technical skills from athletes and allow the use of ladders);
• difficult - IV (involve free sports climbing of steep rocks, they use insurance with the help of hooks and other aids);
• medium difficulty - III (represent the limit for all those who practice mountaineering from time to time, allow the use of various safety devices);
• easily climbable – II (suitable for climbing in a team, including a short one; movement without the help of hands is impossible);
• very light - I (involve periodic use of hands to move along the route, characterized by the presence of large holds).

In addition, routes from groups 2 to 6 inclusive are divided into 2 more subcategories, which are designated “A” and “B”. Each category also forms 2 steps: upper (+) and lower (–).

Mountaineering insurance

Insurance in mountaineering refers to a number of measures aimed at protecting against injury during ascent or descent. It is an essential necessity that will protect you from the negative consequences of falling off a cliff. The function of insurance is precisely to delay a fallen climber. There are several types of insurance:

• self-insurance;
• alternating;
• simultaneous.

According to the type of retention of a falling person, it can also be dynamic and static. The first is used to reduce the jerk force on all sections of the safety chain, including the rope (the weakest link in it is the top safety point). The second is divided into hard and soft.

Mountaineering equipment

Along with safety equipment, Equipment is essential for mountaineering. Equipment for mountaineering varies depending on the category of the route being overcome, the complexity of weather and climatic conditions, the season, and the duration of the ascent. Main principle selection of equipment for mountaineering - safety, reliability, strength and minimal weight so as not to overburden the athlete.

When going to the mountains, be sure to have with you:
warm clothes;
backpack;
sleeping bag;
rug;
helmet;
sunglasses;
tent;
anchor hooks;
carbines;
climbing cats;
Ice ball or ice ax;
compass;
special shoes;
dishes etc.

You need to carefully ensure that the backpack ensures an even distribution of the load on your back/spine. It should also be as comfortable as possible, lightweight and at the same time durable. City and trekking backpacks (volume up to 35 and up to 60 liters) are not suitable for long ascents, but assault and expedition backpacks (volume up to 65 and 65 liters and above) are just right.

The choice of shoes should also be given serious attention. The most comfortable is the trekking shoe (except for the low one), which is something between soft boots and heavy sneakers. It protects the foot well from dirt, dust, impacts, stones and accidental twisting. It fits perfectly, hugs the ankle tightly, and guarantees comfort when walking.

The choice of sleeping bag directly depends on the conditions in which the ascent will take place and on the altitude of the climb. It must be light in weight and protect from the cold. Now they are made from wind- and water-resistant fabric that breathes freely. At the same time, it is very durable. The filling is padding polyester or natural down, which warms only until there is serious dampness, so a synthetic seal is preferable.

Mountaineering rules

Mountaineering rules are divided into two large groups, which cover aspects:

1. holding competitions,
2. making ascents.

The former are valid only for the period of the competition and may have a number of features, based on the conditions of the area, the timing of the competition, and the requirements of the judging staff. It is typically found in ice climbing, rock climbing (bouldering), man-made obstacle (indoor/outdoor) and natural rock climbing. They take into account the age of the participants (boys/adults), gender (women/men), sports category of the participants (amateurs/pros). Mountaineering rules for ascents are more prudent and strict, since they do not require outside control and can last for a very long period. They are typical for everyone and concern individual safety when climbing, protection from unforeseen situations and safety nets.

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In the above, as well as multi-races and a number of other disciplines of extreme tourism, as well as industrial mountaineering, such an element of equipment as a carbine (not to be confused with a firearm) is constantly used. In this article I will analyze in detail the types of carabiners, latches, forms, tell you what they are made from and what really works and what is just marketing ploy. This article will help, first of all, those who are just exploring the tourism equipment market and do not want to get lost in the variety of offers.

It is worth noting that each brand that produces iron for tourism has its own lines of carbines and unique designs, but patents are not a problem for less advanced or friendly manufacturers.

Brands and certification of carabiners

Let's start with the fact that carabiners are completely different, but if you value your life, then be sure to buy only those carabiners that have two certifications EN and UIAA.

“European Standard EN is a standard adopted by CEN, CENELEC or ETSI with the right to apply as an identical national standard with the repeal of conflicting national standards.

European Committee for Standardization (CEN) The European Committee for Standardization was founded in 1961 by the national standardization bodies of the European Economic Community and the countries of the European Free Trade Association.”

