Planning the break-even production of the enterprise's financial strength margin. Operational analysis of break-even and reserves of financial strength. In absolute terms, calculated using the formula

Break-even analysis is: 1. Calculation of the required volume of product sales, at which revenue is equal to gross costs and profit is zero. 2. Calculation of sales growth, in which the influence of factors that reduce profits is compensated by the influence of factors that increase profits. Break-even is the result of the activity of a company, firm or individual, in which income exceeds expenses or is equal to each other. Break-even analysis is now widely used to determine: the critical production volume for break-even operation; dependence of the financial result on changes in one of the elements of the ratio; reserve of financial strength of the enterprise; production risk assessments; the feasibility of own production or purchase; minimum contract price for a certain period; profit planning, etc. Margin of financial strength - the ratio of the difference between the current sales volume and the sales volume at the break-even point to the current sales volume, expressed as a percentage.

31. The essence of pricing at an enterprise, types of prices.

Price represents the amount of money that a buyer pays to a seller in exchange for a product. Most often, an enterprise using a pricing strategy can achieve the following: goals: 1. maintaining a stable position in the market; 2.expansion of market share; 3.maximizing profits and increasing the level of profitability of sales; 4. maintaining and ensuring the solvency of the enterprise; 5.gaining leadership in the market; 6.expanding the export capabilities of the enterprise. Depending on the area of ​​application, the following main ones are distinguished: types of prices: 1.wholesale prices – used when selling products between legal entities. 2.purchasing prices are set for agricultural products purchased from agricultural producers. 3.retail prices – prices at which goods are sold to the public. 4.estimated construction prices – are used during construction and installation work, their value is determined on the basis of estimated calculations and standard profit. 5.tariffs for services – as well as Wholesale prices consist of cost and profit. 6..world prices - used in foreign trade. There are world prices for imported and exported products.

34. The relationship between revenue, expenses and profit from sales of products. The basic equation of microeconomics (economics at the enterprise level) can be presented as: Revenue = fixed costs + variable costs + profit, Loss - or formalized: S= F+ V+ P, S-V=F+P, where the difference (S-V) between revenue and total variable costs is called marginal income or gross margin. In particular, it depends on sales volume revenue (S), total variable costs (V) and profit (P). As can be seen from the figure, with zero sales volume, revenue and variable costs are equal to zero, but there are still fixed costs. An enterprise, selling products in a volume equal to Q min, has neither profit nor loss. It is at this value of sales volume that graphs S and C intersect. The intersection point is called break-even point.

36. 37. Functions and main types of profit. Factors influencing the amount of profit. IN economic system profit performs the following functions: 1.is an indicator of the efficiency of the enterprise; 2.has a stimulating function, because is the main element of the financial resources of the enterprise; 3. is a source of formation of budgets at various levels. Concepts (types) of profit: Gross profit – the amount of profit (loss) from the sale of products (works, services, property of the enterprise) and income from non-sales operations, reduced by the amount of expenses for these operations. Profit (loss) from sales of products, works (services) is defined as the difference between sales revenue without VAT and excise taxes and production and sales costs included in the s/s. Relationship between indicators: B=P+P; P=V-R; P=V-P Profit before tax (balance sheet) – the final financial result reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise and identified on the basis of the accounting of all business transactions of the enterprise and the assessment of balance sheet items. Taxable income – calculated within the framework of tax accounting (used to determine the taxable base). Net profit – profit remaining in the enterprise after paying all taxes and used for production development and social needs.

38. The procedure for the formation, distribution and use of enterprise profits. The object of use is profit before tax. Its division means the direction of profits to the budget and by items of use to enterprises. Only the part of the organization's profit that goes to the budget is regulated by law. The basic income tax rate is 24%. At enterprises, net profit is subject to distribution. The state does not directly intervene in the process of distribution of net profit, but by providing tax incentives it can stimulate the distribution of resources for capital investments, charitable purposes, environmental activities, etc. The distribution of profits is regulated in the statutory documents. In accordance with the charter, funds are created: consumption, savings, social sphere. If funds are not formed, then for the purpose of planned expenditure of funds, estimates are drawn up: for production development, social needs, material incentives for employees, and charitable purposes.

