Moral dilemmas of modern society. Moral dilemma. See what “Moral dilemma” is in other dictionaries

Alexander Ignatievich Yashchura. 1

Introduction. 1

Part I. 4

1.3. Structure of the department of the chief power engineer. 11

2. PRODUCTION OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT.. 13

2.1. Reception of equipment. 13

2.2. Installation of equipment. 14

2.3. Commissioning of equipment... 16

2.4. Organization of equipment operation. 16

2.5. Equipment service life. 20

2.6. Equipment depreciation. 20

2.7. Equipment storage. 21

2.8. Retirement of equipment. 21

3. EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE.. 21

3.2. Organization of maintenance work... 21

3.3. Technical diagnostics of equipment. 21

3.4. Funding for maintenance work... 21

4. EQUIPMENT REPAIR.. 21

4.1. Methods, strategies and organizational forms of repair. 21

4.2. Repair standards.. 21

4.4. Preparation of repair work. 21

4.5. Organization and implementation of repairs. 21

4.6. Stop repair of equipment. 21

4.7. Equipment repair financing. 21

4.8. Demarcation functional responsibilities between enterprise services when repairing equipment. 21

5. FORMS OF REPAIR DOCUMENTATION.. 21

6. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL SAFETY.. 21

6.1 Occupational safety. 21

6.2. Industrial safety during equipment operation. 21

6.3 Industrial safety during installation and repair of equipment. 21

6.4. State supervision of equipment operation. 21

6.5. Investigation and recording of accidents and incidents. 21

Part II. 21

TYPICAL NOMENCLATURE OF REPAIR WORK, REPAIR STANDARDS, CONSUMPTION RATES OF MATERIALS AND SPARE PARTS FOR REPAIR OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT .. 21

7. ELECTRICAL MACHINES... 21

7.1. Maintenance. 21

7.2. Typical nomenclature of repair work for current repairs . 21

7.3. Typical nomenclature of repair work during major overhauls. 21

7.4. Features of organizing the repair of explosion-proof electrical machines.. 21

7.5. Standards for frequency, duration and labor intensity of repairs. 21

7.6. Material consumption standards for current and major repairs. 21

8. ELECTRICAL NETWORKS.. 21

8.1. Maintenance. 21

8.2. Typical nomenclature of repair work during current repairs. 21

8.3. Typical nomenclature of repair work during major overhauls. 21

8.4. Standards for frequency, duration and labor intensity of repairs. 21

9. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND COMPLETE LOW VOLTAGE DEVICES (UP TO 1000 V). 21

9.1. Maintenance. 21

9.2. Typical nomenclature of repair work during current repairs. 21

9.3. Typical nomenclature of repair work during major overhauls. 21

9.4. Standards for frequency, duration and labor intensity of repairs. 21

9.5. Material consumption standards for current and major repairs. 21

10. HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (ABOVE 1000 V) AND POWER CONVERTERS.. 21

10.1. Maintenance. 21

10.2. Typical nomenclature of repair work during current repairs. 21

10.3. Typical nomenclature of repair work during major overhauls. 21

10.4. Standards for frequency, duration and labor intensity of repairs. 21

10.5. Standards for consumption of materials and spare parts for current and major repairs 21

11. POWER TRANSFORMERS... 21

11.1. Maintenance. 21

11.2. Typical nomenclature of repair work during current repairs. 21

11.3. Typical nomenclature of repair work during major overhauls. 21

11.4. Standards for frequency, duration and labor intensity of repairs. 21

11.5. Standards for consumption of materials and spare parts for current and major repairs 21

12. BATTERIES.. 21

12.1. Maintenance. 21

12.2. Typical nomenclature of repair work during current repairs. 21

12.3. Typical nomenclature of repair work during major overhauls. 21

12.4. Standards for frequency, duration and labor intensity of repairs. 21

13. COMMUNICATIONS AND SIGNALING FACILITIES.. 21

13.1. Maintenance. 21

13.2. Typical nomenclature of repair work during current repairs. 21

13.3. Typical nomenclature of repair work during major overhauls. 21

13.4. Standards for frequency, duration and labor intensity of repairs. 21

13.5. Standards for the consumption of materials and spare parts for repairs. 21

14. RELAY PROTECTION AND ELECTRICAL AUTOMATION DEVICES.. 21

14.1. Maintenance. 21

14.2. Maintenance frequency standards. 21

15. ELECTRIC WELDING EQUIPMENT. 21

15.1. Maintenance. 21

15.2. Typical nomenclature of repair work during current repairs. 21

15.3. Typical nomenclature of repair work during major overhauls. 21

15.4. Standards for frequency, duration and labor intensity of repairs. 21

15.5. Standards for the consumption of materials and spare parts for major repairs. 21

16. MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL DEVICES.. 21

16.1. Maintenance. 21

16.2. Maintenance. 21

16.3. Material consumption rates for Maintenance and repairs. 21

Part III. 21

TYPICAL NOMENCLATURE OF REPAIR WORK, REPAIR STANDARDS, CONSUMPTION STANDARDS OF MATERIALS AND SPARE PARTS FOR REPAIR OF HEATING EQUIPMENT .. 21

17. BOILERS, BOILER-AUXILIARY AND STEAM POWER EQUIPMENT. 21

17.1. Maintenance. 21

17.2. Typical nomenclature of repair work during current repairs. 21

17.3. Typical nomenclature of repair work during major overhauls. 21

17.4. Standards for frequency, duration and labor intensity of repairs. 21

17.5. Standards for consumption of materials and spare parts for current and major repairs 21

Decree of the Ministry of Industry and Science No. 05-900/14-108 dated 01/01/2001 “On the development of a Unified Regulation on scheduled preventive maintenance of technological and mechanical equipment”,

as well as a number of other documents at the federal level concerning the organization of repair production in Russia.

