Lecture notes on the analysis of financial and economic activities. Plan – lesson notes for the discipline “Analysis of financial and economic activities. State educational institution

n1.doc

State educational institution

"Nizhny Novgorod College of Economics, Statistics and Law

Goskomstat of the Russian Federation".

Tutorial

by discipline:

“Analysis of financial and economic activities.”

Nizhny Novgorod

2004

The work was approved by the cycle commission

Reviewers: Z.S. Shuvaeva

I.V. Sandler

Circulation: copies
CONTENTS: p.

Section I Theory of Economic Analysis

Topic 1. Analysis of financial and economic activities in the system

management of the organization.

1. 
   Scientific foundations of economic analysis. 6
2. 
   Subject and objects of economic analysis 7
3. 
   Macroeconomic and microeconomic analysis. 7
4. 
   Analysis of financial and economic activities and its role in the management of the organization. 7
5. 
   Economic mechanism for managing a commercial organization. 8
6. 
   Financial and management accounting is the main information base for analysis. 8
7. 
   Economic analysis as a method of forming problem-oriented databases and its place in computer control systems. 9
8. 
   Analysis as a method of substantiating management decisions. The role of analysis in the process of justifying a business plan and its monitoring. 9
9. 
   Types of economic analysis and their role in managing an organization. 10
10. 
    The relationship between prospective (forecast), operational and current (retrospective) analysis. 10
11. 
    The relationship between external financial and internal management analysis. 11
12. 
    Users of information about the financial and economic activities of an organization as subjects of analysis. 11
13. 
    The concept of reserves, their classification. The role of analysis in identifying and determining directions for mobilizing reserves. 12
14. 
    Organization and features of analysis in business entities of various types. 12
15. 
    Stages and standard techniques for analyzing financial (accounting) statements 13
16. 
    Disclosure of financial information in the explanatory note to the annual reports. 13

1. 
   Qualitative and quantitative methods of economic analysis and their relationship. 14
2. 
   Methods of statistics in economic analysis. 14
3. 
   Methods of factor analysis of changes in economic indicators. 15
4. 
   Economic and mathematical modeling. 15
5. 
   The concept of economic analysis methodology. 16
6. 
   Methodology of financial analysis and its role in financial management and auditing activities. 16
7. 
   Methodology of complex management analysis. 17
8. 
   Methodology of operational analysis and its role in organizing monitoring of business results. 17
9. 
   Methodology of management analysis and control. 18
10. 
    Interpretation of reporting and accounting data in the process of economic analysis . 18

1. 
   Comprehensive economic analysis and its role in managing the activities of an organization. Thematic analysis in a comprehensive analysis system 19
2. 
   Systematic approach to complex analysis and methods of its implementation. 19
3. 
   The system for the formation of financial and economic indicators as a basis for complex analysis management. 20
4. 
   Flowchart of complexity of management analysis. 20
5. 
   Classification of factors and reserves for increasing the efficiency of economic activity. 21
6. 
   Comprehensive management analysis in the development and monitoring of business plans and in assessing business performance. 21

Topic 4. Analysis of income and sales volumes of goods, products, works, services.

1. 
   Production and sales volume indicators. Method of their calculation. 22
2. 
   Methods and techniques of marketing analysis. 23
3. 
   System of prices and product meters. 23
4. 
   Assortment program and its impact on sales revenue. 24
5. 
   Analysis and assessment of the impact of the use of production resources on sales volume. 24
6. 
   Analysis of the impact of sales volume on changes in sales profit and capital productivity. 25
7. 
   Analysis of the organization's income. 25

1. 
   Concept and types of expenses of an organization. 26
2. 
   Analysis of expenses for current, investment and financial activities. 27
3. 
   Indicators of expenses for ordinary activities and cost of sales. 27
4. 
   Calculation and factor analysis of sales cost estimates. 28
5. 
   Analysis of cost behavior, sales volume and profit. 29
6. 
   Calculation of marginal income, threshold of profitability of sales and stock financial strength. 29
7. 
   Operating leverage and operating leverage assessment. 30
8. 
   Analysis and evaluation of methods for writing off costs to the cost of production. 30
9. 
   Features of cost accounting and analysis in individual business segments. 31
10. 
    Analysis of extraordinary income and expenses. 31

1. 
   Income and expenses as the economic basis for the formation of financial results. 32
2. 
   Formation and estimated calculation of profit indicators. 33
3. 
   Economic factors influencing the amount of profits and losses. 33
4. 
   Assessing the impact of inflation on financial results from sales. 34
5. 
   Factor analysis of sales profit. 35
6. 
   Analysis of the “quality” of profit. 36
7. 
   Analysis of profitability of sales. 36
8. 
   Analysis of the use of net profit by owners. 37
9. 
   Analysis and assessment of dividend income per share. 38
10. 
    Profit forecasting methods. 39

Topic 7. Analysis of the use of non-current assets.

1. 
   Analysis of the structure of the dynamics of non-current assets. 39
2. 
   Analysis of the use of fixed production assets. 40
3. 
   Analysis of the use of machinery and equipment. 41
4. 
   Fundamentals of investment analysis. 42
5. 
   Methods for assessing investment efficiency. 43

1. 
   Characteristics of current assets and analysis of their structure. 44
2. 
   Sources of formation working capital. 44
3. 
   Calculation and assessment of the amount of own working capital and net current assets. 45
4. 
   Calculation and assessment of the security of the total amount of current assets with own funds. 46
5. 
   System of working capital turnover indicators. 46
6. 
   Methodology for calculating the need for working capital. 47
7. 
   Indicators for assessing the efficiency of using current assets. 48

1. 
   Profitability and its role in assessing the effectiveness of economic activities. 49
2. 
   Calculation procedure net assets and their role in assessing the use of the organization's own funds. 50
3. 
   Modeling return on assets indicators as a basis for multifactor analysis. 51
4. 
   Main factors and ways to increase return on assets. 52
5. 
   Methods of factor analysis of return on assets and equity. 52

1. 
   Characteristics and main types of financial condition.54
2. 
   General assessment of the structure and dynamics of balance sheet items.55
3. 
   Analysis of financial condition, solvency according to balance sheet data56
4. 
   Analysis general structure cash flows.57
5. 
   Analysis of financial ratios58
6. 
   Analysis of balance sheet liquidity based on grouping of assets and liabilities.59
7. 
   Calculation and assessment of solvency and market activity indicators. 60
8. 
   Features of the methodology for financial analysis of insolvent organizations.62
9. 
   Estimate of assets and liabilities as a basis for forecast analysis of financial condition

1. 
   Comprehensive analysis as the basis for a comprehensive assessment of business performance.64
2. 
   Theoretical foundations for a comprehensive assessment of financial and economic activities.65
3. 
   Comprehensive performance assessment based on a five-factor return on assets model.66
4. 
   Methodology for a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of economic activity.68
5. 
   Methodology for comparative rating assessment.69

Analytical training of an accountant, economist, and manager is a direct consequence of changes in the content of the work and the role of these specialists in a commercial organization in a market economy.

IN last years The requirements for the range of knowledge that an accountant, economist, and manager of organizations must possess have increased significantly.

This is justified by finance and diversity economic life, change legislative framework accounting standards, tax system, expanding the use of economic-materialistic modeling, the latest software products computer equipment, information databases and other factors.

Methods of economic analysis at the beginning of the 21st century have been significantly updated. Two factors played a special role in this update. Firstly, the global economic crises of the 20th century forced economists in different countries to seek adequate methods of analysis necessary to prepare informed investment and economic management decisions and based on modern achievements of economic theory and many related sciences. Secondly, the rapid spread information technologies and computer technology have made economic information and sophisticated analysis methods widely available.

The tutorial is written according to the requirements educational standard in the specified specialties

Section I. Theory of economic analysis

Topic 1. Analysis of financial and economic activities in the organization’s management system.

1.1 Scientific basis of economic analysis

Economic analysis – it is an independent concrete economic functional science that has its own subject and object.

Economic analysis as a science is a system of specialized knowledge about research methods and techniques used to process and evaluate economic information about the activities of organizations. Economic analysis as an applied science has wide application in business management. Economic analysis as a practice is a type of management activity that precedes the adoption of management decisions and substantiates these decisions on the basis of available information. Accounting and accounting (financial) reporting occupy a decisive place in the system of economic information about the activities of an organization. Modern concept accounting in a developed market economy, in the broad sense of the word, it includes accounting itself (bookkeeping, preparation of financial statements), analysis and control of economic activities.

The subject of economic sciences is the production relations of people who interact with productive forces - technology, technology, production organization. But each separate science studies some specific aspect industrial relations, i.e. has a subject of research.
1.2 Subject and objects of economic analysis.

The subject of economic analysis, as a science, is one of the main functions of management, reflecting the technological stage of the decision-making process and reducing to analytical support for management decisions. The task of economic analysis is to compile from various types of data reflecting individual phenomena and facts a general, holistic picture of the economic process, to identify its inherent trends and patterns, and to make, if possible, the most correct management decision.

The object of economic analysis is the financial and economic activities of organizations as a set of production relations, considered in interaction with the technical side of production, social and natural conditions.

The economic activity of an organization as a general object of analysis can be differentiated into economic processes and financial results obtained under the influence of objective and subjective factors and reflected through the system of economic information, incl. through the accounting and reporting system.

1.3 Macroeconomic and microeconomic analysis.

Economic analysis is divided into macroeconomic and microeconomic.

Macroeconomic analysis is an analysis of the world economy, including a comprehensive analysis of the national economy of a country. The figures for gross domestic product (GDP), national income and other indicators characterizing the state of the national economy are important in themselves, but their significance is important in the context of sectoral, regional, comprehensive scientific, technical and economic programs, so there is a need to develop methods sectoral and territorial analysis.

Microeconomic analysis is an analysis of the activities of the main links of the national economy - organizations, including commercial ones. This is an economic analysis in the narrow sense of the word, the information base of which is mainly data from the accounting and reporting system. In this regard, such analysis is often called accounting analysis, or analysis of financial and economic activities based on accounting and reporting data.

1.4 Analysis of financial and economic activities and his role in the management of the organization.

Analysis of financial and economic activities represents the objective necessary elements of management activities. With the help of such an analysis, the essence of economic processes is learned, the economic situation is assessed, production reserves are identified and scientifically based decisions are prepared for planning and management. The main purpose of the analysis is to ensure the profitability and sustainable financial position of the organization.

Let us consider the financial and economic activities of a market organization as an object of analysis.

The basis of the organization’s economic activities are finance, accounting and analysis, financial control in the form of internal audit.

The main functions of the organization are supply, production, sale of goods, products, works, services. The economic conditions for performing these functions are three markets: financial, purchase and sales markets.

The organization carries out a set of purchases on the market work force, investments in means of labor, procurement and folding of objects of labor at the expense of funds from the financing market.

As a result of the production of products (services), resources are processed into goods that are sold.

Thus, as a result of the implementation of the functions of supply, production and marketing of goods, capital circulation occurs.

The circulation of capital, considered as a continuous process, is called capital turnover. In accordance with reproduction cycles, the accounting process includes five stages: procurement accounting, accounting warehouse stocks, production accounting, finished product accounting, sales and settlement accounting. Accounting is practically the only possibility of information support for economic analysis and development of management decisions on the implementation of the principle of frugality in economic activity.

1.5. Economic mechanism for managing a commercial organization.

A commercial organization can be represented as a self-regulating system that has two subsystems: a manager (the subject of management) and a managed one, i.e. economic activity (object of management).

The management subsystem unites various departments and divisions of the organization.

Managed subsystem, i.e. economic activity includes the following elements: equipment, technology, organization of production, organization of labor, economics, foreign economic relations, social conditions, environmental activities.

The general economic management mechanism is divided into technical-production and financial-economic, which is a system for managing financial relations through financial calculations and financial methods.

Financial relations include investment, lending, rent, payments and other elements of economic activity. Financial levers are indicators of economic activity: profit, profitability, price, dividend percentage, cost, etc.; financial methods: management and financial accounting, management and financial analysis, planning, regulation using financial levers, financial and management control.

1.6 Financial and management accounting is the main information base for the analysis.

Financial accounting solves the problems of the organization's relationship with the state and other external users of information about the organization's activities.

Financial accounting, especially public financial reporting, is regulated by international and national standards that ensure the interests of external users of information.

Management accounting consists of systematic traditional accounting and problem accounting aimed at developing management decisions in the interests of the owners and administration of the organization. Management accounting is not regulated by the state, its organization and methods are determined by the manager, it brings to the fore in the accountant’s activities management tasks that require, for their solution, not only knowledge of traditional accounting, especially cost accounting and calculating the cost of products and services, but also technical and economic planning , statistics, analysis of economic activity, developed mathematical apparatus and modern computer technology. Management accounting organizes intra-economic relations within the enterprise, i.e. connections between individuals working in the organization itself, which is why management accounting is called internal, and financial accounting is called external.

1.7. Economic analysis as a method for generating problem-oriented databases and its place in computer control systems.

Economic analysis is accompanied by various calculations: absolute and relative deviations, averages, variances, percentages, etc. In addition, during the analysis, various types of assessments, groupings, comparisons of source data sortings, finding the minimum and maximum values, etc. are performed. The results of the analysis require graphical or tabular presentation. All this variety of types of analytical processing of economic information is the object of automation using modern means of communication and personal computers (PCs).

PCs connected into a single computer network make it possible to move to comprehensive computerization of economic analysis and meet its requirements for the formation of problem-oriented databases for solving various problems.

Comprehensive computerization of analysis provides:

maintaining integrity (systematic analysis in conditions of decentralized information processing);

connecting the information processing process with the decision-making process;

increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of analysis.

Computer analysis directly follows economic accounting, and is also performed during its implementation, thus transforming the subsystem analytical support management of economic activities into a constantly operating factor in increasing production efficiency, due to the updating of everything information fund organizations.

1.8. Analysis as a method for basing management decisions. The role of analysis in the process of justifying a business plan and its monitoring.

The decision-making process, which is fundamental in management activities, consists of three stages:

• 
  Information Support;
• 
  analytical support;
• 
  making decisions.

Economic analysis is a means of obtaining complete knowledge about the economic activities of an economic entity. This knowledge, obtained during management analysis, is especially necessary when justifying the business plan and its monitoring. For example, when justifying a production plan, an analysis of raw materials and materials is performed, labor resources, capital-labor ratio, production costs, cost.