"International Union of Mountaineering Associations" Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme, abbr. UIAA) is an organization that is a union of 88 national mountaineering associations and organizations (federations, associations, clubs) from 76 countries, which represents millions of climbers around the world."

There are a number of brands that do not have one or both certifications. For example, the Soviet titanium Irbis carbines. But if in the case of carbines produced during the USSR, subject to compliance with GOSTs, everything is clear, then modern carbines SHOULD NEVER be bought without certification if you want to live.

Among the brands that have earned my trust are the following: Camp, Petzl, Vento, Kong, Black Diamond, DMM, Climbing Technology, Mammut, Singing Rock, Simond, Raumer, Ring. There is also famous brands, whose products I did not have the pleasure of exploiting: Grivel, Rock Exotica. These are, of course, not all the options, but for Russia the choice is actually not that big. Only 5 brands are freely available, and the rest are already a rarity, or even a completely unique phenomenon. It doesn’t help the situation that imported products sometimes cost a fortune.

I will not sort carbines by brand, since this is a matter of religion. We have a person in our club who believes that apart from the Kong brand, everything else is not even worth considering. Of course, I won’t try to convince him. I will analyze the carbines according to their physical parameters.

What are carabiners made of?

For the production of carbines, by and large, only four materials are used:

Steel. The cheapest and heaviest material. In addition to weight, the disadvantages include rusting. Yes, the material is susceptible to corrosion, so it will become unusable over time (the service life depends directly on the operating conditions and care of the product). But with proper care, it will serve you for decades. The advantages, in addition to the cost, include a weak dependence on the accumulation of metal fatigue. It is quite acceptable to continue using a steel carabiner after falls, blows and other shock loads. And the vast majority of five-ton carbines are made of steel; other materials are too expensive.

Stainless steel. This is essentially the same steel, with all the attendant pros and cons, with only one addition - they do not rust. I have not seen such carbines from anyone except Raumer.

Aluminum. The most common material. Lightweight, strong (with the correct geometry), durable, fairly cheap (if you don’t take exotic shapes or super-light products), and resistant to corrosion. The only drawback of all this is that the material easily “accumulates fatigue.” That is, if you drop a carbine once from a height of more than fifteen meters onto a hard surface, then microcracks may form in it (which cannot be recognized or identified in any way) and the product may collapse at any moment. Fallen carbines must be discarded. I have not seen any information on the shelf life of aluminum carabiners, but given my experience in the cycling industry, I have set for myself a twenty-year limit, after which I will not use aluminum carabiners.

Titanium. There is a dual attitude towards this material. Some people praise him, others consider him dangerous. I don't take either side, as I've seen broken titanium carabiners (but aluminum ones too, and very popular brands, like Kong and Petzl). At the same time, we still use them in our club, and I also rely on them without any prejudice. So I'll take a neutral stance and just list the pros and cons. The disadvantages include their rarity, now, as far as I know, no one produces them anymore, and the property of “accumulating fatigue”, like aluminum ones. All other advantages are corrosion resistance, low weight, small diameter of the rod (you can still find bolts in caves designed for titanium snow leopards, where no other carabiner simply fits).

Plastic. It is used to produce various auxiliary carbines, which are not designed for loads exceeding five kilograms. So included in this list is a little indirect.

What to choose? If you are just starting your journey in caving or rock climbing, pay attention to steel carabiners. If every gram counts for you (mountaineering, mountaineering, multi-races, rock climbing), then you should use aluminum carabiners.

Types of latches

Threaded. This type of latch is widely used on rapid and delta connecting links. The most striking examples: Camp D Quick Link or Petzl GO.

It has no special advantages, except that when opening the latch, no space is lost inside the carabiner, which is especially important for the delta. But there are more disadvantages. For example, it is necessary to tighten the thread, otherwise the link may unbend and then you will have to have a key to open or close it. By the way, if the thread is dirty or rusty, then you won’t be able to open or close the link without a key.

Hook. This used to be a very common type of latch lock, but is now only used on cheap carabiners. From the point of view of the reliability of fixation, there are no special complaints about this type of fixation; there are complaints about ease of use. The hook likes to cling to the rope and get stuck, which makes regular work with such a latch not very convenient. An example of such a latch can be found, for example, from the Krok brand.