Today, enterprises are independently responsible for planning and organizing repairs to ensure the continued functionality of their equipment. At the same time, their rights are expanded in many important areas, including:

financing of repairs and their material support;

regulation of the number of repair and operational personnel;

applying different repair strategies;

repair planning taking into account beneficial use and tightened equipment service life and other issues.

In the current circumstances, the release of this Handbook seems extremely relevant.

The reference materials, which are advisory in nature, will help enterprises in developing own Regulations on equipment maintenance work will serve as the necessary methodological basis for the implementation of new rights and responsibilities, regulatory framework to ensure effective planning of repair work, material and financial resources, as well as a tool for developing the right organizational decisions to improve the repair service.

The guide consists of four parts:

Part I: Operation, Maintenance and Repair energy equipment.

Part II. Typical nomenclature of repair work, repair standards, consumption standards for materials and spare parts for the repair of electrical equipment.

Part III. Typical nomenclature of repair work, repair standards, consumption standards for materials and spare parts for the repair of heating equipment.

Part IV. Appendices containing the necessary methodological and reference materials.

To correctly perceive the text and avoid discrepancies in wording, it is recommended to carefully read Appendix 1 “Basic concepts, terms, definitions,” as well as the abbreviations adopted in the Directory (Appendix 10).

Suggestions and comments on this Handbook should be sent to Russia, Moscow, Derbenevskaya embankment, 11, Pollars Business Center, bldg. B, Publishing House NC ENAS.

Part I

OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF POWER EQUIPMENT

1. ENTERPRISE ENERGY SERVICE AND PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SYSTEM

1.1. The general concept of the planning system preventive maintenance energy equipment

1.1.1. The system of scheduled preventive maintenance of power equipment (hereinafter referred to as the System of Preventative Maintenance of Power Equipment) is a set of methodological recommendations, norms and standards designed to ensure the effective organization, planning and implementation of technical maintenance (TO) and repair of power equipment. The recommendations given in this System of PPR EO can be used at enterprises of any type of activity and form of ownership that use similar equipment, taking into account the specific conditions of their work.

1.1.2. The planned and preventive nature of the EO PPR System is implemented:

carrying out equipment repairs at a given frequency, the timing and logistics of which are planned in advance;

carrying out maintenance operations and technical condition monitoring aimed at preventing equipment failures and maintaining its serviceability and performance in the intervals between repairs.

1.1.3. The EO PPR system was created taking into account new economic and legal conditions, and in technical terms - with maximum use:

possibilities and advantages of the aggregate repair method;

the entire range of strategies, forms and methods of maintenance and repair, including new tools and methods of technical diagnostics;

modern computer technology and computer technologies for collecting, accumulating and processing information about the condition of equipment, planning repair and preventive actions and their logistical support.

1.1.4. The operation of the PPR EO System applies to all equipment of energy and technological workshops of enterprises, regardless of the place of its use.

1.1.5. All equipment operated at enterprises is divided into basic and non-core.

The main one is the equipment with the direct participation of which the main energy and technological processes of obtaining a product (final or intermediate) are carried out, and the failure of which leads to the cessation or sharp reduction of product output (energy).

Non-core equipment ensures the full flow of energy and technological processes and the operation of the main equipment.

1.1.6. Depending on the production significance and functions performed in the energy and technological processes equipment of the same type and name can be classified as both primary and non-main.

1.1.7. The EO PPR system provides that the equipment’s need for repair and preventive actions is satisfied by a combination various types Maintenance and scheduled repairs of equipment, differing in frequency and scope of work.

Depending on the production significance of the equipment, the impact of its failures on personnel safety and the stability of energy technological processes, repair actions are implemented in the form of regulated repairs, repairs based on operating hours, repairs based on technical condition, or a combination of them.

1.1.8. In practice, the list of equipment the repair of which can be based only on the principles and strategies of regulated repair is extremely narrow. In fact, the repair of most equipment is inevitably based on a combination (in varying proportions) of regulated repairs and repairs based on technical condition. In this case, the “framework” of the repair cycle structure is determined by a set of equipment elements, the repair of which is based on the strategies of regulated repair or repair based on operating time. On the resulting “rigid” basis of the repair cycle structure, superimposed (in the “non-rigid” version) are the timing of repairs of elements maintained according to their technical condition.

1.1.9. The most promising method of equipment repair for enterprises of any form of ownership is the aggregate-unit method, in which faulty replaceable elements (units, assemblies and parts) are replaced with new or repaired ones taken from the working capital.

1.1.10. Timely replacement of faulty units, components and parts - the implementation of a planned preventative repair system - is most successfully solved by introducing technical diagnostics of equipment during its maintenance and repair.

1.1.11. Equipment repairs can be carried out on our own enterprises operating equipment, third-party specialized repair companies, as well as specialized divisions of manufacturing plants. The share of each of the listed organizational forms repair for a particular enterprise depends on many factors: the development of its own repair base, its equipment, distance from equipment manufacturers and specialized repair organizations, as well as the financial capabilities of the enterprise.

1.1.12. Maintenance and repair of energy equipment (including energy technology boilers, waste heat boilers, steam and gas turbine units, desiccant devices and communications, etc.) located in production shops is carried out by the services of the chief mechanic and the chief power engineer.

