What does a thesis statement mean? General algorithm for note-taking. Main text. Examples and evidence base

Unfortunately, in domestic schools they do not teach such a useful thing as writing a thesis. The only oratorical effort, the report that we read to the class, is an abstract - that is, an overview of the views existing in the scientific world on this topic. But now we grow up and become students. And then the supervisor puzzles us with a task: to write abstracts for the course work. Or for a student conference. But how the theses are written, the leader does not specify. As if we should know about this a priori. Well, let's study. Moreover, these two or three pages of text create your portrait as a scientific researcher and predetermine the success of your work.

and how to write them

Inexperienced students assume that everything course work or a large scientific article. Others consider the abstract to be a recorded conference presentation. Still others - a simple list of main provisions. All these students are right and wrong at the same time. The abstract is a small but self-sufficient article. It includes the main provisions of your scientific research. Moreover, it is written in simple and clear language and is a short summary of all the great work. There are certain requirements for how to write abstracts for an article, for a conference, for a dissertation defense, but, in principle, the essence of such an essay is the same: to let the reader understand what the work is about, what its novelty and uniqueness are, what postulates you defend and what is your evidence base . At the same time, the progress of your logical reasoning should be clearly visible in your work.

Thesis structure. Subject

As we have already mentioned, these are 2-3 pages of text, written with 12 crucibles in Word. Or 10 minutes of leisurely reading. The report is usually given about 15 minutes, so you can mention in it what could not be included in the abstract. This short article should have a clear structure. Let's start with the topic. It should be as specific as possible and really get to the point of the article. In addition, it must correspond to the theme of the conference. And it is desirable that it touches on something new. The topic should not be too long - a maximum of one and a half lines. There are two approaches to how abstracts are written. The first is that they first choose a topic that they want to cover, and then, without deviating from it, create a short article. And the second method is to write abstracts for which you come up with a title. You can do what is more convenient for you. Students are often deprived of choice because the topic is assigned to them by their supervisor.

Introduction. Novelty

The small volume of the article excludes all the spilling of thoughts on the tree. No lyrical digressions or departures from the topic are allowed at all. Therefore, the very first sentence should contain valuable information. It answers two questions at once: “What will I write about?” and “Why is what I say here important?” From this, listeners or readers understand whether there is something new in your story, or whether it is just a school essay listing well-known facts. This is how experienced presenters write abstracts. They begin their text with the following words: “In this work we will consider...” or “Our article is devoted to the problem...”. And the next sentence: “Despite popular belief that...”, “I will try to prove...”. The introduction is usually devoted to one paragraph.

Main text. Examples and evidence base

A novice speaker is torn between the desire to lead specific examples to confirm that you are right, and presenting global conclusions. It is important to stick to the golden mean here. A simple statement of facts will lose all meaning, and unconfirmed conclusions will seem like an unfounded statement. Compose good text Structured thinking will help you. There are several methods for making theses. The most common is an analysis of the logic of the development of your thoughts. Why did you come to these conclusions and not others? What facts did you base yourself on? How did you analyze them? At the same time, try to avoid logical gaps. It doesn’t matter if you first structure your thoughts into points: 1, 2, 3. Then from this draft it will be convenient to create a presentation or But the points themselves are best told in a lively but clear language. There should be one or two examples for each position to prove that you are right.

Conclusion

This part of the theses summarizes everything said above. It repeats the introduction, only reformulated in the past tense. “We have therefore justified...” is the most common phrase starter for conclusions. It would not hurt to remind the audience again about the novelty and uniqueness of your work. But if in the introduction it is appropriate to ask the question: “Is this really the case, as I will now justify?”, then in the conclusions you need to be completely categorical. How do you write abstracts with bibliography? It would be stupid to cite all the sources you use for your dissertation in a three-page text. It is enough to mention four or five works that are either authoritative in this field or are cited in abstracts.

