Features of the development of services in the ancient world. The origin and development of services in societies of the ancient world. The communities of the ancient world include peoples and state entities that existed in a number of the largest regions of the world already during the historical period

1.1. SOCIAL ROLES IN PRIMITIVE CULTURE.

We are all interested in the question of activities that today are called

service, at what historical stage and in what way it appeared.

Today science suggests that even among primitive communities, communities

service activities appeared in prehistoric times. These communities

are called prehistoric because the people who lived then could not write and

did not leave any textual sources about themselves.

Let us consider how people lived and earned their livelihood,

who lived approximately 35-40 thousand years ago. People of that time used

fire and tools. They collected plants, berries, fruits and this was the main

way of obtaining food. Gradually, primitive communities moved from

gathering to types of productive economy: hunting, nomadic

cattle breeding, simple plant growing.

In communicating with each other, people used developed speech

communication. Small groups were formed within communities

human groups (mother and child, relatives), as well as larger

associations (hunters, women farming together).

In primitive society there were the beginnings of the division of labor.

At the later stages of the development of primitive culture, there already existed

complex economic activities, status roles operated.

People of prehistoric cultures did not have a developed

economic activity; their work was mainly aimed at

appropriation of the Earth's biological resources or for the development of the simplest forms

producing farm. Relationships in prehistoric society were built in

mainly on self-service and mutual assistance. However, during this period already

there were objective prerequisites for separation and specialization

public activities, which much later grew into services and service

activity.

1.2. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SERVICES IN SOCIETIES

OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.

The communities of the ancient world include peoples who existed

in the 5th century AD Man moved from a nomadic lifestyle to a sedentary one, created

potter's wheel, mastered metal smelting, and developed writing.

Features of ancient communities that distinguish them from

communities of prehistoric times:

State legal forms of organization and

regulation of public practice;

Private property is developing;

The simplest elements of commodity market are emerging

relationships;

Many new professions are emerging (including those related to

writing, public administration and legal activities and

Sustainable forms of spiritual activity develop,

whose representatives were ministers of religious cult (priests,

temple servants;

Large social communities(peoples, states,

cities); and a small social unit – the family – is finally formed.

Already in ancient times, social

services from the state and the legal system.

In the cultures of the ancient world there were many preconditions that

determined the emergence of activities related to various types of services.

The most important types of services in various areas have been formed and began to operate

life activities that still exist today:

In the sphere of economic relations (handicraft production,

trade, money circulation, etc.);

In the field of state-legal relations;

In the sphere of spiritual, artistic and aesthetic needs;

In everyday life and in meeting personal needs.

Ancient forms of trade and economic services according to their qualities

could meet a number of modern requirements.

In addition to trading household services in the cultures of the ancient world

a huge number of occupations related to crafts, as well as work, appeared,

requiring highly qualified training. In cities

Stonecutters and sculptors worked in the Mediterranean and in the East, teaching

children in schools, architects and builders, tavern and inn keepers

Unknown to other cultures appear in Ancient China

professions such as: ivory carvers, lacquer specialists

miniature, enamel; manufacturers of silk fabrics, porcelain. In China

there were centers, including at monasteries, in which they taught

martial arts, psychological and physical techniques

improvement.

The ancient Greeks and Romans also had teachers

teaching public speaking, philosophy, the basics of acting

skill. There was a fee for all of these types of training.

All examples show that this historical period

non-family services are becoming an important part of economic and social

practices. The motive for performing services in the distant past was not desire

achieve the greatest profit, and any activity at that time was a way

survival, family support.

Communities of the ancient world exhibited characteristics

economic practices and social connections that could develop under

availability of various services. However, at that time these services had a patriarchal

character.

Originated in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, and in the Middle Ages

activities that were capable of

dynamize social development.

Until the 20th century, Eastern cultures represented a stable social

development with slow dynamics. In countries Western Europe from the 17th century

changes began in the economic sphere, labor relations. For changing

Slave production is replaced by manufacturing production.

Societies that moved along the path of capitalizing their economy

the boundaries of goods and services expanded to meet requests

consumers. Organizers of various types of services, focusing on needs

people were trying to benefit.

The emergence of capitalist relations in the sphere of distribution

market services prepared communities for the industrial revolution, which

occurred in Western Europe in the 17th and early 18th centuries.

REPORTS ON PRACTICE No. 1.

1. Life of people of prehistoric times.

2. Private life in any traditional culture.

3. Services in medieval society of Western Europe.

4. Life of the Chinese during the ancient world and the Middle Ages.

5. The standard of living of the bulk of citizens in the mid-20th century.

6. Service activities in a post-industrial society.

Contents Introduction Chapter 1. Hospitality and entertainment in ancient cultures 1.1 At the origins of the hospitality system 1.2 Baths in Ancient Greece and Rome 1.3 Holidays and spectacles of antiquity Chapter 2. The origin and development of services in societies of the ancient world 2.1 Features of the development of services in the ancient world 2.2 Cultural tourism in antiquities 2.3 At the origins of sports tourism 2.4 Resorts of the Ancient World Conclusion References Introduction Since ancient times, many people have gone on trips to explore the world and discover new territories, with trade, diplomatic, military, religious and other missions.

All these travelers needed certain services on the part of the local population in terms of accommodation, food, etc. Historically, the first enterprises in the tourism industry were taverns, which had a dubious reputation as brothels.

In ancient times, the main motives for travel were trade, education, pilgrimage, and treatment. Sports trips (Olympic Games) also originated in Ancient Greece. The development of trade led to the massive construction of roads, inns, and taverns. Some inns were no different in luxury from the homes of rich people. The Roman aristocracy actively participated in recreational travel - to their villas, to the sea, to the mountains. In ancient times, people traveled in the east in large caravans on camels.

We spent the night in tents or in caravanserais (an inn with a pen for animals). The level of service was much higher than in Europe due to more active trade. Already in ancient times they originated and began to develop public services from the state and the legal system. In the cultures of the ancient world, there were many prerequisites that determined the emergence of activities related to services of various kinds. The most important types of services in various spheres of life, which still exist today, were formed and began to operate: in the sphere of economic relations (handicraft production, trade, money circulation, etc.); in the field of state-legal relations; in the field of spiritual, artistic and aesthetic needs; in everyday life and in meeting personal needs. Ancient forms of trade and economic services could meet a number of modern requirements in their qualities.

Target course work: Defining the full rationale for service development in the ancient world. Objectives: Pay attention to the emergence of tourism as one of the types of services.

Outline the importance of tourism. Consider the issue of the emergence and development of services in general. Consider the question of entertainment in ancient times. Object of work: Development of services in societies of the ancient world. Subject of work: The importance of tourism as one of the types of services developed in the societies of the ancient world. Chapter 1.

Hospitality and entertainment in ancient cultures

Hospitality and entertainment in ancient cultures 1.1

At the origins of the hospitality system

a pillar of black stone was found, taller than a man, ... In these hotels, travelers were offered only overnight accommodation, but provisions were provided... The need for the development of a hospitality system was also determined by the size... These inns were not comfortable. The Venetian merchant and traveler Marco Polo, who once visited...

Baths in Ancient Greece and Rome

Since the Mycenaean period, the houses of wealthy people were equipped with... In these baths, for a certain entrance fee, clients could use... the baths were heated using ducts laid in the walls and under the floors... The Persians were great lovers of desserts and wine (3 , pp. Hours of gladiator battles gave way to performances by magicians, ...

The origin and development of services in societies of the ancient world

The origin and development of services in societies of the ancient world 2.1

Features of the development of services in the ancient world

In the cultures of the ancient world, there were many prerequisites that defined... In Ancient China, professions unknown in other cultures appeared... For all these types of training, fees were charged. All examples show that this historical period of non-family services... Organizers of various types of services, focusing on the needs of people, p...

Cultural tourism in antiquity

Cultural tourism in ancient times. 25). Bayeux discovered more than two thousand at the tombs of the pharaohs in Thebes alone. Herodotus wrote down many myths, legends, testimonies about the life of the Egyptians... Some ancient monuments were irretrievably lost, remaining only in legends...

At the origins of sports tourism

Only their own could take part in the Olympic Games and be spectators... The Olympic Games contributed to the development of culture, art and philosophy... 77). Ancient Rome was also familiar with medicinal travel, which... AD.