1.1.13. Maintenance and repair of enterprise energy equipment and energy communications (stationary and mobile power plants, distribution and transformer substations, in-plant overhead and cable networks, in-plant networks of natural gas used as fuel, steam and boiler installations, condensate collection and return devices, general plant water intake structures and pre-treatment water supply facilities power plants and replenishment of water circulation systems, networks and installations for supplying enterprises with heat, steam, water, compressed air, communications and signaling equipment, etc.) is carried out by the service of the chief power engineer.

1.1.14. The boundary of division of repair objects between the services of the chief mechanic and the chief power engineer is established according to the following criteria. If an energy medium is supplied or diverted to the equipment and communications of an object (technological workshop, site, etc.) assigned to the service of the chief mechanic, then the separation boundary is the first shut-off device (shut-off valve, shut-off device, etc.) before entry into the workshop. The chief mechanic's service is responsible for the tightness of the connection and the serviceability of the shut-off valve.

1.1.15. The standards for the frequency, duration and labor intensity of repairs given in this EO PPR System are calculated as weighted average values based on the following considerations:

average (in terms of severity) equipment operating conditions;

equipment repairs are carried out under normal conditions temperature conditions;

The service life of the equipment did not exceed the standard.

If the conditions differ from those specified above, the standards are adjusted in accordance with the coefficients given in the relevant sections of this PPR EO System.

1.1.16. The power equipment included in the EO PPR System is conditionally divided into the following two groups:

electrical equipment(electric cars, Electricity of the net and relay protection devices, low and high voltage electrical devices, power transformers, batteries, communications and alarm systems), standards and norms for which are given in the second part of this Handbook;

heating equipment (boilers and boiler-auxiliary elements, waste heat boilers, steam turbines, pipelines and pipeline fittings, compressors and pumps, fans, smoke exhausters, blowers, ventilation and exhaust systems, air heaters, air conditioners, water intake and water treatment equipment), standards and standards for which are given in the third part of the Handbook.

1.1.17. For the effective implementation of the EO PPR System, the following conditions must be met:

the energy service of the enterprise must be staffed with qualified personnel in accordance with the staffing schedule, have a repair base with the necessary technological equipment and high-performance tools;

maintenance, duty and operational personnel are required to know and follow the rules technical operation equipment, industrial and fire safety rules;

stopping equipment for scheduled repairs is carried out according to approved annual and monthly schedules in accordance with standard frequency and taking into account the maximum use of stops for maintenance and equipment diagnostics;

repairs are carried out efficiently, to the planned extent, with maximum mechanization of heavy, labor-intensive work;

When repairing, the aggregate-node method and the method of repairing large objects according to a network schedule are widely used;

the organization of supplies of units, components and parts from manufacturers is ensured. Only parts of simple configurations are manufactured in our own workshops;

Work is systematically carried out according to a special plan to increase durability and reduce the rate of emergency failure of power equipment.

1.1.18. This System of PPR EO is a recommendation material of direct action, but can also serve as a guide when enterprises develop their own “Regulations for scheduled preventive maintenance of power equipment” in accordance with the requirement Federal service for technological supervision (hereinafter referred to as Federal supervision) PB 05-356.00, clause 242.

1.2. Tasks and functions of the department of the chief power engineer

1.2.1. As the experience of enterprises in new economic conditions shows, especially in the last 5–7 years, the centralized command management system that existed in the recent past turned out to be unsuitable for solving main task: making a profit.

1.2.2. There was a need, not in words, but in deeds, to centralize the management of the technical operation of all types of fixed assets of the enterprise, concentrating it in one hand: the deputy director - the chief engineer of the enterprise. At some enterprises, the centralization of technical operation was even more closely linked with the efficient use of fixed assets, subordinating it to the deputy head of the enterprise for equipment.

1.2.3. Enterprises must:

2.1.6. When accepting equipment, its correct unloading from railway platforms and wagons must be ensured, trucks and other types of transport. For this purpose, permanent mechanized means must be equipped at the equipment reception site or special unloading means must be pre-arranged and delivered for temporary use.

2.1.7. Personnel unloading arriving equipment must be prepared to work to keep the equipment intact and prevent breakdowns or damage that could adversely affect the operation of the equipment during operation.

2.1.8. Certificates of acceptance and transfer of equipment, fully completed and signed by all members of the commission, are transferred to the accounting department of the enterprise for balance sheet accounting, where the equipment is assigned an inventory number.

2.1.9. An inventory number can be assigned to equipment either on an object-by-object basis or for a group of equipment included in the inventory object.

2.1.10. The inventory item of fixed assets in accordance with clause 6 of the Accounting Regulations (PBU) 6/01 is:

object with all fixtures and fittings;

a separately structurally isolated object intended to perform certain independent functions;

a separate complex of structurally articulated objects, representing a single whole and intended to perform a specific job.

2.1.11. A complex of structurally articulated objects is one or more objects of the same or different purposes, having common devices and accessories, general management, mounted on the same foundation, as a result of which each item included in the complex can perform its functions only as part of the complex, and not independently.

2.1.12. When determining the composition of each inventory item, one should be guided by All-Russian classifier fixed assets (OKOF), approved by Resolution of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification dated 01.01.01 No. 359. This document indicates the composition of classification objects, which, according to the definition given in OKOF, correspond to the concept of an inventory item in accounting. The composition of inventory objects is determined depending on the groups and types of fixed assets.

2.1.13. The OKOF does not take into account certain provisions of clause 6 of PBU 6/01. In particular, this applies to cases where one object has several parts with different useful lives. According to the rules accounting each such part is accounted for as an independent inventory item. In this case, the issue of assigning specific equipment to the depreciation group should be decided by the equipment acceptance committee.