Conference report

At scientific symposia, speakers are asked to write abstracts in advance. Sometimes these articles are published in collections. But regardless of whether this text of yours goes into print, it has its own specifics. How to write abstracts for a conference? Such a text may be more condensed - after all, you will have time to more fully cover the topic in the report. Typically, conference abstracts are limited to two pages. Or even one. This is necessary in order to educate the potential listener what your article will be about. Sometimes work is carried out in sections, and a program with abstracts of speeches will allow those interested in this topic to find a speaker. In such articles, you can do without tables, diagrams and diagrams - all this can be presented in handouts or beautifully highlighted in a presentation. You also need to prepare for the fact that after the report you may be asked questions. Think in advance where the weak points are in the evidence base so as not to get into trouble. The report at the conference should definitely be larger and more extensive than the abstracts. Otherwise, why did you even go to the podium if you read from a piece of paper what is in the hands of the audience? But exceeding the regulations in scientific circles is a sign of bad taste. Make up a speech and practice - your recitation should take fifteen minutes.

Scientific research is carried out with the aim of obtaining a scientific result. A scientific result is new knowledge obtained during scientific activities and recorded on scientific information media in the form of a scientific report, scientific work, scientific report, scientific report on research work, monographic research, scientific discovery, and the like.

Plan, theses, notes as a means of organizing mental work

Any scientific research relies on working with literary sources, which requires mastery of methods for recording and preserving scientific information.

An outline is a short list of problems explored in a scientific text; “the order of placement of parts of any presentation, its composition” 71.

With the help of a plan, they summarize and “close” the information of a scientific source, behind it they reveal what is written about, what is the main idea, how its truth is proven, what conclusion the author of the text comes to.

The wording of the points of the plan has a laconic and clear structure, the first and last points logically begin and complete the presentation of the main issues of the text. It is necessary to be able to highlight the main ideas in the text, establish the relationship between them and, on this basis, divide the text, select headings for sections.

The value of the plan lies in the fact that it helps to comprehend what has been read and briefly reproduce in memory the content of a scientific source, focusing attention on the available information.

The structure of the plan can be simple or complex.

Simple, if it contains only the main issues, in paragraphs simple plan The main micro-topics of the text are listed.

Difficult, if there are additional questions next to the main one, the points of a complex plan are divided into sub-points.

Interrogative plan composed using interrogative sentences that reveal the problems of the text in a logical sequence; each information center corresponds to one question, and each subsequent one is connected with the previous one.

In the nominative (nominative) plan, they use nominative sentences in which the main member (subject) is expressed by a noun or a substantive part of speech (adjective, adjective) only in the form of the nominative case.

Thesis plan - the formulated main position of the paragraph, its micro-theme.

Sample plan:

Interrogative plan

1. What is a language norm?

2. What sources should you turn to to check the correct spelling of a word?

3. What is the connection between "Spelling" and dictionaries?

Nominative plan

1. The word secular and sacred in the cultural process.

2. Religion as a symbolic form: rational and irrational aspects.

2.1. The Word in Christian Worship.

2.2. Secular and sacred comprehension of the word of the Bible.

2.3. The functionality of biblical symbolism in modern society.

3. The word in the art of fine literature.

3.1. Social status of the poet (writer).

3.2. Educational potential of works of fiction.

Thesis plan

1. The Constitution in the modern world is an integral attribute of the country tva, a sign of her sovereignty values.

2. In the material sense, the constitution is understood mainly as a set of legal norms that establish the fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

3. The constitution in the formal sense refers to a single act or several acts, have the highest legal force regarding other regulations.

4. As the Basic Law, the Constitution forms the core of the national legal system, is legal basis for the development of all Ukrainian legislation.

Thesis - “a position expressed in a book, report, article, etc., the truth of which must be proven. // Provisions that briefly and clearly formulate the main idea of ​​something or the leading task that faces someone. // translation pl. Briefly formulated main provisions of a report, lecture, article, etc. "72. A thesis in a broad sense is any statement that briefly states an idea, in a narrow sense - some text that formulates the essence, substantiates the evidence.

According to the purpose, theses are:

^ secondary;

^ original.

Secondary theses serve to highlight the main information in a particular source (for example, a textbook, monograph, article) during reading, summarizing, their purpose is to create a model of the content of the text that could be comprehended further, and the volume of theses corresponds to the number of information centers of the text, usually they are compiled in the author's language.

Requirements for writing abstracts

o the formulation of thoughts should be clear and concise, but maintaining the originality of the form;

o if the text is large in volume, then at the end of each thesis indicate the page number of the source.