Conclusion Thus, the goal of the course work has been achieved. I have looked in detail at the development of services in societies of the ancient world. Based on the tasks set, several conclusions can be drawn that already in ancient times, public services from the state and the legal system began to develop. In the cultures of the ancient world, there were many prerequisites that determined the emergence of activities related to services of various kinds. In addition to trade and household services, in the cultures of the ancient world there appeared a huge number of occupations related to crafts, as well as work requiring highly qualified training. Tourism, as a social, economic and spatial phenomenon, has a long and rich history, dating back to ancient times. that tourism is one of the leading and most dynamic sectors of the world economy.

Due to its rapid growth rate, it is recognized as the economic phenomenon of the century.

Thus, tourism acts as a kind of catalyst for socio-economic development. It is generally accepted that tourist travel began at a time when travel lost its commercial significance. The first migrations of this kind included journeys of a religious nature, which were noted in ancient Egypt as early as the 4th millennium BC. Subsequently, tourist trips of the Egyptians were associated with travel to cities, artificial lakes, and the pyramids under construction aroused considerable interest.

Tourism at that time was not a source of income. The heyday of ancient tourism was associated mainly with ancient Greece and Rome. In these states, great weight was given to the economic side of travel. People of prehistoric cultures did not have developed economic activities; their work was aimed mainly at appropriating the Earth's biological resources or developing the simplest forms of productive economy.

Relationships in prehistoric society were built mainly on self-service and mutual assistance. However, during this period there were already objective prerequisites for the allocation and specialization of public activities, which much later developed into services and service activities. The appearance of the first prototypes of hotels and professions serving people staying overnight is associated with the early periods of human history and reflects the characteristics and traditions of the everyday culture of the peoples of the Ancient World. In general, the most important types of services that have emerged in different spheres of life still exist today: in the sphere of economic relations (handicraft production, trade, money circulation, etc.); in the field of state-legal relations; in the field of spiritual, artistic and aesthetic needs; in everyday life and in meeting personal needs.

References 1. Avanesova G.A. Service activities, Moscow 2004 2. Aleshina I.V. Consumer behavior M 1999 3. Ancient civilization M 1973 4. Aniskin Yu. P. Organization and management of small businesses M 2001 5. Balabanov I Balabanov A. Economics of tourism.

M 2002 6. Vvotil A.A. Methods of entrepreneurship M 2001 7. G.A. Karpova, A.T. Bykov, M.G. Vorontsova, M.V. Natarov, V.I. Nikiforov, G.V. Yakovenko, A.V. Volovoda, O.V. Rokhmalev “Tourism sector: stages of development, economics and management.” 8. Gorbyleva Z. Economics of tourism. Misnk, 2000 9. Kozyrev V. et al. Economics of tourism. M 2001 10. Karpova G. A. Economics of modern tourism.

Market regulation. M Gerda 1998 11. Lapusta M. et al. Entrepreneurship. M 2000 12. Papiryan G.V. Series. International economic relations. Series – Economics of Tourism. M 1998 13. S.R. Erdavletov “Fundamentals of tourism geography”. 14. Service sector Problems and development prospects / Yu. P. Sviridenko M. 2000,.

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The most ancient peoples in history were nomads - nomads who wandered from place to place, hunting wild animals and eating vegetables. Then gradually more sedentary forms of social life emerged, based on the development of agriculture. This transition from a nomadic to a sedentary lifestyle took place in different regions in different eras. In all likelihood, it first began to exist around 10,000 BC. e. in the Middle East in the Fertile Crescent region, which is located in the territory of modern Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq. Knowledge and skills for farming spread as peoples migrated to new and new regions.

The communities of the ancient world include peoples and state entities that existed in a number of the largest regions of the world (the valleys of the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, Yellow River, as well as in the south of Western Europe) already during the period of historical time about which humanity has written evidence. This period includes the period of time between 3000-4000. BC e. and V century. n. e. At the initial stages of this large-scale period of history, man began to master fundamentally new types of activity: he moved from a nomadic lifestyle to a sedentary one, created a potter's wheel, mastered the smelting of metals, and developed writing.

However, the listed innovations originate and develop gradually in ancient times, almost imperceptibly for living generations. The lives of specific people are still determined by customs and traditions. Therefore, such communities are often called traditional - here life and everyday practices are permeated by the principles of traditionalism, i.e. habitual norms of activity, stable ideas, spiritual values. It is traditionalism that is the basis of the great cultures of the ancient world - Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient India, Ancient China, antiquity (the cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome).

Modern scientists, having scientific facts and theoretical knowledge, identify a number of important features of ancient communities that distinguish them from communities of prehistoric times. Let's list these features:

- state legal forms of organization and regulation of social practice are being formed;
- private property is developing, which leads to economic and social stratification; the institution of slavery appears;
- in economic practice the simplest elements of commodity-market relations arise, which deepens the division of labor and forms large areas of the economy - Agriculture, trade, craft production, etc.;
- many new occupations and professions are emerging (including those related to writing, public administration and legal activities, etc.);
- stable forms of spiritual activity are developing, the representatives of which were, first of all, ministers of religious worship (priests, temple servants), as well as figures associated with the creation of artistic and aesthetic values (storytellers, painters, performers, musicians);
- on the one hand, large social communities (peoples, states, cities) are formed; and on the other hand, a small social unit - the family - is finally formed.

Private life in any traditional culture (with the possible exception of the culture of Ancient Rome) is relatively closed, based on semi-natural household, with servants or slaves. If we talk about an ordinary representative of traditional culture, then the person had no free time. In other words, during the day, week, month, a person did not have a strictly fixed time spent working; daylight hours were allotted to performing work duties. There were also no strict distinctions between the performance of production and labor functions and household duties. A person’s entire time was filled with family and work responsibilities, which alternated with physical rest (sleep, relaxation). For the overwhelming majority of people, such an existence - without the possibility of long rest, free days or long trips - lasted all their lives.

A different character of everyday existence was characteristic of representatives of the upper classes, people of liberal professions, and masters of their craft. First, many of them were able to focus on those activities that were most important or enjoyable to them. Secondly, they use the services of other persons (either hired or slaves who are completely dependent on the owners). Representatives of these classes and professional groups had free time, which they could spend on traveling, improving their health, developing their inner world, etc. Within the framework of these classes, processes of realizing the needs of a wider range took place, and criteria for their satisfaction were also developed.

In the cultures of the ancient world, there were many prerequisites that determined the emergence of activities related to services of various kinds. During this period, the most important types of services in various spheres of life, which still exist today, were formed and began to operate.

1) In the sphere of economic relations (handicraft production, trade, money circulation, etc.);
2) in the field of state-legal relations;
3) in the sphere of spiritual and artistic-aesthetic needs;
4) in everyday life and in meeting personal needs.

In the sphere of economic relations in the earliest culture of Sumer - the Ubaid culture, farmers developed the banks of rivers and the surrounding swamps. The land of Sumer was flat and fertile, but suffered from a lack of rain, and although the Euphrates flooded its banks every spring, in the summer the soil became hard as stone from the heat. Over time, farmers learned to build irrigation canals to create water reserves and supply it to the fields. This allowed more land to be cultivated and the population increased significantly. This created a food surplus, and some people were able to become artisans, merchants, or priests.

In ancient Egypt, artisans were considered well-paid and respected members of society. The most skilled of them worked at temples or in the palace workshops of the pharaohs, as well as on the estates of noble and wealthy Egyptians. The most honorable craft was that of an embalmer. In rural areas, artisans supplied their products to the local market and, apparently, had their own small plot of land to generate additional income. Women were also given the opportunity to engage in certain types of crafts, such as weaving, gardening, and preparing perfumes and incense. Carpentry, metalworking, pottery, papyrus making, boat building, weaving, glass making, leatherworking are some of the few types of crafts common in Ancient Egypt.

The exchange of goods is growing both within the country and abroad. Agricultural products and products of Egyptian craftsmen are delivered to neighboring countries: Palestine, Libya and up the Nile, to the “country of blacks”, Nubia. Throughout their history, the ancient Egyptians did not know money - they had a direct exchange of goods.