13. Calculation of break-even sales volume and financial safety margin

The formalization of procedures for analyzing and planning expenses is based on their division into variable and constant. The former change in proportion to the volume of production, the latter remain stable as this volume changes. But the grouping of expenses into fixed and variable is conditional and it is sometimes proposed to divide expenses into semi-variable and semi-fixed. Determining constant variable costs allows us to identify the break-even conditions for production and sales of products.

Break-even sales volume is the volume of products whose sales revenues exactly cover the total costs of its production and sales, thereby ensuring zero profit. This is also the volume of production that needs to be realized in order to cover production costs and commercial expenses. Because The company produces several types of products, then we will find break-even revenue:

The graphical method is convenient for illustrating the relationship between the indicators involved in calculating the break-even point using the analytical method.

Table 13

Calculation of break-even sales volume and financial safety margin

Let's find the break-even point graphically

According to Table 13 of the graph, it can be seen that with the volume of sales, the amount of variable and fixed costs also increases. The value of variable costs increases by 368,873 thousand rubles, and the value of constant costs by 19,072 thousand rubles.

The break-even sales volume last year was 50,368 thousand rubles, and in the reporting year it was 123,265 thousand rubles, i.e. break-even sales volume increased by 72,897 thousand rubles. Consequently, the threshold for profitability in the reporting year is equal to 50,368 thousand rubles, with this sales volume the profit and loss of the enterprise are equal to zero. In fact, this is the volume of sales that needs to be realized in order to cover production costs and business expenses with revenue. Based on this, we can conclude that JSC “ZhBK No. 1” can significantly reduce sales and not go bankrupt.

The value of the financial safety margin increases in the reporting year by 420,580 thousand rubles. Analytical calculations coincided with graphic ones.

IV. Managerial production analysis.

14. Analysis of the dynamics of product sales volumes

To analyze the dynamics of product sales volumes, data is required not only on sales volumes for the previous and reporting years, but also for the reporting year in last year’s prices. To do this, we use the price index, which is equal to 1.162. Sales volume for the reporting year in prices of the previous year is determined by dividing the value for the reporting year by the price index.

The growth index is equal to the ratio of sales volumes for the reporting year in prices of the previous year to the previous year.

Analysis of the dynamics of product sales volumes is necessary for further calculations for the analysis of use labor resources, analysis of the use of material resources, etc.

Table 14

Analysis of the dynamics of product sales volumes

The sales volume of products for the reporting year in last year’s prices increased by 371,066 rubles. The growth rate was 96%, and the growth index was 1.96.

Analysis of the volume of production and sales of products is part of the on-farm financial analysis and is carried out in order to identify reserves for strengthening financial situation organizations.

Of great importance in forecasting the financial position of an organization is the assessment of actual output and sales within the limits of production capacity, i.e.

Within the boundaries of minimum - maximum production volume. Comparison with the minimum, break-even volume allows you to assess the degree, or zone, of the organization’s “safety” and, if the “safety” value is negative, remove it from production individual species products, change production conditions and thereby reduce costs or stop production.

Let's consider a graphical display of the model “costs - production volume - sales volume (revenue)”. Let us first analyze the change in costs (cost) when increasing production volumes.

Increasing production volumes is possible with its automation. According to experts, the effect of production automation mainly (by 60-70%) is to increase the level of equipment use, by 15-20% it is explained by an increase or stabilization of product quality, and only by 10-15% by labor savings. According to available data, the load on equipment used in flexible automated complexes increases by 2 times, and the shift ratio reaches 2; in flexible automated production, the shift ratio can approach 3.

Cost per unit of production before reaching optimal production capacity will decrease to point A.