Original abstracts created as primary text. They can be: _

Key elements of future scientific exploration (plan, outline of main provisions);

A concise form of presentation of the results of scientific research during a speech at a scientific conference.

Original theses are a subject-logical whole, united by a common idea, reflected in the title, the purpose of which is to orient the reader in the content of the scientific text. Unlike a detailed plan, which only names questions, theses reveal the solution to these questions. The thesis author's desire for brevity results in the absence of examples and quotations. General norm genre of theses - a high saturation of the statement with subject-logical content - is realized in an optimal combination of complexity of thought with clarity and accessibility of presentation.

Theses have a clearly regulated content and compositional structure, which includes the following components:

1. Preamble (1-2 theses);

2. Main thesis statement (3-6 theses);

3. Visnovkova thesis/theses (1-2).

The preamble briefly formulates the research problem and substantiates the relevance of the topic from the point of view current state science and practice. The main thesis statement involves solving the following problems:

o formulate the purpose of the study, characterize the object and material of the study;

o describe the progress of the study;

o determine evaluation criteria and technology for processing results.

Visnovkov's thesis presents the results and general conclusion, prospects for further research.

Theses are published in special collections, conference proceedings, and the like.

Registration of a thesis in the form of publication requires compliance with the following tact requirements:

o in the upper right corner of the sheet indicate the surname and first name of the author and necessary information about him;

o the formulation of each thesis begins on a new line, focusing on the relevance of the problem, the state of its development in science, provisions, and conclusions of the study;

o the volume of the abstract is 2-3 pages of printed text with 1.5-2 intervals.

Tatiana Kapkanets

Krivoy Rog State Pedagogical University, Krivoy Rog

Ukrainian phraseology as a means of expressing national mentality

Phraseology, in which people reflected their way of life, customs, traditions, beliefs, and passions, has long been considered a generally recognized source of national mentality.

We see the relevance of the topic in the fact that in the conditions of the ethno-social situation, in the conditions of the revival of the national spirituality of the people, people’s interest in traditional wedding rituals is revived. Understanding some well-established structures will contribute to the comprehension of the wedding ceremony as an integral system and the adequate establishment of connections between the internal form of ritual phrases and the phenomena of ethnosocial reality.

The goal is to confirm the thesis about the inextricable connection of phraseology with the ethnic life of the people.

The research material was a number of Ukrainian phraseological units that arose on the basis of marriage rituals.

The above makes it possible to make certain generalizations: Ukrainian phraseology is a pure reflection of the worldview of our people, and as a result of this, the traditions, customs, and rituals associated with it. We have considered only an iota of the array of phraseological units that represent our national mentality, however, these achievements allow us to plunge into the world of the natural, primitive life of our ancestors, find our roots in it, explain to ourselves the features of our own worldview and feel like a full-fledged representative of the Ukrainian nation.

Extracts- these are quotes (literal reproduction of the thoughts of the author of the book), or a brief, close to verbatim, statement of the content of the desired passage of text. You can copy out theoretical principles, statistical, and chronological data from the book both during reading and after it.

The quotation must be enclosed in quotation marks, and each extract must be accompanied by links to the source. To facilitate the subsequent systematization of extracts, it is better to do them on separate sheets or index cards.

Hall "I" melt!

Quote (sentences) or several sentences) is placed in quotation marks (*"); at the end of the quotation in the summary, the source is indicated in brackets - the page (P. 157); if words or sentences are released, then in place of the gap put a dot (...) or an ellipsis in the corner parentheses<...>; reproduce the author's highlights in the text: original font - straight line () . italics - wavy (~~), sparse - dotted (-).

When working with texts, they often resort to note-taking, which focuses on a short but accurate representation of the text.

Abstract (from Latin conspectus - review) - a brief written summary of the contents of something 73, consists of a plan and theses, supplemented by factual material, which together is a short written summary of the contents of a book, article, lecture, etc.

A synopsis is a special type of text that was created as a result of an analysis of itico-synthetic processing of information from the original source, that is, an abbreviated recording of certain information, which allows its author to immediately or after some time restore the information with the necessary completeness. Be sure to record in detail the most significant thoughts of the author, indicating the pages in the original text. The outline serves to preserve the main content of the work. It presents only the thoughts of the author of the work being outlined; its purpose is to deeply comprehend the information and present it adequately, briefly and in a form convenient for further use. Making notes mobilizes attention and helps highlight the main thing in the text. When a person intends to write something down, he reads more carefully, especially since alternating reading with writing improves performance and reduces fatigue. Taking notes is, to a certain extent, controlling the perception of the material: without understanding what you read or hear, it is difficult to identify and write down the main idea. Notes make it easier to remember because it's written down. educational material better recorded in memory.

