Christian teaching. Accidents are not random
Popular in modern houses and apartments, minimalism is a very stylish and calming style. This is a special style, which is characterized by order, cleanliness, space and light. It is ideal for an atmosphere of relaxation and creative pursuits. Chaos, piles of unnecessary things and disorder are unacceptable in it. For serious, self-sufficient business people For those who have dedicated their lives to creativity and work, this interior will be an ideal choice.
Definition and essence of minimalism
The word minimus means “smallest” in Latin. It is important that this is not just an interior style, but a whole movement, a trend in art and music, architecture, which involves reducing all complex components to a minimum. Clarity of functions and extreme simplicity appearance– this is what the aesthetic tactics of this direction boil down to.
In the interior, this design is not without beauty and elegance. Using natural textures and color combinations, a favorable background is created, which stands out through the play of halftones and light. The functionality of the furniture, straight, clean lines and the absence of unnecessary elements in the room contribute to an environment that leaves free space, a calm atmosphere and harmony.
History of minimalism
In the constructivism of the 1920s one can see the first premises of minimalism. The first who began to create works in the primary minimalist direction were members of the Dutch creative group “Style” (De Stijl). This artistic association presented works that are characterized by rationality and a utilitarian emphasis. All works are characterized by clarity, clarity and sobriety of vision of things. In addition to this group, people with this principle in their work were Walter Gropius, Le Corbuset, Erich Mendelsohn, Bruno Tauta and others. The most expressive, one of the first examples of minimalism in architecture was the Bauhaus. “Less is more” is the motto of the work of designer and architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. This motto is the basis of minimalism.
Not the primary, but the main influence on the style was Japanese design. Japanese architectural trends penetrated Western countries after the end of World War II. The rejection of an abundance of decorations, the emergence of new technologies, new philosophical movements and religious views were reflected in architecture and design. Japanese minimalism brought to the interior a philosophy about the importance of empty space, transience, balance and harmony with nature. Japanese style should promote unity with nature and self-knowledge, while minimalism should promote relaxation and a disposition to creativity.
The main components of minimalism
Minimalism in the interior is characterized by restraint and laconicism of forms, designs, colors and furnishings in general. In the color scheme, white always comes first. In addition to white, light shades of gray, wood color, khaki and beige are used. To play with contrasts, black, red, blue, and less often purple or orange colors are selected. The lines of all objects are straight, without unnecessary bends.
The minimalist style in the interior has no decor or decorations. Light, both daylight and artificial, is of great importance. Because of this, minimalism in architecture includes large windows. Doors and partitions are often sliding, transparent, made of glass. All designs, in particular furniture, are characterized by logic, restraint and at the same time functionality.
The materials chosen are wood, stone, brick, metal (aluminum and chrome parts), leather.
Modern minimalism photo
Style modern minimalism
Modern minimalism is less ascetic, more comfortable and has bright accents. Modern minimalism design provides for the presence artificial materials, while eco-minimalism does not accept plastic and polymers. Scandinavian minimalism may seem warmer and less light, since this style belongs to cold mountain areas and needs a warmer environment. This type of interior is very common. It is distinguished by restraint and free space, but at the same time, such housing embodies an example of a modest and cozy abode for the whole family.
Difficulties in design
An impeccable sense of proportion and rigor are necessary to create such a design, therefore, when selecting even the minimum number of details, mistakes should not be made. There is also no need to rush; designing a room involves carefully weighing decisions about colors, planning lighting and visually expanding the space.
Elements should match the style, but look unique. All elements are surrounded by diffused calm light and a light background. In such a setting it must be difficult to identify a dominant subject. All surfaces are characterized by unity and evenness. The modest and restrained background is enlivened by active elements that contrast with the overall picture. Such accents often include a painting, a vase, or a discreet installation. We must not forget about Japanese traditions, which are manifested by the presence of transparent partitions, lightness of structures, a typical bed on a pedestal and the absence of small details in sight.
Lighting
Lighting plays a key role. Diffused light is enhanced by the light tone of the ceiling walls and often the floor. Light fills the room with spaciousness, cleanliness and even some sterility. Using mirrors and lamps you need to create a real play of light. It is important that each area of the room is illuminated separately. In this way, you can organize zoning of the room. Lamps in the shape of a sphere, ball, papier-mâché, weaving lines and simply light metal frames with unusual connections can complement this design.