Rome's economy changed as the empire grew. In the era of the early republic, money did not yet exist; people simply exchanged some goods for others. Later, financial transactions began to be made using bronze ingots. During the era of the empire, a single economic system, which coordinated trade and money circulation.

The development of the road system in Rome evolved based on military needs. The creation of roads also had a number of positive factors. Merchants who followed the troops sold their goods to the inhabitants of the conquered countries. Trade flourished thanks to the ability to quickly reach the distant outskirts of the empire. So, in 312 BC. e. Construction began on the first strategic route - the Appian Way. Roads not only facilitated trade, but also helped unify the provinces and maintain Roman control over them.

Representatives of the upper classes of ancient Roman society despised physical labor and considered only political activity, military service and certain types of work worthy of occupation. financial activities. Representatives of the middle class, foreigners or freedmen became architects or doctors. Most ordinary citizens were engaged in various crafts or trade; people in rural areas were farmers or landowners. Craftsmen, with the help of apprentices, made various products and sold them themselves in their workshops and shops. Merchants purchased their goods at large wholesale fairs and then sold them at retail in their shops.

And in the field of state-legal relations of the countries of the ancient world, development proceeded in different ways.

In ancient Egypt, the pharaoh ruled the country through a huge and complex bureaucracy, headed by a high official, a jati (vizier), who controlled institutions and temples, was in charge of recruiting militia, and was the chief judge.

Ancient Greece during the Archaic period (c. 800-500 BC) consisted of many independent states. The Greeks called each of them a polis, or city-state. The largest polis was Athens, which occupied an area of 2500 km. Real power in Athens belonged to the Areopagus, or Council, whose policies were carried out by three senior officials, or archons. Nine archons were chosen annually by the citizens by lot. Three of them had special responsibilities. Archon Basileus presided over the Areopagus, organized cult sacrifices and administered the lease of the temple's land property. He also directed theatrical festivals and other celebrations. Archon Eponymus stood at the head of the city authorities and appointed those who financed choral and theatrical competitions. His duties included inheritance matters, as well as the affairs of heirs, orphans and widows. Archon Polemarchus was responsible for donations and special athletic competitions in honor of those killed in the war. He also dealt with the legal cases of the Metics. With the advent of democracy (508 BC), all power passed mainly to the strategists, and the archons began only to control cultural ceremonies and festivals. The Council, or Areopagus, created drafts of new laws, peace treaties and other government initiatives, which were then discussed and approved in the People's Assembly.

Although Roman civilization arose more than 2 thousand years ago, we have quite detailed information about how the ancient Romans lived. The territory of the Roman Empire was divided into areas called provinces. They were ruled by senators, who represented the republic or later the emperor. The governors had various responsibilities. They commanded the army in their provinces, oversaw the protection of borders and monitored the collection of taxes, maintaining order, and also acted as judges. The group of officials who ruled Rome was called the Senate. The Senate was in charge of finances, state property, and participated in resolving issues foreign policy, appointed military leaders, determined state security measures, supported public order in Rome, etc. Every year the citizens participated in elections, which were called the People's Assembly; government officials were elected there from among the senators.

In the sphere of spiritual, artistic and aesthetic needs of the societies of the ancient world, they laid the foundations for the culture of the current civilization.

Let's look at religious beliefs using the example of ancient Mesopotamia.

The civilization of Mesopotamia - Sumer, arose on the territory of modern Iraq. The Sumerians worshiped hundreds of different gods and goddesses. Each major city had its own patron, protecting the interests of its inhabitants. All townspeople, including slaves, belonged to a particular temple, just as a person belonged to a particular family community. They were called accordingly, for example, in Uruk there were “people of the goddess Inanna.” The temple took upon itself the care of orphans, widows, beggars - everyone incapable of independent life. The temple performed administrative functions: managing the construction of irrigation canals, collecting taxes, storing and disposing of surplus products, and trade. He also performed judicial functions, playing the role of last resort in regulating relationships and resolving disputes between citizens and the state. Subsequently, throughout the 3rd millennium BC. e. The palace was enriched and its power grew at the expense of the temple, and the royal power was strengthened and deified.

Originating on the banks of the Nile in the 4th millennium BC. e. The civilization of Ancient Egypt is one of the most ancient. A specific feature of the religion was the worship of deified animals, which for the Egyptians personified certain natural phenomena.

During the Middle Kingdom (c. 2040-1640 BC), the role of the priesthood grew. Serving the gods was carried out by priests, who became a special caste. They had great power and influence in the country, also thanks to their knowledge, which they surrounded with secrecy. They conducted astronomical observations and made mathematical calculations necessary for construction and irrigation of fields. But their main occupation was magical rituals and spells, which were considered omnipotent. Without them, the deceased will not enter the divine kingdom; without them, the earth will cease to bear fruit. The priests were busy bringing into connection numerous myths and cosmogonies - reflections on the mystery of the origin of the world.

Just like Ancient Egypt, the no less unique country of China was in ancient times isolated from the rest of the world by the sea, mountains, deserts and steppes of Central Asia.

In the Yellow River Valley already in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. An urban-type civilization developed, known as Yin. The Yin people revered many gods - spirits to whom they made sacrifices. The supreme deity was Shandi, at the same time the legendary ancestor of the Yin people, their totem ancestor.

A feature of the spiritual life of the country was the socially insignificant role of the priesthood and clergy. There has never been anything like Brahmins in China. The functions of priests were often performed by officials who were a respected and privileged class, and religious functions in honor of Heaven, deities, spirits, and ancestors were not the main thing in their activities. The ritual of fortune telling, which was the main point in ritual communication with the divine ancestors led by Shandi and was accompanied by sacrifices, was considered a matter of national importance; fortune tellers had to be people involved in power. The ruler, who performed the functions of the high priest, was assisted by officials who acted as priests. Ancient China, therefore, did not know priests in the proper sense of the word, nor did it know great personified gods and temples in their honor. The activities of priest-officials were aimed, first of all, at fulfilling administrative duties designed to maintain the stability of the social structure sanctioned by Heaven. Not mystical insights, not ecstasy and merging in love with the divine, but rituals and ceremonies as a matter of national importance stood at the center of the religious system that determined the face of this civilization.

The religion of the ancient Greeks, which played such an important role in their life, is called polytheism (from the Greek words “poly” - “many” and “theos” - “god”), or polytheism. They believed that the world was ruled by immortal, omnipotent beings who could be appeased through sacrifices. The Greeks also believed that the gods had the same needs as people, so they believed that they should have places on earth where they could live. Temples were erected as earthly dwellings of the gods; in front of the main entrance to the temple there was a stone altar. People brought animals or birds as gifts to the deity and the priest performed the act of sacrifice.

Greek mythology has long fascinated the Romans. They often identified their gods with the Greek ones, creating the basis for a new state religion that required strict rituals and elaborate ceremonies. Only priests could perform the sacrifice ceremony. The Romans performed a wide variety of rituals to ensure their safety and well-being and turned to fortune tellers. Some of these rituals are discussed below.

Haruspices were priests who examined the insides of sacrificial animals. It was believed that by the shape of an animal’s liver and by the presence or absence of special spots on it, one can find out whether the gods are favorable to certain social endeavors and political actions of the state. There was also a special group of 16 soothsayers, the so-called augurs. They watched celestial phenomena; flights of bird flocks, cloud shapes, lightning and other natural phenomena. All these phenomena were believed to represent signs of the will of the gods. In times of crisis for the state, the Romans turned to books of divination written by the famous soothsayer - the Cumae Sibyl, who lived in the Cumae caves during the era of the early republic. These books were kept in Rome, they contained advice and instructions regarding the interpretation of the will of the gods.

During the imperial era, astrology became widespread. Even emperors consulted astrologers, trying to avoid attempts on their lives. The poor Romans tried to predict their fate in their own way, by fortune telling by the lines on their hands or by casting lots.

In the ancient world, entertainment services were formed and began to operate.

Information about how the ancient Egyptians spent their free time can be gleaned from wall paintings preserved in tombs. There were no theaters in that era, but dramatic performances held at temples told stories about the lives of the gods. Religious festivals and court processions also presented colorful spectacles. In addition, many entertainments and sports were held on the Grand River.

