Test: Exhibition and fair trade. Trade at a fair CCP is applied or not - what the law says What applies to fair trade

Fair trade in Russia has ancient historical roots. Reliable historical evidence about Russian fairs dates back to the 16th century, but a number of researchers determine the appearance of fairs back to the times of Kievan Rus.

In Russia, fairs were usually timed to coincide with church holidays. The most ancient fair is considered to be Arskaya (near Kazan) known since the mid-13th century. In connection with the robberies of Russian merchants by the Tatars, Vasily III banned travel to this fair and founded a new one in Vasilsursk in 1524, which was later transferred to the Zheltovodsk (Makaryev) Monastery (Makaryev Fair).

In the north-west of Ancient Rus' (XI-XII centuries), the place of trade was graveyards (at that time the centers of the rural community were called that), as well as markets, especially monastic ones, to which, in addition to residents of neighboring villages, merchants from distant cities and villages flocked. However, neither churchyards, nor markets, nor bazaars, which attracted the surrounding population with the opportunity of purchases and sales, did not yet have the characteristic features of fair trading at that time. After all, the fair is higher than those listed organizational form periodic trade, implied drawing into its orbit not only nearby territories, but also remote areas.

At churchyards and marketplaces, trade was, as a rule, local in nature. And only later, with the development of broader market relations, with the involvement of products in trade Agriculture and products of urban artisans, the area of action of local markets and the radius of their influence are expanding. Their meaning is shopping centers begins to extend far beyond the boundaries of the area.

Having had a great influence on the further development of Russian trade, trading markets prepared the transition to more complex forms - stationary market and periodic bazaar. The necessary prerequisites were created for the emergence of fair trade, which was distinguished from previous forms not only by the large size of trade turnover, but also by its two inherent tendencies - centrifugal and centripetal.

The fair accumulated a huge mass of all kinds of goods brought from different parts of the country. And being, on the one hand, the center of attraction of these goods, on the other hand, it scattered them in various directions on local markets within the country and abroad. These two trends determined the active role of the fair and its significance in the development of Russian trade for several centuries.

The first Russian fairs as an organizational form of periodic wholesale and retail arose in the XIV-XV centuries, during the initial period of the elimination of feudal fragmentation and the formation of a single national Russian state. With the development of trade relations and the formation of a Russian centralized state, the number of fairs and their turnover increased. Fairs were the centers of the formation of the all-Russian market. Their duration varied (from 1 day to several months). The main items of trade are agricultural products, livestock, horses, handicrafts and industrial products, furs, leather, etc.

By the beginning of the 17th century, the process of territorial and political centralization in Russia ended with the merging of regions, lands and principalities into one whole. This merger was caused by increasing exchange between regions, gradually growing commodity circulation, and the concentration of small local markets into one all-Russian market. The leaders and masters of this process were merchants.

Merchants - initially any people who bought or sold goods, intermediaries between the manufacturer and the buyer - gradually become “merchants”. This word no longer means individual, sometimes random people, but the middle class in Russian medieval society, beginning to play the role of a commercial and industrial mover. The merchants, as a professionally isolated social class, owe their origin entirely to the development of trade. Concentrating large domestic and partially foreign trade in their hands, Russian merchants were active participants in fair trading. They made large trade transactions at large fairs, bought goods, the sale of which to the foreign market did not constitute a royal monopoly and therefore was not prohibited by the government.

Fairs became especially widespread in our country in the 17th and 18th centuries. The emergence of manufacturing production in Russia dates back to this time, which had a significant impact on the expansion of domestic trade, including fair trade. Peter I, attaching great importance to it, contributed in every possible way to the development of fairs. He, for example, believed that this form not only contributes to the development of domestic trade, but is also one of the ways to develop trade relations with foreign countries.

The regulations to the Chief Magistrate in 1721 stated that the magistrate is obliged to “try to increase fairs and trades in cities and districts, in decent places, and especially in those to which there is free water passage, because through these fairs and trades are multiplied government fees, trade and fishing are developing and this brings about contentment among the people.” In 1755, with the establishment of a special percentage fee on guild capital, merchants of the first two guilds received the right to duty-free trade at all fairs in the country, which the merchants of the third guild did not have.

The growth of manufacturing production in the first half of the 19th century had a great influence on the development of not only domestic, but also foreign trade in Russia. It was during this period that, in addition to Moscow and St. Petersburg, such large subjects of domestic and foreign trade as, for example, Riga, Odessa, Nikolaev, Novorossiysk, Nizhny Novgorod and some others acquired especially great importance.

During the same period, there was a rapid increase in the number of fairs in Russia and a significant increase in trade fair turnover. Fairs are becoming the largest wholesale centers. By the end of the first half of the 19th century, there were over 5.5 thousand of them in Russia, and they operated in almost all regions of the country. The vast majority of them (about 5.2 thousand) were located in counties and rural areas. The turnover of large fairs amounted to tens of millions of rubles, and the share of fair trade in the country’s domestic trade turnover increased every year.

They also played a major role in foreign trade. Already the first Russian fairs of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries attracted many foreign merchants, who brought Eastern and Western European goods here in exchange for Russian ones. For example, in the 14th and 15th centuries, Germans, Poles, Lithuanians, Greeks, Italians and Persians came to a large Russian fair in the Kholopy town, at the confluence of the Mologa and the Volga. Foreign merchants exchanged sewn clothes, fabrics, leather, axes and dishes for products of Russian artisans, as well as for raw materials, honey, etc.