In the kitchen, the work area is illuminated by spotlights on the ceiling, and the dining area is illuminated by several lamps above the table or bar counter. In the kitchen, the room can be illuminated from the floor, as well as from glass shelves and cabinets. An inconspicuous ceiling chandelier is installed in the bedroom, the area above the bed and the closet area are also spotlighted from the ceiling. For the living room the most the best solution There will be multi-level or suspended ceilings with lighting and a chandelier.
From the mid-nineteenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century, historicism was the dominant style in architecture. The buildings were built in the style of past eras, such as Gothic, Baroque and Classicism, as well as any combination of them. The buildings erected at that time were characterized by richly decorated facades and stucco moldings, protruding windows and balconies. The interiors were expensive and monumental.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, architects tried to break with past traditions, looking for a fresh look and new ideas. Functionality and usefulness were brought to the fore. They were the ones who had to determine the shape of the building, its structure and the type of building materials. Any unnecessary excesses of decoration were rejected, in accordance with Adolf Loos's dictum that "ornament is a crime."
One of the founders of this movement was the American-German architect Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe, who proclaimed the main slogan of this movement in architecture. His famous “less is more” became the principle of architectural minimalism. Leave only the most necessary, but the best; be content with little, but pay close attention to the quality of materials.
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe gained fame in the middle of the second decade of the twentieth century primarily due to the fact that he began to use composite materials in his projects. His residential building project at the Weißenhof exhibition was the first in Europe to use steel as a building material. The building was similar to our modern houses, functional and logically complete. Unfortunately, in those years this house was ridiculed in the press.
In subsequent years, Mies Van Der Rohe moved further towards the development of minimalism. A turning point in the recognition of the minimalist style in architecture was the international exhibition in Barcelona in 1929 and the German pavilion, designed and built by the architect. The building had an open plan, and the inside was empty and consisted of interpenetrating spaces that were only partially limited by walls. Expensive materials were used for construction - marble, black onyx and travertine, and the roof was supported by chrome pillars. One of the dominant areas of the building was a pond where a statue of a naked woman stood. Another part of the building was covered with a black carpet, in the third there were several chairs on a metal frame, to which the author gave the name “Barcelona”.
The Barcelona Pavilion was designed as a special exhibition facility. But what would happen if architects used a similar design for an ordinary residential building? Mies's answer was Tungendhat, a villa in Brno (Czech Republic), which the architect completed in 1930. It was a three-story house with a steel frame, well integrated into the surrounding landscape. It was built for Fritz Tugendhat and his wife. Mies van der Rohe used an iron frame, which made it possible to do without supporting walls. This technique made it possible to create a feeling of volume and light inside the building. The architect himself designed all the furniture in the building (two types of chairs he designed - the Tugendhat chair and the Brno chair - immediately began to be mass-produced and are still being produced today). There were no works of painting in the villa at all, and the decorative effect was created by materials with a natural texture - onyx and some types of wood. The onyx wall allows light to pass through and changes color during sunset. The villa is located on a hillside, and the architect used the views from the windows as an integral part of the interior.
However, Dr. Edith Farnworth's house in Plano, Illinois, which was built 20 years after Villa Tugendhat, was one of the most ideal minimalist buildings of its time. It was a simple steel frame with glass walls. The architect wanted to achieve the effect of a blurred transition between the interior and exterior.
Mies Van Der Rohe is known throughout the world as the spiritual father of architectural minimalism. His developments were used in their projects by such modern architects as John Pauson, Tadao Ando, Mario Botha, Hans Hollein, Akira Sakamoto, Zaha Hadid.
Minimalist architecture emphasizes the beauty of structure, avoiding decoration and embellishment. Each element is designed to perform several functions. Minimalist materials are almost always natural, with particular preference given to wood, stone, glass, and marble. Minimalism's favorite metal is chrome steel. Color scheme - neutral, characteristic natural materials, moreover, shade in minimalism is more important than color. Various shades of white, beige, brown, gray colors. Preference in design is given to simple geometric shapes and clear volumes. Often similar shapes are used within the same object. Particular attention is paid to lighting and lighting effects. Therefore, when designing a building in a minimalist style, windows that occupy the entire wall and flat roofs with glass fragments are often used.