1.9. Types of economic analysis and their role in managing an organization.

Depending on the approach to analysis, theoretical (political-economic) and specific economic analysis are distinguished.

Depending on the content of the management process, there are long-term (forecast), operational, current economic, based on the results of activities for a particular period.

Depending on the nature of the management objects (what is being analyzed?), types of analysis are distinguished that reflect the levels of social reproduction:

• 
  macro-analysis in the context of regional industries and targeted comprehensive programs and micro-analysis at the organizational level;
• 
  sectoral structure of the national economy;
• 
  levels of organization management;
• 
  spheres of the process of expanded reproduction;
• 
  constituent elements production and industrial relations;
• 
  aspects of economic activity (technical and economic, socio-economic, foreign economic, environmental, economic and legal analysis);
• 
  indicators of economic activity.

Depending on the repeatability, periodic and one-time analyzes are distinguished.

Depending on the content and completeness of the issues being studied, a distinction is made between a complete analysis of all economic activities and a local analysis of the activities of individual divisions, and a thematic analysis of individual issues and indicators.

1.10. The relationship between prospective (forecast), operational and current (retrospective) analysis.

The relationship between prospective, operational and current analysis is determined by the principle of their differentiation. Depending on the main stages of the management process - preliminary, operational and final.

A feature of prospective analysis is the consideration of economic activity from the perspective of future conditions, i.e. development prospects. Main tasks: forecasting economic activity, scientific basis for long-term business plans, assessment of the expected implementation of plans.

The purpose of operational analysis is the economic assessment of short-term changes in production processes relative to a given development program of the corresponding controlled economic system and ensuring its effective functioning.

Current (retrospective) economic analysis is a system of periodic, comprehensive study of the results of economic activity for an objective assessment of the implementation of business plans and the achieved production efficiency, comprehensive identification of intra-production reserves to improve business efficiency in subsequent periods.

Features of the current analysis are a retrospective look at economic activity, the study of accomplished processes and phenomena, and the identification of unused reserves.

1. 
   11. The relationship between external financial and internal management analysis.

Financial analysis, based only on public accounting data, acquires an external character, i.e. analysis carried out outside the organization by interested counterparties, owners or government agencies. But when analyzing only public reporting data, a very limited part of information about the organization’s activities is used, which does not allow revealing all aspects of this activity.

When conducting internal analysis, not only financial statements are used as a source of information, but also other system accounting data, regulatory and planning information, analysis of the state of inventories, analysis of the state of receivables and payables.

When conducting on-farm management analysis, it is possible to deepen financial analysis by using data production accounting, i.e. the ability to perform a comprehensive economic analysis and assess the efficiency of business activities.

1. 12. Users of information about the financial and economic activities of an organization as subjects of analysis.

All types of analysis are divided by management subjects, i.e. users of information, which in particular include partner groups that are directly interested in the results of the organization’s activities and analyze information from the point of view of their interests in order to make their decisions.

These include owners, management of the organization, staff, customers, suppliers, creditors, tax and statistical authorities.

In addition to directly interested users of information about the organization, there are indirectly interested users of information - auditing and consulting firms, insurance companies, stock exchanges, law firms, trade unions, press, etc.

However, the ability of users to access information is different: only managers of an organization can analyze data from all system accounting and reporting, other users of information draw their conclusions and make decisions, guided mainly by the analysis of public accounting (financial) statements.

1. 
   The concept of reserves, their classification. The role of analysis in identifying and determining directions for mobilizing reserves.

• 
  reserve stocks (for example, raw materials), the availability of which is necessary for the continuous (rhythmic) activities of the organization;
• 
  reserves as not yet used opportunities for production growth, improvement of its quantitative and qualitative indicators.

The volume of production is limited by factors or resources, the availability of which is minimal. In modern economic conditions, the “bottleneck” in the development of production can be labor, material and especially financial resources.

From the perspective of the organization and depending on the sources of education, external and internal economic reserves are distinguished. External are general national economic, as well as sectoral and regional reserves. Internal reserves are associated with the intensification of production when its growth exceeds the growth of its costs.

Depending on the final results that reserves influence, the following types of reserves are distinguished: growth in product volume, improving the structure and range of products, improving quality, reducing the cost of products by cost elements or by responsibility centers, increasing the correctness of products, strengthening the financial position, increasing the level of profitability.

1.14. Organization and features of analysis in business entities of various types.

The organization and features of analysis in business entities of various types are determined mainly by the features of the organization of finance in various legal forms organizations.

In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation entrepreneurial activity can be conducted by both individuals and legal entities. Legal entities must have an independent balance sheet or estimate. Legal entities can be commercial or non-commercial commercial organizations.

Commercial organizations, the main purpose of which is to make a profit, are created in the form of business partnerships and societies, production cooperatives, state and municipal unitary enterprises.

Non-profit organizations can be created in the form of consumer cooperatives, public or religious organizations (associations), charitable or other foundations, as well as in other forms provided by law.

Business partnerships and companies are recognized as commercial organizations with a charter capital divided into shares (contributions) of the founders (property created from the contributions of the founders, as well as accumulated in the process of activity, belongs to business partnerships or companies by right of ownership).

A legal entity that is a commercial organization, with the exception of a state-owned enterprise, as well as a legal entity acting in the form consumer cooperative or a charitable foundation may be declared bankrupt by a court decision if it is unable to satisfy the demands of creditors. An organization may, together with its creditors, decide to declare bankruptcy and voluntary liquidation.

1.15. Stages and standard techniques of analysis, financial (accounting) reporting.

Purpose of analysis financial statements– assessment of past activities according to the report and position at the time of analysis, as well as assessment of the future potential of the organization, i.e. forecast for further development.

To achieve this goal, international standards recommend that analysis be carried out using three main stages.

The first stage is the choice of analysis method:

comparison of organization data with standards;

comparison of a given organization over time (for different periods);

comparison of the organization’s data with the data of competing companies, assessment of its competitiveness.

The second stage is assessing the quality of information in general and especially information about income and profit. Analysis of the “quality” of profit.

The third stage is the analysis itself. International Financial Reporting Standards recommend the following basic methods of analysis:

• 
  reading reports and analyzing absolute indicators;
• 
  horizontal analysis, i.e. consideration of indicators over time;
• 
  vertical, i.e. structural analysis;
• 
  trend analysis - comparison of each reporting item with a number of previous periods and determination of the trend, i.e. the main trend in the dynamics of the indicator, cleared of random influences and features of individual periods;
• 
  analysis of financial ratios.

Economic analysis of an organization's activities arose and developed as an analysis based on accounting data and accounting (financial) statements. Modern economic analysis is based on the use of various sources of information, but the main one remains periodic financial statements.

Of particular importance for all users of reporting data are the explanations to the balance sheet and profit and loss account, which reflect information at the beginning and end of the reporting period on intangible assets, fixed assets, and types of financial investments, accounts receivable and payable, about authorized, reserve, additional capital, about the number of shares of the joint-stock company (fully paid, unpaid, partially paid), the composition of reserves, about the volumes of sold products, goods, works, services by type of activity and geographic markets, about the composition of production costs, other non-operating income and expenses, obligations issued and payments received.

A special place in the disclosure of financial information has explanatory note, including both transcripts and text parts. It must contain all essential information that is important for an objective assessment of financial and economic activities in accordance with the requirements of international and domestic accounting (financial) reporting standards.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

ARKHANGELSK REGION

State autonomous educational institution

Average vocational education Arkhangelsk region

« ARKHANGELSK POLYTECHNIC TECHNIQUE"

(SAOU SPO JSC "ATP")

Plan – lesson notes for the discipline “Analysis of financial and economic activities”

Pushina O.A.

Arkhangelsk 2014

Topic No. 1: “Techniques of economic analysis and their classification.”

Plan:

1.Techniques of economic analysis.

The economic information used varies in quantity, content and purpose; this involves checking the source data and processing it.

The process of information processing is an important stage of analytical work.

Processing economic information facilitates the perception of information, ensures comparability and reducibility of economic indicators used in the analysis.

Information must be comparable in terms of subject, object of study, time, methodology, calculation of indicators.

2. Classification of methods of economic analysis.

Analysis of any economic phenomenon or process begins with studying:

1) absolute values ​​are the main meters used as a basis for calculating relative and average values, and also as one of the meters of volumetric indicators;

2) relative quantities are indispensable in the analysis of dynamic phenomena; they act as a measurement relationship when comparing two quantities, expressed as percentages or coefficients.

All of the following are used in analytical calculations:

Relative dynamics indicators characterize changes in the same indicator over time (plan implementation, sales growth rate relative to the base period taken as 100);

Relative values ​​of the structure show the share and specific weight of factors in the formation of aggregate indicators. They clearly illustrate both the entire aggregate and part of it (the share of non-current assets in the property of the enterprise);

Relative intensity values ​​are values ​​obtained by comparing two related indicators (capital productivity and profitability, labor productivity and output volume). They are purely analytical in nature.

Relative comparison values ​​- important in industry analysis, as well as in analysis and evaluation competitive advantages, when the same characteristics of two different populations, groups, units (market share of competing firms) are compared.

3) average values ​​- they smooth out quantitative fluctuations of individual objects of study.

A new independent indicator is calculated, which can reveal the qualitative side of the phenomenon under study.

Types of averages:

Arithmetic average, simple and weighted;

Average chronological;

Harmonic mean weighted;

Fashion;

Median.

Using these values, it is possible to determine general trends and patterns in the development of economic processes.

4) comparison is the most common method of analysis. Each indicator used for assessment and control has meaning only in comparison with another.

A mandatory rule for using this technique is the comparability of indicators in terms of structure and conditions of their formation, because Only qualitatively homogeneous quantities can be compared.

Directions:

Identification of the degree of completion or non-fulfillment of a task when comparing reporting data with planned data;

Assessment of performance results over time and the trend of development of the economic process when comparing the actual indicators of the reporting period with similar indicators for a number of other years;

Identification of the place of the analyzed entity in the market among other competing entities;

Identification of unused reserves, production growth;

Comparison of performance results before and after the application of any measure;

Control over the use of all types of resources must be carried out by comparing actual indicators with standard ones.

Types of comparison:

Horizontal (temporal) analysis – comparison of each position with the previous one;

Vertical (structural) – determining the structure of the final indicators, determining the share of the specific weight of the parts in the resulting indicator;

Trend analysis - comparison over a number of years and determination of a new trend in the dynamics of indicators;

Unidimensional comparative analysis – comparison of one or more indicators of one object or several objects according to a single indicator;

Multidimensional comparative analysis - comparisons of the performance of several business entities on a wide range of indicators.

5) grouping – involves the classification of phenomena and processes. As well as the reasons and factors that determine them.

In economic analysis, structural groupings are used to study the composition of business entities (by capacity, level of automation, size of fixed assets), and the structure of products (by assortment and nomenclature).

Topic No. 2: “Classification of types of economic analysis”

Plan:

2. Classification according to main characteristics.

1.Analysis of economic activity as a function of production management

Analysis of economic activity acts as a function of production management.

Control functions- a special type of management activity, a product of specialization in the field of management.

Classification of management functions

1. General - reflect the content of the management process.

2.Specific - reflect various control objects.

Any specific function can be implemented only with the help of general functions, because general functions cannot be carried out on their own without an application to any control object.

Main functions economic activity:

1.Information Support management (collection, processing, organization of information about economic phenomena and processes)

2.Analysis of the progress and results of economic activity, its assessment of the possibility of improvement based on scientifically proven criteria.

3. Planning as a management function, which involves forecasting, long-term and current planning of the economic system.

4.Organization of the effective functioning of elements of economic mechanisms for the purpose of optimal labor, material and monetary resources and management decisions.

5. Monitoring the progress of implementation of business plans and management decisions.

2. Classification according to main characteristics

The classification of types of economic analysis is based on the qualification of management functions, since economic analysis is a necessary element in the performance of each economic management function.

Classification:

1.Depending on the nature of the control objects:

Industry analysis - takes into account the specifics of individual sectors of the economy (Industry, agriculture)

Intersectoral analysis - allows you to identify the interrelationships of individual industries, the presence of internal connections between them, generalizes the experience of analyzing economic activities in different sectors of the economy.

2.According to the content of the management process:

Operational

Current (retrospective) based on the results of activities for a particular period

Prospective (forecast, preliminary)

3. Depending on the economic activity, the following are distinguished:

Technical and economic analysis is carried out by technical services. Its content is the study of the interaction of technical and economic processes and the impact on performance results.

Financial and economic – it is dealt with by financial services and credit authorities. The object of analysis is financial results, improvements in financial condition and solvency.

Management analysis - all services are engaged in it in order to provide information necessary for planning, control and making optimal management decisions. It is operational in nature, its results are a trade secret.

Economics statistical analysis - it is carried out by statistical bodies and is used to study mass social phenomena at different levels of management (enterprise, industry, region)

Economics and environmental analysis - carried out by its bodies environment and environmental services of the enterprise. Its content is the study of the interaction of environmental and economic processes related to the preservation and improvement of the environment and environmental costs

4.By frequency:

Periodic analysis

Annual analysis

Quarterly

Monthly

Decade

Everyday

Removable

One-time

Not periodic

5.According to the content and completeness of the issues being studied:

Complete analysis of all business activities

Local analysis of the activities of individual departments

Thematic analysis of selected economic issues.

6.According to the method of studying the object:

System

Complex

Functional - cost

Economic-mathematical

Diagnostic.

7.By the scope of the objects studied:

Solid

Selective

8. According to the degree of mechanization and automation of computing work - analysis in terms of data processing using calculating and keyboard machines.

9.by subjects:

Internal (managerial)

External (financial analysis)

Certain types of economic analysis are not found in their pure form in practice.

Topic No. 3: “Organization and methodology for conducting operational, current and future analysis.”

Plan:

1. Operational (situational) analysis.

2.Current (retrospective) analysis.

3.Prospective (predictive) analysis.

1. Operational analysis.

Based on the management and planning functions, operational analysis, current and future, is distinguished.

Operational– aimed at solving the problems facing the operational management of an economic entity. This analysis is carried out immediately after a business transaction or after a change in the situation over a short period.

Target: consists in promptly identifying shortcomings and timely influencing business processes to improve the economic situation.

It is characterized by the “programming” of economic situations and the use of standard solutions.

