Trade turnover of Russia. Reviews of foreign trade Commodity structure of exports of the Russian Federation

Falling world energy prices

As well as international economic sanctions in force against the Russian Federation since 2014, accompanied by a retaliatory Russian embargo on a number of imports, could not but affect the dynamics of foreign trade indicators of the Russian Federation this year.

According to data from the Central Bank of Russia, cited by Rosstat, in January-May 2016, the Federation’s foreign trade turnover amounted to almost $172 billion, which is equal to only 75.5% of the level for the same period last year. Exports - $104.3 billion (less than 69% of January-May 2015) and imports - $67.6 billion (less than 89%). The balance is positive, at $36.7 billion. It should be noted that this figure collapsed by more than twice as compared to the balance for the same period in 2015 ($75.4 billion). The numbers speak for themselves. Russia's foreign economic activity is curtailing.

The topic of this material is

analysis of individual items of export, import and foreign trade balance of the Russian Federation

for January-May 2016. The basis for the assessment is information from the Federal Trade Service (FTS), which differs somewhat from the information of the Central Bank, but is accepted by experts as more accurate. Differences in gross values ​​are within a few percent.

Export of the Russian Federation

From the above diagram it follows that despite the decrease in the scale of foreign trade, in relative terms, little has changed in the structure of Russian exports. Almost a quarter comes from crude oil, and natural gas accounts for more than 12%. In total, hydrocarbons account for about 37%. More than 1/3!

Another export item that accounts for more than 10% of foreign exchange earnings is metallurgical products. Also, quite a raw material component.
Russian import

Everything here is also quite predictable. Almost half (44.5%) are industrial goods: instruments and equipment, mechanical engineering, transport. All that Russia has not learned to do. And will he learn... But under sanctions, not everything can be bought. Even for petrodollars. Imported chemical products also have a high share - almost 20%.
Foreign trade turnover of the Russian Federation

Almost $170 billion of total foreign trade turnover (data from the Federal Customs Service) was distributed across countries as follows:

The main trading partner of the Russian Federation is the European Union, relations with which are now oh so difficult. He has almost 44%. The main “European Union” part belongs to Germany - almost $15 billion out of $74.5 billion (20.1%). In addition to Germany, 59% of turnover with the EU is provided by the Netherlands, Italy, France and the UK. Kind, old and very developed Western Europe. Its "economic heart".

China's share is 13.4%. It is growing, but I would like the pace to be faster. However, the Celestial Empire has surpassed its closest neighbors - the CIS with their 12.2%. The traditional largest neighboring partners are Belarus (5.2% of total turnover) and Kazakhstan (2.7%).

The United States looks like an outsider against this background - only 4.1%. Even Belarusians were ahead of the Americans. Why be surprised? The United States is the main ideologist of the anti-Russian sanctions policy. And it will, apparently, not end very, very soon.

Nowadays, information is widely disseminated in the media and the Internet that Russia has no serious trading partners and our trade turnover is very modest. But is it? According to statistics from the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation (FCS), from January to August 2016, our total trade turnover amounted to $288.5 billion, and of which exports are $176 billion, and import – $112.5 billion. One way or another, we sell more than we buy.

It is worth noting that trade turnover nevertheless decreased by 18.2%. Nothing can be done, the unfavorable economic situation, sanctions, foreign policy pressure - all this is harmful joint business. At the same time, exports decreased by 25%, and imports by 4.8%. So who is Russia trading with?

Main trading partners of Russia by region, January-August 2016

Russia’s main trading partners, despite the sanctions, are still EU countries – $124.9 billion. Trade turnover with the countries of the Eurasian Union (EAEU) is still $9.4 billion, but that’s it for now. However, if we consider in country equivalent, the main trading partner is China - almost $40.2 billion. In second place is Germany with $24.9 billion, and in third place is the Netherlands with $20.5 billion. So, trading with Russia is profitable and many countries not only did not reduce the volume of trade with us, but, on the contrary, increased it. For example, China, France and the Netherlands. The import of their goods and services to Russia has only increased.

