Slide 7

Bronze.

Bronze weapons of the Yin time in China.

Ancient metallurgists learned to mine

copper from ores and add additives to it,

improving the properties of the alloy. So, after mixing

copper and tin, they got bronze. This

was such an important stage in human

stories that we call it bronze

century. An unusually simple way

obtaining an alloy (fire flame

melts a mixture of tin and copper) allowed

craftsmen to make various

tools, tools and, of course,

well, weapons.

Bronze is harder than copper, resistant to

air, well processed in

various products, but more

fusible. Especially high quality

The ancient Greeks knew how to produce alloys,

Mesopotamians, Japanese

masters So it's no coincidence

the rise and fall of states were

directly related to degree

development of metallurgy.

Slide 8

Bronze products were in use

among the ancient Egyptians, Assyrians,

Etruscans. Beautiful bronze statues

cast in Greece and Rome; many of

they have survived to this day

time, for example the famous horse

statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome or one

one of the seven wonders of the world is the Colossus of Rhodes.

For sculptural works,

standing outdoors, especially

in humid climates, bronze

is preferable because

appears on its surface over time

dense greenish-brown coating -

patina that protects the metal from

further oxidation. Also in bronze

shackled the shields of Roman legionnaires.

Shield of a Roman legionnaire.

Slide 9

It is from bronze that the glorified

A. S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman" in

St. Petersburg and the monument to Minin and

Pozharsky on Red Square in

Moscow. Thanks to special

mechanical properties and good

casting qualities of bronze are ideal

metal for casting bells,

having loud and beautiful

sound. Everyone knows the giant

"Tsar Bell" in the Moscow Kremlin

weighing almost 202 tons, cast in

1733-1735 by Russian masters

I. F. and M. F. Matronin. From bronze

in the old days they also made cannons; the most

the largest of them is the Tsar Cannon (39.3t)

intended for defense

Moscow Kremlin and was cast

master A. Chokhov in 1586

E. M. Falcone. "Bronze Horseman".

Saint Petersburg.

The Tsar Bell was cast by order

Empress Anna Ioannovna in 1733-1735.

Moscow foundry workers Ivan Motorin and

his son Mikhail instead of the one who crashed at 1

701 during the Great Assumption fire

bells

Slide 10

Tsar Cannon. Master Andrey Chokhov. 1586

The monument to the tradesman Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was created according to the design of the artist I. P. Martos and cast in bronze by the foundry master of the Academy of Arts V. P. Ekimov, opened on February 20, 1818.

Slide 11

P. K. Klodt. Statue on the Anichkov Bridge in P.K. Klodt. One of four bronze statues, St. Petersburg. Bronze. making up the sculptural group “Taming the Horse”

on the Anichkov Bridge in St. Petersburg.

Slide 12

And now sculptures are cast from bronze,

make chandeliers, candelabra, candlesticks, and

also details of various mechanisms (for example,

bearings). Just like many centuries ago, to obtain

Bronze, copper and copper scrap are alloyed with tin.

Only not in earthen ones, but in modern ones

electric furnaces. So that when melting copper and

tin did not oxidize, and bronze was particularly

strength, add to the charge before casting

phosphorus compounds. Due to the shortage of tin and its

high price tin bronze is gradually being replaced

other bronzes, ch. arr. aluminum.

Aluminum bronze containing up to 11% Al has

good mechanical properties, stable in

sea ​​water and even dilute hydrochloric acid.

This very durable alloy is used for manufacturing

pipelines, parts steam turbines and aviation

engines, etc. Made of aluminum bronze in Russia

"copper" coins were minted from 1926 to 1957. From

lead bronze makes bearings for

diesel locomotives, ship engines, water turbines.

Exceptionally strong and durable beryllium

bronze, which due to its elastic properties

serves as a material for springs, practically not

fatigue-resistant (withstands up to 20 million load cycles).

Saint Petersburg. Bronze

monument to Ostap Bender on

Italian street. year 2000.

Sculptor Albert Charkin.

Slide 13

Brass.

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Although zinc was discovered only in the Middle Ages

centuries, brass was known to the ancient Romans, who received it

fusible copper ores with zinc without air access. To give a brass finish

the desired properties are often added to its composition in small quantities

alloying metals such as Al, Mn, Ni, Fe, etc. Brass melts more easily,

than copper, but it is harder than it. Brass is well forged, pierced into sheets,

stamped, drawn into wire and perfectly polished (to a mirror finish)

shine). Products made from it can be hardened. If necessary, brass can be used

apply to the surface of other metals by electrochemical method.

It is important that brass is much cheaper than copper.