Task: is constant monitoring of the implementation of planned targets, production processes and sales of products, timely identification and use of on-farm reserves.

Operational analysis is close in time to the moment of business transactions: per shift, per day, per week, per decade. It is based on primary accounting data, direct observation of the production process, readings from instruments, mechanisms, production or other experience.

Operational analysis is based on natural performance indicators. It is carried out according to the following groups of indicators: production, shipment and sales of products, use of labor, equipment and material resources, cost, profit and profitability.

The characteristic features of operational analysis are: the study of natural indicators and relative inaccuracy associated with the approximation of calculations.

2. Current analysis.

Current analysis results of economic activities are carried out according to the most important reporting periods of management, mainly on the basis of official reporting and systematic accounting.

Current analysis carried out according to the current planned reporting periods of work. It evaluates the work of an economic entity for a month, quarter, half year, year, on a cumulative basis.

Current analysis is based on accounting and statistical reporting data.

Task: evaluation of results commercial activities:

- comprehensive identification of unused reserves;

Mobilization of unused reserves in the future in order to increase production efficiency;

Ensuring full compliance of material and moral incentives based on labor results.

The results of the current analysis are used to solve strategic management problems.

Feature of this analysis is that the identified reserves mean forever lost opportunities for increasing production efficiency, since they relate to the previous period.

During this analysis, business situations are examined, the results are taken into account only in future work, since the control system receives information late and it is almost impossible to compensate for deficiencies

The current analysis is carried out mainly based on the cost indicators of the business entity by all economic and technical services.

In general, an analytical note for the annual report is drawn up for the business entity based on the results of the year’s work. It provides an assessment of the financial and economic activities for the year and identifies ways to improve the work.

Current analysis serves as the basis for future analysis.

3. Prospective analysis.

Promising is called the analysis of the results of economic activities in order to determine possible values ​​in the future.

Prospective and current analysis are closely related. Without current analysis, it is impossible to make a forward-looking analysis. Current gives the ability to see the future.

Feature perspective analysis is that:

1) all phenomena and processes of economic activity are considered from the perspective of the future, that is, development prospects;

2) it is impossible to fully take into account all the factors that determine this indicator.

Tasks:

1.forecasting economic activity;

2. scientific substantiation of long-term plans;

3. assessment of the expected implementation of plans.

Sequence of carrying out prospective analysis:

A range of generalizing indicators is established that characterize the prospects of an economic entity in the main areas of economic activity;

The sequence of indicator analysis is established based on the main areas of activity;

Connections between the most important groups of indicators are identified;

The market for a specific product or service is being studied;

The need for resources is determined;

The expected results of economic activity for production are assessed: cost, profit;

The degree of influence of factors in the future on the resulting indicators is determined.

Thus, operational, current and future analyzes are closely interrelated.

Current analysis is the basis of forward-looking analysis, while at the same time it incorporates the results of operational analysis.

SUBJECT AND METHOD OF AHD

The transition to the market requires the enterprise to increase production efficiency, competitiveness of products based on the introduction of scientific and technical progress, effective forms of management and intensification of entrepreneurship. An important role in the implementation of these tasks is assigned to the enterprise's ACD.

Using analysis:

· developing an enterprise strategy and tactics for its development

· management decisions are justified

· reserves for increasing production efficiency are identified

· the results of the enterprise as a whole and its divisions separately are assessed.

A highly qualified manager (financier, economist) must have a good understanding of general, specific and private economic laws related to the activities of an enterprise, and promptly offer opportunities to improve production efficiency.

Analysis (Greek - “dismemberment, decomposition of an object into parts”) appears in unity with synthesis (Greek - “unity of dismembered elements”).

Analysis is a way of understanding objects and phenomena of the environment, based on dividing the whole into its component parts and studying them in all the variety of connections and dependencies.

Various types of analysis are used in science and practice:

1. physical

2. chemical

Mathematical

Statistical

Economic and others.

Analysis studies economic phenomena at both the macro and micro levels.

CLASSIFICATION OF AHD

In the special economic literature, ACD is classified according to various criteria:

On a sectoral basis, which is based on the social division of labor and is divided into sectoral and intersectoral;

Based on time

· preliminary (prospective) - carried out before the implementation of economic activities to justify management decisions, plan targets, predict the future and assess the expected implementation of the plan and prevent undesirable results

· retrospective (historical) - carried out after the implementation of business acts and is used to monitor the implementation of plans, identify unused resources, and objectively assess the results of the enterprise’s activities

operational (situational) - carried out in a short period of time (shift, day, decade)

final (resultative) - carried out for the reporting period (month, quarter, year)

By spatial basis: on-farm, inter-farm

By management objects

· technical and economic analysis, which is carried out by technical services. Its content is the study of the interaction of economic and technical processes and the establishment of their influence on the economic results of the business activity

· financial and economic analysis, which is carried out by financial services, financial and credit authorities. The main attention is paid to the financial results of operations, namely the implementation of the financial plan, the efficiency of using equity and borrowed capital, identifying resources and profit reserves, increasing profitability, improving the financial condition and solvency of the subsector.

· audit (accounting) analysis. Expert diagnostics of the “health” of a business is carried out by auditors or audit firms in order to assess and predict the financial stability of the entity

· socio-economic analysis (economic management services, sociological laboratories, statistical bodies). The possibility of social and economic processes, their influence on each other and on the economic results of activities is studied.

· marketing analysis (marketing services for subdivisions). used to study the external environment of the functioning of the substation, raw materials markets, sales, competitiveness, supply and demand, commercial risk, formation pricing policy, development of tactics and strategies for marketing activities

According to the method of studying the AHD object

· comparative, where reporting data is analyzed with indicators of previous years, data from advanced payments and statistical data

· factor analysis is aimed at identifying the influence of factors on the growth and level of performance indicators

· diagnostic analysis - establishing the nature of violations of the normal course of economic processes based on typical signs characteristic of a given violation. Knowledge of these signs allows you to quickly and accurately determine the nature of the violations without additional time and money

· marginal analysis - a method of assessing and justifying the effectiveness of management decisions based on the cause-and-effect possibilities of increasing sales volume, s / s, profit, as well as dividing costs into constant and variable

· economic and mathematical analysis - selects the most best option solving economic problems, identifies reserves for increasing production efficiency through full use of resources

· stochastic analysis (dispersion, correlation, component) - used in the study of statistical dependence between phenomena and processes of economic activity

· functional-cost analysis - is a method for identifying reserves and is focused on optimal methods for their implementation at all stages life cycle products (research, design, design, production, operation, disposal)

By subjects (users) of analysis

· internal analysis carried out directly at the substation for the needs of operational, short-term and long-term production management

· external analysis conducted by banks, financial authorities, shareholders, investors

According to the coverage of the studied objects: continuous and sampled

ACD is important among economic sciences. Analysis is closely related to planning, accounting, development and implementation of management decisions and statistics.

Thus, ADM is a management function that ensures the scientific nature of decisions made.

ACD is an element in the production management system, an effective means of identifying on-farm reserves, and the basis for the development of scientifically based plans and management decisions.

TASKS OF AHD

Analysis is the subject of a particular science, which allows us to distinguish analysis from many other sciences.

The subject of analysis are:

· reasons for the formation and changes in the results of economic activity

· knowledge of cause-and-effect relationships in economic activities

· revealing the essence of economic phenomena

· assessment of achieved results

· identifying reserves for increasing production efficiency

· justification of plans and management decisions

Having revealed the cause-and-effect relationships, it is possible to calculate the main results of economic activity; identify factors that reduce financial performance; calculate profit, break-even sales volume, per unit of production when changing production operations.

The object of AHD is the economic results of economic activity. For example, in an industrial substation, the object is the production and sale of products, the use of labor and financial resources, the financial results of production and the condition of the substation.

AHD FUNCTIONS

One of these functions is the study of the nature of the actions of economic laws, the establishment of patterns of economic phenomena and processes in specific conditions of the settlement.

The functions of the analysis also include the justification of current (1-3 years) and long-term (3-5 - 20 years), as well as monitoring the implementation of plans, management decisions and the economic use of resources.

The central function of analysis is the search for reserves for increasing production efficiency based on the study of advanced experience and achievements of science and practice. And finally, the development of measures to use the identified resources and reserves.

Thus, ACD as a science is a system of special knowledge related to the study of economic development, scientific justification of plans, management decisions, monitoring their implementation, assessment of achieved results, search for reserves and development of measures for their use.

PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS

1. The principle of organizing finances is based on the development and improvement of economic activities.

Modern economic literature has not yet formed a clear idea of ​​the analysis of the economic and financial activities of subsectors, but all authors agree on one thing: the analysis should be planned, systematic, have a target orientation, diversification and strategic orientation.

These principles apply to business activities in general and use traditional methods (methods) of analysis, which serve as the basis for the development and practical implementation of financial policies.

The principle of economic independence is implemented regardless of the form of ownership and the scope of economic activity and is aimed at investing money in order to make a profit and increase capital, as well as improve the well-being of the owners of the company.

The market stimulates commercial organizations to search for new areas of investment of capital. The analysis shows that flexible manufacturing is driving consumer demand.

Full independence of the subsector is limited by the activities of the state through legislative acts, rates, extra-budgetary funds, etc. The state also determines the depreciation policy (since 1998, depreciation rates have been established by law) and the amount of financial reserves for joint-stock companies.

The principle of self-financing, which ensures the competitiveness of a business entity. The analysis showed that the full self-sufficiency of costs for production and sales of products, investment in production development is determined by the level and amount of cash flows.

Main own source financing is: depreciation, profit, repair fund, reserve.

Not all commercial organizations are able to implement this principle for objective reasons: urban passenger transport, housing and communal services, agriculture, defense industry, mining industry. Such payments are received by the state. support on a refundable or non-refundable basis.

Benefits of self-financing:

· loan costs are excluded (interest payment, loan repayment)

· p/n becomes independent from external capital

· due to equity capital, reliability and creditworthiness increases

· the decision-making process for development is ensured through additional investments

4. The principle of material interest or the principle of financial incentives, rewards, punishment is that within the framework of the management system, a mechanism is developed to increase the efficiency of departments and organizational management structures. This is achieved by creating a responsibility center.

Responsibility center is a division of an economic entity, whose management is endowed with certain resources and powers sufficient to implement established plans.

Wherein:

· management defines several basic criteria for planned tasks

· responsibilities are divided based on tasks according to system-forming criteria

· the management of the unit is allocated resources in volumes sufficient to fulfill this criterion

· management has complete freedom of choice in relation to the structure of resources, technology. process, supply and distribution system, etc.

It is customary to distinguish 4 types of responsibility centers:

Cost center - responsible accounting

2. income generating center - sales department or sales center

Profit-generating center - subsidiaries, independent workshops, divisional divisions

Investment and development center - the most common functionality divisions that combine costs, revenues, profits, investments and profitability indicators.

economic analysis costs cost

METHOD AND TECHNIQUE FOR COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF ENTERPRISE ACTIVITIES

A method is a way of studying a subject.

A comprehensive research method is the method of dialectics, which means that, firstly, all phenomena are studied in interconnection and interdependence, and secondly, all phenomena are studied in movement, change and development.

The method of economic analysis has a number of characteristic features:

If business processes are constantly changing, then there is a need to compare actual results with the results of previous years, planned and industry averages

If business processes are interconnected, then this requires identifying the subordination of indicators, identifying the overall performance indicator and the factors influencing it

The same indicator in different situations can serve as both a factor and an effective indicator. For example, labor productivity is an indicator reflecting the results of production. In turn, productivity is a factor in production volume.

3. in the process of analysis, indicators must be classified into groups: external and internal; main and auxiliary; defining and non-defining; direct and indirect

A quantitative measurement (calculation) of the influence of factors on the aggregate indicator is carried out

To determine the influence of factors, it is necessary to conduct statistical observations (research), accumulate many factors, create an array of information, process it and build a mathematical model.

The method of studying and measuring connections in analysis is carried out by the method of induction and deduction.

Induction is a study carried out by generalizing particular factors.

Deduction is a method that proceeds from general factors to particular ones, i.e. from results to causes.

Using these methods together through interconnected elements implies the need for a systematic approach to the study of all phenomena through scientific justification, i.e. methodology.

Methodology is a scientific (theoretical or practical) study of a system of provisions and methods for studying any phenomenon or type of human activity.

It defines a number of methods for comprehensive analysis of the main indicators of economic activity.

The main characteristics of a comprehensive analysis include: completeness, comprehensiveness, systematicity, consistency, the presence of a single goal, simultaneity.

Each type of analysis has its own methodology.

Methodology is a set of analytical methods and rules for studying the economy of subsistence, subordinated to achieving the goal of analysis.

Distinguish

A general methodology that studies various objects of economic analysis in various sectors of the national economy

A private technique applied to certain industries, type of production or object of study

Any analysis technique represents instructions or methodological advice for the execution of analytical research.

The method contains the following points:

· task and statement of goals of analysis

· objects of analysis

· system of indicators with the help of which the object is studied

· advice on the sequence and frequency of research

· description of methods for studying the objects being studied

· sources of data on the basis of which the analysis is carried out

· instructions for organizing the analysis (which persons, services, departments will conduct individual parts of the study)

· technical means for analytical processing of information

· characteristics of documents that are best used to formalize the results of the analysis

· consumers of analysis results

The most important element of the ACD methodology is TECHNICAL TECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS.

TECHNIQUES (METHODS, METHODS) OF ANALYSIS

Method of economic analysis - approach (method) of study (research) production activities p/p.

The methods make it possible to reveal cause-and-effect relationships or interdependencies between individual indicators and specific factors that influence certain indicators, to most accurately measure the degree of influence of each factor, to determine reserves and to develop measures that increase the level of efficiency of business operations.

The most commonly used methods are summarized in the table

The use of certain methods depends on:

· goals and depth of analysis of the research object

· technical capabilities of performing calculations

· accuracy and depth of research, as well as

· analyst's intuition

Since the analysis uses a large number of indicators of different quality, their grouping and systematization is necessary.

Quantitative - for example, the volume of manufactured products, the number of machines operating, etc.

Qualitative - show the properties of the objects being studied, their features, characteristics, etc. For example, profitability, labor productivity, s/s, etc.

COMPARISON METHOD

The comparison method is the most important method of analysis, allowing one to evaluate the progress and results of a subdivision's activities.

The application of the comparison method is the first stage of any analytical study.