In the early 1870s, as Japan became more open to foreign borrowings, including in architecture, many European and American architects built stunning structures using brick and stone. The new buildings quickly gained popularity among the Japanese, but soon nature had its say - Tokyo and the surrounding area were almost completely destroyed by the 1923 earthquake. And the Japanese returned to centuries-tested materials when building their houses.
New materials were turned to again only after the Second World War, when high-rise buildings made of steel and concrete again appeared in cities. Powerful modern multi-story structures were erected that were not afraid of earthquakes. Today, architects claim that Tokyo Municipality, whose height is 243 meters, will only sway slightly even with a magnitude 9 tremor.
But despite the powerful industrial progress of that time, the Japanese still remain Japanese: the architect Tange, since the late 1960s, has been developing a number of projects for complexes and buildings in which he develops the theme of “spatial architecture”; He makes his buildings look like a growing tree. Nowadays, flexible spatial structure has become an almost mandatory characteristic of buildings erected in Japan. Moreover, the Tokyo municipal authorities have obliged the owners of new complexes to grow mini-gardens on the roofs: to lower the temperature in the city and for aesthetic pleasure. Despite all the finality and inevitability of the development of technological progress, the Japanese nevertheless make every effort to create thoughtful access to light, nature and the pleasure of contemplating beauty.
Minimalism gained new popularity at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries. Nowadays, the minimalism style remains one of the most popular architectural trends.
Famous architects of the Minimalist style:
1. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - German-American modernist architect, one of the artists who determined the appearance of urban architecture in the 20th century, was a leading representative of the “international style”. The founder of the minimalism movement. Guided by the principle “Less is more,” Mies van der Rohe develops the concept of a “universal” building - an extremely simple glass parallelepiped in shape, the surface of which is dissected by evenly repeating pillars. The works of Mies van der Rohe gave rise to an entire architectural movement in the United States known as the “Mies style.”
2. Tadao Ando - Japanese architect, follower of Alvar Aalto. The style of this Japanese architect was characterized by experts as “critical regionalism”. The architect's work is well known for the massive use of natural light and the use of natural landscape forms in architecture. Its structures are characterized by complex three-dimensional circulation paths, which, intertwined with the external and internal space, form large figures.
3. Alvar Hugo Henrik Aalto - Finnish architect and designer, one of the founders modern design, "father of modernism" in Northern Europe. From the strictly geometric forms of his early projects, he eventually came to an original combination of national traditions, the principles of functionalism and organic architecture, to the freedom and flexibility of volumetric-spatial composition, skillfully integrated into the natural environment.
4. Yoshio Taniguchi - Japanese architect. Widely known for his design of the Museum of Modern Art in New York (MoMA)
The genius himself admitted, no less,
His relatives (wouldn’t he know)
Sadly saying: "Failure,
For a genius - his own mother! "*
Teacher, everything is clear, it seems;
Genius is fully endowed with everything...
Error, you know, in Nature itself?(?)
She created both!”
Reacted instantly
Who listened for a long time and was silent.
“Completely wrong,
There is nothing! - the answer sounded -
I'll give you an example:
Kohl...
There is nothing more beautiful than a rose
Whose petals I gently stroke.
Now we are not afraid of frosts,
Which we were so afraid of.
The flower is beautiful, perfect
Against the background of my window
Filled with sunshine. Undoubtedly
April spring has arrived.
In the bright sun, me and the rose
Warmed up like two sisters.
Hidden tears dream
It's been a long time since I found freedom...
My dear flower! My favorite!
Answer my funny question:
How could you become so beautiful
Among the same wonderful roses?..
You weren't jealous, you weren't angry
When looking at...
There is nothing separate from God
No thought, no breath, no way...
Everyone is strictly bound by flesh, blood, and spirit
With the Great Father, to go with Him.
Everything is under control, it is known in advance,
In the slightest, everything is meaningful by the Father,
Everything is perfect, precise, endless,
Everything develops, led by the Creator.