Key –lock. Now this is the most common type of latch fixation among modern carabiners. Reliable fixation simple design and ease of use. We couldn't find any downsides to this system.

Wire. This type of latch is used to lighten the weight of the carabiner, example Camp PHOTON WIRE. Naturally, a wire latch is used only on aluminum products. Most latch carabiners come with a hook, but there are “unique” designs that integrate a wire latch with a key-lock like the Camp DYON, or our own design like the Petzl Angel or the Black Diamond LiveWire with a hook. The disadvantage of such latches, oddly enough, is the latch. That is, when there is a jerking load on the wire, the latch may bend, which can lead to trouble. Handling such carbines requires care and careful handling. They are used mainly in rock climbing, by experienced athletes, for whom every gram counts. It is not recommended for beginners to buy carabiners with such latches.

The type of latch should be chosen based on their individual preferences and the thickness of the wallet. I mainly use carabiners with Key-Lock, since for me this is the most convenient option, but some friends prefer hooks or threads.

Loose and locking latches

Loose latches include so-called rock latches, which do not have locking and can spontaneously unfasten under certain “wrong” loads.

Closing latches come in two main types: mechanical clutch and automatic. Closing latches are available with both keylocks and hooks.

Mechanical couplings include couplings that open and close mechanically. Most often this is a conventional threaded system.

Automatic couplings are systems that open mechanically, but snap and lock automatically. There are three broad subclasses: rotational, such as Camp Atlas 2Lock, sliding on the latch, such as Camp Nomad, spring-loaded, adjustable, such as Black Diamond Magnetron RockLock. Please note that automatic clutches do not work well with mud, so they are not used in caving, unlike promalpa.

So which carabiner should you buy: lockable or not? It all depends on the goals. If you are hanging and performing some kind of action (crossing a river, belaying someone climbing), then it is better to have a carabiner with a clutch. If you climb upwards, do not stay at one point for a long time, and saving time and effort is important to you (for example, rock climbing when climbing with a bottom rope or using carabiners on the mustache in caving), then you, of course, will be more comfortable with a regular climbing shoe with a direct latch .

Latch geometry

In addition to the wire latch already described above, which goes separately in any classification, but is included in several classifications at once. So here it is. According to geometry, there are three types: straight, straight with an oblique opening and curved.

The curved one is used in rock climbing because, due to its geometry, it has two advantages - wider opening and ease of fastening the rope. Curved latches are used in rock climbing by experienced athletes, and initial stage not recommended for purchase.

Oblique opening is a rarer type of carabiner, used in cases where you need to place a lot of things on one carabiner.

A straight latch is a straight latch. The most common type of geometry. Simple, clear and predictable.

Geometry and purpose of carbines

Oval. This carabiner serves several purposes at once: it moves the assembly away from the wall (important in speleology), and evenly loads the cheeks of the trigger or block. The disadvantage of the geometry is that the load is evenly applied to both the latch and the back wall, which makes the carabiner less durable.

Trapezoid. The most common and diverse form of carbines. There are a great many versions of them, here is an example of a classic trapezoid

and here is a trapeze from Petzl, appearance has changed a lot, but the essence remains the same

The advantage of the trapezoid is its increased strength; a number of brands even have aluminum four-ton trucks in this particular form. Strength is achieved by placing most of the load on the rear wall rather than on the latch, which is still structurally weaker than a solid piece of aluminum. The classic trapezoid does not move the knot away from the wall (important in caving) and is not advisable for use with blocks with wide cheeks, but if we take the example from Petzl, which I gave above, then there are no problems with the positioning of the knots. For most manufacturers, the main part of the carabiners is made using this particular geometric shape.

Triangle. This is not the most common geometry on the market. The only purpose that I could identify was power loads along the axis. In other words, with the help of such a carabiner it will be convenient, for example, to pull out a car, or lift a load (when using it in the form of a hook).

Pear. It turns out if you cross a triangle and an oval. This design is convenient for hanging several elements at one point, for example 2-3 blocks with alternating loads, which will allow them to always be correctly positioned and prevent destructive loads. This geometry is also very convenient for hanging something on it, holding such a carabiner on a belt or point. This is also not the most common carbine geometry, but almost every manufacturer has one version of this design.

So what shape of carabiner should you choose? If you need a small number of carbines, and you will not constantly carry them on yourself (jeeping, arboriculture), then steel ovals, trapezoids and triangles are quite suitable for you.