2.2. Installation of equipment

2.2.1. Installation of equipment is the last pre-operational period when obvious and partially hidden defects in the manufacture and assembly of equipment can be identified and eliminated. Installation work must be performed in such a way as not to increase the number of hidden defects remaining in the equipment.

2.2.2. Serious attention should be paid to the composition of the preparatory work, which is crucial both for the timely and high-quality installation of equipment, and for its future effective operation.

2.2.3. For equipment the installation of which must be carried out or completed only at the place of use, the work must be carried out in accordance with special instructions for installation, start-up, adjustment and running-in of the product at the site of use.

Machine-building plants are required to attach this instruction to the supplied equipment, which is provided for by the nomenclature of operational documents in GOST 2.601-68 (Appendix 5). Following these instructions will prevent the possibility of an increase in hidden defects in the equipment, as well as identify and eliminate obvious and partially hidden defects in the manufacture and assembly of equipment, a possible list of which is given in Appendix 6.

Enter

I did an internship at the Dneprotyazhmash plant and was accepted as an electrician.

History of the enterprise

The history of modern OJSC "Dneprotyazhmash" begins in May 1914, when Belgian entrepreneurs brothers Georg and Charles Chaudoir founded on the right bank of the Dnieper, next to own enterprise"Chaudoir A" plant "Chaudoir C", which was supposed to serve as a support base for other enterprises. In 1915, this enterprise already had two blast furnaces with a volume of 480 and 215 cubic meters, an open-hearth shop with the most powerful furnace in the south of Russia with a capacity of 360 thousand pounds of cast iron per year, an iron foundry, and a mechanical repair shop. About 500 people worked here.

After the revolution in 1918, the plant was nationalized. The Civil War brought destruction and desolation to the enterprise. Since 1922, Plant "S" has been used mainly as a repair base for the Bryansk Metallurgical Plant (now the Petrovsky Plant). And only in 1929, with the beginning of the implementation of the country’s first five-year development plan, the enterprise received new impulse development and a new name - "Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Equipment Plant" (DZMO). At that time, the plant specialized in the production of large-sized metallurgical equipment, shaped steel and cast iron castings.

In the early 30s. About 3 thousand people worked at DZMO. The company hosted active learning workers necessary professions. In December 1931, the first issue of the factory newspaper "Chervoniy Metallurg" (today - "Voice of the Mechanical Engineer") was published.

During the Second Five-Year Plan, DZMO became the largest supplier of metallurgical equipment to the most important industrial new buildings in the country - the Kuznetsk and Magnitogorsk plants, Zaporizhstal and Krivorozhstal, and many other factories in the South and East of the USSR.

In 1935, the plant produced the first tubes for the Moscow metro under construction.

In 1939, for the first time in the USSR, the enterprise switched its blast furnace to operate with oxygen-enriched blast.

In 1941, with the outbreak of war, the enterprise’s equipment was evacuated to the Urals, where the production of military products was established. In the fall of 1943, after the liberation of Dnepropetrovsk from the Nazis, the restoration of the plant began.

By the beginning of the 50s, having gone through the restoration stage, DZMO took a leading position in the country in the production of blast furnace and steel-smelting equipment. Among the products manufactured by the plant in those years were rotary car dumpers (to date, more than 360 units of this unique equipment have been manufactured!), equipment for oxygen-converter steel production, charging devices and slag carriers for blast furnaces, and refrigeration plates.

In the 60s, at DZMO, for the first time in the country, together with VNIIMETMASH, a machine for continuous casting of horizontal steel was created. The transport-dump bridge created by the efforts of engineers and workers of the enterprise for the needs of the mining industry was rightly called a “miracle of technology” of that time: a product 400 m long had a productivity of 3.5 thousand cubic meters. soil per hour.

In May 1964, DZMO celebrated its first golden anniversary - 50 years since its founding. For great services in creating highly efficient equipment for the metallurgical industry, the plant was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

In 1979, a new engineering building was built at the enterprise, which housed an information center and the design and technological institute of metallurgical equipment (PKTI MO).

In the 80s The plant produces more than half(!) of all blast furnace equipment in the USSR. In addition, the company's products were exported to the socialist countries that were members of the CMEA, to countries Western Europe- France, Italy, Sweden, Belgium, Luxembourg, as well as India, Pakistan, Egypt, Nigeria, Algeria.

With the transition to market relations, in 1994 the plant staff decided to reorganize the enterprise into Joint-Stock Company"Dneprotyazhmash" Currently, the plant is part of the Dneprotechservice research and production group, which creates additional competitive advantages manufactured products recognized by consumers: Ukrainian and international organizations.

OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF POWER EQUIPMENT

ENTERPRISE ENERGY SERVICE AND PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SYSTEM

General concept of the system for scheduled preventive maintenance of power equipment

1.1.1. The system of scheduled preventive maintenance of power equipment (hereinafter referred to as the PPR EO System) is a complex methodological recommendations, norms and regulations designed to ensure the effective organization, planning and implementation of maintenance (TO) and repair of power equipment. The recommendations given in this System of PPR EO can be used at enterprises of any type of activity and form of ownership that use similar equipment, taking into account the specific conditions of their work.

1.1.2. The planned and preventive nature of the EO PPR System is implemented:

carrying out equipment repairs at a given frequency, the timing and logistics of which are planned in advance;

carrying out maintenance operations and technical condition monitoring aimed at preventing equipment failures and maintaining its serviceability and performance in the intervals between repairs.

1.1.3. The EO PPR system was created taking into account new economic and legal conditions, and in technical terms - with maximum use:

possibilities and advantages of the aggregate repair method;

the entire range of strategies, forms and methods of maintenance and repair, including new tools and methods of technical diagnostics;

modern computing technology and computer technologies for collecting, accumulating and processing information about the condition of equipment, planning repair and preventive actions and their logistics.