Main trading partners of Russia by country, January-August 2016

Source: Ministry of Economic Development of Russia

Trade

The EU is Russia's main trading partner, which accounted for 49.2% of Russian trade turnover in January-April 2014 (of which 70.6% were exports and 29.5% were imports). Russia, for its part, is one of the EU's three leading partners (after the USA and China).

In January-April 2014, the volume of trade between Russia and the European Union decreased by 3.4% compared to January-April 2013 and amounted to 103.2 billion US dollars.

The volume of Russian exports decreased by 2.7% and amounted to $91.2 billion, and Russian imports decreased by 5.0% to $38.9 billion (compared to January-April 2013). ).

Russia's positive balance in trade with EU countries in January-April 2014 amounted to $52.3 billion.

Source: Federal Customs Service

Commodity structure of Russia-EU foreign trade in 2013

In the structure of Russian exports to the EU countries at the end of 2013, the main share of supplies falls on the mineral products product group (mainly fuel and energy products) - 85.0% of the total export volume.

The share of metals and products made from them is 6.4%, chemical industry products - 3.6%, machinery, equipment and vehicles (1.6%), precious stones and precious metals - 1.4%.

The main export goods (over 86% of all supplies): crude oil, petroleum products (liquid fuels not containing biodiesel, diesel fuel not containing biodiesel, straight-run gasoline), natural gas, coal, raw nickel, diamonds.

The import structure is formed by: machinery, equipment and vehicles- 50.6%, chemical industry products (22.6%), food and agricultural raw materials (11.2%).

The share of metals and products made from them is 5.6%, other goods (mainly furniture) - 3.5%, wood and pulp and paper products - 2.9%, textiles, products made from it, shoes (2.2 %).

Major imported goods (largest commodity items): electrical power and electrical equipment, electrical household appliances, telephone equipment, passenger cars and trucks, parts and components for them, medicines and blood fractions, food products.

For reference: in total exports of EU countries, broken down by major product groups supplies of industrial products dominate - 79.1%, mineral raw materials account for 9.9%, food products and agricultural raw materials - 7.5% of the total export volume (statistics from the WTO Secretariat are provided hereinafter).

17.3% of exports from European Union countries are supplied to the United States (-0.7 percentage points compared to 2011), China - 8.5%, Switzerland (8.0%), the Russian Federation - 7.3% (+ 1.1 percentage points compared to the 2011 level), Turkey (4.5%).

The rest of the world accounts for 54.4% of exports. In value terms, EU exports in 2012 (on FOB terms, excluding mutual trade between EU member countries) amounted to $2,166.8 billion, remaining at the 2011 level.

The structure of imports of EU countries is dominated by industrial products - 53.7% (-6.3 percentage points compared to 2011), mineral raw materials and fuel and energy products account for 34.6% (+4.4 percentage points). ), for food and agricultural raw materials - 7.5%.

The largest suppliers of goods to the EU countries are: China -16.2% (-2.7 percentage points compared to 2011), the Russian Federation 11.9% (+1.5 percentage points), the United States - 11.5% (+0.1 p.p.), Switzerland 5.9% (+0.2 p.p.), Norway - 5.6% (+0.3 p.p.).

The rest of the countries account for 48.9% of the volume of imports from the European Union. In value terms, EU imports in 2012 (on CIF terms, excluding mutual trade between EU member countries) amounted to $2,301.1 billion, a decrease of 4% compared to the 2011 level.

The European Union, as an economic grouping, has negative balance in trade of goods with countries of the world. The EU foreign trade deficit at the end of 2012 amounted to -134.3 billion US dollars or 3% of the total trade turnover of the EU with countries of the world (in 2011, the negative balance of the European Union amounted to 226.5 billion dollars or 5% of the volume of trade turnover European Union).

The coefficient of coverage of EU countries' imports by exports in 2012 was 0.94 (in 2011 – 0.91).

In trade in services with countries of the world, at the end of 2012, EU states rank first in terms of export volume ($830.6 billion, share in world exports of services - 24.80%) and imports ($651.1 billion, share - 20.13%), and have a positive balance (+179.5 billion dollars).

In the export of services, the largest share (62.7%) falls on the sector of other business services, transport services make up 22.2%, tourism services – 15.0%.

In the import of services, the majority (54.0%) also belongs to the sector of other business services, transport services account for 23.6%, and tourism services – 18.7%.