Rice. 11.7. Change in costs with increasing production volume

To increase production output, additional capital investments will be required, which will cause an increase in depreciation charges, or an increase in costs for equipment repair and maintenance. required quality products - the area to the right of point A.

Assumptions in changes in costs according to Fig. 11.7:

The rate of change in depreciation calculations begins to increase when the maximum production load for equipment of one operating principle is exceeded;

Material costs per unit of production are decreasing with increasing automation of production (the amount of waste is decreasing, the distribution of materials is improving);

Wages per unit of product decrease with increasing labor productivity;

When calculating for the short term within one year, a linear relationship is assumed between cost, output volume and capital investment.

IN textbook I'M IN. Sokolov says: “The administrator must distinguish at least six models of functional dependence.

A. Costs are growing, but somewhat slower than production volume, i.e. the more finished products sold, the more relative savings costs. Production is becoming more and more profitable.

B. Costs are rising faster than output, i.e. the larger the volume products sold, the relatively higher the cost. Production tends to become unprofitable.

Up to a certain limit, costs are constant, after which they are directly proportional to the volume of products sold.

D. Costs increase in direct proportion to production volume. The main category of costs for direct costing.

E. Costs are constant and do not change with production volume.

F. Costs increase exponentially as production volume increases.

G. Costs decrease as production volume increases.

H. Costs grow intermittently and are proportional to the increase in production volume. Moreover, the growth coefficient increases with each cost segment.”

Comparing the achieved output volume with the maximum determined by the organization's production potential allows us to assess the possibilities of profit growth with an increase in production volumes if demand or the organization's market share increases.

Break-even analysis includes:

Comparison of break-even volume for several periods (or comparison with the plan);

Assessing the degree of “security” of the organization over time;

Quantitative assessment of the influence of factors on break-even production volume;

Calculation of planned production volume for a given amount of planned (expected) profit.

Break-even (critical) production volume is calculated from an equation based on the equality of revenue from product sales and the sum of fixed and variable costs, resulting from the definition of break-even:

Q-P = Sing + Cnep-Q, (11.5)

where p is the price of a unit of production;

Q - number of units of produced (sold) products;

Ссх - fixed costs in expenses per unit of production; Sper - variable costs in unit costs.

A graphical interpretation of the break-even point is shown in Fig. 11.8.

II. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the organization

In Fig. 11.8 it is clear that the break-even volume of output is achieved with equality total amount expenses and revenue (income) from sales, or if marginal income (MI) and variable costs (Cper) are equal. Marginal income is the income after covering variable costs.

Break-even (critical) volume can be calculated in several ways.

1. Minimum output volume in physical terms:

6_ stop min „ "

For example, Spost = 100 thousand rubles; Sper = 50 rub.; p = 120 rub. The minimum permissible output volume will be

100,000 ll^n "-= 1429 units.

2. To calculate the volume of output in in value terms(f-la (11.5)) the left and right sides of the expression are multiplied by the price (rub.).

where is Q? p = N - sales revenue excluding VAT;

unit variable costs, or the share of variable costs in the price of a product.

Sper. Sper

11. Analysis financial results

3. The critical sales volume can be calculated using marginal income, which is defined as the difference between revenue and variable costs, i.e. it must cover the organization’s fixed costs and ensure profit from the sale of products, works, and services:

MD = N - Sper,

where md is the specific marginal income.

If the production is multi-industry, the calculation of the critical volume uses average indicators of price, variable costs, and marginal income:

dg _ SPOST " R

In this case, the effect of structural changes on the break-even volume can be calculated (Table 11.7).

4. To determine the impact of structural changes on the critical volume of production (sales), the following expression is used:

where Dj is the share of each type of product in the total volume.

The concept of “margin of financial strength” is closely related to the concept of “break-even volume”. The margin of financial strength (safety zone) is the difference between the actual and break-even volumes.

Let's consider the procedure for calculating indicators.

II. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the organization

Example. Let's use the data in table. 11.7.