In the second half of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century, the role of fairs in foreign trade especially increased. They contributed to the promotion of Russian goods to foreign markets, and imported goods to the domestic markets of Russia.

We are grateful to the good Russian statistics, which preserved information about the state of the fair business in the country by the end of the last century.

In 1865, there were 6.5 thousand Yaroslavl operating in Russia, of which 35 had a turnover of over 1 million rubles. There were 2 groups of largest fairs - the Ural (Irbit, Menzelinsk, etc.) and the Ukrainian (Kharkov, Poltava, Rivne, etc.). In 1894, more than 18 thousand fairs were held in Russia with a turnover of 1,100 million rubles. Among them, one-day fairs accounted for more than 64%, those lasting 2-7 days - 32.6%, the rest lasted more than a week. The fairs varied greatly in scope. At the same time, it was small retail stores (import of goods up to 10 thousand rubles) that accounted for the bulk (70%) of the entire fair trade turnover. Medium-sized wholesale and retail companies gave another 25%. The few large wholesale fairs that attracted special attention were of little importance in this sense.

With the beginning of widespread railway construction in the 2nd half of the 19th century, the importance of the fair in Russia’s internal trade began to fall, and their trade turnover decreased. Root Fair in Kursk with a turnover of over 22 million rubles. in 1834, in 1911 it had a turnover of only 800 thousand rubles. But overall in Russia the number of fairs was growing. In 1911, there were 16 thousand fairs with a total turnover of 1 billion rubles. About 87% of them were small fairs organized in villages on church holidays. Large fairs with a turnover of over 1 million rubles. was 23.

In first place in terms of turnover was the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, 2nd was Irbitskaya, 3rd was Menovnicheskaya Fair near Orenburg. Of great importance especially in the 19th century. had Ukrainian fairs, among which the Kharkov fairs stood out - Kreshchenskaya, Trinity, Uspenskaya and Pokrovskaya, which lasted 3-4 weeks. In 1834 their total turnover reached more than 22 million rubles, in 1913 - about 36 million rubles. In the North, a major fair was Margaritinskaya in Arkhangelsk with a turnover of about 2 million rubles. in 1911.

There were also special horse, cattle, and forest fairs. The Kiev Contract Fair, which arose at the beginning of the 19th century, had a special character. It concluded transactions (contracts) for the wholesale purchase and sale of sugar, bread, metals, coal, etc. There was special fair legislation; fair committees were created to manage trade at large fairs.

By the beginning of the 19th century. An extensive fair network has developed in Russia. Fairs contributed to the development of the country as a single economic organism. Of greatest importance in this regard was the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, which already in the 20s of the 19th century was the largest in the world in terms of turnover. It was established by the Highest command on February 15, 1817. At that time, merchants from many countries of the East and West came to Nizhny Novgorod with their goods, so the local fair was called the “exchange yard of Europe and Asia,” to which “up to fifty tribes” flocked to sell their goods. At the same time, the Nizhny Novgorod fair was also called the “All-Russian marketplace”, where merchants arrived from all over Russia, Siberia, Central Asia, Persia, and the Caucasus.

European merchants supplied the fair with cloth, paper and silk fabrics, linen and hemp products, paints, textile goods, coffee, mahogany and sandalwood, various drinks, corals, watches, silver and haberdashery, cosmetics, steel products, various tools, fashionable clothes. They also purchased a wide range of goods here. Bread and agricultural technical raw materials were in particular demand - flax, hemp, hemp, leather, bristles. Thus, in the first half of the 19th century, the Nizhny Novgorod Fair was the main supplier of agricultural raw materials for Western European and domestic textile factories.

Europeans were also attracted by goods delivered to the fair from the East. Merchants from Asian countries brought mainly colonial goods and products of oriental craftsmen. Tea was supplied from China, and cotton yarn, carpets and various fabrics were supplied from Bukhara. From Persia they were transported to large quantities silk, pearls, dried fruits. Turkish merchants sold shawls, precious stones, and tobacco at the fair.

Most of the goods exported to Asian markets also passed through the Nizhny Novgorod Fair. Asians showed particular interest in Russians cotton fabrics, which in the 30s of the 19th century constituted the main item of Russian export to the countries of the Middle East. The most active role was played in this by Bukhara merchants, who occupied first place among Central Asian merchants trading with Russia.

The first and especially the second quarter of the 19th century are characterized by a rapid growth in the number of large enterprises in Russia. In connection with this, the increase in production output in almost all sectors of both heavy and light industry was reflected in fair trade, especially in the trade of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, which was considered a barometer of the country's economic life. It is becoming one of the major wholesale trade centers.

Among other fairs where large trade transactions with foreign merchants took place, the Irbit Fair in the Perm province, established in 1643, was also famous. In my own way economic importance and in terms of turnover, it rightfully ranked second in Russia. The main significance of this fair was that it served as the main center of trade for the Urals and Siberia. Here merchants stocked up on fabrics, haberdashery and groceries for the whole year.

In turn, they delivered Siberian goods to the fair - furs, leather, fish, bristles, honey, wax, cow butter, hemp and flaxseed. Goods from China and Central Asia were also sold here, and sugar, coffee, cloth, and grape wines came here through Arkhangelsk and Moscow. Here, merchants sold personal items and hunting supplies - weapons, gunpowder, hunting and fishing gear, etc. - for resale to the hunting population.

In the 18th and especially in the 19th centuries, the Irbit Fair acquired great importance as a major fur trading center. From here, significant quantities of ermine, sable, beaver, silver fox, arctic fox and squirrel fur went to North America, European and Asian countries. The turnover of the Irbit Fair in the 30s of the 19th century was estimated at 10 million rubles, and by the end of the second half of the 19th century it reached 85-90 million rubles. With the general growth of turnover in Irbit, there was an increase in purchases of furs for export abroad.