The origins of modern European theater originate in Ancient Greece. The theater was born from rural festivals in honor of the god Dionysus. In Athens, this celebration evolved into a more formal celebration known as the Great or Urban Dionysia. Every year, poets composed songs for this holiday, which were performed by dancers and a choir. All roles in the Greek theater were performed by men who wore masks and, with the help of special linings hidden under clothes, changed their figure as needed.

One of the most popular activities among the Greeks was sports. The state encouraged sports, as it allowed its citizens to be in good physical shape and in case of war to be in combat readiness.

There were many competitions where athletes could take part. Most of these were local sports competitions, but four of them - the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian and Nemean Games - attracted participants from all over Greece. They were called the Panhellenic Games. Each of them was carried out as component a cult festival dedicated to a god.

Many Roman citizens had a lot of free time because slaves worked instead of them. Archaeological excavations, the study of mosaics, paintings and works of ancient Roman writers help us learn about how the Romans spent their free time.

Public entertainment and spectacles in Rome were called ludi (games). Many of these spectacles were financed by the government, as they were integral part religious calendar. There were three types of spectacles: theatrical performances (ludi scenitsi), chariot races (ludi circenses) and gladiator fights and baiting of wild animals (munepa).

The theater became widespread in the 3rd century. BC e., after close ties were established between Rome and Greece. At first, performances took place in primitive wooden theaters, but in 55 BC. e. Pompey built the first stone theater in Rome, which could seat up to 27 thousand spectators. Later such theaters were built throughout the empire.

Theatrical performances, first in the form of productions of mythological plots, later performed on the basis of original plays, were quite widespread in the most important cultural regions of the ancient world. The exception is China, where theater as an independent secular art form appeared relatively late - only at the beginning of the 2nd millennium, and owed its emergence to the traditions of performances at the court of emperors. But the favorite spectacle of ordinary Chinese were circus performances, which, as in other countries, were most often held in market squares and crowded places. However, artistic and aesthetic activities could also be organized in the houses of the nobility.

The systematic holding of gladiatorial fights turned them into mass spectacles requiring organizational work.

Gladiator fights, as well as the baiting of animals, were a favorite spectacle in Ancient Rome. Initially, they, like chariot races, were held in circuses, but then stone buildings began to be erected for them - the so-called amphitheatres. service middle ages mesopotamia

The huge amphitheater in Rome, the Colosseum, which became a model for architects around the world in later eras, is a gigantic structure even today. In plan, it represents an ellipse with an external contour of 527 m, the main axes of which are 188 m long and 156 m wide with a total area of 29,000 m 2. The first floor of the Colosseum is formed by arcades with 80 arches 7 m high and columns with dimensions of 2.40-2.70 m in plan. The second and third floors rest on them, while the fourth floor is made up of a solid wall, divided by supports into sectors, every second of which has windows. The Colosseum accommodated 45,000 seated spectators, and another 5,000 people could watch the spectacle standing on the uppermost terrace. Moreover, all 80 arches of the first floor were numbered, so that guests invited to the spectacle, in order to find their row in the sector, only had to compare the entry on the entrance ticket with the numbering indicated above the entrance to the arcades. This clever invention made it possible to evenly distribute the flow of spectators.

Public gardens and parks were popular places of recreation and entertainment. The Romans also practiced and competed in running, javelin throwing, and wrestling. For this purpose, special places were set aside in Rome, for example, the Campus Martius. Entertainment that did not require much physical effort was also popular.

During the era of Roman civilization, most houses and apartments of ordinary Romans did not have a kitchen. They had to visit a tavern if they wanted to taste hot food. Rich Romans, on the contrary, installed large and comfortable kitchens in their homes. Slaves worked there, each of whom specialized in preparing one dish.

The idea of the first “business man's lunch” in history belongs to Sequius Locatus, a Roman innkeeper, who back in 40 BC. e. has made life much easier for people too busy to go home for lunch. Roman chefs considered themselves elite and awarded each other high-profile titles. In addition, the chefs established their own Academy of Culinary Arts.

During the Roman era, citizens began to pay great attention to appearance. From the 2nd century. BC e. and until the reign of Emperor Hadrian it became fashionable to shave beards. Most Romans cut their hair short, but during the imperial era some fashionistas had long hair, which they curled and oiled. Hair salons have become widespread and have become a meeting place for friends and people who like to chat. And the hair of noble Roman women was looked after by specially trained slaves.

The buildings of the first baths, built in Rome in the 2nd century. BC e., were simple washing rooms intended only for men. During the imperial era, baths became huge structures, distinguished by luxurious interior decoration and a complex heating and water supply system. They turned into unique cultural centers in which thousands of Romans spent their free time. Large baths had libraries and reading rooms, and visitors were offered various drinks and foods. After washing, visitors could invite massage therapists, barbers and hairdressers offered their services. At the baths there was a special courtyard for wrestling and various sports activities, and in some baths there were open-air swimming pools.

The Western Roman Empire in Europe ended in 476 after the last emperor in Italy, Romulus Augustulus, was dethroned by barbarians. The Romans left us many ideas and knowledge that they adopted or inherited from other ancient cultures. Without Rome, most knowledge about many distant civilizations of antiquity would be irretrievably lost.

We took a look into the world of the Ancient Kingdoms - where our civilization and culture today were forged. Thousands of years separate us from those times, but the memory of them has not faded at all and their historical experience is still useful today.

I. Historical stages of development of services and service activities...

of which humanity has written evidence. This period includes the period of time between 3000-4000. BC. and V century. AD At the initial stages of this large-scale period of history, man began to master fundamentally new types of activity: he moved from a nomadic lifestyle to a sedentary one, created a potter's wheel, mastered the smelting of metals, and developed writing.

However, the listed innovations originate and develop gradually in ancient times, almost imperceptibly for living generations. The lives of specific people are still determined by customs and traditions. Therefore, such communities are often called traditional - here life and everyday practices are permeated by the principles of traditionalism, i.e. habitual norms of activity, stable ideas, spiritual values. It is traditionalism that is the basis of the great cultures of the ancient world - Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient Jadia, Ancient China, antiquity (the cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome).

♦ state legal forms of organization and regulation of social practice are being formed;

♦ private property develops, which leads to economic and social stratification; the institution of slavery appears;

♦ in economic practice the simplest elements of commodity-market relations arise, which deepens the division of labor and forms large areas of the economy - agriculture, trade, craft production, etc.;

♦ many new occupations and professions are emerging (including those related to writing, public administration and legal activity, etc.);

♦ sustainable forms of spiritual activity are developing, the representatives of which were, first of all, ministers of religious worship (priests, temple servants), as well as figures associated with the creation of artistic and aesthetic values (storytellers, painters, performers, musicians);

♦ on the one hand, large social communities (peoples, states, cities) are formed; on the other hand, a small social unit - the family - is finally formed.

It is noteworthy that already in ancient times, public services from the state and the legal system began to develop.

One of the most ancient legal codes that have come down to us - the laws of King Hammurabi (reigned 1792-1750 BC) - was created in Babylon. A pillar of black basalt with carved on it legal code was installed in Babylon on the market square. This pillar represents one of the first attempts in history to regulate the work of a number of specialists whose activities we today classify as the service sector. So, on this pillar it was indicated that death awaits the builder if the house he built collapsed and crushed the owner. If the owner’s son died, then the builder’s son was killed. If the doctor performed the operation poorly, his hand would be cut off.

♦ in the sphere of economic relations (handicraft production, trade, money circulation, etc.);

♦ in the field of state-legal relations;

♦ in the field of spiritual, artistic and aesthetic needs;

♦ in everyday life and in meeting personal needs.

Ancient forms of trade and economic services in many of their qualities could meet a number of modern requirements. To the greatest extent, this can be attributed to the services that existed in the cities of Ancient Greece, which among ancient communities was distinguished by a high level of development of trade and monetary relations. The market in a Greek city was usually located in the main square. In some cases, special buildings were erected for the market. So, in Athens in the 5th century. BC. were built shopping arcades for the sale of flour and grain. Craftsmen - potters, tanners, gunsmiths, furniture makers, etc. - brought their products to the market. Neighboring peasants who traded vegetables, fruits, wine, poultry, etc. also brought goods here.