Brass is used in mechanical engineering and electrical engineering; they make it out of it

parts of various mechanisms, water and gas taps, radiators

pipes, door handles, loops cartridge cases. Brass with aluminum addition

By appearance looks like gold, badges, emblems are made from it,

medals. If there is relatively little zinc in the alloy (up to 18%), brasses have

reddish tint. For example, brass containing up to 10% zinc is called

tombac; From this alloy, from 1961 to 1991, “copper” ones were minted in Russia

coins in denominations from 1 to 5 kopecks. Alloys with high zinc content

(up to 50%) - yellow in color and are called brass. They're great

processed by rolling, pressing and drawing, from them they are obtained

good castings.

Slide 14

Other alloys.

Among other alloys, we note Monel metal (50 - 70% copper, 15 - 25%

nickel and zinc with additions of lead, tin and iron) was previously used

for the manufacture of cutlery and jewelry “like silver”. Thanks to

its high corrosion resistance and strength, good ductility

Now used in chemical, shipbuilding, medical,

oil, textile and other industries.

But constantan, manganin, chromel and copel almost do not change their

resistance to significant temperature fluctuations and therefore faith

and indeed serve in electrical engineering for the manufacture of thermocouples - very

sensitive instruments that measure temperature. Also from chromel and

Kopel manufactures compensation wires, rheostats, parts

heating devices. Mangonin is used to make reference resistors.

and elements of measuring instruments.

View all slides

1 of 14

Presentation on the topic: Copper and its alloys

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Introduction. It just so happened that in one subgroup there were copper, silver and gold: elements coeval with civilization. All of them at different times acted as the ultimate measure of values, in other words, money. These metals were used to forge weapons, make household utensils and jewelry. Nowadays, copper, silver and gold are in the thick of technological progress. The physicist will highlight their unsurpassed heat and electrical conductivity. The sculptor will note the plasticity and beautiful appearance. The jeweler and the minter will support him, and the chemist will certainly remember the noble inertness and high corrosion resistance of these metals.

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History of copper. Copper has been known since time immemorial and is one of the “magnificent seven” of the oldest metals used by mankind - gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead and mercury. According to archaeological data, copper was known to people already 600 years ago. It turned out to be the first metal that replaced stone for ancient man in primitive tools. This was the beginning of the so-called. the Copper Age, which lasted about 2000 years. Axes, knives, maces, and household items were forged from copper and then smelted. According to legend, the ancient blacksmith god Hephaestus forged a shield of pure copper for the invincible Achilles. Stones for the 147-meter pyramid of Cheops.

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Now it is impossible to establish when It is impossible to establish when a person first became acquainted with copper. In any case, around 3000 BC. e. the Egyptians could already make wire from it. In nature, copper is sometimes found in a native state, and this made it easier for ancient craftsmen to extract. They knew how to forge various products from this metal using stone tools. Later, copper mines began to be developed, which were scattered throughout the planet: in North America on the shores of the Great Lakes, in Asia on the Sinai Peninsula, and in Europe in the territory of present-day Austria, and on the island of Cyprus. According to experts, the Latin name for the metal “cuprum” comes from the name of this island. The name of the metal, familiar to the Russian ear, “copper,” probably came from the Old Slavonic “smid,” which meant metal in general.

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Application of copper. Copper has long been used in construction: the ancient Egyptians built copper water pipes; the roofs of medieval castles and churches were covered with copper sheets, for example the famous royal castle in Elsinore (Denmark) was covered with copper roofing. Coins and jewelry were made from copper. Due to its low electrical resistance, copper is the main metal in electrical engineering: more than half of all copper produced is used in the production of electrical wires for high-voltage transmissions and low-current cables. Even insignificant impurities in copper lead to an increase in its electrical resistance and large losses of electricity. The hulls of ships are sheathed with copper tin. High thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance make it possible to manufacture copper parts for heat exchangers, refrigerators, vacuum devices, pipelines for pumping oils and fuels, etc. Copper is also widely used in electroplating when applying protective coatings to steel products. So, for example, when nickel or chrome plating steel objects, copper is pre-deposited on them; in this case, the protective coating lasts longer and is more effective. Copper is also used in electroplating (i.e., when replicating products by obtaining a mirror image), for example, in the manufacture of metal matrices for printing banknotes and reproducing sculptural products.

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Slide no. 8

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Bronze products were in use Bronze products were in use among the ancient Egyptians, Assyrians, and Etruscans. Beautiful bronze statues were cast in Greece and Rome; many of them have survived to this day, such as the famous equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome or one of the seven wonders of the world, the Colossus of Rhodes. For sculptural works standing outdoors, especially in places with a humid climate, bronze is preferable because over time, a dense greenish-brown coating, a patina, appears on its surface, which protects the metal from further oxidation. The shields of Roman legionnaires were also bound with bronze.