Special purpose. Carbines are collected here, which are mainly highly specialized equipment, for example, options for Via Ferrata from Camp.

A cable carabiner with a special latch that completely prevents spontaneous opening; such equipment is often used by the Ministry of Emergency Situations and firefighters.

Such carbines are purchased by those who know what they are created for, since they are not sold everywhere and are expensive, so I will not describe all the nuances. Here is another example of a unique special purpose carbine from Petzl,

Conclusion

I hope I've helped you navigate the huge variety of rifles available so you can make an informed choice. Remember that the main thing is a clear understanding of where and how you will use this or that equipment. As soon as you clearly understand why this or that element is needed, you, using the information provided in this article, can easily select what you need.

Thank you for attention,

Alexey Evdokimov

The term “Sports Mountaineering” appeared in 1786, when the French athletes M. Paccard and J. Balmat climbed the highest peak of the Alps - Mont Blanc. From that time on, mountain climbers began to be called sports climbers.

In 1830, a 23-year-old peasant from the Yaroslavl province, Pyotr Telushkin, climbed to the top of the spire of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg to repair a damaged cross. Pyotr Telushkin completed this work using a rope loop. Having wrapped the loop around the base of the spire and tied it around himself, he, holding on to the ribs of the roofing sheets protruding 5 cm, rose to the very base of the cross and, having made the necessary adjustments, safely descended back. For this feat, Pyotr Telushkin was awarded a silver medal “For Diligence.”

From the beginning of the twentieth century in Russia to the applied use of mountaineering in national economy had a big role.

In the thirties, outstanding Soviet mountaineers, brothers Vitaly and Evgeniy Abalkov, helped geologists discover a tin deposit in the Pamirs.

During the Great Patriotic War, climbers (O. Firsova, A. Prigozhaeva, T. Wiesel, A. Zemba, M. Bobrov, etc.) covered the gilded spiers and domes of Leningrad with camouflage covers, saving them from bombing.

In 1964, another one appeared on the list of professions - “climber-installer”. Its founder was Honored Master of Sports of the USSR I.A. Galustov.

Climbers-installers perform work on clearing and strengthening mountain slopes during the construction of the largest high-mountain hydroelectric power stations in various regions of the USSR.

Industrial alpinism- performing technological operations in an unsupported space using sports mountaineering equipment. An industrial climber is a generalist who has the knowledge and skills to perform repair, construction, and restoration work on buildings, structures and other high-rise structures. At the same time, an industrial climber makes an ascent to a height and a descent from a height, as well as movement in space in various directions, using climbing equipment.

Recognizing industrial mountaineering as a type of activity, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation, by Resolution No. 40 of May 17, 2001, approved the profession “Industrial mountaineering” of 5-7 categories.

The use of industrial climbing technology is most effective when performing work on the facades of buildings of complex design, as well as when sealing the seams of panel and block houses, when the use of cradles and scaffolding is not economically profitable or technically impossible.

Industrial mountaineering technology has become widespread when performing the following types of work at height:

Sealing of interpanel seams of buildings;

Anti-corrosion protection of metal structures;

Comprehensive renovation of building facades;

Painting facades and walls of buildings;

Installation of lamps, lightning rods, external surveillance cameras;

Felling trees in hard-to-reach places and cramped conditions;

Complex sanitary and rejuvenating pruning of trees in hard-to-reach places

Painting of high-rise pipes, masts;

Thermal and waterproofing of high-rise buildings, etc.

Equipment for industrial climbers

When performing technological operations at height, an industrial climber uses a set of climbing equipment.

General form a set of climbing equipment in working position is shown in Fig. 1

Ris. 1. General view of climbing equipment

The completeness of the climbing equipment used depends on many factors, including the qualifications of the industrial climber, the complexity of the work performed, the height and complexity of the object, etc.

The industrial climber's equipment includes the following elements:

Rope- when working at a height of more than 2 meters, two ropes are required. One rope is used to lift and lower the climber, the other rope is used as a safety rope.

Safety system. The safety system (Fig. 2) consists of a waist harness and shoulder straps. The waist harness is made of a wide belt that goes around the climber's waist and a wooden seat covered with material.

Rice. 2 Safety system

The belt system has an additional attachment point for the safety rope on the climber's back at the point where the belts intersect. Adjustment to the climber’s figure is made by changing the length of the waist, shoulder and leg straps.