Other large fairs that operated in Siberia in the 19th and early 20th centuries include Krestovsko-Ivanovskaya (Perm province), Menovnicheskaya (near Orenburg), Menzelinskaya (Ufa province) and Kyakhtinskaya (Buryatia). In particular, the Menovnicheskaya Fair specialized in the trade of cattle, horses, camels, as well as popular Asian goods. Menzelinskaya was considered the largest horse fair in Russia. There were other specialized fairs... forest fairs (on the Volga, Lena, and other rivers), raw materials fairs, livestock fairs (in the Kharkov and Voronezh provinces, the Don Army region).

The Margaritinskaya Fair in Arkhangelsk became a major fair in the north of Russia, where they traded mainly in fish, textiles, crafts and household items. The Kursk Fair gained popularity, where merchants brought Ukrainian glass, lard and tar, sheepskin and whiting, and imported cattle and horses from factories in the Urals and Moscow region. It should be noted that according to the law of 1862, all Russian fairs were divided into five classes regarding the payment of special trade taxes. Moreover, the last class was exempt from this fee. And according to the law on trade tax of 1898, petty bargaining and clerk fishing at all fairs lasting less than 14 days were excluded from it. For other trade taxes remained the same.

During their period, fairs became centers not only of trade, but also of social and cultural life. On their territory, ceremonial celebrations, theatrical and other spectacular performances, including bear fun, were held. There was special fair legislation, as well as traditions and rituals for their opening and closing. Special committees were created to guide trade, establish rules and order at large fairs. Higher supervision, for example, of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, was entrusted to the governor, who received emergency rights during its operation. For supporting public order At fairs, large squads of police and units of Cossack troops were sent there.

The history of fairs in Russia ended with the revolution. With the outbreak of World War I (1914-18), the number of fairs decreased and their turnover decreased. During the Civil War of 1918-20, under the conditions of “war communism,” fairs were not held in Soviet Russia. With the transition to the new economic policy, fairs are beginning to revive. By 1927, there were about 7.5 thousand fairs in the RSFSR, 15.2 thousand in the Ukrainian SSR, and 417 in the BSSR. They were divided into all-Union, republican, regional and local. The All-Union fairs included the Nizhny Novgorod and Baku fairs. The main turnover of the Nizhny Novgorod fair was sales based on samples and contract transactions. The Baku fair played a big role in trade with the countries of the East. Sales for cash at these fairs did not exceed 1/3 of the turnover.

In the early 1930s, fairs in the USSR were abolished, as stated in the first edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, “as planning in trade strengthened and with the development of the trading apparatus of the socialized sector, all-Union and republican fairs lost their importance as centers for the sale and purchase of goods "

And only in the post-war period they were restored as one of the forms of state and cooperative trade. Since 1958, inter-district and inter-republican fairs with wholesale sales and the conclusion of trade deals based on samples have been periodically organized. The USSR widely participates in international fairs. But, apart from the name, they had little in common with traditional Russian ones, since they were, in essence, a place for concluding transactions between state enterprises producing goods, and government trading organizations.

Traditional Russian fairs - auctions and marketplaces with inevitable folk fun - seemed to have sunk into oblivion. With them, people not only lost their usual ways of satisfying their economic needs.

At the same time, the environment for them to become familiar with folk customs, holidays with games, fun, and songs disappeared. As a result, irreparable damage was caused to national traditions.

Thus, fairs, on the one hand, were a clearly organized and structured event in accordance with the law, designed to ensure conditions for the exchange of goods. However, the other side of the fair was its spontaneity: the fair lived own life, in accordance with the traditional ideas of the population, and contained a mechanism for satisfying all its basic needs.

The fair was a model, a “microworld” of Russian reality, which included economic, social, cultural and religious elements, and became a universal means for the holistic and multilateral development of not only individual regions, but also the entire country.

The results of the study indicate that fairs in Russia bore the stamp of all the political and socio-economic changes that took place in the country. However, fairs not only reflected historical reality, but also shaped it. Originating as a result of historical necessity, fairs became a progressive phenomenon that performed the function of uniting individual regions and the entire country into a single economic, information and cultural space.

The correct activity of both a visiting and a local merchant primarily has the consumer in mind. Next to it stands before us fair trade, which is the primary type of bargaining from merchant to merchant.

Since the Middle Ages were dominated by retailers interested only in the local market, fairs, as they developed, provided the most important form for the interlocal organization of trade. What is characteristic of them is that they are visited not by locals, but by foreign merchants who arrived ad hoc28, and also that at the fair they trade only goods that are available; in this respect it differs from the current exchange, where transactions are made purchase and sale missing, often not even manufactured goods.