In the cities of Greece there were special elected officials in charge of the markets. Their duties included monitoring order in the markets, the receipt of market fees in the treasury, and the quality of goods sold. The authorities strictly monitored the correctness of weights and measures during the process. trading operations. However, the operations themselves retail officials did not interfere, although sometimes they determined the rules for the sale of a particular product.

At the same time, some services of the ancient world had, from a modern point of view, an exotic appearance. Thus, in city markets in Ancient Greece, the production of goods ( food product, handicrafts) was often combined with its sale or even exchange for other necessary goods. In the market area, a special place was reserved for the trade in slaves. Here, free people who were hired for a fee to perform certain work offered their services - cooks, hairdressers, etc. (Antique civilization. M., 1973)

In addition to trade and household services, in the cultures of the ancient world there appeared a huge number of occupations related to crafts, as well as work that required, as we would say today, highly qualified training. In the cities of the Mediterranean and in the East, stonemasons and sculptors, scribes and teachers who taught children in schools, architects and builders, and tavern and inn keepers worked.

In Ancient China, professions unknown in other cultures appeared. Ivory carvers and specialists in lacquer miniatures, enamel, and inlay have won world fame for Chinese luxury goods and applied arts; manufacturers of silk fabrics, porcelain. In China there were centers, including at monasteries, where they taught martial arts and methods of psychological and physical improvement.

In ancient India, Buddhist monasteries took on secular students for a certain period of time. Young men who did not intend to become ascetics underwent an initial course of physical and moral improvement here and became acquainted with a certain amount of philosophical knowledge, which was considered as an important step on the path to independent life.

The ancient Greeks and Romans also had teachers who taught oratory, philosophy, the basics of acting, and mentored those who wanted to participate in sports. There was a fee for all of these types of training.

All of the above examples indicate that in the historical period under review, non-family services are becoming an important part of economics and social practice. It should be remembered that even if such services were paid for, they did not acquire complete analogy with market forms of service. This is explained by the fact that market relations were just emerging. In addition, the motivation for performing services in the distant past was not the desire to achieve the greatest profit, get as many clients as possible, or become a professional leader in one's field. Any activity at that time was a way to survive and support a family. The majority of the urban population of the distant past perceived their modest living conditions as a natural situation and did not strive to change it for the better.

In the ancient world, along with services provided outside the home, a significant amount of service was provided within the family, which indicated the preservation of self-sufficiency mechanisms and the enormous role of self-service. The family in the communities of the ancient world begins to speak out single household. However, such a family, especially in the initial stages of its development, cannot be identified with the urban family of our days. A traditional family is a large group of relatives, household members, servants. In wealthy families of the ancient world, slaves performed the functions of servants. Later, in the medieval West, these functions passed to serf servants, courtyard people, and in modern times - to hired servants.

Private life in any traditional culture (with the possible exception of the culture of Ancient Rome) is relatively closed, based on a semi-natural household, with servants or slaves. If we talk about ordinary representatives of traditional culture, then the person did not have free time. In other words, during the day, week, month, a person did not have a strictly fixed time spent working; daylight hours were allotted to performing work duties. There were also no strict distinctions between the performance of production and labor functions and household duties. A person’s entire time was filled with family and work responsibilities, which alternated with physical rest (sleep, relaxation). For the overwhelming majority of people, such an existence - without the possibility of long rest, free days or long trips - lasted all their lives.

Let us characterize the services that developed in traditional communities in connection with the organization of mass spectacles. In the cultures of the ancient world, mass spectacles initially existed in religious, artistic, sports and competitive forms. Thus, in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece, mass performances on religious themes - mysteries - were held near temples. In Ancient Greece, sports competitions were organized, including the Olympic Games, and in Ancient Rome - gladiator competitions. The systematic holding of gladiatorial fights turned them into mass spectacles requiring organizational work.

In Ancient China, circus art was represented by the same types as in other regions of the world (acrobatics, balancing act, juggling, animal training). But the Chinese circus has always been a very original phenomenon due to its reliance on folk art, due to the special methods of training and the system of psychological preparation of artists. At the Han court, entire circus programs based on mythological themes were performed, for example, “The Transformation of a Fish into a Dragon,” where acrobatics was combined with dance, music and spectacular effects.

The Chinese circus was a truly folk spectacle. Traveling circus performers visited the most remote territories and small villages of the Celestial Empire, demonstrating many interesting acts. Thus, they had traditions of training even such living creatures as fish, ants, and turtles. Magic tricks were especially popular among the Chinese audience. (Malyavin V.V. Chinese civilization. M., 2000)

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Introduction

2.4 Resorts of the Ancient World

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Since ancient times, many people have gone on journeys to explore the world and discover new territories, with trade, diplomatic, military, religious and other missions. All these travelers needed certain services from the local population in terms of accommodation, food, etc. Historically, the first enterprises of the tourism industry were taverns, which had the dubious reputation of brothels.

In ancient times, people traveled in the east in large caravans on camels. We spent the night in tents or in caravanserais (an inn with a pen for animals). The level of service was much higher than in Europe due to more active trade.

Purpose of the course work: Determination of the full justification for the development of services in the ancient world.

Tasks:

Pay attention to the emergence of tourism as one of the types of services.

Outline the importance of tourism.

Consider the issue of the emergence and development of services in general.

Consider the question of entertainment in ancient times.

Object of work: Development of services in societies of the ancient world.

Subject of work: The importance of tourism as one of the types of services developed in the societies of the ancient world.

Chapter 1: Hospitality and Entertainment in Ancient Cultures

1.1 At the origins of the hospitality system

The appearance of the first prototypes of hotels and professions serving people staying overnight is associated with the early periods of human history and reflects the characteristics and traditions of the everyday culture of the peoples of the Ancient World. In the customs of different peoples, protection of travelers was widespread, which acted as a form of protection for their person and property (1, p. 6).

The most ancient houses built for the purpose of receiving guests can be considered taverns. At the beginning of the 20th century. a pillar of black stone taller than a man was found, on which the laws of Hammurabi, the Babylonian king who lived from 1792 to 1750, were carved in cuneiform. BC. The laws of Hammurabi ordered tavern owners to report to the authorities visitors who were planning a crime and let slip about it while eating. Disobedience was punishable death penalty. Taverns of that time were notorious for Bad quality food, often diluted wine, as well as because of the dens of sin and brothels contained there. In the countries of the Ancient East, it was customary to travel on camels, gathering in large caravans. Tents were pitched along the caravan routes for overnight stays. Fearing sandstorms and attacks by robbers, travelers often stopped in so-called caravanserais, the first evidence of which dates back to the 3rd millennium BC, to the times of Ancient Assyria. Gradually, caravanserais turned into unique hotel complexes, which included a pen for camels and accommodation for people, surrounded by a fortress wall. The amenities provided to travelers in Asia far exceeded those that could be expected in Europe at that time. There was clearly a shortage of hotels in the ancient world. The Gospel texts tell us that the census of the population of Bethlehem led to overcrowding of local hotels. The Holy Family settled down for the night in a stable, which was built in a cave, where Jesus Christ was born.

With the development of trade, there was a need to create not only establishments for travelers to eat, but also for overnight stays. Travel in those days was slow and difficult, and there were very few taverns in Europe. Many travelers had to rely on hospitality in private homes. In Ancient Greece, back in the 1st millennium BC. hotel development begins. The ancient Greeks were quite hospitable. In rich houses it was possible to get free overnight accommodation; for this there were special rooms for guests. In resort areas, dwellings were built for rent to visitors. It was worse for the traveler if he had to spend the night on the road before reaching the city. There were very few roadside inns. The development of messages leads to the formation of an original custom, when the right of strangers to hospitality is protected by special “Hospitality Unions”. In the Greek cities-policies there were private visiting yards - catagogies, but their maintenance was not considered a worthy matter. Therefore, most hotels were state-owned. These so-called pandoques were built in places where sports games were held, in resort areas, etc. In these hotels, travelers were offered only overnight accommodation, but he had to carry provisions with him. Even during the period of prosperity of the Roman Empire, merchants, wandering youth, wandering artists, and pilgrims could only count on a bundle of straw in inns and the warm side of their horse after a difficult journey to avoid freezing (1, p. 8).