At the end of 2012, the EU member countries brought the overall balance of trade in goods and services to a positive balance of +45.2 billion dollars (in 2011, a negative balance of about -76.5 billion dollars was recorded in trade in goods and services of the European Union. ).

To collect statistical data on external trading operations VO assessment is very important, since on its basis the following is subsequently calculated:

• trade balance;
• average prices;
• the efficiency of foreign trade operations in general and other significant parameters.

Foreign trade turnover is closely related to the concept of foreign trade.

What is foreign trade

Trade relations of one state with other countries, including import operations (import) and export operations (export) of goods, are called foreign trade. This term applies exclusively to individual countries.

Foreign trade helps:

• receive additional income from the sale of national products abroad;
• saturate the state's domestic market;
• increase labor productivity;
• cope with limited resources within the country.

Taken together, foreign trade transactions of different states form world (international) trade. international trade- the oldest form of economic relations between states, which has a huge impact on the development of the world economy as a whole.

How is foreign trade turnover calculated?

So, the main concepts of foreign trade are export and import.

• Exports are the total volume of goods produced in a country that are exported from it over a certain time period.
• Imports are a set of goods produced outside a certain state and imported into it over a certain period.

Export and import transactions are recorded at the moment the goods cross the border. They are displayed in foreign economic and customs statistics. The export operation of the seller state corresponds to the import operation of the buyer state.

As a rule, export accounting is carried out at FOB (free of board) prices. In international trade relations, this means that the price of a product includes the costs of its transportation on board an international ship or other transport and insurance until loading is completed.

Imports are recorded at CIF (cost, insurance, freight) prices. This means that the price of the product includes the costs of its transportation and insurance, customs duties to the buyer's port of shipment. That is, all these costs are borne by the seller. The formula for the total volume of foreign trade turnover is as follows:

VO = Import of goods + Export of goods

A country's VO is calculated in monetary units, since different goods cannot be compared in physical measurements, for example, in tons, liters or meters.

How is the balance of foreign trade turnover calculated?

The balance of foreign trade turnover is also a significant concept for assessing the economy of a particular country. It can be calculated using the following formula:

Balance VO = Export of goods - import of goods

The balance of foreign trade turnover can be either positive or negative. A positive VO balance (the government sells more than it buys) indicates economic growth. On the contrary, a negative balance indicates that the market is oversaturated imported goods, and the interests of domestic producers may be infringed.

World foreign trade turnover

World trade turnover is the total exports of all countries and is expressed in US dollars.

The participation of a particular state in world trade is reflected by indicators such as export and import quotas.

• Export quota - the ratio of export transactions to gross domestic product(GDP). This indicator allows you to understand what part of the goods and services produced within the state is sold on the international market.
• Import quota is the ratio of import operations to the volume of domestic consumption of state products. Shows the share of goods imported into the country in domestic consumption.

Statistical data on global foreign trade turnover is collected, summarized and systematized. For this purpose, international nomenclatures were developed (they are taken into account during the construction of national foreign trade classifications).

What does Hjccbz export? This question was probably asked by every resident of our country. Today, Russia is mainly engaged in the export of energy resources such as petroleum products, coal and gas. Rolled steel is also exported along with ferrous and non-ferrous metals and minerals. The largest share of Russian exports is formed by petroleum products. In addition, the leading export items include natural gas, mineral fertilizers, forest, cars, as well as weapons and various equipment.

Many people are interested in what the role of Yakut diamonds is in the export of polished diamonds. More than three hundred million tons of oil, as well as about two hundred and fifty billion cubic meters of gas, are exported to countries near and far abroad. We will tell you more about exported products, the structure of Russian exports and trading partners in our article.

Foreign trade of Russia

Russia's main trading partners today are countries such as China, Poland, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Switzerland, Great Britain, Finland and the USA.

Russia is engaged in providing a significant part of the needs of the Commonwealth of Independent States in oil products and gas. What else does Russia export? Timber, machinery and various equipment. Therefore, for most countries, in particular neighboring countries, Russia has been and remains an important trading partner.

In 2012, Russia became a member of the World trade organization. In addition, our country is a party to the agreement on the CIS free trade zone and a member of the customs as well as the Eurasian Economic Union.