A typical example of this kind is given to us by the fairs in Champagne149. In the four principal cities of Champagne six fairs were held every year, each of which lasted fifty days, including the time necessary for preliminary and settlement matters, such as the payment of bills, etc., so that the whole year, with the exception of holidays , was filled with these six fairs in each of the four cities. A special administration was developed for them; there was a fair court (custodes nundinarum), composed of one citizen, civis29, and for questions about the convoy of goods from one knight - miles30. This court was first mentioned in 1174; the highest development of its meaning dates back to the 13th and 14th centuries. In relation to fair visitors, the court had the right of police supervision and punishment and, as a last resort, could prohibit the culprit from participating in the auction. Other authorities, such as the church, also sought such a right: it did not happen very rarely that one or another, for political or fiscal reasons, was sentenced to excommunication in order to prevent him from attending the fair, and entire communities sometimes suffered such a fate. Champagne achieved its trade and political significance due to the fact that it lay on the routes between England, as a country producing wool, and Flanders, as processing it, on the one hand, and Italy, a great intermediary in commodity exchange with the East, on the other. . Therefore, among the goods that were sold and bought there, the first place was occupied by wool and woolen products, especially cheap cloth. In return from the south they brought goods of high value, thin sheepskin, spices, alum, rare wood for furniture, paints for cloth, wax, saffron, camphor, rubber, varnish, in other words, a whole range of products from the southern countries and the East. . The cloth fair was the most important of all the fairs in Champagne and achieved the greatest turnover. There were all kinds of coins from all over the world. Therefore, it was in Champagne that the specialty of money exchange first flourished; it was also the classical place where payments were made for debt obligations, especially for the debts of prelates. A secular nobleman who had not paid his debt was virtually inaccessible to the merchant in his castle. It was a different matter for the prelate, who could always expect that the spiritual authorities would excommunicate him from the church for breaking his word. The special creditworthiness of the higher clergy based on this was expressed in the fact that a significant part of the bills were issued in the name of prelates, and payment, under pain of excommunication, had to be made no later than four days before the start of the general billing period at the fair. This order was intended to provide merchants with cash to carry out fair transactions. If pressure from the church could force the prelate to make a payment, then this, on the other hand, corresponded to the greater security of money parcels in his name, which was also guaranteed by church punishment: all this facilitated the development of credit transactions between the merchants and the clergy.

None of the other fairs of that time acquired such importance150. In Germany they tried to make Frankfurt a fair center; True, the city gradually developed in this direction, but never reached the status of the champagne (or also Lyon) fairs. In eastern Europe, Novgorod, and later Nizhny Novgorod, was a place for commodity exchange between Hanseatic merchants and fur traders and peasant producers of Russia. In England151 there were many fair towns; none of them could compare with the fairs of Champagne.

More on the topic V. Fair trade:

Fair on retail sales goods are usually called periodic, as a rule, large retail auctions, for the purpose of selling consumer goods, held in a designated place at a specified time and with the participation of many organizations and enterprises of wholesale and retail trade, industrial and agricultural enterprises - manufacturers of consumer goods, and other business entities city activities, as well as cultural and educational institutions (which provide public celebrations, games, attractions, carousel rides, etc.

During the fair, the sale of goods is primarily organized by shops and small retail trade enterprises. As a rule, the sale of goods at fairs is carried out through shopping arcades you are significant shopping places, temporary pavilions, auto shops and trailers, portable trade facilities are also actively used.

Taking into account intended purpose and the timing of the fairs, seasonal (spring-summer, autumn) and traditional fairs are distinguished; taking into account the duration of the fairs, short-term fairs are distinguished and new and existing (that is, operating for a long time) fairs. Traditional fairs are held annually at a certain time (an example of a traditional fair would be the world famous Sorochinskaya Fair, which is held to coincide with the end of field work and harvesting). Seasonal fairs sell food and/or non-food products wide range, seasonal sales of goods are held at discounted prices, and on-site and off-site trade is organized.

An organizing committee is being created to hold the fair ( coordination committee, secretariat), which includes representatives of local authorities, trading systems and individual trading enterprises, other interested enterprises and institutions. The organizing committee is responsible for the preparation and conduct of the fair, approves the conditions for participation in it, approves the plan for holding the fair and also covers expenses.

The procedure for holding fairs is determined by the organizing committee in agreement with local authorities, the procedure for holding a national fair is determined by a separate regulation, which is developed and approved by executive authorities (CMU). In the latter case, the responsibilities for the direct holding of the fair and its preparation are assigned to a method determined by the organizing committee competitive selection legal person - general manager of the fair.

The responsibilities of the general manager include:

Carrying out activities to prepare and conduct the fair;

Determining the end date and daily operating hours of the fair, in some cases - also the conditions for participation in it

Reviewing applications for participation in the fair and concluding agreements with fair participants;

Registration of participants and preparation of a report on the results of the fair;

Distribution of funds allocated for the preparation and holding of the fair;

Providing economic services for the fair’s activities (water, energy supply, communications, ensuring the proper sanitary and hygienic condition of the territory, ensuring fire safety, organizing the work of public catering points)

Wholesale trade enterprises, manufacturing industrial and agricultural enterprises that have the right to carry out retail trade in their own products are invited to participate in the fair. To participate in the fair, these enterprises must submit appropriate orders (which serve as the basis for their further registration), determine the form of participation in the fair (exhibition, exhibition-sale), pay the established fee, register their representatives and ensure the delivery and timely establishment of the exhibition of goods.

Holding fairs requires significant preparatory work, during which it is necessary to select a location and determine the time of the fair, arrange the territory, erect the necessary structures, determine and comprehensively design the range of goods for sale, select the composition of sales and other personnel, and carry out advertising work.

Quite often, the timing of fairs is selected taking into account the completion dates of spring or autumn agricultural work; the timing of the fair is coordinated with local authorities

As a rule, it is most convenient to use squares, stadiums, specially equipped areas, food and clothing markets and market complexes to host a fair. It is advisable to fence the fair site or mark its contours with special means. When organizing fairs, special attention must be paid to the presence of a well-developed, convenient system transport routes. In preparation for the fair, it is also recommended to determine the order of visiting the fair for residents of nearby rural settlements.