While reading and listening to a text (speeches, reports, speeches) for note-taking, attention is paid to the supporting (key) words, those information centers that carry the greatest semantic load (the so-called “memory nodes”). Choice key points depends on the purpose and objectives of note-taking, one’s own knowledge in this area, personal interests, and memory capabilities. The contents of the original source are conveyed by:

o in your own words;

o quotes from the original source;

o in your own words and quotes.

The following requirements are set for the abstract:

o leave a certain part of the page (this can be half a sheet or a wide section) for recording their own thoughts and evaluating what they have taken notes;

o when quoting, indicate the corresponding page of the original source. The text of the abstract is formatted arbitrarily, unlike theses, except

main provisions, the abstract also contains factual material.

For note-taking, as well as summarizing, the following methods of presenting material are used: description, narration, reasoning. The volume of the summary does not exceed 1/3 of the entire primary text.

Methods for recording information can be different: regional(highlighting key words, phrases, full detailed recording), custom-made(plan, diagram, table, highlighting key concepts with underlining or another color).

Brief a summary conveys in a generalized form the most essential information of the text, and a detailed (expanded) one also contains information that specifies, motivates, and details the main provisions of the text in the form of evidence, explanations, arguments, illustrations.

Not every short entry is a summary, because a summary is a systematic, logical, coherent combination of a plan, extracts, and theses. The author's designs and quotes remain unchanged. Analytical recording of what has been read involves the processing of the original text by transforming large linguistic units into smaller ones: the meaning of a phrase is conveyed by a word, the meaning of a sentence by a separate phrase, a complex sentence is replaced by a simple one, etc. Translation and other formulations are used, thoughts should be expressed briefly, in your own words, writing out only the most important and essential, avoiding repetition. For speed and convenience, abbreviated words and abbreviations may be used in the notes. You should not abuse the abbreviation of words, and if you abbreviate them, then general rules, For example: gg.- years, R- year, . - page table - table,/ ///. etc. - and all that stuff. It is recommended to indicate terms that are repeated in the notes first. capital letter words included in their composition, for example: G - sentence, DS - business conversation, K - notes and the like.

Emphasize especially important ideas in your notes. It is advisable to leave the shore for additional entries.

Experts on cultural issues 74 of scientific broadcasting advise, when taking notes from a printed source of scientific information, to adhere to the following algorithmic instructions (use techniques for concentrating the content and linguistic means of the text):

^ determine and differentiate into the chosen image the information that is conveyed verbatim from the text, and that which is transformed into an abbreviated version; ^ combine simple sentences into complex ones; ^ correctly simplify complex (long) structures; ^ exclude adverbial and adverbial phrases from sentences, remove sentences with redundant information, as well as fluent statements and reasoning; ^ convey information (where appropriate and possible) in the form of tables, diagrams and the like.

Taking notes of scientific information that is perceived by ear The process of note-taking is more complex than the previous one and consists of three interdependent and parallel mental-speech actions: ^ listening (understanding information perceived by ear); ^ mental processing of what is heard (determination of main and auxiliary information, reformulation); ^ written recording of information.

While listening to a lecture (reports, messages, etc.), it is necessary to constantly be aware of and process the content of what was heard, making the information as concise as possible, but without losing the main and valuable things in it. To do this you need:

Rema (new) to write down accurately and completely;

Those parts of sentences that make up the topic (known) should be written abbreviated;

while listening, be sure to retain what is actually significant in each block of information;

Avoid phrases that are duplicated;

Redesign only possible suggestions 75 .

Requirements for notes

1. All main information in accordance with the topic should be reflected in the outline.

2. Do not break the logical connection during the abbreviated recording of information.

3. Symbols and abbreviations used must be absolutely exact matches of words and phrases.

4. Maintain the accuracy of information while redesigning sentences.

5. Avoid spelling, lexical and grammatical errors during recording.

The notes are changed to planned, textual, free, thematic, supporting.