Since 2014, domestic foreign trade has been subject to significant negative pressure from the foreign trade policies of other countries, which is expressed in the form of economic sanctions imposed against Russia. Reciprocal counter-sanctions from outside also have an impact Russian government in the field of foreign trade. Thus, due to well-known political changes, foreign trade turnover in the country in 2014 decreased by seven percent compared to the previous year 2013 and amounted to only eight hundred billion dollars.

Concerning modern stage, then, according to the Federal customs service, turnover in Russian foreign trade for Last year amounted to 470 billion dollars. This figure is even lower compared to the values ​​in 2014 and 2015. If we compare the current trade turnover with previous years, the drop is more than eleven percent. One of the important components of foreign trade policy is exports from Russia to China.

Last year’s devaluation of the ruble, which occurred following a large-scale drop in oil prices at the beginning of 2016, played a decisive role in the negative change in indicators. Then oil prices fell to below thirty dollars per barrel due to excess supply on the foreign market. The reduction in oil demand from one of Russia’s most important partners, China, also had an impact. And the dollar/ruble exchange rate has increased sharply against the backdrop of all this.

Export records in recent years

At the end of last year, Russian exports, in terms of value expression, decreased by seventeen percent, amounting to $280 billion.

This picture is formed due to the fact that Russia exports abroad mainly hydrocarbons (gas and oil exports). Of course, along with the fall in their value, the total price export. At the same time, exports in physical terms increased. Throughout the past year, Russia did not reduce, but, on the contrary, increased their supplies abroad, even despite low prices.

Thus, oil exports in 2016 increased by almost seven percent to two hundred million tons. But at the same time, its revenues fell by eighteen percent to seventy billion dollars. The same thing happened in the export of other raw materials. Thus, in physical terms, natural gas exports increased by thirteen percent, although already in the first half of the year its cost fell to $150 per thousand cubic meters.

Large raw materials enterprises were increasing supply volumes in order to maintain market share. In addition, in the context of devaluation, they had the opportunity to receive more revenue from exports in rubles.

The same thing served as an incentive for companies in other industries. What does Russia export besides the materials mentioned above? Thus, our country managed to increase supplies of most food products to China, and also to countries in Asia and Europe. In terms of wheat supplies last spring, Russia came out on top in the world, thereby overtaking Canada and the United States.

In addition, export volumes of butter, meat, milk, cottage cheese and cheeses increased. Supplies of mechanical engineering goods, as well as timber and other products, have increased. This was influenced governmental support large enterprises, which was aimed at stimulating production and increasing exports. In addition, the devaluation of the ruble made it possible for Russian products to emerge victorious in the competition with other countries. Russian goods were often supplied to the world market for more than low prices, but it should be noted that this did not result in major losses for exporters.

So, as has already been noted more than once, Russia exports mainly hydrocarbon raw materials, that is, oil, coal and gas, as well as chemical and metallurgical goods, along with machinery, equipment, weapons and food (grain exports, for example).

At the end of 2009, we were in second place in the world in terms of oil exports and were leaders in natural gas supplies. That same year, seventeen billion kilowatts of electricity were exported, valued at eight hundred million dollars.

Jewelry

Yakutia occupies a leading place in the Russian Federation in diamond mining. The EU countries, Israel and the UAE are considered one of the main importers of Yakut diamonds.

Arms export

Between 1995 and 2001, Russian arms exports amounted to approximately three billion annually. Later it began to grow and in 2002 exceeded $4.5 billion. In 2006, this figure increased by another two billion dollars.

In 2007, based on a presidential decree, Rosoboronexport became the single state mediator in the field of military-technical cooperation. As for arms manufacturers, they lost the right to export final products of Russian arms. Our country's share in the global arms market in 2005-2009 was 23 percent, second only to the United States.

In 2009, Russia had military-technical cooperation with more than 80 countries, supplying products to 62 of them. The volume of domestic exports of military goods then exceeded two hundred and sixty billion rubles. The share of exports of combat aircraft at that time amounted to forty percent of the total exports of the main types of weapons.

What does Russia export these days?