When preparing for fairs, it is advisable to expand advertising campaign in the press and other media mass media, in particular, through interviews, conversations with leading experts manufacturing enterprises, Tor Rgivli, scientists, from which the population can learn about the purposes of the fair, the regime and procedure for its holding, the expected benefits for both participants and the population.

Seasonal fairs occupy a special place in the fair system. In the practice of domestic trade, seasonal fairs are most often held with the aim of activating the sale of such food products, like potatoes, fruits, vegetables, and in the trade of non-food products - to enhance the sale of clothing, shoes, fabrics, goods for gardeners and others seasonal goods. Organization of seasonal fairs ( seasonal trade) transferring the sale of goods of everyday and most frequent demand during the 5-6 months of the spring-summer and autumn periods of the year with the organization of permanent trading zones for the sale of various groups of goods to it. Carrying out this form of selling goods creates additional conditions for quick service to the population, reducing queues during times of the most intense flows of customers, and also relieves the network of stores to intensify trade in them with other groups of goods.

One of the main elements of organizing seasonal fairs includes providing advertising and information design for both places of sale of goods (pavilions, auto shops, tents) and trading areas in these areas. The main task in this case is to attract the attention of buyers, provide them with information about the goods sold, encourage visitors to make impulse purchases and, ultimately, to increase the volume of goods and better satisfy the population's demand for consumer goods.

When determining the composition of advertising and information media for trading areas on the fair territory, it is necessary first of all to take into account the range of goods sold, the design of pavilions, tents, their location, and the nature of the fair. Moreover, in some cases, the product itself can act as a carrier of advertising information, in others - a special carrier of advertising information, which is separated from the product.

When organizing fairs, it is necessary to try to provide comprehensive information services for buyers and advertising banners, street information boards, print advertising, advertisements and advertisements in audio media (local radio and television) and print media.

Concept, types of markets, basics of their organization

Bazaars are a form of periodic retail trade in consumer goods, which are organized trading systems and enterprises and bodies government controlled trade (Management of Givli Trade and Consumer Services. Regional State Administration) on days preceding national holidays or timed to coincide with certain calendar days.

The purpose of holding bazaars is to satisfy the population’s demand for certain goods, which increases sharply at certain periods of the year, depending on the range of goods sold by trading enterprises, such as book markets, school markets (before the start of the school year), Christmas trees (on the eve of the New Year and Christmas holidays), and vegetable markets; The range of pre-holiday markets may include both food and non-food products.

For trade enterprises, the organization of markets is associated with the need to increase the number of trade and operational personnel, early accumulation of inventory, and the development of measures to better serve customers.

Places for organizing bazaars, as a rule, are allocated by decision of the authorities local government in specially designated areas. The bazaar can be held both in open areas and indoors. In this case, the market can be organized either in one room or in several pavilions and tents located close to each other.

Large trading enterprises (department stores, department stores, specialty stores) often organize bazaars on the territory adjacent to the store, thereby eliminating the need to organize transport and delivery operations for goods to trading places. To hold bazaars near a stationary retail network, free areas and premises of sports and exhibition complexes, stadiums, train stations and other non-trade premises are used.

As with fairs, the sale of goods during bazaars is carried out through shopping arcades. At the same time, at the workplace of each seller there must be a sign indicating the name, location and telephone number of the business entity that organized the away (remote) trade, as well as the last name, first name and patronymic of the seller. At the workplace of a citizen entrepreneur there must be a sign indicating his address, number of the certificate of state registration business entity and the name of the body that carried out this registration.

Since the sale of goods during bazaars is carried out, as a rule, through points and facilities (pavilions for seasonal trade, trading tents, auto shops, trailers, delivery stations, etc.), they belonged to small retail enterprises trading network, then the main regulatory document regulating the procedure for the sale of goods and the work of market participants in general are. Rules for the operation of the retail distribution network (approved by the Nak. MZEZiT dated 080796 No. 369 369).

When organizing bazaars, great attention must be paid to their design, promotional events, and radio coverage of the territory.

Fair trade is a short-term and periodically recurring sale of goods with subsequent execution of acts of purchase and sale based on inspection and selection of samples of industrial and technical products and consumer goods.

The principles of fair trade underlie organizational structure and functional activity sales exhibitions, exhibitions and salons, so we will consider fair and exhibition trade in close connection.

Fair trade in Russia is a traditional form of trade with quite ancient historical roots. Back in 1641, by decree of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the first Russian fair was organized at the walls of the Makaryevsky Monastery, not far from Nizhny Novgorod. Among the participants in the fair trade were wealthy Russian merchants, traders from China, India, Bukhara, Tashkent, who offered for sale furs, silks, pearls, gold, silver, linen and many others. rare goods. After the fire of the Gostiny Dvor in 1816, fair trading moved to the newly built stone Gostiny Dvor directly in Nizhny Novgorod and in 1822 the Nizhny Novgorod Fair began to operate. The Nizhny Novgorod Fair became not only the trading heart of Russia, it turned into a major industrial and cultural “crossroads” of the state. In 1896, under the chairmanship of a large Russian entrepreneur Savva Timofeevich Morozov opened the first All-Russian trade and industrial exhibition.

At the beginning of the 19th century. Another large fair appears in Rus' - Irbitskaya (formerly Perm province). In 1844, there was a rapid growth of the gold mining industry in Siberia, which became a powerful impetus for the intensification of fair trade.

The revival of fair trade in Russia can be noted since 1991. Already in 1993, the All-Russian joint-stock company "Nizhny Novgorod Fair" was awarded the high award in Madrid "Arch of Europe Golden Star", which was previously awarded to only four companies on the planet: Japan, Germany, Mexico and Spain .