1.1.4. The operation of the PPR EO System applies to all equipment of energy and technological workshops of enterprises, regardless of the place of its use.

1.1.5. All equipment operated at enterprises is divided into basic and non-core.

Non-core equipment ensures the full flow of energy and technological processes and the operation of the main equipment.

1.1.6. Depending on the production significance and functions performed in energy and technological processes, equipment of the same type and name can be classified as either primary or non-core.

1.1.7. The EO PPR system provides that the equipment’s need for repair and preventive actions is satisfied by a combination of various types of maintenance and scheduled equipment repairs, differing in frequency and scope of work.

1.1.11. Equipment repair can be carried out in-house by the enterprises operating the equipment, by third-party specialized repair companies, as well as by specialized divisions of manufacturing plants. The share of each of the listed organizational forms of repair for a particular enterprise depends on many factors: the development of its own repair base, its equipment, distance from equipment manufacturers and specialized repair organizations, as well as the financial capabilities of the enterprise.

1.1.13. Maintenance and repair of enterprise energy equipment and energy communications (stationary and mobile power plants, distribution and transformer substations, in-plant overhead and cable networks, in-plant networks of natural gas used as fuel, steam and boiler installations, condensate collection and return devices, general plant water intake structures and water pre-treatment facilities for powering power plants and feeding water circulation systems, networks and installations for supplying enterprises with heat, steam, water, compressed air, communications and signaling equipment, etc.) are carried out by the service of the chief power engineer.

1.1.15. The standards for the frequency, duration and labor intensity of repairs given in this EO PPR System are calculated as weighted average values based on the following considerations:

average (in terms of severity) equipment operating conditions;

equipment repairs are carried out in conditions with normal temperature conditions;

The service life of the equipment did not exceed the standard.

If the conditions differ from those specified above, the standards are adjusted in accordance with the coefficients given in the relevant sections of this PPR EO System.

1.1.16. The power equipment included in the EO PPR System is conditionally divided into the following two groups:

electrical equipment (electrical machines, electrical networks and relay protection devices, low- and high-voltage electrical devices, power transformers, batteries, communications and signaling equipment), standards and norms for which are given in the second part of this Handbook;

heating equipment (boilers and boiler auxiliary elements, waste heat boilers, steam turbines, pipelines and pipeline fittings, compressors and pumps, fans, smoke exhausters, blowers, ventilation and exhaust systems, air heaters, air conditioners, water intake and water treatment equipment), standards and norms which are given in the third part of the Handbook.

1.1.17. For the effective implementation of the EO PPR System, the following conditions must be met:

repair, duty and operational personnel are required to know and comply with the rules of technical operation of equipment, industrial and fire safety rules;

repairs are carried out efficiently, to the planned extent, with maximum mechanization of heavy, labor-intensive work;

When repairing, the aggregate-node method and the method of repairing large objects according to a network schedule are widely used;

the organization of supplies of units, components and parts from manufacturers is ensured. Only parts of simple configurations are manufactured in our own workshops;

Work is systematically carried out according to a special plan to increase durability and reduce the rate of emergency failure of power equipment.

1.1.18. This System of PPR EO is a recommendation material of direct action, but can also serve as a guide when enterprises develop their own “Regulations for scheduled preventive maintenance of power equipment” in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Service for Technological Supervision (hereinafter referred to as the Federal Supervision) PB 05-356.00, p 242.

“Austria-Hungary: the Fate of an Empire” is a fascinating story about an extremely colorful and surprisingly interesting country, a kind of European Atlantis, known to the Russian reader much less than it deserves. The Habsburg Power has not been on the maps for a long time, First World War destroyed this, perhaps, the most comfortable empire in history, but the experience of coexistence accumulated by its peoples is still relevant for Central Europe. Traveling through a dozen independent states, whose territories were once parts of Austria-Hungary, confirms that bygone times are echoed in the present day.

The first edition of the book was published in 2010 under the title “Roots and Crown. Essays on Austria-Hungary: the fate of the empire,” and since then it has become a real bibliographic rarity.

Never before has such a deep analysis of historical processes been accompanied by such a fascinating story about the everyday life and holidays of the Danube monarchy, such vivid portraits of the Habsburg dynasty and their subjects, such lively essays about large and small Habsburg cities.

Andrey Shary, Yaroslav Shimov
Austria-Hungary. Fate of the Empire

Unknown Empire

In 1846, the Bavarian sculptor Ludwig Schwanthaler, commissioned by the authorities of Vienna, installed the "Austria" fountain on Freyung Square. Austriabrunnen. The allegorical figures above the bowl of the fountain and under the statue of victorious Austria with a spear and shield in their hands represent the main rivers of the Habsburg Empire: the Elbe, Po, Danube and Vistula. Of these four beautiful bronze maidens, loyalty to Austria up to today Only one has been preserved - the Danube. The Elbe (Laba) “fled” to the Czech Republic and Germany, the Po returned to the Italians, and the Vistula went to the Poles. Along with the waters of these rivers, the fountain sighs quietly, and the Habsburg glory has flown into history.

Austriabrunnen flaunts on Vienna Square, recalling former greatness a country that a century ago included within its borders lands that now contained, in whole or in part, thirteen independent states. To contemporaries of the Habsburg Empire, these borders must have seemed like a natural whole, even on geographical maps, logically delineated by brackets of mountain ranges and a soft semicircle of the sea coast. The country was spacious and harmonious in its relief and ethnic diversity: the Alps - in the German-Italian west, the Sudetes - in the Czech-German north, the Carpathians - in the Hungarian-Romanian-Ukrainian east, the Dinaric range - in the South Slavic south. The thousand-kilometer Adriatic coastline with the largest port of Trieste in the entire Mediterranean; the endless course of the Danube, piercing Europe like a repeatedly curved spoke; the fertile plains of Hungary and Vojvodina, dense forests Galicia, Transylvania, Tyrol - all this was united under their scepter by the Habsburgs, an ancient dynasty of dukes, emperors and kings. Their empire rose unshakably in the middle of Europe.