The need to develop a hospitality system was also due to the size of the Roman Empire. For more or less operational management The state created a dense network of roads connecting the capital with other cities. Travelers readily used these roads. Back in the 1st century. BC. State inns appeared on all the main roads of the Roman Empire. They were located at a distance of one day's ride on horseback, i.e. approximately every 25 miles, they were used only by government officials and messengers with special permits. Later, the inns provided their services to all willing travelers. For a certain fee, they were provided with guides, certain means of transportation, security along the way, as well as housing and food. These inns were not comfortable. On Better conditions travelers could count in private hotels. Some wealthy landowners built their own inns on the borders of their properties. The managers could well have been slaves or freedmen. In the provinces and in Rome itself, “shelters” arose - hotels that represented the whole complex with a garden, a pond in the courtyard, a hall for meeting distinguished guests and separate rooms.

The Romans had a certain classification of hotels. They built two types of "shelters": some of them were intended for the plebeians (stabularia), others - only for the patricians (manciones). The Venetian merchant-traveler Marco Polo, who visited Rome at one time, spoke approvingly of the inns, noting that “it’s not a shame for a king to stay in them.”

Although most of the inns and taverns of that time continued to enjoy a dubious reputation, the system of hospitality in Ancient Rome continued to develop. The famous Roman feasts hosted by the nobility acquired particular fame. For wealthy Roman citizens, unique “restaurants” were organized in taverns, among which the establishment of the Roman innkeeper Secville Lockhart was especially popular. Roman chefs were considered the city's elite and were awarded high titles. During the reign of Emperor Hadrian (117-138 AD), they established their own Academy of Culinary Arts on the Palatine Hill.

1.2 Baths in Ancient Greece and Rome

During excavations of the ancient settlement of Mohsidjo-Daro, founded in the Indus River valley in the second half of the 3rd millennium BC, a bathhouse was discovered. Archaeologists believe that this is the largest structure of its kind in the Ancient East, as evidenced by the size of the basin of this structure - built from bitumen and gypsum mortar, it extended 10 m in length and 7 m in width. Baths were erected in almost all cities of the Ancient World (2, p. 45).

Ancient Greece had a wonderful mild climate and had many natural springs with hot and warm water. Ablutions were an element of religious cult. Pausanias, in his Description of Hellas, talks about an interesting custom of the inhabitants of Lebania. The attraction of these places was the temple of Trophonius located in the grove with a statue of Asclepius.

“If any person decides to go down to the cave of Trophonius, then, first of all, he must live a certain number of days in a special building; this building is the temple of the Good Demon and Good Chance (Tiha). Living here, he performs various cleansing rites and, among other things, abstains from warm ablutions; The Terkina River serves him for ablution.”

Swimming in rivers and springs was a favorite pastime of the ancient Greeks. Spartan youth, for example, preferred swimming on fresh air in the Eurotas River. Swimming was a mandatory element in physical education not just the Spartans. It was also given great importance in Athens, where young people were required to learn how to float on water.

Since the Mycenaean period, special bath rooms were equipped in the houses of wealthy people. From the IV-V centuries. BC. State public baths and baths appeared in ancient Greek cities. Thus, Pausanias in his “Description of Hellas” notes that in Lydea, located near Delphi, along with temples, sanctuaries of the gods, there is a theater, a public square and baths. The ancient Greeks loved to visit the baths after physical work. In these baths, for a certain entrance fee, clients could use changing rooms, take cold and hot baths, and visit steam rooms in the men's and women's sections.

Baths were also an integral part of sports facilities in Ancient Greece.

The inhabitants of Ancient Rome, along with the usual baths with cold and hot water in herms, were offered sea and healing baths. For an additional fee, the client could use the services of a bath attendant, who, in addition to directly washing, rubbed the client with special essences and served him various foods and drinks. The development of technology allowed the ancient Romans to build excellent water supply and heating structures. From the 1st century BC. The baths were heated using hot air ducts built into the walls and under the floors. The development of architecture and the improvement of construction technologies allowed the Romans to build public baths of colossal size - thermae. Scientists associate their spread with the construction of the Stabian Baths in Pompeii. Later, the baths turned into a kind of clubs in which many people gathered, so they began to be built in enormous sizes. The largest of them are considered to be the Baths of Caracalla in Rome, built at the beginning of the 3rd century.

The following figures speak about the size of the Baths of Caracalla: the area of the main building was 216 m in length and 112 m in width, the diameter of the dome was 35 m. In the main building of the baths there were baths, consisting of an apodyterium - a dressing room, a frigidarium - a pool with cold water, a tepidarium - warm baths, caldariya - hot baths, laconika - steam rooms. Before swimming, those who wished could play ball on special grounds, compete in running, wrestling, and lifting weights; for this, all conditions were created in the baths. The main building was most often surrounded by a large courtyard planted with green plants and numerous utility rooms. At the baths there were libraries and study rooms (2, p. 68).

During the times of Ancient Rome, going to the bathhouse turned from a routine procedure for cleansing the body into one of the forms of leisure and cultural recreation for city residents. It was in the baths that the public life of the citizens of Rome was concentrated, who spent a significant part of their free time in these peculiar clubs of the city. People who wanted to communicate flocked here. Philosophical debates and political battles ensued here, and many issues of city life were discussed. Public baths thus performed the functions of sports, social, cultural and entertainment institutions.

1.3 Festivals and spectacles of antiquity

In the ancient world, along with “cultural tourism” and visiting important religious and sports festivals, there was a tradition of recreational travel. Holidays were an obligatory component of the everyday culture of peoples, state and religious life. The traditions of holding them were different. Among the Persians, according to Herodotus, the biggest holiday was a person’s birthday, celebrated with a hearty meal. In rich houses, whole oxen, horses, and camels roasted in the oven were served on the table. The Persians were great lovers of desserts and wine (3, p. 8).

Along with family holidays, the inhabitants of the Ancient world widely celebrated religious holidays. There were many such national holidays throughout the year. Here is how Herodotus describes the trip of the ancient Egyptians to the city of Bubastis for the holiday:

“Women and men sail there together, and on each barge there are many of both. Some women have rattles in their hands that they rattle. Some men play flutes all the way. The rest of the women and men sing and clap their hands. When they approach a city, they land on the shore and do this. Some women continue to rattle the rattles, as I said, others call the women of this city and mock them, others dance, others stand and “lift up” the hems of their clothes. They do this in every riverside town. Finally, upon arriving in Bubastis, they celebrate the holiday with magnificent sacrifices: during this holiday they drink more grape wine than during the rest of the year. According to local residents, up to 700,000 people of both sexes, except children, gather here.”

Holidays were also held in the cities-policies of Ancient Greece, in each of which folk festivities were organized. There were also general holidays, for example the holiday of Dionysus, the god of wine. On this day, farmers, dressed in goat skins, portrayed satyrs - the companions of Dionysus and organized cheerful processions through the streets of cities, acting out scenes from myths. Later they began to organize festive performances at the foot of the hills. Here, in the open air, they began to set up “places for spectacles,” or “theatres” in Greek. In the V-IV centuries. BC. there were theaters in almost all Greek cities. The Athenian theater was built on the slope of the Acropolis and accommodated up to 17 thousand spectators. The first stone theater in the capital of the Roman Empire was built by order of Emperor Pompey, who was impressed by Greek theaters. Greek tragedies and comedies and plays by Roman authors were staged in Rome. In the 1st century here the majestic Colosseum amphitheater, which has survived to this day, was built, accommodating up to 50 thousand spectators who came to watch gladiator fights and other popular spectacles of Ancient Rome.

Spectacular events and holidays began to be organized on a special scale during the Roman Empire. Ancient Rome is a city of free citizens who demanded from the rulers: “Bread and circuses!” In this city, spectacles were held annually, and none of the emperors spared money on them. Even during the republic, many holidays and games were held throughout the year, which sometimes lasted up to two months. Thus, the festivities organized by the Roman emperor Trajan, who lived in the 2nd century, lasted 123 days. The first in terms of entertainment and popularity were gladiator fights and circus games; the theater was a great favorite among the townspeople. Musical competitions, borrowed from the Greeks, were not particularly popular in Rome. Roman spectacles were designed for any time of day. During the holiday, the night sky of the city was often colored with illuminations. The Romans also loved chariot racing (5, p. 43).