Nothing sleeps, everything is devoid of peace,
Everything is directed by the Illusion of the Father,
Everything is self-creating, everything is in battle,
And in that battle there is eternally no end.
Illusions are real because they are decay
They melt souls into strength,
Which...
No, nothing will happen again
And life is earthly grace.
And I keep dreaming about you,
As if promising to wait.
Come and sit down next to the edge,
Give me a gentle brown look,
In which you ask for forgiveness
Over the years of pain and loss...
I wake up in sweat - How wild!
And I’ll get up and nervously light a cigarette:
- Why are you asking for forgiveness?
Because I love you?
No answer. In a cozy silence
The daughter is sleeping and the wife is snoring.
I am alone in this world,
Yes, there’s still the moon in the window.
In its dank pale light...
There's nothing stupider than visiting
In places connected with departed love.
Pain to match the fanatic executioners,
Will give free rein to torture-verbosity.
And you scream, scream, scream. Not out loud
Silently, unnoticed by passersby.
The face is whiter than chalk, the look is extinguished -
You stand like a statue.
Clinging to a tree so as not to fall,
You whisper lifelessly, colorlessly and dully:
“We enjoyed the memories to our heart's content.
Why did you come here? Because I knew it was stupid.”
God's providence is revealed with the greatest wisdom: usually not every crime is punished immediately, but, on the other hand, it is not left unpunished at all. If God had not punished a single crime, many would have thought that there was no Providence. If every crime was immediately followed by punishment, then they would believe that after death there are no rewards or punishments. Therefore, God, by punishing only a few, reveals His Providence; when he does not punish others immediately after a crime, he threatens them with punishment after death in a future life if they do not repent in this one.
God turns all everyday disasters to our benefit and to our good; allows the Falls themselves to achieve and bring to an end the highest, incomprehensible, mysterious works of His Divine Rule. For both to do good deeds and to allow evil deeds is a property that exclusively belongs to Divine Providence alone. Truly, God would never have allowed evil if He were not so strong and good as to produce a good consequence from every evil deed. Tell me honestly: when did a more severe and greater evil appear in the world than the crime of Adam and the murder of Christ the Savior, the new Adam? - However, original sin brought God down from heaven to earth to take upon Himself the human body; The death of Christ opened heaven to us and returned everything we had lost in Adam. The highest God is also the wisest artist, transforming every evil action into a cause to produce the best consequences, just as gold is mined from a rough mass. Magdalene's sins served as a reason for many to correct themselves; the fall of Petrovo is an example of true repentance for countless people; Thomas's unbelief confirmed many in the truth of the resurrection of Christ. God did not sow sins, but from them he gathers a rich harvest of virtues. Truly God honey flows from the stone, and oil flows from the hard rock when the greatest atrocities produce the most beneficial consequences.
In the same way, God’s Providence is alert for us, and watches unfailingly, so that even our slightest bodily constraints do not go unnoticed by Himself. As a result, each of us, in the event of bodily adversity, should reason like this: this illness or other adversity - whether it occurred from my carelessness, or from human malice, or from something else - in any case, did not happen without God's Providence, which determined it according to my strengths, incl. its beginning, its severity (weakening or strengthening) depends on Him. In the same way, the method of healing and healing her depends on the Providence of God: It admonishes the doctor and points out the means, or counteracts everything, for both good and bad, life and death, poverty and wealth are from the Lord. Likewise, in all the adventures that happen to us, we must reason that they were foreseen and allowed by God. Whether the enemy slanderes and curses you, know that all his blasphemies and words uttered by evil lips have been placed from time immemorial on the scales of God’s Providence: as much as he is allowed to say, he will say as much, and not a single word more. Why do you resist in vain and become angry in vain? Think in the same way about all your other disasters, the origin, number, severity, continuation and ending of which are provided by God. Therefore, submit to the Providence of God, saying: Thy will be done, My God! By Your Providence and permission, all this worked out. And since You did this, I would be an ungodly and lawless person if I were indignant against You. So, I obey Your holy will, my God, in everything and with gratitude accept everything sent down from You and patiently endure.