In the middle of everything.

Decade after decade, century after century, this monarchy grew with new peoples and new territories, built slowly, like a temple of God, stone upon stone. The Habsburgs, patiently and painstakingly, with cunning and perseverance, talent and intelligence, occasionally with cruelty, and more often through compromise, equipped a multinational state during six hundred years of rule. Perhaps, in a certain sense, it can be called the forerunner of the European Union, if only because history has not provided a better prototype of supranational unity in Europe. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the second largest European power by area and third largest by population, Austria-Hungary was one of the few countries that determined the main content of socio-political, social and cultural processes in the Old World.

It was a complex state, the structure of which was paradoxically based on its contradictions. An empire in which the monarchs were not averse to ruling authoritarianly, but upon mature reflection they yielded to liberal trends. “Prison of Nations” (according to the conviction of several generations of nationalists), in which the idea of ethnic tolerance almost always turned out to be stronger than chauvinistic sentiments. Quite a powerful - even in its decline - power, which was more willing to expand its borders through dynastic marriages and diplomatic combinations than through conquests and wars. A country of centuries-old, even decrepit traditions, invariably open to modernity in painting, architecture, music...

Let's look for parallels. The Habsburg power developed as a continental empire, unlike Britain or Spain, but like Russia it did not have serious overseas possessions. A dozen peoples subject to the Habsburgs lived in a compact country, and even before the advent of the telegraph era, a dispatch from the most distant outskirts reached the capital of the empire in just a week. At the same time (another similarity with Russia), the Danube monarchy in some ways remained mysterious not only to its Western European neighbors, but sometimes, it seems, to itself. It is not for nothing that the Habsburg Chancellor Clemens Metternich is credited with the phrase: “Asia begins on the Landstrasse.” This Viennese street led to the east, and to the east of Vienna for refined Europeans it was as if civilization did not exist at that time. Different realities coexisted in the Habsburg Empire. Vienna was rightfully considered one of the brilliant capitals, rivaling Paris and London in luxury, the Austrian court enjoyed the reputation of being the most ceremonious in Europe, but the eastern outskirts of the Danube monarchy - Transylvania, Bukovina, Galicia - frightened the Austrians themselves with their savagery, they seemed like mystical reserves in which they could live not only people, but also vampires.

The Habsburgs rightly considered themselves to have special merit in the collective struggle against the Ottoman Empire, in the arduous and bloody resistance of the cross to the crescent. Their armies held back the offensive impulses of the Turks for centuries. The territorial expansion of the Ottomans in Europe was stopped precisely near Vienna: the city twice, in 1529 and in 1683, withstood sieges by a huge Ottoman army. The first failure, the chronicles testify, only alarmed Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. The second defeat of the Turks turned out to be more sensitive: the battle of Vienna, in which the armies of many Christian countries united on the side of the Habsburgs, put the final limit to Ottoman penetration into the interior of the continent. But for a long time after this, the Central European Empire served as a security belt and a defensive rampart of the Western world.

A. I. YASHURA

TECHNICAL

MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF POWER EQUIPMENT

Directory

Moscow "Publishing House NC ENAS" 2006

Yashura A. I.

Ya99 System of maintenance and repair of power equipment. Directory. – M.: Publishing House NC ENAS, 2006. – 504 p. ill.

ISBN 5 93196 572 6

The organizational principles of production operation, maintenance, as well as modern methods and forms of organizing the repair of power equipment are considered, taking into account the requirements of new regulatory legal acts issued in last years.

Standard nomenclatures for repair work, specified service life, repair standards, consumption standards for materials and spare parts for all main types of electrical and heating equipment are given.

Particular attention is paid to the system of organizing repairs based on the technical condition of equipment based on the application modern methods and technical diagnostic tools.

The directory is intended for engineering and technical workers engaged in production operation, maintenance and repair of power equipment at enterprises in various industries. Can be used to train students of technical universities and technical schools.

UDC 621.313/316.(004.5+004.67) BBK 31.16

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, fundamental changes have occurred in the organization of equipment repair at industrial enterprises in the country. At the same time as the reduction of most industrial ministries, the sectoral departments of the chief mechanic and chief power engineer, which coordinated the organization of equipment repairs, ceased to exist. All-Union and sectoral bodies were disbanded repair organizations(repair associations, trusts, etc.) for centralized repair of specialized equipment. Almost simultaneously, in all industries, the development, revision and publication of Regulations (Systems) on planned preventive maintenance of equipment, which provided enterprises with a methodological and regulatory framework for planning and organizing equipment repairs, ceased. The system of centralized supply of enterprises with equipment, spare parts, repair equipment and repair materials has collapsed. The revision of depreciation standards (equipment service life), repair standards, material consumption standards, procedures and financing of repairs has ceased.

The economic crisis has led to the complete or partial shutdown of many industries. The workload of existing enterprises has dropped sharply. Energy repair services of enterprises have lost up to 50% of qualified workers. Most industrial equipment (over 70%) has exhausted its depreciation period and requires replacement or major restoration repairs.