The analysis process is carried out in various directions:

1. comparison of actual values ​​of indicators with planned ones

2. comparison of actual indicators with indicators of previous periods, where the trend of development or decline is determined

P/P indicators are compared with competitors

Comparison with industry or statistical averages

Comparison with the indicators of leading companies in their own or another industry based on relative indicators

International comparison of technical characteristics and indicators, since many economic indicators in Russia are calculated using different methods than in the West

A necessary condition for comparison is:

· compliance with qualitatively uniform indicators

· application unified systems product measurements

· unity of calculation methodology

same geographical conditions

· the same number of working days and periods of comparable paydays

For example, comparison of planned and actual indicators.

In the process of applying the comparison method, the following indicators are determined:

absolute increase (deviation) - ∆Y

∆Y=ACTUAL-PLAN=Y1-Y0

· relative deviation (in%)

Plan - 100%

Fact - X

index deviation

Comparison of planned and actual indicators

∆= Actual - Plan = 49,000-51,000 = -2,000 (thousand rubles)

Growth rate = Actual - Plan = 96-100 = -4%

Economic law states that wages in percentage terms must be raised lower than the percentage of commercial output.

Analyzing the table, it follows that production output decreased by 4% (96%-100%). This could be due to unavailability of materials (high cost, loss of suppliers) or due to the introduction of new technologies that require less materials or machining.

Sales of products increase because demand increases. This follows from an increase in the salary of one worker, which can be increased due to the introduction of new technologies or a reduction in the number of workers.

CONCLUSION: P/n works for the future, as it strives to improve the well-being of workers through the introduction of new technologies.

Thus, the weight of the increase in sales in fact is higher than the planned one; the taken absolute indicator can one-sidedly reflect the process being studied, while consideration of relative indicators eliminates such one-sidedness.

METHOD OF AVERAGE VALUES

When studying mass phenomena in the economy, the need for average indicators arises.

The average value determines the typical properties of the population being studied and reveals trends of change. Through the average value it is possible to determine the causes of the studied populations and their changes.

A prerequisite for the use of this technique is the qualitative homogeneity of the phenomena being studied.

As a generalizing value, the average reveals the most significant features of a given population being studied and reflects the essence of what is happening in production and economic activity.

The following average values ​​are identified:

1. arithmetic mean - average salary, average output, average productivity, etc.

2. geometric mean - when calculating average growth rates

Mean harmonic - average increase in birth rate, death rate

GROUPING METHOD

Characterizes the general development trend and reveals the relationship between phenomena and processes. Grouping analysis serves to reveal average values ​​and identify the influence of individual objects (indicators) of research on averages.

The grouping technique consists in identifying homogeneous groups among the studied subsamples according to some characteristics. If the grouping is carried out according to one characteristic, it is called simple, if according to several - combined.

There are structural groupings that allow you to study the structure of processes at a substation, the structure of incoming equipment, the structure of costs for executing the plan, the structure of personnel, etc.

Structural groupings study the composition of the production units themselves (by production capacity, level of mechanization, labor productivity, etc.), as well as the structure of products by type, range, quality.

Factor groupings establish a connection between phenomena that influence the indicator of interest. For example, the dependence of labor productivity on the amount of equipment, technical automation. processes, level of equipment and equipment.

DETAIL METHOD

Allows you to study objects by breaking them down into their component parts.

Technical and economic indicators are detailed

By time: by quarter, month, day, shift, hour

Detailing by time is used when analyzing daily productivity, between-repair periods, and technical work. installations, as well as product output, use of working time, etc.

By place of occurrence

It is used to determine indicators that influence the outcome of manufactured products. For example, the substation allowed excessive consumption of electricity; it is necessary to determine in which of the links the overexpenditure occurred.

For individual components

Allows you to establish the role of individual components and their structure that influence the final result.

It allows you to determine where the greatest can be achieved economic effect and use this effect in the future. For example, an analyst has determined that labor productivity has increased by 20%; it is necessary to determine the reasons for this increase.

Increasing technical level - 12%:

5% automation

4% mechanization

3% change in technology

Structural changes - 8%:

2% increase in the number of workers

4% control improvement

2% professional development

When determining the best directions, it follows: production automation had the greatest impact on increasing productivity; then mechanization and improved management. The administration should pay attention to these areas in the future.

CHAIN ​​SUBSTITUTION METHOD

To assess the influence of absolute changes in factors on changes in the final indicator, the method of chain substitutions (substitutions) is used.

The essence of the method is the sequential replacement of basic (planned) indicators one by one with actual ones, and each time one value is replaced, and the rest are fixed at a certain level.

When replacing, the approach of the influence of a qualitative (intensive) parameter on the final indicator is used.

We use the method of chain substitutions to analyze labor resources. The volume of production largely depends on how much labor is available and how it is used.

Analysis of the use of labor is a calculation of productivity (data from form No. 9), where the following are calculated: productivity per worker, productivity per worker. These indicators make it possible to identify the shift and structure of industrial production personnel in the “Report on the implementation of the labor plan” (Form No. 9-T).

The object of the analysis is the excess profit received at the substation (483 thousand rubles), received above the plan when the number of workers was reduced by 120 people.

We determine the factors influencing the receipt of excess profits.

Calculation of the given indicators

Based on the factors obtained when calculating the number of days worked, hours and labor productivity, we determine their influence on gross output using the method of chain substitutions.

Calculation of the influence of labor factors on gross output

Analyzing the calculation, it follows that the decrease in the number of workers, the number of days worked and the number of hours worked in 1 shift, the subsector lost 3,411 thousand rubles (-2,008 -240 -1,163).

Due to the increase in labor productivity (output of 1 worker), the production line increased production by 3,894 thousand rubles, which covered the impact of a decrease in the number and loss of working hours and received an above-plan profit of 483 thousand rubles.

The payroll reserve is a reduction in lost working time per shift to the planned amount and the number of days worked in accordance with the constitution and amounts to 1,403 thousand rubles (240 + 1,163).

CONCLUSION: P/n works for the future. To increase production output in the future, the following measures must be taken: increasing the number of days worked (according to the Constitution); reducing the loss of working time in a shift; increasing the number of hours each worker works per day.

In the process of analysis, it is necessary to identify specific causes of losses (from operational recording of working time): lack of material, electricity, heat; change of long breaks in work.

INDEX METHOD

Index is a relative indicator that characterizes changes in time and space in a set of phenomena that are directly incommensurable.

The index is a relative value obtained as a result of comparison of complex aggregates and individual units that are comparable on a single basis. The result of the index ratio is expressed as a coefficient or %.

In general, the formula for calculating the general index (I 0) looks like

or 115.6%

For example, a substation produces a variety of products: machine tools, engines, washing machines. It is necessary to calculate the general production volume index according to the table data

It follows from the table that the cost actually increased by 18 thousand rubles. (133-115), which is the object of analysis.

We determine the factors that influenced the change in cost:

We determine the index of quantity change at a constant planned price (z 0 =const)

(107%)

The quantity factor influenced the increase in cost by 7% (107% - 100%) or 8 thousand rubles. (123-115).

2. Determine the influence of price on changes in value through the cost index

(108,6%)

The price factor influenced the increase in cost by 8.6% (108.6% - 100%) or by 10 thousand rubles. (133 - 123).

CONCLUSION: The cost of production per item increased due to two factors - quantity and price. Price influenced the cost to a greater extent.

The administration (managers) needs to pay attention to product B and determine why the price of the product has doubled.

GRAPHIC METHOD

View and analyze time series more clearly and easily when using graphs, charts, pie sectors, tickers, etc.

Picture 1. Structure of financial resources

Fig.2. Position of companies in the cellular communications market

Table 1 Financial indicators with the wage system commission basis

ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNICAL LEVEL OF PRODUCTION

The task of organizational technical level p/p is characterized by a set of technological, technical, organizational, environmental, legal and other factors of production.

The higher the progressiveness of production equipment and technology, the flexibility of organizational forms of management, the more efficiently production resources are used, which primarily leads to an increase in capital productivity, labor productivity, and a reduction in material costs per unit of production.

This is reflected in the volume and quality of products, profits and profitability, as well as other indicators of production and economic activity.

The methodology for analyzing the organizational and technical level of production solves the following problems:

· analysis of the technical level of acceptable production processes

· analysis of the level of organization and management of production

· analysis of the implementation of the plan for technical, production, scientific and organizational factors

· analysis of the economic level and quality of products

Analysis of the technical level of the payment system solves two main problems:

Analysis of the technical condition of general purpose pension funds, their structure, composition, as well as the pace of introduction and disposal

Identification of the degree of compliance of fixed assets with the production tasks being performed, as well as the level of provision with fixed assets of the subsector as a whole and its structural divisions

The following indicators are used for analysis:

Capital-to-labor ratio

F O - average annual cost of fixed assets

CH R - number of workers per substation

Since not all fixed assets are equally involved in improving production indicators, but only their active part (equipment, machines, machines, etc.), the most characteristic indicator of the technical level is the machine-to-weight ratio

F ACT - the cost of the active part of fixed assets

2. power supply

E - the amount of energy consumed at the substation for production needs

t - number of man-hours worked

3. coefficient of automation and mechanization of production

It should be borne in mind that an increase in capital productivity and machine-to-weight ratios compared to the previous year does not always characterize the equipment of substation with new progressive means. Its increase can be caused simply by an increase in the means of labor, so these indicators must be supplemented with an analysis of labor productivity or the serviceability coefficient of fixed assets.

F FIRST - the full initial cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year

I - depreciation at the end of the year

The coefficient of renewal and retirement plays an important role. If TO OBN. lags behind K SEL. , then the p/n's old funds are increasing.

The main indicator of the technical level is the capital productivity indicator.

F O characterizes the amount of products per 1 ruble of fixed assets.

ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION AND LABOR

Indicators of production and labor levels:

1. reduction in the number of employees

2. reduction of downtime for organizational reasons

Reducing the duration of repair work

Equipment utilization rate and its growth

Reducing the level of product defects

A reduction in the number of employees at a substation during the year can be carried out after the following measures are taken:

· specialization of production workshops of the main production

· consolidation of workshops to reduce administration

· centralization of repair work and laboratory control

· organization of maintenance of electrical equipment in daytime(reducing energy costs)

· introduction of new facilities into production

The level of labor organization not only increases profits, but also the salaries of workers. For this, the following indicators are calculated:

Use of working time through the working time ratio

Standard time is determined by subtracting the duration of regulated vacations from the working time fund.

The working time fund is calculated from annual calendar standards published in special publications annually.

The difference between the standard and actual working time shows the loss of working time.

Work schedules are stipulated in the work schedule according to the labor code and are: 40-hour working week, 36-hour work week, 24-hour work week.

2. the degree of use of workers' labor qualifications (K slave) - is determined by the ratio of the average category of workers (P 1) to the average category of work (P 2).

Tariff and qualification reference books are in effect at the substation, according to which the administration determines the type of work performed at the substation and hires the appropriate workers. In total, the tariff schedule consists of 6 categories.

3. the level of use of engineering qualifications is determined by the ratio of the number of engineering workers with higher and secondary education (I 1) to the total number of engineering workers (I total).

When analyzing the organization of work, it is necessary to identify:

· correct placement of workers according to their qualifications and profession

· compliance of workers’ qualifications with the qualifications of the work performed

· working conditions and their impact on the body of workers

· the activity of technical and organizational work is determined through the efficiency coefficient of rationalization and innovation work as the ratio of the conditional annual savings from implementation rationalization proposals to the total number of innovators per p/p.

IMPROVING EQUIPMENT USE AS A FACTOR FOR INCREASING CAPITAL RETURN

All equipment for subdivisions is divided into:

1. cash - available, regardless of where it is located (in workshops, warehouses, on the road)

Installed - equipment installed and prepared for operation, located in the workshops. It can be in reserve, under conservation, scheduled repairs, modernization, etc.

Operating - all equipment actually operating during the reporting period

The composition of the equipment is characterized by the following data:

The table shows that 7 units of equipment were not installed at the substation (809-802), which is 2.1%. Uninstalled equipment is “dead capital”, since funds have been invested in it, but it does not provide a return.

Increasing the efficiency of equipment operation is achieved in two ways: extensive and intensive (see Fig. 2).

Indicators characterizing the extensive way of using equipment are as follows:

· hours worked (machine-hour)

· structure of the machine park

· equipment quality

· equipment shift ratio

Analysis of the extensive use of equipment is reduced mainly to consideration of the balance of its operating time. For each workshop at the subdivision, a fund of equipment working time is established (calendar, routine and planned). Improving the use of time is an important condition for increasing the efficiency of operating production assets.

In practice, assessment of equipment use is carried out mainly on the basis of photographs of the workplace or sample observations (one-off surveys).

Analysis of equipment use over time is characterized by an extensiveness coefficient.

The use of equipment over time is characterized by a shift coefficient, which is calculated in the following ways:

1. as the ratio of the total number of machine-hours worked to the number of machine-hours of the most filled shift

As the ratio of the total number of machines working in all shifts to the established number of machines

The determination of losses in product output by calculating equipment downtime is determined by the product of the number of equipment downtimes (machine hours) multiplied by the planned average hourly productivity of one machine.

When using equipment, there are 3 interrelated factors that affect product output:

The number of machines of the same type is defined as the deviation from the plan in terms of the number of machines, multiplied by the plan average performance 1 machine for the analyzed period

The average number of hours worked by 1 machine is calculated as the deviation from the plan for these hours, multiplied by the planned average hourly productivity of the machine and the reported number of working machines

Average hourly productivity of one machine - defined as the deviation from planned productivity multiplied by the reported total number of machine-hours worked

The use of equipment power per unit time is characterized by an intensity factor.

To calculate the output of marketable products, an integral coefficient is used.

FOR EXAMPLE, a substation produces commercial products, the output of which depends on the quality of the equipment and its operating time. Determine the change in product output using the following parameters:

1. planned time fund - 10,000 machine hours

2. actually worked time - 9,800 machine hours

Planned output for 1 machine-hour - 100 rubles

Actual output per 1 machine-hour - 110 rubles

SOLUTION

1. Define (98%)

From the calculation it follows that the production line does not fully realize all the possibilities for increasing production output, since the actual time fund is used only by 98%.

We calculate the intensive utilization rate of equipment

(110%)

The increase in machine productivity is 10% of its planned power use per unit time.