Slide no. 9

Slide description:

It is from bronze that the “Bronze Horseman” praised by A.S. Pushkin in St. Petersburg and the monument to Minin and Pozharsky on Red Square in Moscow are cast from bronze. Due to its special mechanical properties and good casting qualities, bronze is an ideal metal for casting bells with a loud and beautiful sound. Everyone knows the giant “Tsar Bell” in the Moscow Kremlin, weighing almost 202 tons, cast in 1733-1735 by Russian masters I. F. and M. F. Matronin. In the old days, guns were also made from bronze; the largest of them, the Tsar Cannon (39.3 tons), was intended for the defense of the Moscow Kremlin and was cast by master A. Chokhov in 1586.

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Slide no. 12

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And now sculptures are cast from bronze, And now sculptures are cast from bronze, chandeliers, candelabra, candlesticks, as well as parts of various mechanisms (for example, bearings) are made. As many centuries ago, copper and copper scrap are fused with tin to produce bronze. Only not in earthen ovens, but in modern electric ovens. So that copper and tin do not oxidize during melting, and bronze is especially durable, phosphorus compounds are added to the charge before casting. Due to the shortage of tin and its high price, tin bronze is gradually being replaced by other bronzes, Ch. arr. aluminum. Aluminum bronze, containing up to 11% Al, has good mechanical properties and is stable in sea water and even in dilute hydrochloric acid. This very durable alloy is used in the manufacture of pipelines, steam turbine parts and aircraft engines etc. “Copper” coins were minted from aluminum bronze in Russia from 1926 to 1957. Bearings for diesel locomotives, ship engines, and water turbines are made from lead bronze. Beryllium bronze is exceptionally strong and durable, which, due to its elastic properties, serves as a material for springs that practically do not know fatigue (withstand up to 20 million load cycles).

Slide no. 13

Slide description:

Brass. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Although zinc was discovered only in the Middle Ages, brass was known to the ancient Romans, who obtained it by smelting copper ores with zinc ores without access to air. To give brass the desired properties, alloying metals such as Al, Mn, Ni, Fe, etc. are often introduced into its composition in small quantities. Brass melts easier than copper, but it is harder. Brass is well forged, pierced into sheets, stamped, drawn into wire and highly polished (to a mirror finish). Products made from it can be hardened. If necessary, brass can be applied to the surface of other metals using the electrochemical method. It is important that brass is much cheaper than copper. Brass is used in mechanical engineering and electrical engineering; It is used to make parts of various mechanisms, water and gas taps, radiator pipes, door handles, hinges and cartridge cases. Brass with the addition of aluminum is similar in appearance to gold; badges, emblems, and medals are made from it. If there is relatively little zinc in the alloy (up to 18%), brasses have a reddish tint. For example, brass containing up to 10% zinc is called tombac; From this alloy, from 1961 to 1991, “copper” coins were minted in Russia, in denominations from 1 to 5 kopecks. Alloys with a high zinc content (up to 50%) are yellow in color and are called brasses. They are perfectly processed by rolling, pressing and drawing, and high-quality castings are obtained from them.

Slide no. 14

Slide description:

Other alloys. Among other alloys, we note monel metal (50 - 70% copper, 15 - 25% nickel and zinc with additions of lead, tin and iron) was previously used for the manufacture of cutlery and jewelry “like silver”. Due to its high corrosion resistance and strength, good ductility, it is now used in the chemical, shipbuilding, medical, oil, textile and other industries. But constantan, manganin, chromel and copel almost do not change their resistance with significant temperature fluctuations and therefore faithfully serve in electrical engineering for the manufacture of thermocouples - very sensitive devices that measure temperature. Compensation wires, rheostats, and parts of heating devices are also made from chromel and copel. Mangonin is used to make reference resistors and elements of measuring instruments.

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learned to process and use for my needs. Copper artifacts found in the upper reaches of the Tigris River date back to the tenth millennium BC. Later wide application copper alloys determined the material culture of the Bronze Age (late 4th - early 1st millennium BC) and subsequently accompanied the development of civilization at all stages. Copper and its materials were used to make dishes, utensils, jewelry, and various artistic items. The role of bronze was especially great. Since the 20th century, the main use of copper is due to its high electrical conductivity. More than half of the mined copper is used in electrical engineering for the manufacture of various wires, cables, and conductive parts of electrical equipment. Due to its high thermal conductivity, copper is an irreplaceable material for various heat exchangers and refrigeration equipment. Copper is widely used in electroplating - for applying copper coatings, for producing thin-walled products of complex shapes, for making clichés in printing, etc.

home » Useful » Copper and its compounds presentation for the lesson. Metal copper. Cu2O – reddish-brown crystals