The overwhelming number of enterprises operating today are small and medium-sized enterprises that appeared in 1990–2003. Some of them arose on the basis of former industrial giants as a result of their peculiar “disaggregation” during privatization. The majority were created from scratch in order to fill small niches in the increasingly demanding market for industrial products, goods and services. As a rule, newly formed enterprises do not have not only any serious material repair base and specialists familiar with the basic principles of planning, organizing and carrying out equipment repairs, but even an outdated methodological and regulatory framework for building a more or less efficiently functioning repair service and organization tions for repairing equipment at the enterprise. As a preventive measure, the requirement of the State Mining and Technical Supervision of Russia PB 05 356.00 appeared on the need for each enterprise to have its own Regulations on scheduled preventive maintenance of equipment owned by it. This requirement is a big headache for many enterprises, especially newly created ones.

After the release of PB 05 356.00, government bodies received about a thousand proposals about the need to issue a single document regulating the operation, maintenance and repair of machinery and equipment. Work began in 2003 to create the Handbook “Unified Regulations on Scheduled Preventive Maintenance of Equipment” industrial enterprises Russia" (Order No. 05 900/14 108, dated May 29, 2003) were discontinued due to the reorganization of the main customer of the development - the Ministry of Industry and Science of Russia.

This Handbook is a new, significantly revised and expanded edition of the book “Production operation, maintenance and repair of power equipment” (M.: Publishing house “Energoservis”, 1999).

IN new edition The following main provisions have been clarified, supplemented and finalized in the Handbook, taking into account the changes that have occurred.

1. The optimal structure of the energy service of an enterprise (organization) for market economic conditions is given. The distribution of responsibilities and powers of the service departments is clarified, a complete list of incoming and outgoing information is given, the deadlines for completing work and interaction with other services are considered. Section 1 is devoted to these issues.

2. The section “Industrial operation of equipment” has been revised and expanded. The subsection “Reception of equipment” has been reintroduced, including the following questions:

identification of external defects of equipment during its acceptance; requirements for operational and repair documentation; installation and assembly requirements; list of defects that can be identified at different stages

operation; procedure for identifying hidden defects in equipment and materials.

3. A new grouping and new norms for depreciation of fixed assets (equipment service life) are given. A methodology for calculating depreciation amounts has been developed.

4. The “Equipment Maintenance” section has been supplemented with new information. For the first time, technical diagnostics is considered as an element of the System of Planned Preventive Maintenance of Power Equipment (PPR EO System). A method is presented for determining the serviceability of equipment and predicting the remaining service life using technical diagnostic tools.

5. Labor intensity standards for equipment repairs have been adjusted to include labor costs for machine tools.

6. The forms of repair documentation in the conditions of technical operation of equipment under market economic relations have been revised.

7. Designed by new order financing equipment repairs by creating a reserve and using a future expenses account.

8. A new section “Occupational Health and Safety” has been introduced.

9. Terms and definitions were clarified and supplemented in connection with the release of new regulatory documents after 1999.

Since the release of the previous edition of the Handbook, new regulatory legal acts, taking a new look at the technical operation of equipment, in particular:

Federal Law No. 57 FZ of July 27, 2002 “Tax Code of the Russian Federation”;

Government Decree No. 1 of 01.01.2002 “Classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups”;

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 264n dated March 30, 2001 “Regulations on accounting”;

Decree of the Ministry of Industry and Science No. 05 900/14 108 dated May 29, 2003 “On the development of a Unified Regulation on scheduled preventive maintenance of technological and mechanical equipment”,

as well as a number of other documents at the federal level concerning the organization of repair production in Russia.

Today, enterprises are independently responsible for planning and organizing repairs to ensure the continued operability of equipment. At the same time, their rights are expanded in many important areas, including:

financing of repairs and their material support; regulation of the number of repair and operational personnel; applying different repair strategies; planning repairs taking into account useful use and already

precise service life of equipment and other issues.

In the current conditions, the publication of this Handbook seems extremely relevant.

The reference materials, which are advisory in nature, will help enterprises in developing their own Regulations on equipment maintenance work, will serve as the necessary methodological basis for the implementation of new rights and responsibilities, a regulatory framework to ensure effective planning of repair work, the need for material and financial resources, as well as a tool for developing the right organizational decisions to improve the repair service.

The guide consists of four parts:

Part I. Operation, maintenance and repair of power equipment.

Part II. Typical nomenclature of repair work, repair standards, consumption standards for materials and spare parts for the repair of electrical equipment.

Part III. Typical nomenclature of repair work, repair standards, consumption standards for materials and spare parts for the repair of heating equipment.

H and article IV. Applications containing the necessary methodological

And reference materials.

Suggestions and comments regarding this Handbook should be sent to the following address: 115114, Russia, Moscow, Derbenevskaya embankment, 11, Pollars Business Center, bldg. B, Publishing House NC ENAS.

Part I

OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF POWER EQUIPMENT

1. ENTERPRISE ENERGY SERVICE AND PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SYSTEM

1.1. General concept of the system for scheduled preventive maintenance of power equipment

1.1.1. The system of scheduled preventive maintenance of power equipment (hereinafter referred to as the PPR EO System) is a set of methodological recommendations, norms and standards designed to ensure the effective organization, planning and implementation of technical maintenance (MRO) and repair of power equipment. The recommendations given in this PPR EO System can be used at enterprises of any type of activity and form of ownership that use similar equipment, taking into account the specific conditions of their work.

1.1.2. The planned preventive nature of the EO PPR System is implemented:

carrying out equipment repairs at a given frequency, the timing and logistics of which are planned in advance;

carrying out maintenance operations and technical condition monitoring aimed at preventing equipment failures and maintaining its serviceability and performance in the intervals between repairs.