Descenders. Descenders are divided into manual (Fig. 3) and automatic (Fig. 4).

Rice. 3. Descenders: a) manual, b) automatic

Rice. 4 Belay device

In hand-held devices, the coefficient of friction (descent speed and braking force) depends on how hard the climber grips the rope below the descender and how the rope is threaded.

Automatic release devices have a mechanism that allows you to change the coefficient of friction, affecting the device itself, by changing the pressure on the handle.

The belay device (Fig. 4) is the most important piece of equipment used in the event of a main rope break.

Carbines. All types of carabiners (Fig. 5) that are used for belaying and fastening must be clutched.

Carbines come in the following main types: universal, oval, trapezoidal, triangular, mounting, etc.

Rice. 5 Types of carabiners

The type, material and shape of carabiners a climber requires depends on where and for what purpose they are used.

Mechanisms for lifting loads. To lift loads to a height, the following mechanisms are used: carbines with a pulley; winches, pulleys, etc. In addition, when performing gas or electric welding work, plasma cutting, shotcrete, the climber can interact with helicopter crews.

Journal “Pricing and estimate regulation in construction” No. 8 2009

In industrial mountaineering, two technologies are defined: basic technology and execution technology.

The basic technology is a set of techniques and means characteristic of mountaineering that allow you to safely reach a workplace at high-altitude objects, safely perform work and then safely go down (or go up).

Execution technology is the ability to perform the work that actually requires one to master the basic technology. This can be painting, sealing interpanel seams, repairs, restoration, and many other specific tasks for which you have to climb to heights.

It should be noted that the definition of “core technology” may seem arbitrary, since in each case the main goal is the work for which you are directly paid. But it is the basic technology in our terminology that is the main distinguishing feature of industrial mountaineering.

1.4. Dangerous and harmful factors in the work of an industrial climber

Hazardous factors are factors that can lead to permanent health problems or death of an employee.

Harmful factors can cause diseases.

The main dangerous factor for an industrial climber is height, or more precisely, the danger of falling from a height. In addition to heights, dangers for climbers include:

Unreliable points of attachment of the load-bearing and safety ropes;

Sharp edges and edges in the work area that can damage the ropes;

Slippery and unreliable structures;

Poor lighting;

Incorrectly selected or improperly used equipment;

Technological hazards (presence of live cables, steam pipelines, material pipelines, etc. in the work area);

Strong wind;

Harmful factors, for example, are:

Air pollution in the work area with harmful vapors or dust;

Aggressive or caustic substances used in the work (for example, solvents, acid hardeners, etc.);

Adverse weather conditions (temperature, precipitation);

Prolonged work in a water position (poor circulation, swelling of the legs!);

Sources of microwave and radioactive radiation;

1.5. Climber's work areas and their dangers

There are three zones of work for an industrial climber: upper, working, lower.

The upper zone is the area where, as a rule, preparation and organization of work is carried out; points for securing ropes, etc. are located here.

Upper Zone Dangers:

The possibility of an industrial climber falling;

Lack of fencing;

Unreliable or incorrectly selected rope attachment points;

Accessibility of rope anchorage points for unauthorized persons;

Sharp edges and edges that can damage ropes;

Unevenness and instability of the surface on which the worker walks;

Loose objects, materials, structural elements that can fall from a height;

Meteorological conditions, first of all - the danger of lightning;

The work area is the area of ​​descent (or ascent) and the actual production of work. Work area hazards:

Possibility of employee falling;

Sharp edges and edges, structural or facade elements that can damage the ropes;

Unsecured or unremoved objects, materials, structural or façade elements, tools that could fall from a height;

Weather conditions (danger of lightning!);

The presence of moving mechanisms (cranes, etc.), technological hazards of the facility (cables, pipelines, sources of harmful vapors, gases, radiation, etc.).

The lower zone is an intermediate platform or area on the surface of the earth directly above which work is being carried out. Lower zone dangers:

Possibility of objects, materials, structural elements, tools falling from above;

Possibility of access by unauthorized persons;

Working machines or mechanisms;

No fence or observer;

Unevenness and instability of the surface on which the worker walks; clutter and surface contamination, spillage of aggressive substances

The presence of moving mechanisms (cranes, etc.), technological hazards of the facility (cables, pipelines, sources of harmful vapors, gases, radiation, etc.).

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