3. We determine the change in output through the integral coefficient

Product output increased by 7.8%. The substation has a production reserve. If the actual time fund is used at 100%, output will increase by 110%.

CONCLUSION: The administration needs to pay attention to the loss of working time, due to which production output decreases, and therefore profits decrease.

ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION FUNDS P/P

Fixed assets p/p - this is the totality of produced social work Inventory materials operating for a long period. The entire set of fixed assets is divided into 3 groups (see Form 11 of GOSKOMSTAT).

Scheme of fixed industrial production assets

When analyzing the structure of PPF groups, they are divided into active (directly involved in or influencing objects of labor), on which the quantity of output depends, and passive (creates conditions for the normal functioning of the active part) part.

The analysis of indicators of the use of industrial funds is carried out separately for the active part and for all funds as a whole.

An increase in the share of the active part characterizes the progressiveness of their structure (renewal), as well as the increase in the equipment of the substation, which contributes to an increase in production output and an increase in capital productivity and labor productivity.

The second group includes funds from other industries (p/p), which can be separated from the p/p (removed from the p/p balance sheet). These include: agricultural, medical institutions and facilities, as well as sales and supply organizations.

The third group is fixed assets involved in production, but are on the balance sheet (ballast). In market conditions, all subsectors are trying to get rid of (free themselves from) non-productive assets that do not generate income for the substation.

By comparing the share of each group in the total cost of fixed assets, their structure is judged. Usually the specific gravity in % of the first group and the ratio of the first group to the other two are determined.

The more production assets of a subsector (its active part), the better the opportunities for the substation to increase production output.

The passive part of fixed assets has increased ═> p/p is engaged in construction, i.e. increases buildings, structures, transmission devices, and then purchases equipment and machines for manufacturing products.

Analysis of the structure of fixed assets, their technical condition is characterized by the degree of their wear (age composition of equipment), renewal, disposal and introduction of the latest technologies.

An indicator of the degree of depreciation of fixed assets is the depreciation coefficient, which is defined as the ratio of the amount of depreciation of fixed assets (section 1 of the liability side of the balance sheet) to their primary cost (section 1 of the asset side of the balance sheet).

F b - book value of fixed assets

F ost - residual value of fixed assets

I - the amount of depreciation of fixed assets

Primary cost - price + delivery and installation costs, transportation, loading and unloading costs.

A higher renewal rate of the active part of fixed assets compared to the renewal rate of all assets shows that the renewal of industrial assets directly involved in production takes place on the subsector, and therefore has a positive effect on the capital productivity indicator.

C new input - the cost of newly introduced fixed assets during the year

C total - the cost of all fixed assets at the end of the year

ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF FIXED PRODUCTION FACILITIES

One of the most important factors in increasing production efficiency is the provision of fixed assets in the required quantity, assortment and their full use.

Analysis tasks:

· Determine the provision of the subdivision and its structural divisions with fixed assets, their level, which is calculated by general and specific indicators, and also establish the reasons for their changes.

· Study the degree of utilization of production capacity

· Identify reserves for increasing efficiency and use of fixed assets

· Develop measures for the efficient use of reserves.

Data sources for analysis are as follows:

Ø economic and social development plan

Ø technical development plan (organizational and technical plan)

Ø F No. 11 “Report on the movement of fixed assets”

Ø F№7-f “Report on inventories of uninstalled equipment”

Ø F№1-p “Revaluation”

Ø F№2-ks “Report on the implementation of the plan for commissioning fixed assets and capital investments”

Ø FBM “Production Capacity Balance”

Ø Inventory cards of fixed assets

The analysis usually begins with a study of fixed assets, their dynamics and structure.

Funds are divided into production and non-production.

In addition, there are active and passive parts.

Analysis of the movement and technical condition of fixed assets is important. For this, the following indicators are calculated:

Renewal factor

2. Attrition rate

3. Growth rate

4. Wear rate

5. Usability factor

The implementation plan is checked new technology, the commissioning of new facilities and the repair of industrial plants, the share of advanced equipment in the total number and for each group of machines is determined.

To characterize the condition of machines and other equipment, a grouping according to technical suitability is used, equipment that requires major repairs, and unsuitable equipment that needs to be written off are identified.

The next stage of the analysis is the study of the provision of subsistence production facilities, certain types of machines, mechanisms, equipment, premises, and the planned requirement for the required output is established.

A general indicator characterizing the level of provision of subsectoral production assets is the capital-labor ratio or the technical equipment of labor.

The capital-labor ratio is calculated by the ratio average annual cost industrial production assets to the sum of the payroll number of workers in the largest shift.

The technical level of labor is determined by the cost ratio production equipment to the average number of workers in the longest shift.

It is desirable that the growth rate of labor productivity outpace the growth rate of technical equipment of labor.

RESERVES FOR INCREASING PRODUCT OUTPUT AND CAPITAL RETURN

Analysis of increasing production output consists of reducing the utilization rate of the available equipment.

Commissioning of uninstalled equipment, *replacing and upgrading it, *reducing daily and intra-shift downtime, increasing the shift ratio, *more intensive use of it, *introducing scientific and technical progress measures - all this allows to improve capital productivity on the subsector.

When determining current and future reserves, instead of the planned level of factor indicators, their possible level is taken into account, i.e. extensive and intensive level of equipment utilization.

One of the reserves for increasing output is reducing general production (general plant and general shop) and general business costs.

PRODUCT COST ANALYSIS

The substation produces mainly comparable products. The analysis is carried out based on its s/s (costs) as the difference between the actual and planned amount of costs for comparable products.

The analysis makes it possible to find out the trends in changes in any indicator (costs) of implementing the plan in terms of the level of reduction and determine the influence of factors on the increase or increase in agricultural products.

The objects of analysis are the following indicators:

· complete accounting of marketable products in general and by cost elements

· costs per 1 ruble of commercial products

· with/with comparable products

· accounting of individual products (costing)

· individual elements and cost items

Sources of information for s/s analysis are:

Ø F№5-z “Report on costs of production and sales of products”

Ø F No. 6 “Analysis of financial statements by cost items”

Ø synthetic and analytical cost accounting for main and auxiliary production facilities

Planning and accounting of s/s for substation is carried out according to cost elements and costing items.

ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION COSTS BY ELEMENT

When analyzing agricultural products, information for finding reserves for its reduction is obtained by studying costs by element (F No. 5 “Production costs”).

Costs are grouped according to economic content, i.e. regardless of their industrial purposes and the places where they are spent.

Grouping is done to study material intensity, labor intensity, energy intensity, as well as the impact of technological progress on the cost structure. The cost structure is characterized by the share of individual costs in their total amount.

If the share of wages decreases and the share of depreciation increases, then this indicates an increase in the technical level of wages and an increase in labor productivity. The share of salary also decreases if the share of purchased components and semi-finished products increases, which indicates an increase in the level of cooperation and specialization.

Analysis of the cost structure by element per substation

From the analysis of the table it follows that production costs by element are not the same: 48.7% are raw materials and supplies. This means that the company produces its products by processing raw materials.

Purchased products account for 17.9%, and the costs of purchased products increased (17.9-17.5) by 0.4%, while raw materials decreased from 48.7% to 48.2%, i.e. e. by 0.5%. This means that the subsector strives to replace raw materials that require significant processing costs with purchased components as less labor-intensive, which is confirmed by the change in the share of the salary in the total cost.

CONCLUSION: S/n has established stable connections with S/n suppliers.

We carry out the analysis according to F No. 6 section 1 and identify how the payment plan is being complied with for individual cost items, i.e. We determine which items are saving and which are overspending. After analyzing the costs, directions are outlined for further finding reserves for reducing the cost of marketable products per substation.

Grouping costs by purpose, i.e. by costing items, indicates where, for what purposes and in what amounts resources were spent. It is necessary for calculating % individual species products in multi-item production, establishing centers for concentrating costs and searching for reserves for their reduction.

Main cost items (see table).

From the analysis of the table it follows that the total agricultural output of marketable products is lower than planned by 480 thousand rubles. In terms of the absolute amount of deviations, the greatest savings were obtained in raw materials, supplies and workers' salaries (-520, -168 thousand rubles), and the greatest overexpenditure by item was factory overhead costs and losses from defects (180, 175 thousand rubles).

The item “returnable waste” is deducted and the final conclusion on this item can be made after a detailed analysis of the reasons that led to this overspending.

The largest amount of overspending resulted from losses from defects and non-production expenses (114.4% and 35.6%). These data show the most unfavorable provisions for these articles.

CONCLUSION: The administration needs to first of all deal with streamlining costs for general and non-production expenses and especially for defects in production, since overexpenditure on these items had a particularly strong negative impact on the implementation of the plan for s/s.

If we removed these losses, the payout would not have reached 480 thousand rubles. savings, and 951 thousand rubles. (480+180+175+116).

Planning and accounting of s/s to s/p is carried out by dividing costs by:

· variable costs related to a certain type of product (raw materials, materials, wages of workers, fuel, etc.). They directly relate to one or another calculation object.

· indirect costs associated with the production of several types of products and attributed to costing objects by distribution in proportion to the corresponding base (basic and additional salaries, direct costs, production capacity). An example of indirect costs are general production costs, general business costs, costs of maintaining fixed assets, etc.

In a market economy, costs are classified into explicit and implicit (imputed or implicit), taking the form of direct payments to suppliers of factors of production and intermediate goods.

Explicit payments include salaries of workers, managers, employees, commission payments to trading firms, payments to banks and other providers of financial and material services, payment of transportation costs, etc.

Implicit costs are the opportunity costs of using resources that belong to the owners of the firm or are owned by the firm as legal entity. These costs are not provided for in the contract and are not reflected in the balance sheet.

ANALYSIS OF COSTS PER RUBLE OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

An important general indicator of agricultural products is the cost per ruble of marketable products, which is beneficial because:

· firstly, it is very versatile - it can be used in any industry;

· secondly, it shows a direct connection between s/s and profit.

It is calculated by the ratio total amount the cost of production and sales of products to the cost of manufactured commercial products in current prices.

Its level is influenced by both objective and subjective, external and internal factors.

In the process of analysis, one should also study the dynamics of costs per ruble of marketable products and conduct cross-industry comparisons on the analyzed indicators.

Interrelation of factors determining the level of costs per ruble of commercial products

DETERMINING RESERVES FOR REDUCING PRODUCTION COSTS

The main sources of reduction in s/s are:

· increase in production volume

· reduction of production costs by increasing the level of labor productivity, economic use of resources, materials, electricity, fuel, equipment, reducing non-production costs and defects.

The amount of reserves is calculated:

Р↓с/с = С в - С f

R↓s/s - reserves for reducing s/s

C in - possible level of s/s for the industry (statistical data)

Transcript

1 LECTURE NOTES ON THE DISCIPLINE “Analysis of the economic activities of an enterprise” 1

2 Contents Introduction 1. Subject, content and types of economic analysis 2. Organization of economic analysis 3. Method and methodology of comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity 4. Analysis of the organizational and technical level of production 5. Analysis of production costs 6. Analysis production capacity Recommended reading 2

3 Introduction Economic analysis is one of the main major disciplines in the system of training economists. Economic analysis of economic activity is an independent field of economic knowledge, closely related to general economic theory, enterprise economics, planning, organization and management of production, finance, statistics, accounting, and economic mechanism. Economic analysis is one of the functions of management, the stage that precedes the adoption of economic decisions. To manage production, it is necessary to know well the state of affairs at the enterprise, to have complete information about the progress production process. But this is not enough. To justify the strategic and operational management it is necessary to understand the course of the production process, the trends in its development, i.e. it is necessary to process the received information. Clarification and understanding of information is achieved by analyzing the data obtained. When carrying out the analysis, primary information is converted into secondary information, financial, economic, production and economic indicators are calculated. social activities. These indicators are objective characteristics of the enterprise’s management, the factors that determined the achievement of the final results obtained, and the reasons for the shortcomings. Based on this, one can make certain optimal management decisions. Thus, economic analysis is a management function that provides a scientific basis for decision-making in the field of enterprise management. Through accounting and economic analysis, direct and reverse connections are made between all elements and components economic mechanism of the enterprise. Ensuring their interaction and 3

4 consistency, accounting and economic analysis determine the effectiveness of the organizational and economic mechanism of the enterprise as a whole. The purpose of studying the discipline “Economic Analysis” in the system of training economists, financiers and enterprise managers various forms ownership is the identification and mobilization of on-farm reserves for increasing the efficiency, profitability and competitiveness of production, as well as the formation of a business attitude towards the expenditure of material, labor and financial resources of enterprises. The main objectives of the discipline: - To provide theoretical knowledge in the field of methods of conducting economic analysis; - To develop practical skills in identifying intra-economic reserves, qualitative and quantitative dependencies of the final results of production and economic activities on the main economic, financial, technical, technological, social and environmental factors; - Familiarize yourself with the information base of analysis to justify and select management decisions; - Provide a study of the features of conducting economic analysis in accordance with the conditions of a transitional (market-oriented) economy, as well as the latest achievements in this field of knowledge; Economic analysis is closely related to other academic disciplines: - In theoretical and methodological terms - with philosophy, economic theory (macro- and microeconomics); - Methodologically - with the economics of enterprises and industries, planning, financing and lending; - With regard to ensuring and identifying the relationship between economic indicators and technical and technological indicators, innovative development- with 4 basics

5 design and engineering, industrial production technologies, assessment of the effectiveness of investment projects (new equipment and technologies); - In relation to providing an information base and the use of methodological techniques in analysis - with statistics, accounting; - In relation to the use of methods and technical means of management - with economic and mathematical methods and models, computer science, programming, control theory; - With regard to identifying reserves and developing measures to improve the organization of production and labor - with the theory of production organization, rationing and remuneration. 1. Subject, content and types of economic analysis 1.1 Subject, objects and content of economic analysis. 1.2 Objectives of economic analysis and its place in the production management system. 1.3 Place of EA in the production management system. 1.4 Types of economic analysis. 1.1 Subject, objects and content of economic analysis. Analysis in a broad sense is the scientific study of objects and phenomena in their diverse connections and interdependencies. Analysis is understood as the division of a complex phenomenon or object into its component parts, as well as the comparison and study of general and specific indicators. Thus, it is a research method with the help of which causal relationships and dependencies between phenomena and parts of the whole are studied. As a research method, analysis can be chemical, mathematical, economic, etc. 5