Planning notes is concluded according to a previously drawn up plan for an article, book, or lecture. Each question in the plan is answered by a certain part of the outline, but if the point is clear, it is not disclosed in detail. The quality of such a summary depends entirely on the quality of the plan drawn up. It is laconic, simple in form, but it is not always easy to reproduce from them what has been read and heard.

Textual summary - This is a summary created mainly from quotes; it is a source of the author's verbatim statements. Textual extracts can be interconnected by a number of logical transitions, accompanied by a plan and include individual theses in the presentation of the person taking notes. It is advisable to use this summary when processing scientific works.

Free notes- this is a combination of extracts, quotes, theses. It requires the ability to independently clearly and concisely formulate the main points; this requires a deep understanding of the material, a large and active vocabulary, and the ability to use all types of notes: plans, theses, extracts, quotes, and the like.

Thematic summary is on one topic, but based on several sources. The specificity of such a summary is that, while developing a specific topic on a number of works, it may not reflect the content of each of them as a whole. Thematic note-taking allows you to comprehensively consider and analyze different points of view on the same issue.

A reference summary is understood as a system of reference signals that have a structural connection; it is a visual construction that replaces a system of meanings, concepts, ideas as interconnected elements.

A creative reference note is a note that is compiled by the student himself while studying a particular topic. Its development makes it easier use of MS technologies Power Point, the basis for the notes can be an electronic note, an electronic textbook or an electronic tutorial as a type of educational electronic publication.

the origin of the notes are divided into; / notes of oral answers; ^ abstracts of printed works; ^ abstracts of electronic sources. Oral presentation notes:

1. Date of compilation.

3. Title.

Kukal Alexander Vladimirovich The essence and importance of communication in professional activities

Plan point Thesis

a necessary condition for its activity. C - a set of connections and interactions of individuals, groups, communities, during which information, experience, skills, abilities and results of activities are exchanged. During communication, information is always exchanged - communication (hereinafter referred to as C). However C and K are not identical in content.

2. Union style - In process C, each person develops his own union. style, that is, a set of the most typical behavioral traits in this process. The following C styles are distinguished:

o ritual;

o manipulative;

_ o humanistic. _

Taking notes from a printed work is in many ways similar to taking notes from a lecture, but there is a significant difference when taking notes on an article or a monograph: you have the opportunity to return to what you read, comprehend it, write slowly, and make fewer abbreviations.

Details of the printed work summary:

1. Date of compilation.

2. Bibliographic data of the original source.

Sample abstract:

Mosenkins Yu. Ukrainian youth slang: State and prospects of research//Divoslovo.-2007.-No. 12.-P. 32-35.

Plan Item Quote

I. Differentiation "Jargon is a semi-open lexical-phraseo-terms slang and logical subsystem used in one or another jargon in a monogram - another social group, in order to isolate L. Stavitskaya from the rest of the linguistic community... Slang - linguistic environment of oral communication large quantity people, different from the norm, actually a variety of spoken language. Term slang adequate urgent general jargon" (p. 33).

The process of note-taking sources in electronic form simplifies and at the same time becomes more complex; the text already exists in the file structure, so the following operating modes are possible: copying, cutting, pasting objects, and the like.

Regardless of what type, type or form of note-taking is chosen, you should remember: a note is needed in order to learn how to process any information, determine what is most necessary, simplify the memorization of text, facilitate the mastery of special terms, accumulate information for writing more complex work in the form of a report , abstract, article, term paper and the like.

For educational purposes, students widely use such types of notes as plans, theses, and notes.

Plan– the shortest type of recording. It only lists the issues covered in the speech in the book.

When drawing up a plan, it is necessary to divide the text into parts and grasp the connection between these parts. For each part a question is posed (interrogative plan) or a title is given in the form of a short nominal sentence (nominal plan). If the sentences are taken from the text, the plan is called quotation. When formulating headings, you need to think about the content of each component part and find its main idea. When drawing up a complex plan, the text is divided into large parts, and each part into smaller ones.

Abstracts– briefly formulated main provisions of the text. They convey the main provisions of the text in a logical sequence that leads to proof of the main idea, but may not coincide with the sequence of presentation of the material in the text. To draw up a thesis, you must first of all carefully read the text, think over its content, and find and trace the main points.