In Italy and the provinces, amphitheaters were built - special structures for spectacles. After the appearance of posters about gladiatorial fights or baiting of animals, thousands of residents from different parts of the empire flocked to the cities of Ancient Rome. In the amphitheater you can see all classes and all peoples of this state. Patricians, as well as military nobles, could recline on their boxes, watching the bloody battles in the arena. During breaks, the audience received water, fruits and sweets from the hands of the ministers. Hours of gladiator battles were followed by performances by magicians and clowns. Fights between gladiators and battles of entire squads gave way to fights between gladiators and lions, tigers and other animals. And although gladiatorial fights were later abolished, other Roman festivals existed until the 4th century.

Thus, in the first chapter we examined the emergence of the first prototypes of hotels and professions serving people staying overnight, which is associated with the early periods of human history and reflects the characteristics and traditions of the everyday culture of the peoples of the Ancient World.

It can be concluded that in the Ancient World, along with “cultural tourism” and visiting important religious and sports holidays, there was a tradition of recreational travel.

Chapter 2. The origin and development of services in societies of the ancient world

2.1 Features of the development of services in the ancient world

The communities of the ancient world include peoples who existed in the 5th century AD. Man moved from a nomadic lifestyle to a sedentary one, created a potter's wheel, mastered metal smelting, and developed writing.

Features of ancient communities that distinguish them from communities of prehistoric times (7, p. 67):

State legal forms of organizing and regulating social practice are being formed;

Private property is developing;

The simplest elements of commodity-market relations are emerging;

Many new professions are emerging (including those related to writing, public administration and legal activities, etc.);

Sustainable forms of spiritual activity are developing, the representatives of which were ministers of religious worship (priests, temple servants;

Large social communities are formed (peoples, states, cities); and a small social unit – the family – is finally formed.

Already in ancient times, public services from the state and the legal system began to develop.

In the cultures of the ancient world, there were many prerequisites that determined the emergence of activities related to services of various kinds.

The most important types of services in various spheres of life, which still exist today, were formed and began to operate:

In the sphere of economic relations (handicraft production, trade, money circulation, etc.);

In the field of state-legal relations;

In the sphere of spiritual, artistic and aesthetic needs;

In everyday life and in meeting personal needs.

Ancient forms of trade and economic services could meet a number of modern requirements in their qualities.

In addition to trade and household services, in the cultures of the ancient world there appeared a huge number of occupations related to crafts, as well as work requiring highly qualified training. In the cities of the Mediterranean and in the East, stonecutters and sculptors worked, taught children in schools, architects and builders, and keepers of taverns and inns.

In Ancient China, professions unknown in other cultures appeared, such as: ivory carvers, specialists in lacquer miniatures, enamels; manufacturers of silk fabrics, porcelain. In China there were centers, including at monasteries, where they taught martial arts and methods of psychological and physical improvement.

The ancient Greeks and Romans also had teachers who taught oratory, philosophy, and the basics of acting. There was a fee for all of these types of training.

All examples show that this historical period of non-family services is becoming an important part of economic and social practice. The motive for performing services in the distant past was not the desire to achieve the greatest profit, but any activity at that time was a way of survival and supporting a family (7, p. 87).

Communities of the ancient world exhibited distinctive economic practices and social networks that could develop in the presence of different services. However, at that time these services were of a patriarchal nature.

In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, activities that were capable of dynamizing social development arose, and in the Middle Ages continued to deepen.

Until the 20th century, Eastern cultures personified stable social development with slow dynamics. In the countries of Western Europe, since the 17th century, changes began in the economic sphere and labor relations. Slave production is being replaced by manufacturing production.

Societies that moved along the path of capitalizing their economy expanded the boundaries of services to meet consumer demands. Organizers of various types of services, focusing on the needs of people, tried to benefit.

The emergence of capitalist relations in the distribution of market services prepared communities in 1089 for the industrial revolution that took place in Western Europe in the 17th and early 18th centuries.

2.2 Cultural tourism in antiquity

The ancient Greeks were great lovers of travel; they willingly visited distant countries in order to gain knowledge. Thus, the sage and philosopher Thales of Miletus studied in Egypt for more than twenty years. The philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras and the legislator Solon visited the Nile Valley to study it. The philosopher Plato, having made a long journey, founded a philosophical school upon returning home. Not only knowledge, but also the beauty of these countries attracted ancient Greek travelers. During the times of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, many monuments of artistic culture were created, which today make up the collections of the best museums in the world. Interest in collecting works of art arose among residents of ancient Greek city-polises. The first “museions” that arose at that time were temples of the muses, containing collections of works of art, sacred objects and books. They were not yet museums in the modern sense. In Ancient Rome, when people began to realize the value of the cultural heritage of the past, especially the Greek world, large and small private collections of Greek art were formed, consisting of works exported from the Iberian Peninsula, or copies made from Greek originals. There is a growing need in society to make these collections publicly available (8, p. 25).

In different countries, ancient travelers were attracted by beautiful architectural structures. The most outstanding of them, striking the imagination of people of that time with their grandeur and splendor, were called “wonders of the world.” There were seven of them. These are the legendary Hanging Gardens of Babylon in Babylon, which are included in the list of “Seven Wonders of the World” because of their beauty; the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, according to the historian Ampelius, it “was the largest, most exquisite and majestic temple in the world”; the statue of Zeus by the Greek sculptor Phidias, famous not so much for its size (12 m) as for its artistic merit; the tomb of Mausolus, as well as the Colossus of Rhodes - a copper statue at the entrance to the harbor of Rhodes, more than 70 m high, depicting Helios (the sun god of the ancient Greeks), and a marble lighthouse tower about 180 m high, built on the island of Pharos. You can understand the feelings of admiration of the ancient inhabitants of the Mediterranean by looking at the only one of the “Seven Wonders of the World” that has survived to this day - the Egyptian pyramids.

Egypt, the land of the pyramids, attracted ancient travelers. Seeing the pyramids was the goal of travel for many ancient Greeks and Romans, who carefully examined these structures, which had no equal due to their majestic size and uniqueness. The pyramids have brought to us evidence of ancient “tourists” who left many short inscriptions on their walls - “graffiti”. The famous Egyptologist J. Bayeux discovered more than two thousand such inscriptions dating back to the times of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome only at the tombs of the pharaohs in Thebes.

Herodotus recorded many myths, legends, testimonies about the life of the Egyptians, their rulers, holidays and the hard work of the people. The pyramids, which amazed the stranger with their grandeur, according to Herodotus, were built at the cost of incredible efforts. Pharaoh Cheops plunged a prosperous country into the abyss of disaster. Having wanted to build pyramids, he first of all ordered the closure of all sanctuaries and forbade making sacrifices. About one hundred thousand people were involved in this work. Some of the Egyptians dragged huge blocks of stones from quarries in the Arabian Mountains to the Nile, they were transported across the river on ships, and the other part dragged them further to the so-called Libyan Mountains. For ten years, the exhausted people built the road along which these stone slabs were dragged. The construction of the pyramid itself lasted 20 years. On the walls of the pyramid, Egyptian writing indicated that 1,600 talents of silver were spent on radishes, onions and garlic alone, which were added to the main food of the construction workers. Marveling at the scale of the described construction work, Herodotus notes the discontent of the people. The reign of Cheops lasted 50 years, and then his brother Khafre, the builder of the second pyramid, ruled for 56 years (4, p. 69).

Time has passed. Some ancient monuments have perished irretrievably, remaining only in legends and tales, others lie in ruins, but there are also those that have survived to this day and still attract numerous tourists.