6 Economic analysis is a system of specialized knowledge that provides the study of economic processes and phenomena in their interrelation and interdependence. Economic analysis studies the development of the economy, all parts of the national economy. Economic analysis (EA) should be considered in a broad and narrow sense. EA in a broad sense covers material production as a whole, all its stages and links, as well as the non-production sphere, i.e. the entire structure of the national economy emerging in the process of expanded reproduction. EA in a broad sense includes national economic analysis and EA of the economic activities of enterprises and associations up to line ministries. EA activities manufacturing enterprises- this is an analysis in the narrow sense, covering as the subject of research the economy of the main link of the national economy, considered in close interaction with the economy of other links of material production. The objects of analysis of the economic activities of enterprises are individual economic processes, phenomena and results that receive a certain reflection in the system of economic indicators. The subject of economic analysis is the production and economic activities of industrial enterprises, associations, as well as individual industries and the national economy as a whole, reflected by a system of planned, accounting and reporting indicators and other non-systemic sources of information. The content of economic analysis is a historical concept, determined by the nature of production relations. The content of the analysis changes with the development of industrial relations and the transition economy. The content of EA can be determined using two methodological approaches: - determine the main sections, topics, issues of economic analysis; 6

7 - determine the main stages of the study, as a rule, characteristic of each section of economic analysis. For a full presentation of the methods of economic analysis, the first approach is used. When briefly defining the content of economic analysis, the second approach is used. The content of economic analysis consists of: research of economic phenomena, factors and causes that determined them (For example, equipment downtime); objective assessment of the effectiveness of self-supporting (commercial) activities in terms of the level of plan implementation, obligations for product supplies and the achieved financial, economic, organizational and technical level of production; scientific substantiation of plans, direct contractual obligations, control over the preparation of real plans and the progress of their implementation; identifying on-farm reserves; developing measures to use reserves, eliminating the causes of ineffective work; control over the implementation of production and economic activities. 1.2 Objectives of economic analysis and its place in the production management system. The analysis tasks common to all enterprises in sectors of the national economy are: 1. Increasing the scientific and economic validity of plans, indicators and standards. 2. An objective and comprehensive study of the implementation of plans, direct contractual obligations, and compliance with standards. 7

8 3. Determining the economic efficiency of using labor, material and financial resources. 4. Identification and assessment of self-supporting (commercial) results of the activities of structural and production units. 5. Identification and measurement of on-farm reserves for increasing production efficiency and ways of using them. 6. Checking optimal management decisions. In order to fulfill the tasks at hand, before economic analysis it must meet certain requirements (principles): 1. Scientific nature. The analysis should be based on the provisions of the dialectical theory of knowledge, take into account the socio-economic patterns of production development in modern stage, as well as use the latest methods of economic analysis. 2. State approach. The analysis should take into account the compliance of production and economic activities with state socio-economic, environmental and foreign economic activities, as well as with existing legislation. 3. Reality and accuracy, i.e. obtaining, through analysis, an objective (correct) characteristic of the object being studied (indicator). The requirement for the reality of analytical information for making management decisions is ensured by the use of an appropriate system of indicators, the use of reliable initial information, the use of scientific methods of its collection and processing, specificity and determination of conclusions. Analytical conclusions must be justified by accurate analytical calculations and be independent of the subjective impressions and desires of the persons carrying out the analysis. 8

9 4. Complexity and consistency. The complexity of the analytical study implies a more complete coverage of all components and aspects of the activity. A systematic approach means a comprehensive, interconnected and interdependent study of a system of individual phenomena (indicators). 5. Timeliness (efficiency). Timely analysis means identifying short time reasons for deviations from planned, established or program targets. The establishment and quantitative factor assessment of these reasons makes it possible to optimize decisions and make changes in production. 6. Planning. The analysis must be carried out systematically and in accordance with specified programs. 7. Cost-effective. It consists in carrying it out with minimal labor costs. 8. Effectiveness. It consists in applying the results to develop measures aimed at using the reserves for increasing production efficiency identified in the process of analysis. 1.3 Place of EA in the production management system. The main stages of the management process are: 1) selection and processing of economic information about the activities of the management object (managed system); 2) analysis of this information; 3) making decisions and monitoring their implementation. Economic analysis is the stage that precedes and ensures decision making. Economic analysis is also a management function and is used to perform all other management functions in the decision-making process in the field of economics: control, planning, regulation, organization, stimulation, etc. 9

10 Thus, economic analysis is an essential and necessary function of economic management and acts as a tool for improving management. 1.4 Types of economic analysis. Economic analysis as a science is divided into sub-branches of knowledge. 1. The theory of economic analysis, which reveals the content, tasks, subject, methods, organization and technique of analytical work. Deep mastery of the theoretical foundations of economic analysis is necessary for studying its specific techniques and methods for further application in the practice of analytical work. 2. Economic analysis of the activities of enterprises (firms), organizations and associations. It is a study of the economics of enterprises as an integral system in the context of interrelated indicators. In the process of analysis, such aspects of the economy of the enterprise (association) are examined as the implementation of the production plan, supply contracts, the implementation of planned targets for quality, assortment, rhythm, cost and profit, and the use of production resources. 3. Economic analysis of the activities of sub-sectors and industries (national economy). A summary analysis carried out using a system of indicators makes it possible to judge the efficiency of a certain set of enterprises, determine the patterns of development of indicators, and make a forecast for the future. The analysis, carried out at the level of associations, unions and industries, in planning, banking, statistical and financial authorities, is consolidated and largely comparative. With the help of summary analysis, by grouping data from enterprises, trends and patterns of their development are identified. It is in the middle and senior levels maybe 10

11 conduct a comparative analysis of activities across groups of comparable enterprises in relation to identifying the level and dynamics of achieved financial and economic indicators. 4. Economic analysis of national and regional economies. The principal direction of the analysis is the study of the dynamics (using indices) and structure (using fractional values) of macroeconomic indicators included in the national accounting system. 5. Analysis of the market situation (market conditions) involves a comprehensive and consistent study of its objects and subjects, various factors that determine the dynamics, structure of a given market (commodity, financial, currency), position on it, and the possible impact of the latter on the economy as a whole. By objects of management: 1. Technical and economic. Analysis of the relationship between the technical side of production and the economic side; 2. Financial and economic. Analysis of financial stability. Conducted by the financial service; 3. Auditing (accounting). Represents an expert diagnosis of the state of the enterprise; 4. Socio-economic. Produced by social services. 5. Marketing. Produced to analyze internal changes; 6. Margin. According to the methodology: Comparative analysis has the goal of identifying reserves by studying and using best practices. The difference in the levels of costs and performance results of compared enterprises allows us to identify reserves for increasing production efficiency. Comparative analysis can be carried out at the level of studying the economics of various enterprises and within the same enterprise. This requires organizing the exchange of information between the enterprise and its divisions. eleven

12 Based on management functions, analysis is divided into operational, current and prospective. Operational analysis is directly related to the functions of operational management of supply, production, sales of products, financial calculations, as well as monitoring the progress of implementation current plans. The purpose of operational analysis is to establish the causes of deviations from the calculated progress of production, the planned provision of the enterprise with material resources, the volume of shipped and sold products and the timeliness of payments for payments. sold products, as well as determine deviations from planned indicators and evaluate them possible consequences for the enterprise and the necessary measures to eliminate negative factors and consolidate positive factors. In fact, operational analysis acts as a tool for planning and dispatching management of production, economic and financial activities of enterprises. Based on operational analysis data, the current work of the enterprise is assessed, and management decisions are made for subsequent periods. Such an analysis is carried out by several functional divisions of the enterprise: the production and dispatch department, individual production facilities, workshops and production sites, planning department, logistics department, central accounting department, labor department and wages, financial department, sales department and other departments of the enterprise. Operational analysis is aimed at studying the deviations that occur in business processes in comparison with planned, normative and calculated indicators characterizing the activities of the enterprise. Such analysis is carried out, as a rule, for short periods of time: shift, day, week and month of operation of the enterprise. 12

13 The current analysis is aimed at studying factors and individual phenomena that influence the implementation of quarterly, semi-annual and annual planned targets and compliance with the proportional and effective development of the analyzed enterprise. The results obtained from this analysis are the input data for current planning activities of the enterprise, taking into account its orientation to the future. Prospective analysis is carried out over a period of time longer than an annual period. He studies the main trends and long-term factors of enterprise development. The purpose of this type of analysis is to prepare data to determine the direction of development of the enterprise and its structural divisions for several years (5, 10, 15 and 20) ahead. Based on the time it takes, the analysis can be divided into: - preliminary, which is carried out on individual key indicators of the enterprise’s economic activity before the final development of plans for the next reporting period. Such an analysis makes it possible to most accurately and reliably identify the internal production reserves available at a particular enterprise against the planned targets and take them into account when forming a plan for the previous reporting period; - actual, with the help of which the fulfillment of the annual task is studied against the plan approved and calculated by the enterprise itself for individual economic indicators; - subsequent, which is carried out as plans are implemented and establishes underutilized reserves in order to include them in the plan for the subsequent reporting period. Based on the frequency of analysis, the analysis is divided into: periodic and one-time. 13

14 Periodic is carried out, as a rule, for a specific period of time. The source of information is mainly current reporting, which essentially determines its frequency (shift, day, decade, month, quarter, year, five-year period). Periodic analysis allows you to monitor the implementation of planned tasks, effective use fixed and working capital, etc. A one-time analysis is carried out regardless of the calendar time of the reporting period for the group of indicators of interest to the enterprise ( economic justification different options reconstruction of industrial enterprises, modernization of production equipment, etc.). Depending on the degree of coverage of the object under study, the analysis can be complete or partial. Full is carried out when all production and economic activities of the analyzed enterprise are studied. In a partial (selective) analysis, individual aspects of the enterprise’s operation are studied that are important for production management at any given moment. Classification of types of economic analysis according to the scope of the analyzed objects, in addition, are divided into intra-farm and inter-farm: With intra-farm, production and economic and financial activities a separate enterprise; In inter-farm analysis, the performance of one enterprise compared to another or several related enterprises. According to content, the analysis is divided into: comprehensive and thematic (local). Comprehensive - involves the study of all aspects of the activities of enterprises and its divisions in interconnection. It covers the process of production preparation, organization of the technological process, use of production 14

15 equipment, catalysts and sorbents, as well as all subsequent stages of production and circulation of products. Thematic (local) analysis is carried out when studying any particular aspect of activity or some isolated issue of the enterprise. In a comprehensive analysis, all activities of an enterprise are studied in connection and interdependence, and the influence of some indicators on others is revealed. Thematic (local) analysis in practice is part of a comprehensive one. Economic analysis must be systematic. This applies to all types of analysis: comprehensive and thematic, operational, subsequent and prospective. A systematic approach to analysis is one of the most characteristic features analysis. The analysis should primarily cover generalizing and fund-forming indicators of enterprise activity. 2. Organization of economic analysis 2.1 Information base for analysis. 2.2 Factors, their relationship and measurement of impact on production efficiency indicators. 2.2 The main stages of conducting an analysis of economic activity. 2.1 Information base for analysis. With the development of economic analysis as a management function, the organization of its information base is becoming increasingly important. Economic analysis, on the one hand, is the main consumer of information necessary for carrying out analytical calculations, and on the other, the main channel for issuing information for management. Economic information must be scientifically organized and must meet a number of requirements. The most important 15

16 of them are as follows: objectivity, unity of information in planning and accounting sources, limitation of information, elimination of duplication, sufficiency of information for operational production management, speed of obtaining analytical indicators. Economic information represents various information about the work of enterprises, associations and industries. Depending on the management functions, economic information is divided into: 1) planned; 2) operational; 3) accounting; 4) statistical. 1. Planning information is created in the process of technical, economic and operational production planning, including the preparation of annual plans on a quarterly basis. In addition to annual plans, planned information is contained in the quarterly and monthly work plans of the enterprise. In economic analysis, regulatory materials, departmental instructions, price tags, etc. are widely used. for example, indices of the value of fixed assets and capital investments. 2. Operational information is manifested in the process of operational monitoring of the progress of the enterprise, its workshops and sections (progress of production, movement of parts in production, etc.) according to primary documents and operational reports. Such information is necessary for ongoing monitoring of plan implementation and identification of shortcomings in work. 3. Accounting information is generalizing, continuous, continuous and systematic. It characterizes the activities of the entire enterprise. Based on accounting data, financial statements are prepared in certain forms. For more complete coverage of the costs and results of economic activities, the necessary additions and appendices are attached to the established forms. 16

17 Accounting and reporting contain basic information for analysis. 4. Statistical information is widely used to assess the implementation of the plan and the growth of the enterprise. With the help of statistical information, enterprises study the use of working time, compliance with production standards, dynamics of labor productivity, etc. Statistical accounting is based on accounting and operational data. With the help of statistical information, not only continuous accounting data, but also sample data are analyzed. 2.2 Factors, their relationship and measurement of impact on production efficiency indicators. When organizing economic analysis, the selection and classification of factors influencing the indicator under study and their quantitative measurement are of great importance. Indicators, especially production efficiency indicators, are influenced by many interrelated factors. It is very difficult to determine the influence of each of them. To better study the impact on production efficiency indicators, factors are classified, dividing them, first of all, into four groups: 1. Scientific and technological progress: introduction of new high-performance equipment, computer technology, mechanization and automation of production, labor and management, improvement technological processes, improving product quality, introducing more economical materials; 2. Improving the organization of production, labor and management: increasing the level of specialization, cooperation, use of equipment, rhythm of production, rationalization of the management structure; 3. Social development team; 4. Related to natural conditions. 17

18 All listed factors influence production efficiency indicators through the level of use of production resources (fixed assets, working capital, capital investments) and labor costs. When conducting an analysis, factors influencing production efficiency, in order to ensure a correct assessment of the results achieved by the enterprise and the implementation of economic incentives, must be divided into work-dependent and work-independent of this enterprise. Dependent (in-production) factors are the improvement of equipment and production technology, improvement of product quality, reduction of its cost, improvement of the material incentive system. Factors independent of the operation of the enterprise include factors associated with an increase in the level of concentration, specialization and cooperation of production and with better natural conditions. All of the above factors and indicators are interconnected. Determining the nature of this relationship is the task of qualitative analysis, which involves decomposing each process and phenomenon into its constituent elements (factors and causes) affecting this indicator. In the process of qualitative analysis, causal connections between phenomena are established through the relationship of indicators and factors. When studying the forms and directions of the relationship between indicators and factors, not only the causes and consequences of their relationship are established, but also the factors are ranked. This is necessary to carry out quantitative analysis. It is important when conducting a qualitative analysis by making logical judgments from among the many factors affecting this indicator, to select those that have the greatest influence and are the main ones. 18