Theses can be quotative, free (the author's idea is presented in his own words), mixed (quotes and a free presentation of the author's idea alternate).

Abstract- the most extensive form of recording. The outline must correspond to the outline of the text. Therefore, first a plan is drawn up, and then a summary is written. From each part of the text, those thoughts and facts are written down that reveal the meaning of the test, its title. Details are omitted.

Test questions and assignments

Exercise 1.

Read the text.

With the help of words, a person names an object, a phenomenon of reality, therefore the main function of a word in language is the denomination, or nominative function. The nominative function of a word is especially clearly revealed when the word names a specific object that can be seen, touched, etc., i.e. it is an object in the strict sense of the word that names a specific object in the strict sense of the word: “book”, “river”, “fire”, etc. However, the naming function is carried out by the word in the case when the named object, phenomenon, sign cannot be felt with using the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste): “doubt”, “thought”, “progress”, “knowledge”, “unity”. These words are called abstract concepts.

One of the most important properties human thinking - the ability to generalize and abstraction. Abstraction is the selection of essential, important regular features of objects and phenomena of reality and the discarding of random, unimportant features.

Observing many similar objects, for example, fish, a person sees that, despite a number of differences (in color, size, shape, pattern of movements, behavior, etc.), all fish have something in common: the fact that fish live in water and breathe through gills. Having established this common characteristic of all fish, man came to know a whole class of fish. A process of abstraction has occurred. Through the process of abstraction in human thinking, concepts are formed. A concept is a thought that consolidates in a person’s consciousness the essential features of individual phenomena and objects of reality.

A word is capable of naming not only a given, concrete, currently felt object, but also a concept. So, with the word table we call not only the table at which we are currently sitting, but any table in general.

The ability of a word to name a concept is a very important feature of language as a means of communication. Without this ability, the very existence of language would be impossible, just as without abstraction, without the ability to form a concept, there would be no human thinking. Indeed: on the globe there are an endless number of individual objects - people, trees, rivers, books... If a separate word were required to name each specific object (and there are billions of billions of them), the volume of vocabulary of any language would expand endlessly: billions would be needed words, and communication would become almost impossible because no one would be able to remember as many words. But since a word can name a concept, the vocabulary of any language consists of a relatively small number of words with which we name objects, their characteristics, actions, abstract concepts, the number of objects, i.e. all the phenomena of the reality around us.

1. Read the first paragraph of the text.

a) Find phrases that are important to the main content of this paragraph.

b) Answer the questions:

What is the main function of a word?

What does the word say?

c) What are we talking about in the 1st paragraph? Write your answer using speech patterns: In a paragraph we're talking about O … .

The main idea of ​​the paragraph boils down to the following….

2. Read the second paragraph of the text.

a) Write down phrases that are important for the main content of this paragraph.

b) Answer the question:

What is abstraction?

c) Formulate the third paragraph of the text.

3. Read the third paragraph of the text.

b) Answer the question:

How does the abstraction process occur?

c) State the main point of the paragraph.

Read the fourth paragraph of the text.

a) Write down the supporting phrases.

b) Answer the question:

What is a concept?

c) State the main point of the 4th paragraph.

5. Read the fifth paragraph of the text.

a) Write down the supporting phrases.

b) Answer the question:

What is the role of the ability of a word to name a concept and what would happen if each object had its own name?

c) State the main idea of ​​the 5th paragraph.

Compare the questions given to the paragraphs and the outline of the text. Write down the main provisions of the text that you have formulated in the form of abstracts.

7. Using the plan, retell the text.

8. Give the text a title.

9. Identify sentences in the text that do not convey basic information. After removing these sentences from the text, shorten it. Write down a shortened version of the text (summary).

Task 2.

Select an article on a problem that interests you from a scientific (popular science) journal in your specialty. Make a detailed (complex) plan and abstract for this article.

Task 3.

Pick up in special scientific journal an article about a problem that interests you. Briefly write down the main points. Using this post ( a short summary), convey the contents of this article.

Chapter 3. Text as the leading unit of verbal communication

Text can be defined as a sequence of speech units united by semantic and grammatical connections: statements, complex syntactic wholes, fragments, sections, etc.