Fair trade in Russia as an organizational form of establishing commercial relations has become quite widespread. Traditionally, fair trading was also expressed through the organization of trade in the form of sales exhibitions or exhibitions.

Let's highlight distinctive features fair trade: this is the wholesale sale of goods based on the samples presented; frequency of trading, preliminary establishment of terms and place of sale, one-time and massive participation of sellers and buyers.

As a rule, the opening and holding of exhibition fairs is carried out on the basis of a decision of the founders together with state local authorities. As a result, an order is issued, which defines the timing, procedure and conditions of participation, and also assigns public figures for hosting these events.

When organizing exchange and exhibition trading, three important stages should be distinguished: preliminary, organizational and summing up.

Preliminary stage includes making a decision and preparing an order to hold a fair. At this stage, a fair committee is created and a working group is formed, which are obliged to develop regulations on holding the fair and send out information letters to participants with full information about the conditions of participation in the fair. The working group also develops other advertising materials such as invitation cards, advertising booklets, guest cards, etc. An advertising brochure is published with detailed information about the conditions of participation, i.e. the cost of participation with and without exhibits, the cost of renting pavilions, the cost of absentee participation using advertising materials, etc.

The main sources of income from fair trade are participation fees, rent for exhibitions, transport, rental of warehouse space, booking and purchasing tickets, loading and unloading and freight forwarding, technical and information and commercial consultation and a range of additional services.

Main job at the organizational stage consists of preparing an advertising catalog including all fair participants who submitted applications. Getting into the advertising catalog as a fair participant is quite prestigious, as it provides an opportunity to announce your company and the products and services offered. In addition to the participants, the catalogs also publish other latest advertising scientific and scientific-technical information about other leading companies in Russia and the world, about best practices corresponding to the profile and theme of the fair or sales exhibition. The organizational stage also includes operational work for accommodating guests, organizing their leisure time, conducting daily exhibition trade fairs, presentations, etc.

Responsible are the organization and conduct final stage, which includes summing up the results, highlighting both positive and negative aspects of the fair. It is this stage that is the basis for making strategic decisions on the future prospects of fair trade.

The organizational structure of the fair includes the functioning of the fair committee together with its executive body - the working group. Each member of the organizing committee has a casting vote. The organizing committee is headed by a chairman. In some organizational structures for the management of fair trade is provided CEO with its executive directorate, which resolves issues related to the operational management of the work of the fair-exhibition, determines the order of its work and monitors the work of the services subordinate to it for the delivery of samples, their warehousing, and storage. Numerous fair services are subordinate to him: technical, legal, medical, legal, transport, financial, advertising, information and publishing, hotel or general services, service services.

In order to select the best samples, a competition commission is created during the fair, the members of which are invited to include leading scientists, industrialists, large businessmen, representatives government agencies authorities. It is quite obvious that this organizational structure of fairs and exhibitions is given as an example, since in a specific case of organizing a fair or exhibition trade, certain features are taken into account depending on the professional focus, volume and range of services, as well as the goals set.

The main purpose of fair trading -- wholesale trade goods, concluding direct agreements or contracts between sellers and buyers.

The subject of the fair's activities is to provide a range of services to participants in concluding trade transactions, establishing business contacts, streamlining the wholesale trade process, analyzing and preparing market information, and organizing advertising.

Unlike fairs, sales exhibitions are usually organized according to scientific topics and areas.

Many thematic exhibitions are held annually around the world. The most popular of them: on environmental problems - in Hanover, Nizhny Novgorod, on problems of metallurgy and the manufacture of engineering products - in Moscow, Dusseldorf, etc. It is clear that in the current conditions, when production volumes in Russia are falling, most types products for industrial and technical purposes can easily find their buyer. Therefore, today exhibition sales are becoming very important, where you can get acquainted with the latest information about analogues of cheaper and higher quality goods, about more promising directions scientific technologies manufacturing popular and necessary types of products that we traditionally have commodity market sales

Purpose of the exhibition and sale-- demonstration and presentation with subsequent sale of new types of products, preparation of the latest information and creation of conditions for establishing business contacts with potential buyers.

Exhibition sales are an appropriate form of market testing the latest products, the implementation of which is just beginning, i.e. they are at the initial stage of their life cycle, they have not yet been produced in mass quantities due to fear of incurring unjustified losses by manufacturers if there is no demand for these goods.

The subject of the exhibition and sale (exhibition-fair) is the provision of services for familiarization with new types of products and concluding trade transactions on them, as well as the provision of commercial, scientific and technical information with the involvement of leading scientists and specialists.

The classification characteristics of fair and exhibition trade are as follows:

Commodity , or food, feature distinguishes fairs and exhibitions specialized, where display and trade of certain types of products of a particular industry take place, and universal, on which they are implemented different kinds goods from various sectors of both the industrial and agricultural complex.

Industry sign divides fairs and exhibitions into industry And intersectoral. Among the inter-industry fairs, it is worth highlighting those that cover multi-industry products, such as medical, engineering, biochemical, space, etc., and not products of strictly one particular industry.

Classification by territorial basis , according to the scale of activity and volume of trade turnover, divides fairs and exhibitions into international, Russian, interregional, zonal And local, focused on the territory and scale of the domestic, national, local or external market.

IN modern conditions new ones are being created organizational formations by type of fair and exhibition organizations. These include leading fair and exhibition complexes, such as the Foreign Trade Association Expocentre JSC, the All-Russian Joint-Stock Company"Nizhny Novgorod Fair", foreign economic association "LenExpo", regional commercial center "Siberian Fair", etc.