1.1.3. The PPR EO system was created taking into account new economic

And legal conditions, and in technical terms - with maximum use of:

possibilities and advantages of the aggregate repair method; the entire range of strategies, forms and methods of maintenance and repair, including but

new means and methods of technical diagnostics; modern computing and computer technology

methods of collecting, accumulating and processing information about the condition of equipment, planning repair and maintenance actions and their logistical support.

1.1.4. The operation of the PPR EO System applies to all equipment of energy and technological shops of enterprises, regardless of the place of its use.

1.1.5. All equipment operated at enterprises is divided into basic and non-core.

The main equipment is the one with the direct participation of which the main energy and technological processes of obtaining a product (final or intermediate) are carried out, and the failure of which leads to a cessation or a sharp reduction in the output of products (energy).

Minor equipment ensures the full flow of energy and technological processes and the operation of the main equipment.

1.1.6. Depending on the production significance and functions performed in energy and technological processes, equipment of the same type and name can be classified as

To the main and the non-main.

Depending on the production significance of the equipment, the impact of its failures on the safety of personnel and the stability of energy technology processes, repair actions are implemented in the form of regulated repairs, repairs based on operating hours, repairs based on technical condition, or a combination of these.

1.1.9. The most promising method of equipment repair for enterprises of any form of ownership is the aggregate-node method, in which faulty replaceable elements (units, assemblies and parts) are replaced with new or repaired ones taken from the working capital.

1.1.10. Timely replacement of faulty units, components and parts - the implementation of a planned preventive repair system - is most successfully solved by introducing technical diagnostics of equipment during its maintenance and repair.

1.1.11. Equipment repairs can be carried out by the enterprises operating the equipment themselves, or by third parties

specialized repair enterprises, as well as specialized divisions of manufacturing plants. The share of each of the listed organizational forms of repair for a specific enterprise depends on many factors: the development of its own repair base, its equipment, distance from equipment manufacturers and specialized repair organizations, as well as the financial capabilities of the enterprise.

1.1.12. Maintenance and repair of energy equipment (including energy technology boilers, mash recovery boilers, steam and gas turbine units, desiccant devices

And communications, etc.), located in the production shops, are carried out by the services of the chief mechanic and the chief power engineer.

1.1.13. Maintenance and repair of enterprise energy equipment and energy communications (stationary and mobile power plants, distribution and transformer substations, in-plant overhead and cable networks, in-plant networks of natural gas used as fuel, steam and boiler installations, collection devices and condensate return, general plant water intake facilities and water pre-treatment facilities for powering power plants and feeding water circulation systems, networks and installations for supplying enterprises with heat, steam, water, compressed air, communications and alarm facilities, etc.) is carried out by the chief service energy.

1.1.14. The boundary of division of repair objects between the services of the chief mechanic and the chief power engineer is established according to the following criteria. If an energy medium is supplied or removed to the equipment and communications of an object (technological workshop, site, etc.) assigned to the service of the chief mechanic, then the separation boundary is the first shut-off device (shut-off valves, shut-off device, etc. .) before entering the workshop. The chief mechanic's service is responsible for the tightness of the connection and the serviceability of the shut-off valve.

1.1.15. The standards for the frequency, duration and labor intensity of repairs given in this EO PPR System are calculated as weighted average values based on the following considerations:

average (in terms of severity) equipment operating conditions; equipment repairs are carried out under normal conditions

temperature regime; The service life of the equipment did not exceed the standard.

If the conditions differ from those specified above, adjustments to the standards are made in accordance with the coefficients given in the relevant sections of this PPR EO System.

1.1.16. The power equipment included in the EO PPR System is conditionally divided into the following two groups:

electrical equipment (electrical machines, electrical networks and relay protection devices, electrical devices

low and high voltage, power transformers, batteries, communication and signaling equipment), standards and norms for which are given in the second part of this Handbook;

heating equipment (boilers and boiler auxiliary elements, waste heat boilers, steam turbines, pipelines and pipeline fittings, compressors and pumps, fans, smoke pumps, blowers, ventilation and exhaust systems, heaters, air conditioners, water intake and water treatment equipment), standards and the standards for which are given in the third part of the Handbook.

1.1.17. For the effective implementation of the EO PPR System, the following conditions must be met:

The energy service of the enterprise must be staffed with qualified personnel in accordance with the staffing schedule, have a repair base with the necessary technological equipment and high-performance tools;

repair, duty and operational personnel are required to know and follow the rules of technical operation of equipment, industrial and fire safety rules;

shutdown of equipment for scheduled repairs is carried out according to approved annual and monthly schedules in accordance with

With standard frequency and taking into account the maximum use of stops for maintenance and equipment diagnostics;

repairs are carried out efficiently, to the planned extent, with maximum mechanization of heavy, labor-intensive work;

during repairs, the aggregate-nodal method and the method of repairing large objects according to a network diagram are widely used;

the organization of supplies of units, components and parts from manufacturers is ensured. Only parts of simple configurations are manufactured in our own workshops;

systematically, according to a special plan, work is carried out to increase durability and reduce the rate of emergency failure of power equipment.

1.1.18. This System of PPR EO is a recommendation material of direct action, but can also serve as a guide when enterprises develop their own “Regulations for scheduled preventive maintenance of power equipment” in accordance with the requirement of the Federal Service for Technological Supervision (hereinafter referred to as the Federal Supervision) PB 05 356.00, item 242.

1.2. Tasks and functions of the department of the chief power engineer

1.2.1. As the experience of enterprises in the new economic conditions shows, especially in the last 5–7 years, the centralized command management system that existed in the recent past turned out to be unsuitable for solving the main task: making a profit.

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