19 Qualitative analysis serves as the basis for quantitative analysis, during which, using various methods, a quantitative assessment is given to the phenomena and factors being studied. 2.3 The main stages of conducting an analysis of economic activity. The following main stages of studying economic processes can be distinguished: 1) Drawing up a program of economic analysis; 2) Selection and verification of information necessary for this study; 3) Selection and calculation of indicators; 4) Analytical processing and comparison of indicators; 5) Summarizing the results, ensuring the transparency of the analysis and monitoring the implementation of its results. Drawing up an economic analysis program is the most critical part. The program is determined by the purpose of the analysis and the practical use of its results. Along with the program, a calendar schedule is drawn up, and the composition of the areas of proposed work and their responsibilities are determined. The selection and verification of information is carried out depending on the goal and the program of economic analysis. In the process of studying, various accounting, planning and other sources of information are used. During the selection and verification of accounting and planning information, it is necessary to establish the presence of all its details (for example, the signatures of persons responsible for drawing up documents, plans and reports), as well as to carry out a so-called counting check (the correctness of calculations) and checking the relationship of individual sources (for example, linking planned and reporting indicators). The selection and calculation of indicators is related to the goals set in the study of economics. 19

20 Analytical processing and comparison of indicators is carried out in order to fully reveal the internal patterns in the economics of enterprises. To do this, you need to not only select and calculate indicators, but also process them. The main goal of analytical processing of indicators is to reveal the causal relationship and measure the influence of factors on one or another indicator. Identification and study of factors, choice of a method for measuring the influence of various factors on the final, general indicator, calculation of the influence of each factor on the level of analyzed indicators are the central tasks of economic analysis. Generalization of the results, publicity of the analysis and control over the implementation of its results are carried out in order to identify various reasons, both positively and negatively affecting the overall results. After the analysis, it is important to highlight the main thing that is decisive for assessing the performance of the enterprise and developing the right recommendations. Generalization of analysis data is carried out in different forms depending on who is conducting it and for what purposes. The results of the analysis of the enterprise’s economic activity for the year are documented in explanatory note to the annual report, and the results of individual analyzes in the form of reports and notes addressed to the director of the enterprise or heads of departments. The main thing in the generalization are conclusions and proposals for improving the operation of the enterprise and mobilizing its internal reserves. 3. Method and technique of comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity. 3.1 Method and methodology of economic analysis: essence, features and content. 3.2 Methods of processing economic information in the analysis of economic activity. 20

21 3.3 Methods of deterministic functional factor analysis. 3.4 Techniques for modeling deterministic factor systems 3.1 Method and methodology of economic analysis: essence, features and content A method in the broad sense of the word is understood as a way of approaching the study of reality, a way of studying natural and social phenomena. The dialectical method is universal in nature, revealing the general laws of development of the material world. Its main features are that the phenomena being studied are taken in their interrelation and interdependence, their movement, change and development. Moreover, development is understood as a struggle of opposites, reflecting the objective laws of reality itself. The method of economic analysis is understood as a dialectical way of approaching the study of economic processes in their formation and development. The characteristic features of the method of economic analysis are: 1. The use of a system of indicators that comprehensively characterize economic phenomena and the economic activities of enterprises. This system is usually formed during planning, during the development of systems and subsystems of reporting and accounting economic information, which does not exclude the possibility of calculating new indicators during the analysis itself. 2. Study of the reasons for changes in economic indicators. Since economic processes (phenomena) are determined by causality and causal dependence, the task of analysis is to uncover and study these causes (factors). The economic activity of an enterprise, even a single indicator, can be influenced by numerous and varied reasons. 21

22 It is very difficult to identify and study the effect of absolutely all causes, and it is not always practical. The task is to establish the most significant reasons that decisively influenced this or that indicator. Thus, a precondition, a prerequisite for correct analysis is an economically sound classification of the causes influencing the final and intermediate results of economic activity. 3. Influence and measurement of the relationship and interdependence between indicators that are determined by the objective conditions of production (the external environment of the enterprise), the market for supply and demand of goods and services, and the internal organizational and economic mechanism of the enterprise. For example, the volume of industrial output depends, for example, on three groups of factors related to the use of labor, means of labor, and objects of labor. Each group is divided into constituent elements. Thus, factors associated with the use of labor are divided into quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative factors include the number of workers, and qualitative ones include the productivity of their labor (output per worker). The average output per worker per year depends, in turn, on the average number of days worked by one worker per year, the average number of hours worked by one worker per day, and the average output per man-hour worked. Each of the listed indicators also depends on a number of reasons. The average number of days worked by one worker per year depends, for example, on the provision additional holidays, absences due to illness, whole-day downtime due to the fault of the enterprise, etc. Consequently, a certain chain of dependence of one indicator on another is obtained, where each factor has its own specific meaning. Exclusion of one or another factor from the field of view of the economist-analyst or, in some cases, 22

23 also, a violation of the sequence of consideration of factors makes the analysis economically untenable. The above list of some factors influencing the volume of industrial production indicates that it is impossible to take economic concepts and economic indicators in isolation; they are all connected. However, this circumstance does not at all exclude the possibility and necessity of the expediency of their logical isolation in the process economic calculations. A very common methodological technique is to determine the degree of influence of a given factor, all other things being equal, i.e. when other factors are considered supposedly unchanged. The methodology of economic analysis is understood as a set of analytical methods, techniques and rules used to study the economics of an enterprise and process economic information. There are general and specific methods. The general methodology represents a research system that is equally used when studying various objects (components of an enterprise’s activities) in various industries (sectors) national economy. Particular methods specify the general one in relation to certain objects of research (sector of the economy, government and commercial structures, economic sectors). The implementation of the methodology of economic analysis as an analytical study contains the following points: 1. Goals and objectives of the analysis in accordance with the object of research (sphere of business). 2. A system of indicators, factor models with the help of which the object of study, the scope of the enterprise’s activity will be studied. 3. Sequence and frequency of analytical work. 4. Methods and techniques for analytical research of an object, economic phenomena. 23

24 5. Sources of economic information. 6. Instructions for organizing the analysis (economic and technical services of the enterprise, managers and performers). 7. Technical means, information technologies that are advisable to use for analytical processing of economic information. 8. Characteristics (structure, content) of documents in accordance with which the results of the analysis should be compiled. 9. Consumers of analytical results of economic analysis. 3.2 Methods of processing economic information in the analysis of economic activity Comparison is an analytical method of research, during which the economic phenomenon (objects) under study are compared with the analytical one studied earlier in order to determine the common features or differences between them in terms of quantitative and qualitative indicators. Kinds comparative analysis: 1. Horizontal comparative analysis. It is used to determine absolute and relative deviations of the actual level of the indicators under study from the base (planned, last period, etc.). 2. Vertical comparative analysis. With its help, the structure of economic phenomena and processes is studied by dividing the share of parts in the overall whole (for example, the share of equity capital in its total amount, the structure of the cost of production), the relationship between the parts of the whole (for example, own and borrowed capital, fixed and working capital, production and sales of commercial products), as well as the influence of factors on the level of performance indicators by comparing their values ​​before and after changing the corresponding factor. 24

25 3. Trend analysis is used to study the relative rates of growth and increase in indicators over a number of years to the level of the base year, i.e. when studying time series. 4. Unidimensional comparative analysis comparisons are made for one or more indicators of one object or several objects for one indicator. 5. Multidimensional comparative analysis with its help compares the performance results of several enterprises according to wide range indicators. It should be noted that comparison is the most common method of economic analysis to identify the degree of use of material, labor and financial resources. Comparisons are made in many areas. The main ones are the following: 1. Comparison (contrast) of actual indicators with planned ones when assessing the degree of implementation of the plan; such a comparison makes it possible to identify deviations from planned targets. 2. Comparison of actual indicators with standard ones. This allows for cost control and promotes the introduction of efficient and resource-saving technologies. 3. Comparison of actual indicators with their values ​​in previous periods; the use of this technique makes it possible to identify changes in indicators over time and establish certain trends in the development of the enterprise. 4. Comparison of performance indicators (management) of a given enterprise (workshop, site, team) with analytical indicators of the activities of other enterprises and their divisions. Such comparisons help generalize best practices and identify on-farm reserves. 5. Comparison of the indicators of a given enterprise with industry average and regional average data in order to identify the compliance of individual costs with socially necessary, individual and industry average profitability. 25

26 6. Comparison of the indicators achieved by this enterprise (in terms of labor productivity, product quality, etc.) with the performance indicators of enterprises in developed countries. 7. Comparison of interrelated time series to study the interdependence of the studied indicators. For example, it is advisable to analyze the dynamics of changes in labor productivity, capital-labor ratio and wages. 8. Comparison of various planned targets, investment projects, options for management decisions in order to select the most optimal one. 9. Comparison of the results of economic activity before and after a change in any factor in factor analysis and assessment of reserves. The influence of the conditions of comparative analysis is the need to ensure comparability of indicators, since only qualitatively homogeneous values ​​can be compared. In this case, the following requirements must be taken into account: - unity of volumetric cost, quality, structural factors; - unity of intervals or moments of time; - comparability of initial production conditions (technical, natural, regional); - unity of methodology for calculating indicators. Comparability of indicators in a number of cases can be achieved if, instead of absolute ones, we take average or relative (specific) ones (costs per hryvnia of marketable products, profitability of fixed assets, capital productivity). In some cases, correction factors are used to ensure comparability of indicators. The compared indicators must be homogeneous in terms of the composition of costs, the number of objects taken into account, etc. To characterize indicators of economic activity and make comparisons, they are used 26

27 absolute, relative and average values. Each of these quantities has its own purpose in the analysis. 1. Absolute indicators(cost, natural and labor) are used for the volumetric characteristics of the economic phenomenon being studied. 2. Relative indicators are used to characterize the degree of implementation of plans and measure the rate of change in indicators. They are expressed by number of times, coefficients, percentages. Each of the relative values ​​has its own degree of clarity in expressing the relationship between the development of economic indicators. The simplest form of relative quantity is a number showing how many times one quantity is greater or less than another, taken as a basis for comparison. The value obtained as a result of comparing two homogeneous indicators, one of which is taken as one, is called a coefficient. A special form of relative values ​​are percentages, in which the base value is taken not as one, but as one hundred. 3. Average values ​​of indicators are used to obtain a general characteristic (the most typical features are established) of the homogeneous economic phenomena being studied, for example, the average production rate, average wage, etc. Grouping method. It is associated with the identification of groups or subgroups of phenomena within the studied set of objects according to certain characteristic features that help systematize the analysis materials, serve to reveal the content of the results and the influence of individual indicators on them. For example, at enterprises, workers are grouped according to the level of fulfillment of standards, by the level and growth of output and wages, by professions and categories of work, grouping products by quality categories, etc. Groupings are the basis for processing and analyzing mass data and are used to identify the structure and 27

28 structural changes, as well as to study the relationship between indicators. Depending on the tasks, the following types of groupings are used: 1. Typological. For example, the formation of population groups by type of activity, groups of enterprises by type of ownership. 2. Structural groupings make it possible to study the internal structure of indicators, the relationship between its individual parts (composition of workers by profession, length of service, enterprises aimed at reducing production costs). 3. Analytical (cause-and-effect) groupings. They are used to determine the presence, direction and form of connection between the studied indicators. Based on the complexity of construction, there are two types of groupings: simple and combined. a) Simple studies the relationship between phenomena grouped according to any one characteristic; b) Combined groupings - dividing the population under study according to one characteristic, and then within each group according to another. The balance sheet method is widely used in economic work in accounting, statistics, and planning. It is also used when analyzing the economic activities of enterprises (where there is a strictly functional dependence). On industrial enterprises, for example, using this method (along with and together with others) the use of working time (total working time), machine tools and production equipment (production capacity), the movement of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products, financial position. The balance sheet method (method) serves mainly to reflect the ratios and proportions of two groups of interrelated and balanced economic indicators, the results of which should be identical. Balance sheet method used: 28

29 1. When analyzing the provision of an enterprise with labor, financial resources, raw materials and fuel and energy resources and the completeness of their use (for example, assessing the use of the working time fund, determining the solvency of an enterprise based on the balance of payments, which correlates means of payment with payment obligations); 2. To check the initial data on the basis of which the analysis is carried out and also to verify the correctness of the analytical calculations themselves. In particular, when checking the correctness of determining the influence of various factors on the increase in the value of the effective indicator. 3. When constructing deterministic additive factor models based on, for example, the balance of commercial products O n + P = P + B + O k, hence P = O n + P V O k, where P is the volume of sales of commercial products; O n, O k, respectively, the balance of goods at the beginning and end of the year; P production of products; To other sources of product consumption. 4. To determine the magnitude of the influence of individual factors on the increase in the performance indicator, when the influence of two of the three factors is known. The index method is based on relative indicators that express the ratio of the level of a given phenomenon to its level in the past or to the level of a similar phenomenon taken as a base. Any index is calculated by comparing the measured (reported) value with the base one, therefore indices are a type of relative values. 29

30 Indices that reflect the ratio of simple individual indicators are called individual, and those that characterize the ratio of complex phenomena are called group or total. Indices that characterize the change in a certain indicator as a whole for any complex population are called general (aggregated). The index method can identify the influence of various factors on the aggregate indicator being studied, and also makes it possible to compare phenomena consisting of elements that cannot be directly summed up. Statistics names several forms of indexes. Which are used in analytical work(aggregate, arithmetic, harmonic, etc.). Using indices, data is compared not only from two periods, but also for a number of years, i.e. dynamic series. In this case, base and chain indices are used. An example of using the index method when assessing changes in production volume: I gp = q p q 1 p 1 0 0, where I qp is the index of changes in the volume of production of marketable products; q 0, q 1, respectively, planned and actual product quality; p 0, p 1, respectively, planned and actual product prices. Index of change in the volume of production of commercial products due to the quantitative factor (I q): I gp = q p q 1 p 0 0 0. 30