Let's consider the main features of the text, the comprehension of which is important for the development of coherent speech skills.

1. Thematic unity of the text. It is expressed in the fact that all elements of the text are directly or indirectly connected with the subject of speech and with the communicative attitude (of the writer) - with the task and main idea of ​​the utterance.

Let us analyze the following text, an excerpt from the novel by M.O. Auezov “Abai’s Path”:

“Karashoki, one of the peaks of Chinggis, is located not far from Kodar’s wintering area. A turbulent river flows along its wooded slopes, covered with rich vegetation. Tal, aspen, crooked mountain birch stand here in a lush attire in full bloom. Here are lush pastures, free places. The Bokenshis and Borsaks who settled here for a long time did not yield them to anyone.”

In a text consisting of 47 words, the word Karashoki is used only once, but we have no doubt that we are talking about the top of Karashoka. This confidence is given to us by the use of pronominal words “ee”, “here” instead of the subject of speech (Karashoka). Repeated words, successively passed through one or another series of sentences, “stitch” this series of sentences into a single whole.

The thematic unity of the text is expressed in the title, which indicates the subject of the statement or the communicative attitude of the author. Heading, its presence or its potential is one of the essential features of the text, another feature is associated with this – completeness of the text. The example text does not have a title, but the title is not difficult to formulate: “Top of Karashoka.”

The topic designation is often contained in the initial sentence (in the initial sentences). Thus, in the first sentence of the text under consideration, “Karashoki, one of the peaks of Chinggis, is located not far from Kodar’s wintering quarters,” the subject of the statement is already indicated - this sentence uses words that are directly related to the topic. Further selection of linguistic means is associated with the development of the thought expressed in the first sentence, i.e. determined by the topic of the text and the communicative attitude of the author - the task of the message, the main thought (idea) of the statement.

Our text is an artistic description and performs an important function - creating a figurative picture of nature. This is facilitated by the selection of certain linguistic means. The first two sentences give a general picture of nature. But the third sentence enhances the close-up of the landscape by listing the nouns denoting the names of the trees in the singular form. The text is not just a set of sentences, a sum of sentences, but holistic complex education.

2. The presence of interdependent parts in the text. In the text - depending on its size - one can distinguish chapters, sections, a complex syntactic whole (supra-phrase unity, semantic piece).

In written speech, parts of the text are usually highlighted graphically. In oral speech, they can be indicated by pauses of more or less significant duration. Each of the named parts (text fragments), which has its own special theme, retains semantic independence and completeness when extracted from the text. The minimum text is a complex syntactic whole.

3. Complex syntactic whole (CCW) – This is a combination of several sentences, united in meaning and syntactically.

In a complex syntactic whole, three structural and semantic parts are distinguished: initial (beginning), middle (main development of the topic), ending (final part). These parts of the text are related to each other, because each of them reveals a part of the topic, subtopic or microtopic. One micro-theme can be highlighted in our text: Karashoki, one of the peaks of Chinggis, is located not far from Kodar’s wintering area. The idea of ​​this micro-topic is expressed in one sentence. A microtheme (as part of the text) can also consist of more proposals. This is connected not only with the subject of the statement, but also with the size of the text in which it is revealed. Parts of the text are arranged in a logical sequence one after another, as in an analyzed text, where it is impossible to rearrange any of the parts present in it.

4. The most frequently used ones play an important role in the organization of the text. two ways of communication, which are defined as chain And parallel.

Chain link - structural cohesion of sentences, the continuous movement of thought from one sentence to another is usually carried out through the repetition of a word (member of a sentence) highlighted in the previous sentence and its deployment in the subsequent one.

The main means of communication are lexical repetitions, lexical and text synonyms, and pronouns.

Man exercising scientific work, can record any information in writing - for example, as part of a course work or report, in the form of abstracts or notes. What are both data reflection formats?

• elements of the material of an article - compiled by a researcher or scientist, which reflect its main thoughts;
• a list of assumptions contained in a scientific article that can subsequently be proven or refuted.

Theses, as a rule, are based on the author’s own research. Materials compiled on their basis usually reflect in sufficient detail the author’s approach to a particular problem. The abstracts included in the document can be written in accordance with a separate plan. They can be simple or complex in structure, and key or secondary in degree of importance.