On February 14-18, 2005, Prodexpo-2005, the 12th international fair of food products, raw materials and equipment for their production, was held in Moscow at the exhibition complex Expocentre JSC. "Prodexpo-2005" was organized under the patronage of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation with the assistance of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and the Moscow Government. The exhibition area of the fair is more than 36 thousand square meters. 2,200 firms, enterprises and organizations from 60 countries presented their products there.

The international exhibition-fair "Your Business - 2005" took place from May 25 to 28, 2005 in pavilion No. 57 of the All-Russian Exhibition Center (VVC). The organizer was an exhibition company with 10 years of experience, LLC "AZS-EXPO" with the support Federal agency on industry, "SUPPORTS of Russia" (All-Russian public organization small and medium enterprises) and Russian Association Marketing. The main objectives of the exhibition: organizing a professional review of the market for equipment and technologies for small businesses; performance wide range services for small businesses; display of goods and services of small businesses (mainly industrial purposes). http://www.rosprom.gov.ru/

6 http://www.exponet.ru/
On August 2-31, 2005, in Tyumen, during the organization of the Tyumen International Fair, an exhibition of advertising and publishing activities, consumer goods, furniture, office and retail equipment was held. School fair- 2005".
On October 25-28, 2005, the IV Moscow International Industrial Fair “MIIF - 2005” was held on the territory of the All-Russian Exhibition Center, which over the four years of its existence has proven itself to be an ideal platform for demonstrating promising trends and technologies for all industries and introducing the latest achievements to the Russian market. The unified exposition of the fair included seven specialized exhibitions: “Industrial Automation”, “Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Drives and Their Elements”, “ Energy Saving Technologies and electrical equipment”, “Testing and measuring equipment”, “Electronics and communications in industry”, “Industrial cooperation and integration. Components and materials". Such a combination of industry exhibitions into the largest industrial fair in Russia allows us to expand our understanding of the capabilities of the domestic industry and provides a unique opportunity for successful interaction for both sellers and buyers. The exhibition exposition was located on 360 stands and was represented by 17 countries (USA, Austria, Turkey, Finland, France, Serbia, Montenegro, Great Britain, Poland, Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, China, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia). The number of exhibits amounted to more than 10,000 units. The exhibition was visited by more than 1,000 specialized specialists from regional departments of ministries and departments, including more than 900 VIPs from 20 countries.

WITH November 15 to 18, 2005 . The IV International Specialized Exhibition “Bearing-2005” was held in “Pavilion No. 69” of the All-Russian Exhibition Center within the framework of the “International Industrial and Technological Fair”. According to registration data, the exhibition "Bearing-2004" was visited by 3,117 specialists from Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, France, Germany, India, China, Singapore, the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Latvia. Among the participants are such largest factories as: Samara Bearing Plant, Tenth and Second Bearing Plants, Vologda and Kursk Bearing Plants, Trading House of Bearing Plant No. 6, MOZAL, SKF Eurotrade AB, TIMKEN, International Bearings PTE, Minsk Bearing Plant and Trading House GPZ -11, Kharkov and Lutsk bearing plants, etc. Also at this time, the IV International specialized exhibition of refurbished, modernized and used equipment “RemashExpo-2005” was held. The RemashExpo exhibition has proven its importance, exhibitors report successful results from their participation. Participants attribute this success to the increased quality level of visitors, the number of which is growing from year to year. "RemashExpo-2004", according to registration data, was visited by 6132 specialists from Russia and countries far and near abroad - Germany, Belgium, India, China, Malaysia, Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia. More than 120 companies from 17 countries took part in the exhibition. Among them are: largest enterprises like: Dmitrov Milling Machine Plant, European Association of Remanufactured Equipment EAMTM, trading house Donpressmash, SA Muller, DUMA, St. Petersburg machine-tool modernization plant, Luthy, RD Machines, BB Consulting. http://www.1expo.ru/

On January 11, the XII international tourism exhibition-fair “Resorts and Tourism 2006” was held in Sochi. This is one of the largest and most popular Russian exhibitions in the resort and tourism industry. It fully presented information about all the resorts in the south of Russia and their therapeutic and health-improving capabilities.

From May 11 to May 14, 2006, the annual Moscow International Tourism Fair (MITF) will be held at the Gostiny Dvor exhibition center. The exhibition is official event Moscow Government. MITF is one of the largest tourism exhibitions in Russia. Over the past 5 years, the exhibition has grown in number of exhibitors fivefold. In 2005, 1029 companies from 40 countries and 80 regions of Russia took part in the MITF. MITF 2005 was attended by more than 75 thousand people, which is three times higher than in 2001. http://www.turist.ru/

Such exhibitions represent their region from the perspective of industrial potential, scale of activity, multifaceted and mutually beneficial cooperation, and most importantly, they clearly indicate guidelines for future development National economy and entrepreneurial initiative.

Considering fair and exhibition trade, one cannot help but highlight such types of wholesale and retail trade as auction trade, in which the seller, wanting to make a profit, uses the principle of direct competition between several buyers simultaneously present at the sale.

Auction(from the Latin audio - sale by public auction) is the sale of goods that have individual properties and values. Their sale is carried out by public auction in a certain place and at a predetermined time.

Auctions as a form of organizing the sale of commodity and other valuables on the principle of “who has more” include commodity and currency. The main parties to the auction are: the owner of the valuables - the seller - the auction organizer - the buyer. Auction sales are conducted by an auctioneer who has the authority to announce prices during the auction.