Today, Russia has multi-billion dollar contracts for the supply of weapons with countries such as India, China, Vietnam, Greece, Iran, Brazil, Syria, Malaysia, Indonesia and others.

Food export

At the beginning of 2010, we were in third place in the world in the export of grain crops, second only to the United States and the countries of the European Union. Russia was in fourth place in wheat exports. These are good indicators for exported agricultural products.

Last year, food exports increased by four percent, reaching an all-time high of seventeen billion dollars. Thus, in the structure of exports, the largest part is wheat, which accounts for 27 percent of the total volume of food supplies, which allowed Russia to take first place. Next comes frozen fish, sunflower oil and corn. By the way, at the end of last year, exports of agricultural products and food from Russia increased by 4%.

Export of machinery and equipment

In 2009, equipment and machinery worth eighteen billion dollars were exported from our country. From 1999 to 2009, the share of total exports of domestic machinery and equipment increased 2.5 times. In 2010, export volumes of machinery and equipment increased to $21 billion.

Car export

In 2009, about 42 thousand cars and fifteen thousand trucks worth $630 million. A significant part of the trucks exported from our country is supplied to the CIS.

Export of metallurgical products

According to 2007 data, Russia ranked third in the world, just after Japan and China, in terms of steel exports, amounting to 27 billion tons per year. In 2008, we ranked first in the world in exports of nickel and aluminum.

Export software

In 2011, overall export volumes software and services for its development amounted to four billion dollars.

Export: trading partners of Russia

Now in the world media, as well as on the Internet, it is widely discussed that Russia supposedly does not have any serious foreign trade policy, and the domestic trade turnover itself is very, very modest. But is this really so? According to statistics from the Federal Customs Service, last year our total trade turnover amounted to $280 billion. At the same time, the share of exports is equal to 170 billion dollars. In any case, based on statistical data, we can confidently say that we sell much more than we buy.

It should, however, be noted that trade turnover decreased by eighteen percent. And it is difficult to do anything about this, given the unfavorable economic situation along with sanctions and constant foreign policy pressure. Of course, all this seriously harms the joint foreign trade business. It is worth noting that exports decreased by twenty-five percent. And yet, with whom is Russia trading today?

So, the main trading partners of our country, even despite all kinds of sanctions, are still the countries of the European Union, which amounts to $124 billion a year. Trade turnover with representatives of the Eurasian Union currently amounts to only nine billion, but it must be emphasized here that this is only for now.

Exports to China from Russia are important aspects of foreign trade policy. Trade turnover with this country is almost forty billion dollars. Germany is in second place today - twenty-four billion. The third position among the most promising trading partners for us belongs to the Netherlands. Therefore, trading with Russia is more than profitable, and in this regard, many countries have not reduced the volume of trade with us, but rather, on the contrary, increased it. For example, states such as China, the Netherlands and France did this.

The table below presents the main partner countries with which Russia carries out foreign trade export relations today.

What has changed in 2017?

After, one might say, a disastrous 2016, the situation in terms of Russian exports has returned to growth. The main incentives in the first half of the year were the stabilization of prices for raw materials, along with the strengthening of the ruble exchange rate and the growth rate of production.

In the first half of 2017, foreign trade turnover continued to increase. In six months, they reached $270 billion compared to the same time period last 2016. Thus, there was an increase of 28 percent.

In addition, positive changes in the field of foreign trade, which began in the second half of last year, continued in 2017. The decisive factor for this was the rise in oil prices, which occurred after agreements between OPEC countries aimed at reducing the rate of production of black gold. As a result of all this, since the fall of 2016, oil prices began to increase and in February 2017 they managed to reach their maximum level: a barrel of oil exceeded $56. In May of this year, oil producers extended the agreement for another nine months, that is, until the end of March next 2018. According to most experts, this agreement will support the price of oil until the end current year. At the same time, the reduction volumes remain at the level of 1.8 million barrels per day. According to the countries participating in the cartel, this will make it possible to eliminate excess supply from the market and prevent prices from falling again.

It is important to note that along with oil prices, other goods, such as ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as raw materials and gold, have also risen in price. By the way, do not forget about grain exports to Asian countries. In addition, following the increase in prices, the ruble began to strengthen.

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