Table 11.7. Calculation of the critical volume of the safety zone Indicator Base period Reporting period Deviation, ± Sales revenue, N, thousand rubles. 85,000 86,000 + 1000 Unit variable costs,

KSper 0.456 0.468 +0.012 Specific marginal income, KyaA 0.544 0.532 -0.012 Fixed costs, Sposkh, thousand rubles. 42,500 41,860 -640 Critical sales volume, Nmin, thousand rubles. 78 125 78 684 + 559 Margin of financial strength, FPR, thousand rubles. 6,875 7,316 + 441 The organization’s financial strength increased by 441 thousand rubles. with an increase in revenue by 1000 thousand rubles. This indicator was negatively affected by an increase in the critical volume by RUB 559 thousand.

Using factor analysis (chain substitution method), we determine the influence of each factor on the change in break-even sales volume.

Factor model:

N? = Spost, N mm,

1) NOmin = 18,125 thousand rubles;

/about 949 thousand rubles;

SHUTT (SPOST) = /O 949 - /8 125 = -11/0 THOUSAND. rub.:

3) N1 min = /808.4 THOUSAND. roo. ZiNmin \mU) "?

= /8 084- /О 949 = 1/35 THOUSAND. rub.

Total impact: 1735 - 1176 = 559 thousand rubles.

11. Analysis of financial results

The increase in the critical volume point is explained by a decrease in the share of marginal income in the price, i.e. growth of specific variable costs.

The dependence of the volume of output and sales of products on the ratio of costs and sales price is used to justify plan targets. If fixed and variable costs per unit of production (or specific variable costs) are known, as well as the amount of planned profit, then the required sales volume is determined by the formula

6_ Post "Ppl pl ~~ r"

where Ppl is the planned amount of profit, or according to the formula

lt _ Spost " Ppl

Particular attention should be paid to determining the break-even point during a crisis when sales volumes are falling. Under these conditions, knowledge of the break-even sales volume (product production) will make it possible to predict the financial development strategy of the organization. ?

A general assessment of the financial and economic activities of an organization is given based on a study of profit and profitability indicators. The choice of directions and objects of analysis, techniques and methods of its implementation is determined by management tasks.

Retrospective analysis of profits is more important for regulatory authorities; predictive analysis allows you to manage resources taking into account predicted changes in market conditions. Retrospective and predictive analysis do not differ significantly.

The objects of retrospective analysis are:

Revenue from sales;

Certain types of income and expenses that form the profit of the reporting period;

Income tax;

Directions for using profits;

Special purpose funds formed from profits.

II. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the organization

When analyzing the composition of profit, you should use Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement”.

Profit from sales and the factors influencing it in the enterprise become the object of special attention:

Volume of sales;

Expenses;

Price level;

Assortment structure of manufactured and sold products.

Along with profit, analytical tasks use the “profitability” indicator, multifactor models of which make it possible to analyze the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the organization’s activities.

Solution management tasks requires grouping costs into variable and semi-fixed ones and identifying their separate impact on profit.

Profit analysis in the direct costing system includes the calculation and study of the “marginal income” indicator, which characterizes the organization’s ability to reimburse fixed costs. A decrease in marginal income compared to fixed costs increases risk entrepreneurial activity and the sensitivity of earnings to changes in revenue. Analysis of the ratio of variable and fixed expenses and their impact on the financial result allows you to make a management decision on changing the composition of property and the structure of available resources.

Knowing the marginal income allows you to determine the break-even point and control semi-fixed expenses, as well as determine the organization’s financial strength reserves.

The grouping of expenses into variable and semi-fixed is carried out with a certain degree of convention, although it affects the amount of marginal income.

The results of analytical calculations of profit are used to justify business plans and individual management decisions, for example, when forming an assortment, expanding the production potential of the organization, and pricing.

Analysis of other income and expenses is necessary due to the fact that they affect the amount of accounting and net profit.

11. Analysis of financial results

control and testing complex for chapter 11

Guidelines

When studying this chapter, you should pay attention to the following points.