2.3 At the origins of sports tourism

The ancient world loved mass entertainment events. Many sports competitions were held in Ancient Greece. These are the Isthmian Games, held on the Isthmus of Corinth, the Nemean Games, held near the Temple of Zeus, the Pythian Games and, of course, the Olympic Games, which attracted a large number of people from all over the ancient world. The history of the Olympic Games dates back to 776 BC. Games were celebrated in honor of the god Zeus every 4 years in the summer in the sacred region of Olympia. Gradually from cult games that initially had only religious significance. The Olympic Games have become the largest, unique event in the sports and cultural life of Greece. Only free Greeks, full citizens of Greek cities, and later also Romans could take part in the Olympic Games and be spectators. Tens of thousands of people traveled to Olympia, walked, and sailed on ships. A whole city of tents grew up around Olympia. Gradually, games began to be organized in other cities of Greece. In the cities where the games were held, a network of various services for guests and participants developed. Public baths were reconstructed, and issues of food and entertainment for a large number of people during the games were resolved.

The sports program included athletic (pentathlon, which included running, long jump, javelin and discus throwing, wrestling; wrestling, fist fighting, running with weapons and other competitions) and equestrian competitions (chariot racing and horse racing), competitions of heralds and trumpeters. The program of the Olympic Games was designed for 5 days. The first and fifth days were devoted to solemn processions, sacrifices and ceremonies, the rest to sports competitions for men and boys. Due to the obligatory lengthy training, maintenance of horses, etc., only wealthy Greeks could take part in the games, and the richest citizens took part in chariot racing competitions. Women were not allowed into the Olympic Games site. Unless after the end of the games they were allowed to participate in girls' running competitions in honor of the goddess Hera. The winners of the competition - Olympians - were awarded a wreath of olive tree branches and were honored and respected in Greece, and sometimes even deified. In their hometowns they were usually given a statue and given important economic and political privileges.

The Olympic Games contributed to the development of culture, art and philosophy in the ancient world, as they were accompanied by performances by artists, singers and musicians. The games provided an excellent opportunity for scientists and artists to introduce their creations to thousands of people. According to legend, Herodotus read his “History” aloud for the first time here. The Olympic Games were canceled by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I in 394.

2.4 Resorts of the Ancient World

Tales about “living” and “dead” water, legends about the healing properties of springs, tales about their miraculous power have been known since ancient times and form an integral part of the folklore of different peoples. Many natural springs were discovered by primitive people. Temples were built at the places where the “miraculous” springs emerged. The use of healing water sometimes became an element of religious cult. Among the most ancient, as scientists believe, dating back to the Bronze Age, are the remains of capital structures at carbon dioxide water sources in the vicinity of the modern Swiss resort of St. Moritz. The oldest monument of Indo-Aryan culture, the Rigveda, talks about sacred fonts at temples; the pages of the Bible mention the Pool of Siloam, the sacred Lake Bethesda near Jerusalem, the water of which brought relief to sick people from many diseases (9, p. 108).

Hydrotherapy was also common in Ancient Greece. The pages of ancient Greek texts describe the use mineral waters, swimming in sea water for medicinal purposes. Where life-giving springs opened, sanctuaries of the god of healing Asclepius arose. The most famous temples of Asclepius were located in the cities of Epidaurus in the Peloponnese and Kos. It was even believed that the doctors of Kos were descendants of Asclepius. A school of doctors was founded there by Hippocrates (circa 460-377 BC), an ancient Greek physician born in the city of Meropis, located on the island of Kos. Temples of Asclepius were usually built in areas known not only for their mineral water sources, but also for their healing clean air and the rich vegetation of “sacred groves”. The ruins of ancient hydropathic baths can still be found on the territory of modern Greece.

Also, since time immemorial, people have used the healing properties of mud. Even in Ancient Egypt, the sick smeared themselves with the mud of the Nile and lay on the shore under the hot rays of the sun. This “Egyptian” method of treatment was popular in the Ancient world. Thus, the famous ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus, who suffered from dropsy, took mud baths. Pliny, Galen and other ancient doctors and philosophers wrote about “the earth that heals wounds” (8, p. 77).

Ancient Rome was also familiar with medicinal journeys, which were undertaken by people in the hope of being healed. In the I-II century. Medicine flourished in Rome, which led to the emergence and widespread of travel to treat various diseases. The geography of “therapeutic tourism” in ancient times was quite extensive. This was facilitated by relatively safe and good roads. Travelers enjoyed the benefits of Roman civilization: an extensive network of roads and reliable ships capable of traveling long distances. Egypt was also considered a healing resort by the Romans, where, according to ancient doctors, it was possible to cure consumption.

Constructions from the period of Roman rule have been preserved in the area of modern resorts in Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, France, Great Britain, Algeria, etc. On the northwestern edge of the German Black Forest city are thermal radon springs, and it was here in 220 AD. a Roman garrison was located and a large resort called Civitas Amelia Aquensis arose. In the 3rd century. the balneological resort was destroyed. It was revived in the 14th century. called Badon, and in 1931 it was renamed Baden-Baden. In particular, the Hungarian resorts located in the Budapest area were popular among the Romans. From the 1st century BC. In this territory there was a Roman settlement of Aquincum, the remains of which can be seen in the northern part of the city. There were 5 military and 6 civilian thermal baths operating on the basis of warm springs. There were also numerous resorts on the coast of Lake Balaton and on the coast of the Gulf of Naples. One of these seaside climatic and balneological resorts is the island of Ischia. Even the ancient Greek geographer and historian Strabo and the ancient Roman writer Pliny the Elder wrote in their works about thermal springs near Naples, which were formed as a result of volcanic activity. The island of Ischia is believed to have been the result of the activity of ancient volcanoes.

Wealthy Romans loved to relax at the seaside resorts of the coast and the numerous islands of the Mediterranean Sea. Villas of emperors and famous public figures were built here. Among them is the resort of Bailly (now Baia) on the shores of the Bay of Naples, glorified by the poet Horace. Baia has long been considered one of the most favorable places for relaxation and recuperation. This resort with terraced baths was a favorite place for relaxation and treatment; Mari, Pompeii, Caesar and others came here for relaxation and treatment. At the healing spring of Akvealbule at that time there was a grandiose balneological complex with swimming pools and villas of aristocrats, described in Virgil’s Aeneid .

Thus, in the second chapter we examined the question of the development of services in societies of the ancient world.

We can conclude that the communities of the ancient world include peoples who existed in the 5th century AD. Man moved from a nomadic lifestyle to a sedentary one, created a potter's wheel, mastered metal smelting, and developed writing. In the cultures of the ancient world, there were many prerequisites that determined the emergence of activities related to services of various kinds.

In addition to trade and household services, in the cultures of the ancient world there appeared a huge number of occupations related to crafts, as well as work requiring highly qualified training.

Communities of the ancient world exhibited distinctive economic practices and social networks that could develop in the presence of different services.

Conclusion

Thus, the goal of the course work has been achieved. I have looked in detail at the development of services in societies of the ancient world.

Based on the tasks set, several conclusions can be drawn that already in ancient times, public services from the state and the legal system began to develop. In the cultures of the ancient world, there were many prerequisites that determined the emergence of activities related to services of various kinds. In addition to trade and household services, in the cultures of the ancient world there appeared a huge number of occupations related to crafts, as well as work requiring highly qualified training.

Tourism, as a social, economic and spatial phenomenon, has a long and rich history dating back to ancient times. that tourism is one of the leading and most dynamic sectors of the world economy. Due to its rapid growth rate, it is recognized as the economic phenomenon of the century.

Thus, tourism acts as a kind of catalyst for socio-economic development.

It is generally accepted that tourist travel began at a time when travel lost its commercial significance. The first migrations of this kind included journeys of a religious nature, which were noted in ancient Egypt as early as the 4th millennium BC. Subsequently, tourist trips of the Egyptians were associated with travel to cities, artificial lakes, and the pyramids under construction aroused considerable interest. Tourism at that time was not a source of income. The heyday of ancient tourism was associated mainly with ancient Greece and Rome. In these states, great weight was given to the economic side of travel.

People of prehistoric cultures did not have developed economic activities; their work was aimed mainly at appropriating the Earth's biological resources or developing the simplest forms of productive economy. Relationships in prehistoric society were built mainly on self-service and mutual assistance. However, during this period there were already objective prerequisites for the allocation and specialization of public activities, which much later developed into services and service activities.

In general, the most important types of services that have emerged in different spheres of life still exist today:

In the sphere of economic relations (handicraft production, trade, money circulation, etc.);

In the field of state-legal relations;

In the sphere of spiritual, artistic and aesthetic needs;

In everyday life and in meeting personal needs.

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