In order to reflect in the author's text (for example, in a scientific article) facts that reveal details of the theses, and also, as an option, supplement it with evidence, it is necessary to turn the corresponding work into a summary. Let's see how it will look in this case.

What is a synopsis?

Under outline it is generally understood:

• a source that is a summary of other material (for example, a lecture at a university);
• a document that, like the one containing the abstract, may include the author’s assumptions - but supplemented with evidentiary elements (statistical data, formulas, measurement results), as well as facts that detail the main ideas set out in the abstract.

The summary, therefore, can be completely the author’s or based on the thoughts of another person - for example, a university teacher. Like theses, it can be compiled in accordance with a separate plan.

Comparison

The main difference between theses and synopses is that the former, as a rule, are of the author's nature. In addition, they may only reflect assumptions - which are not always confirmed during further research.

The summary, in turn, can be compiled by its author based on the thoughts of other people. Also, in some cases, it is, in fact, an extended version of an article with theses - but already proven.

There may also be differences in content between the types of data sources considered. Theses are usually the main ideas of a larger text. The abstract may be a brief retelling parts of the material - it is not necessary that these will be the main thoughts of this source. But the option is not excluded in which the abstracts are compiled on the basis of a synopsis. In this case, they will reflect the main ideas contained in it.

Having determined what the difference is between theses and synopses, we will record the key conclusions in the table.

Table

There are several types of processing and shortening of the text: drawing up a plan, abstract, summary, abstract, annotation.

You can shorten text in different ways:

1) exclude its individual parts (corresponding to certain points of the plan);

2) shorten the retelling and presentation of each part;

3) replace extended sentences with simpler ones.

When abbreviating the text, adhere to the following order:

1) make up detailed plan and outline the parts (points) that can be shortened;

2) in each part, highlight the main thing that needs to be left;

3) make your sentences shorter.

It is important that the keywords are retained in the shortened text.

Plan– identification and formulation of main thoughts, questions that need to be disclosed in a statement (oral or written), their table of contents, sequential presentation.

Working on a plan makes it possible to develop skills in summarizing the material, grouping it and systematizing it.

Abstracts– this is a summary of the main provisions of an article, book, report; these are conclusions, generalizations that the reader writes down in the form of quotes or in his own formulation, if they have the nature of a statement.

In order to correctly compose the abstract of a finished text, you need to learn to find the main thing in the text, in each part of it (what you learned when drawing up a plan). Therefore, it is advisable to begin drawing up the abstracts of any text by drawing up an outline of this text. Each thesis in contrast to the corresponding paragraph of the plan, it does not just name this or that part of the text, titles it, but very briefly outlines the idea, the main point contained in this part.

Abstracts are one of the most difficult types of text reduction. Correctly composed abstracts make it easier to work on a report or abstract.

The ability to shorten text is important not only for drawing up a plan and theses, but also for drawing up notes.

What is the difference between a synopsis and other types of text abbreviation?

Plan– this is the shortest form of presentation of a text, its logical diagram in the form of short formulations; theses– the main provisions of the text; they briefly but clearly highlight and formulate the author’s main thoughts on a particular issue.

Abstract- This is a short written summary of the text. This is a special type of text that is created as a result of systematization and generalization of the original source. The abstract is closer to the full, original text; it takes up more space than the abstract and, especially, the outline.

The following are distinguished: Vtypes of notes: outline, textual (quoted), free, thematic, schematic.

Outline - uhthen a condensed retelling of other things in the form of a planspoken or heard.

Characteristics of the abstract: short, simple, quick to compose and memorable; teaches you to choose the main thing, express thoughts clearly and logically, and makes it possible to assimilate the material while still studying it. All this makes it indispensable for quickly preparing a report or speech. However, it is difficult to work with it after some time, since the content of the material is poorly restored in memory.

Stages of work:

1. Make a plan for the text you read or use a ready-made one.

2. Explain briefly and convincingly each point of the plan, choose a reasonable and effective form of recording.

3. Formulate and write down your conclusion.

A textual (quoted) summary is a summary created from original excerptsNika - quotes.

Characteristics of the abstract: is constructed from the author’s statements, from the facts he presents; used to work with the original source; it can be accessed repeatedly. However, it does not contribute to active mental work; as a rule, it serves only as an illustration of the topic being studied.

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