St. Augustine says: “The sea of the world is troubled, and You, Lord, see the evil prospering, and the good oppressed: behold, temptation, behold, a storm. Lord God! Is this your truth, that the wicked should prosper and the good suffer? – And God answers you: is this your faith? Is this what I promised you (i.e., a flourishing state)? Or do you call yourself a Christian so that you can enjoy worldly successes?” Let us humble ourselves before God and calm our hearts with faith in God’s Providence, when we see the wicked ruling, the pious embittered and oppressed, piety being eradicated, truth being destroyed. None of this would have happened if God had not allowed it, and truly He would not have allowed it if He had not had sufficient reasons for it, for the sake of which He recognized that it was better to allow than to forbid. You will say: from this assumption many different disasters and the greatest turmoil arise. One can regret this, but regret it judiciously: for for very just reasons it pleased God, who from the greatest evil can produce wondrous good, as easily as it is easy to draw a sword from its scabbard.
Do not be surprised that God’s judgments are mysterious and incomprehensible: at the second coming of Christ, on the terrible day of judgment, the whole life of every person will appear as in a mirror; Every reason why God's Providence arranged this or that incident, and why it did it, will become clear everywhere: in all kingdoms, cities, families and with every person. Everything will open up. It will be revealed how merciful the Lord was to those who sin, and each of them will be more or less unrequited; and it will also be revealed to what extent the image of God’s world government was consistent with His glory and righteousness, and how decent and beneficial it was for everyone.
Let us not forget that God creates some good out of every evil. What was sadder than the fall of Adam and Eve and the entire human race? However, God restored them in such a way that the present position of a Christian is higher than Adam’s paradise position. Christ's death on the cross is a temptation for the Jews, and madness for the Greeks; however, it became the salvation of the whole world, to all who were called with honor and glory and the acquisition of eternal blessed life. (1 Cor. 1:23).
In Constantinople, the Greek queen Irina, overthrown from the royal throne by a despised slave, turned to God with the words: “I thank you, Lord, that you have elevated me, unworthy, to the royal throne; but since You allowed me to be deprived of the throne, I consider this a consequence of my sins; Thy will be done to me! In all good and evil, blessed be the name of the Lord.” It is true that no one can harm us except in the way in which we harm ourselves. Therefore, the blessed one rightly said. Augustine: “Believe the Lord God without any doubt, and entrust yourself entirely to Him: then He will not reject you and will not allow anything evil to happen to you.” Everyone should know this instruction and should firmly keep in mind the following: nothing contrary to us can happen to us without the will or permission of God: neither the devil nor any of the people can harm us unless God allows it. We must firmly believe that although the most serious disasters befall us by order of God, they are sent to us from the most merciful Father for our benefit, for our admonition and correction, for our untruths and sins. Therefore, no one else but ourselves can harm us.
This article is a work in progress and is in the process of being finalized.
a thought form in which what truly exists is recognized as random, and what is transitory is recognized as non-random. A kind of this-worldly miracle. Serves as a justification for compromise, the search for the meaning of history.
renovationism
moral monism
Sergius (Stragorodsky)Orthodox Tradition fully recognizes chance, and, moreover, where Metropolitan categorically denies it. Sergius: in the will of man. “We have in our power that which can equally happen (one way or another), such as, for example, to move or not to move, to strive or not to strive, to desire what is necessary or not to desire, to lie or not to lie, to give or not to give, to rejoice at what one should, or not to rejoice, and so on, which are matters characteristic of vice and virtue. After all, in relation to this we are spontaneous.”
If allowed together with Met. Sergius that there is no accident, then there is neither the personality of man, nor sin, as a violation of a commandment, nor good, as the fulfillment of a commandment.
Declaration of 1927
As one would expect, the thoughts expressed in the Declaration about the duty of Orthodox Christians to be real conscious citizens of their country, to understand their duty and responsibilities to the new country “not out of fear, but out of conscience,” do not forget that everything that happened in our homeland is not an accident, for for a Christian there can be no accidents in the world, and in everything the Providential Hand of God acts for the salvation of the faithful sons of the Church - of course, caused a murmur among the emigration.
in pathological speech
In pathological speech, the thought form is associated with cliches, for example, “symbolic”, “symbolic”.