Commodity auctions sell works of art; jewelry, furs, antiques and other unique, rare and in high demand goods and other valuables. Auctions are usually for raising or lowering prices in a public or secret form.

In a so-called public auction for increasing prices, bidding begins after the announcement of the minimum price set by the seller. After this, buyers make voluntary increases to the final purchase price, which stop after the third blow of the auctioneer's hammer, and the public announcement of the buyer's number and final price. The initial price is determined in the agreement between the auction organizer and the owner of the goods.

In a silent auction, buyers give the auctioneer pre-established signs of consent to raise the price. The auctioneer announces a new price each time without naming the buyer. A secret auction allows you to keep the buyer's secret.

During an auction sale, the auctioneer is not responsible for the goods sold, since buyers have the opportunity to familiarize themselves with them in sufficient detail before the auction.

Auctions can also be held to reduce prices, so-called Dutch auctions. They begin with the announcement of an initially clearly inflated price, which is gradually reduced to the price at which one of the bidders does not agree to sell the goods.

Currency auctions are organized for the competitive sale of freely convertible currency with high purchasing power for national currency. Currency auction trading is a prototype of currency exchange trading.

Recently it has become widespread new form auction trading in the banking system - pawnshop and credit auctions organized by the Central Bank of Russia with the invitation of numerous representatives of industry and commercial banks. As an auction item ( standard unit purchases and sales in kind) credits are issued for goods, resources and materials.

Auctions are commercial organizations with appropriate premises, equipment and qualified specialists. Organizational structure of the auction as commercial organization resembles the construction of fairs. Management is carried out by the auction committee, which includes the auction director, representatives local authorities municipal authorities. The auction director is directly subordinate to executive services, including: financial, legal, expert, commercial, transport, general economics, etc. The auction committee develops and approves the rules of auction trading with a schedule and the appointment of the lead auctioneer - the auctioneer.

The expert work ends with the establishment of a starting price. All conditions of the auction sale are fixed in the auction agreement signed by the trading parties.

Goods accepted from sellers are sorted depending on quality into standard lots or units of goods, i.e. by lot. A sample is taken from each batch. Each lot is assigned a number by which it will be put up for auction. Before the opening of the auction, an advertising catalog is prepared including all lot numbers, which, together with an invitation card and the rules for participation and holding the auction, is sent to all invited participants. All goods included in the advertising catalog are included in the auction list and must be put up for preliminary inspection.

Before the start of the auction, in advance, usually 1.5-2 months, advertisements are placed in the press with detailed information about the time of the auction, place, timing, quantity and types of main goods admitted to auction. As a rule, auctions are held in a special auction hall shaped like an amphitheater. The auctioneer announces the lot number, names the starting price, asking “who is bigger.” After the third blow of the hammer, he pronounces the word “sold” and announces the buyer who has named highest price. There are times when the auctioneer does not achieve the intended goal, i.e. not satisfied with the offered prices. In these cases, he has the right to withdraw the lot from auction without further explanation and re-list it next time. After the end of the auction, the buyer formalizes the auction transaction, and receives a sales receipt in two copies from the auction accountant. Based on the paid sales receipt, the accountant registers the sale of goods in the auction list for the subsequent redistribution of the proceeds received, i.e. the difference between the starting price and the received price. The procedure for distributing proceeds between the auction organizers and the owners of goods is provided for in the signed auction agreement.

In the practice of holding foreign auctions, automated methods are used. In this case, changes in the price to increase or decrease are recorded by buyers by pressing electric buttons that reflect the price on the dial. The lot is bought by the one who first presses the electric button, stopped by the dial arrow. This auction system reduces the labor and time involved in bidding.

On the Russian auction market, the most popular are auctions for the sale of furs, for example, the world-famous fur auction in St. Petersburg, as well as international auctions for the trade of unique pedigree trotters in Pyatigorsk, Rostov-on-Don, and Moscow.

The Board of Directors of RAO "UES of Russia" considered approaches to the formation of a capacity market within the framework of wholesale market transition period and announced plans to hold the first capacity auction at the end of 2006. From 2010, it is planned to begin trading in capacity sold at a long-term auction for three years in advance. In order for this mechanism to work, it is necessary to adopt a number of regulatory documents: a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation on changing the rules of the wholesale market in the transition period, the procedure for determining the quality of capacity, regulations for mutual settlements of market participants, etc., as well as develop rules for conducting a capacity auction for the year ahead and long-term power auction.

According to the Market Department of RAO UES of Russia: “The launch of the capacity market will provide additional income to electricity producers and will become a serious tool for attracting investment in the Russian energy sector.” http://www.rao-ees.ru/

The Federal Agency for Subsoil Use (Rosnedra) of the Russian Federation held 270 (twice as many as in 2004) auctions for the development of oil fields in Russia in 2005. The total cost of auction lots, which included licenses for oil development in Russia, exceeded 30 billion rubles. versus 6.5 billion rubles. based on trading results in 2004 http://www.inmarsys.ru/

Auctions for the sale of Bank of Russia bonds, auctions of the real estate department (municipal auctions), auctions for the sale of rare cars, auctions (including charity ones) of works of art, etc. are regularly held.

Organization of fair, exhibition and auction trade requires effective management on the part of the state, i.e. in the creation of a single body - a center that coordinates and has reliable information about the activities of these progressive forms of trade not only in Russia, but throughout the world. The work of such a coordinating center would allow wholesale trade participants to coordinate their actions and exercise the right of optimal choice.

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