31 Index of changes in the volume of production of commercial products due to the cost factor (prices I p): I gp = q p q 1 p 1 1 0, The above formulas show that the total relative change in the volume of output is formed as the product of relative changes in two factors: quantity of products and price . The formulas reflect the practice accepted in statistics for constructing factor indices, the essence of which can be formulated as follows. If the generalizing indicator is the product of quantitative (volume) and qualitative indicators-factors, then when determining the influence of a quantitative factor, the qualitative indicator is fixed at the basic level, and when determining the influence of a qualitative factor, the quantitative indicator is fixed at the level of the reporting period. 3.3 Methods of deterministic functional factor analysis. One of the most important methodological issues in economic analysis is determining the magnitude of the influence of individual factors on the growth of a performance indicator. Methods: chain substitution, index, absolute differences, relative differences, proportional division and their products are based on the elimination method. To eliminate this means to eliminate, reject, exclude the influence of all factors on the value of the effective indicator except one. This method assumes that all factors change independently of each other: 31

32 first one changes, and all the others remain unchanged, then two change, then three, etc. with the rest remaining unchanged. Chain substitution method. This method consists in obtaining a number of intermediate values ​​of a generalizing indicator by sequentially replacing the basic values ​​of factors with actual ones. The difference between two intermediate values ​​of a generalizing indicator in a chain of substitutions is equal to the change in the generalizing indicator caused by a change in the corresponding factor. This method is used to calculate the influence of factors in all types of deterministic factor models: additive, multiplicative, summary and mixed (combined). In general, we have the following calculation system using the method of chain substitutions (using the example of a multiplicative model): Y 0 = a 0 *b 0 *c 0 *d - the basic value of the generalizing indicator; Y a = a 1 *b 0 *c 0 *d 0 - intermediate conditional value; Y b = a 1 *b 1 *c 0 *d 0 - intermediate conditional value; Y c = a 1 *b 1 *c 1 *d 0 - intermediate conditional value; Y 1 = (a 1 *b 1 *c 1 *d 1) - actual value. The total absolute deviation of the generalizing indicator is determined by the formula: y = y 1 y 0 = a 1 *b 1 *c 1 *d 1 - a 0 *b 0 *c 0 *d 0 The total deviation of the generalizing indicator is decomposed into factors: due to changes factor a 32

33 y a = y a y 0 = a 1 *b 0 *c 0 *d 0 - a 0 *b 0 *c 0 *d 0 due to a change in the factor b y b = y b y a = a 1 *b 1 *c 0 *d 0 - a 1 *b 0 *c 0 *d 0 Absolute difference method. It is one of the modifications of elimination. This is a mathematical simplification of the method of chain substitutions, which is based on taking the common factor out of brackets. In deterministic analysis it is used for multiplicative models and mixed models such as y = (a - b)c and y = a(b - c). Calculation algorithm for a multiplicative factor model of type y = a*b*c*d. y a = a*b pl *c pl *d pl; y b = a f * b*c pl *d pl; y c = a f * b f * c * d pl; y d = a f *b f *c pl * d ; y = a f *b f *c f *d f a pl *b pl *c pl *d pl; y = y a * y b * y c * y d; Method of relative differences. Applicable only in multiplicative and mixed models, such as y = (a - b)c. It is much simpler than chain substitutions, which makes it very effective under certain circumstances. This primarily applies to those cases when the initial indicators contain previously determined relative deviations of factor indicators in percentages or coefficients. Algorithm for the influence of factors for multiplicative models of type y = a*b*c. First you need to calculate the relative deviations of factor indicators: a% = a f a pl a pl *100%; 33

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF

KEMEROVSK TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

FOOD INDUSTRY

KemTIPP

Yu.A. Puzanova

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC

ACTIVITIES OF THE ENTERPRISE
Lecture notes
For college students

Kemerovo 2010

Compiled by: Puzanova Yu.A.
Reviewer – Zotov V.P., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
Lecture notes were compiled at the branch of the department “Accounting, Analysis and Audit” and recommended for publication

Protocol No._ 16_ _ from _ 05/24/2010 ______

Reviewed and approved by the methodological commission of STF KemTIPP

Protocol No.___ dated ___________

Lecture notes help to consolidate knowledge in the field of analysis of the use of material, labor resources, fixed assets of production and sale of products, its cost, financial results of operations and financial condition of the enterprise, key methods and techniques, development of the ability to formulate reasonable conclusions and assessments based on the results of the analysis.

Recommended for students majoring 080110 “Economics and Accounting” (by industry) full-time and part-time for conducting lectures on the course “Analysis of Financial and Economic Activities”

annotation
The lecture notes discuss the methodological foundations of a comprehensive analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise. Lecture notes are intended for students of economic specialties and teachers.

The main purpose of the lecture notes is to familiarize students with modern methods economic research into the production activities of an enterprise from the point of view of achieving positive results.

Ensuring the effective functioning of organizations requires economically competent management of their activities, which is largely determined by the ability to analyze it. With the help of a comprehensive analysis, development trends are studied, factors of change in performance results are deeply and systematically studied, business plans and management decisions are substantiated, their implementation is monitored, reserves for increasing production efficiency are identified, the results of the enterprise’s activities are assessed, and an economic strategy for its development is developed. In the system of economic management of industrial production, analysis plays a leading role, since it should help improve production efficiency and better use of material, technical, labor and financial resources.

Comprehensive analysis of economic activity is the field of knowledge that best unites all economic disciplines. It is based on a harmonious combination of production and financial analysis, providing an integrated, broad understanding of the production and financial activities of the enterprise. During the learning process, students must learn to understand the essence of economic phenomena and processes, their interrelation and interdependence, be able to detail, systematize and model them, determine the influence of factors, comprehensively evaluate the achieved results, and identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of the enterprise.

Introduction 8

Topic 1. Concept, subject and method of economics 10

analysis 10

1.1 Concept of economic analysis 10

1.2 Subject and method of science 11

1.3 Economic analysis as one of the functions 13

production management 13

1.4 Objectives and principles of analysis 13

1.5 Types of analysis 14

1.6 Analysis methodology 16

1.7 Information support for analysis 17

Topic 2. Traditional techniques and methods 19

economic analysis 19

2.1. Comparison method 19

2.2. Method of relative and average values ​​20

2.3. Balance sheet method 20

2.4. Grouping method 21

Topic 3. Deterministic factorial methods 21

analysis 21

3.1. Chain substitution method 22

3.2. Absolute difference method 25

3.3. Relative difference method 25

Topic 4. Analysis of production and sales 27

products 27

4.1. Analysis of the dynamics and implementation of the plan for 29

production and sales of products 29

4.2 Product structure analysis 31

4.3. Product range analysis 34

4.4. Analysis of the rhythm of production 36

quality. 39

4.6. Analysis of shipment and sales of products 41

Topic 5. Analysis of the status and use of the main 44

production assets 44

5.1. Analysis of the volume, dynamics and structure of the main 45

production assets 45

5.2. Analysis of technical condition and movement 50

fixed production assets 50

5.3. Usage efficiency analysis 55

fixed production assets 55

5.4. Analysis of the use of production 58

enterprise capacity 58

Topic 6. Analysis of the use of material 60

enterprise resources 60

6.1. Logistics analysis 61

6.2. Efficiency assessment 63

material resources 63

Topic 7. Analysis of the use of labor resources and 68

wage fund at the enterprise 68

7.1. Analysis of enterprise security 69

labor resources 69

7.2. Labor movement analysis 71

7.4. Labor productivity analysis 76

Topic 8. Analysis of production costs and 79

cost of production 79

8.1. Analysis of total costs for 81

production of products 81

8.2. Analysis of costs per ruble produced 83

products 83

8.3. Cost analysis by costing items 84

Topic 9. Profit and profitability analysis 88

9.1. Analysis of financial results from 89

sales of products (works and services) 89

9.2. Cost-benefit analysis 94

Topic 10. Analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise 97

10.1. Preliminary review of economic and 98

financial position of the enterprise 98

10.2. Solvency and liquidity analysis 102

balance 102

10.3. Analysis of liquidity indicators and 105

solvency of the enterprise 105

10.4. Financial stability analysis 108

10.5. Analysis and assessment of real opportunities 115

restoration of solvency 115

enterprises 115

References 118

Introduction
Analysis and diagnostics of financial and economic activities belong to the cycle of general professional disciplines. The purpose of studying this discipline is to teach the student methods and techniques for analyzing business activities.

Economic analysis is closely related to a number of economic and non-economic sciences. This is, first of all, economic theory and enterprise economics, planning and production management. Without knowledge of accounting, the basics of financing and lending, it is impossible to conduct a comprehensive analysis of economic activity. Analysis is also closely related to statistics and mathematics, production technology.

Analysis and diagnostics of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise - a comprehensive study of the production and economic activities of an enterprise with the aim of objectively assessing its results and its further development and improvement.

Subject studying economic analysis is an enterprise, its organizational structure, assets and liabilities. Economic analysis, by its definition, deals with economic processes, which include the production and sale of products using fixed and working capital, the formation and distribution of profits, and so on.

Object of study of economic analysis can be considered the economic processes of enterprises, associations, organizations that develop under the influence of objective and subjective factors.

To the most important tasks analysis courses include:

1) ensuring the scientific and economic validity of the enterprise’s activity plans. Economic analysis is scientific base drawing up a business plan, financial recovery plan, production and economic activity plan;

2) an objective and comprehensive study of the quality of implementation of enterprise plans;

3) determining the economic efficiency of using material, labor and financial resources;

4) control over compliance of the enterprise’s activities with the principles of self-sufficiency and self-financing;

5) identification and assessment of internal production reserves for increasing the efficiency of the enterprise;

6) assessment of the solvency of the enterprise in order to diagnose and prevent its bankruptcy.

By consumers The information resulting from the analysis is usually provided by the owners of the enterprise, its administration and potential investors.

The student must be able to solve the following problems

Conduct an analysis of the financial and economic activities of enterprises of various organizational and legal forms;

Conduct diagnostics of the production and economic potential of the enterprise;

Determine enterprise development trends.

In the first part of the discipline we study general issues theories of economic analysis. Such concepts as subject and object of analysis are considered. Modeling of factor systems in deterministic analysis, types of factor models and methods of their construction are studied.

In the second part of the course, various techniques for analyzing the results of business activities are studied. These are methods for analyzing the use of various factors of production, analyzing the financial condition and financial results of operations, analyzing the costs of production and sales of products, etc., that is, a methodology is given for analyzing various aspects of the enterprise’s activities.

Topic 1. Concept, subject and method of economic

1.1 Concept of economic analysis
Analysis (translated from the Greek “analyzis” - to divide, dismember) is a way of understanding objects and environmental phenomena, based on dividing the whole into its component parts and studying them in all the variety of connections and dependencies. Thus, analysis consists of determining the essence of a process or phenomenon based on the study of all its component parts and identifying the patterns of its development.

Economic analysis as a science is the result of the development of productive forces and production relations. In the context of expanding the scale of production and the creation of complex production systems, the role of economic analysis in the process of making management decisions is constantly increasing.

A distinction is made between general theoretical economic analysis (macroeconomic), which studies economic phenomena and processes at the level of the global and national economy, and economic analysis at the level of an economic entity (microeconomic), which studies the economics of individual enterprises.

1.2 Subject and method of science
Like all other economic sciences, economic activity analysis studies the economic activities of an enterprise, economic phenomena and processes occurring in the enterprise.

The subject of economic activity analysis are the cause-and-effect relationships of economic phenomena and processes in the enterprise (i.e., up to the balance sheet). The objects of analysis are the economic results of economic activity, such as production and sales of products, cost, use of various factors of production, financial condition and results, profits, etc.

Method economic analysis - a systematic, comprehensive study, measurement and generalization of the influence of factors on the results of an enterprise by processing special techniques systems of plan indicators, accounting, reporting and other sources of information in order to increase production efficiency.

Characteristic features of the method of analyzing economic activity are the need for constant comparison; the need to study internal contradictions, positive and negative aspects of each phenomenon and process; taking into account all relationships; quantitative assessment of cause-and-effect relationships; systems approach; development and use of a system of indicators.

Economic accounting - operational, accounting and statistical - is used as an additional source of information. The use of primary accounting documentation is important for deepening the analysis. Computer accounting allows you to quickly consolidate current control data and receive daily reports characterizing individual aspects of the enterprise’s work (compliance with production standards, consumption of materials, product output, etc.). This significantly expands the information base of the analysis. Planning information is widely used in economic analysis: data from the long-term, annual plan of an enterprise and its operational plans.

When carrying out the analysis, it is used and regulatory information, i.e. standards for consumption of basic and auxiliary materials, fuel and electricity, standards for time and production standards, standards for depreciation, standards for deductions from profits, value added tax, standards for working capital, standards for the duration of the production cycle. An important source is technical and technological information: technical data sheets for individual machines, technological instructions, state standards, technical specifications and etc.

Also used non-accounting data: reports of surveys, audits, materials of inspections carried out by various organizations (financial, credit, superior, etc.), minutes of production meetings, contracts with customers and suppliers, complaints, press materials, etc. In cases where to identify the nature and size the influence of individual factors does not require systematic information; selective study is used (for example, when analyzing product quality).

1.3 Economic analysis as one of the functions

Production management
Ensuring the efficient functioning of an enterprise requires economically competent management production system, which consists in the implementation of such processes as planning, accounting, analysis and management decision-making. With the help of analysis, development trends are identified, factors of change in the results of the enterprise's activities are deeply and systematically studied, plans and management decisions are substantiated, their implementation is monitored, reserves for increasing production efficiency are identified, the results of the enterprise's activities are assessed, and an economic strategy for its development is developed. Thus, we can say that the analysis of economic activity is a scientific element in justifying management decisions in business.

1.4 Objectives and principles of analysis
The content and tasks of any science follow from its functions in the system of other sciences.

Basic functions economic analysis:

Studying the nature of the operation of economic laws, establishing patterns and trends of economic phenomena and processes in the specific conditions of the enterprise;

Scientific substantiation of current and future plans;

Monitoring the implementation of plans and management decisions;

Assessment of the efficiency of use of economic resources;

Search for reserves for increasing production efficiency based on the study of best practices and achievements of science and practice;

Assessing the results of the enterprise’s activities in terms of fulfilling plans, the achieved level of economic development and the use of existing opportunities;

Development of measures for the use of reserves identified during the analysis, etc.

The analysis and its results must meet certain requirements.

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