1. The relationship between the main directions, tasks and sources of information for analyzing the costs of production and sales of the organization’s products is shown in table. 11.8.

Table 11.8. Main directions, tasks and sources of information for analyzing the financial results of an organization Direction of analysis Objectives of analysis Sources of information 1. Analysis of the dynamics and composition of financial results 1. Analysis of the dynamics and composition of gross profit

2. Analysis of the dynamics and composition of profit (loss) from sales

3. Analysis of the dynamics and composition of other income and expenses

4. Analysis of the dynamics and composition of profit (loss) before tax

5. Analysis of the dynamics and composition of net profit (loss) and its use

6. Analysis of the dynamics and composition of retained earnings (loss) of the reporting period and previous years Order on accounting policies

Profit report

and losses (form No. 2) 2. Factor analysis of profit (loss) from sales Estimation of changes in profit (loss) from sales influenced by:

Product sales volume

Average prices for products sold

Cost per unit of products sold

Structural changes in the range of products sold. Accounting registers for accounts of formation and accounting of financial results; Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement”; Form No. 3 “Capital Flow Statement”; Form No. 5 “Appendix to the Balance Sheet”

Data financial plan 432

II. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the organization

Continuation of the table. 11.8 Direction of analysis Objectives of analysis Sources of information 3. Analysis of operating leverage Analysis of the effect of operating leverage under the influence of changes:

Product prices

Volume of product output Data from the financial plan, horizontal analysis of financial results 4. Profitability analysis 1. Assessment of the effectiveness of using the main

and standardized working capital organizations

2. Assessing the efficiency of using the organization’s working capital

3. Assessing the efficiency of using the organization’s property (assets)

4. Assessing the efficiency of using equity capital

5. Assessing the efficiency of using the organization’s resources Form No. 1 “Balance Sheet” Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement” Form No. 3 “Capital Flow Statement” Form No. 5 “Appendix to the Balance Sheet”

Financial plan data 5. Analysis of the effect of financial leverage 1. Assessing the organization’s capabilities in using funding sources

2. Assessment of changes in return on equity Form No. 1 “Balance Sheet” Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement” Profitability analysis data 6. Analysis of break-even and financial safety margin 1. Determination of the break-even point and comparison with the planned one

2. Determination of financial safety margin

3. Assessing the security level of an organization over time

4. Identification of reserves to strengthen the financial position of the organization Form No. 1 “Balance Sheet” Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement” Accounting registers for the accounts of formation and accounting of financial results

Financial plan data 11. Analysis of financial results

2. The main source of information when analyzing the dynamics and composition of financial results is Form No. 2 financial statements"Gains and losses report". Attention should be paid to the features of determining financial results in accordance with the provisions accounting and tax accounting.

3. The study of the dynamics of financial results is carried out on the basis of absolute and relative indicators for the following constituent elements:

Gross profit;

Profits (losses) from sales;

Profit (loss) before tax;

Net profit (loss).

4. Conducting a factor analysis of sales profit allows you to:

Assess reserves for increasing production efficiency;

Form management decisions on the use of production factors.

Profit from the sale of products for the entire organization depends on four factors: the volume of product sales in physical terms (Q), product structure (D), cost (C) and price level (p) (see Fig. 11.4).

5. The size of the average profit per unit of production is the same as for average level prices and costs are influenced by structural changes. Thus, in addition to the prices for each type of product, an increase in the average price level is influenced by a change in the ratio of sales volumes of individual product items.

Break-even is controlled using the break-even point (self-sufficiency, profitability, equilibrium).

The profitability threshold is the ratio of the amount of fixed costs in the cost of goods sold to the share of marginal income in revenue:

If the profitability threshold is known, then it is easy to calculate the financial stability margin (FSM):

The break-even point (“profitability threshold”, “dead point”) is the volume of sales at which revenue covers all the enterprise’s costs associated with the production and sale of products.

Three methods are used to calculate the break-even point:

1. Using the graphical method, finding the break-even point comes down to constructing a complex graph “costs - production volume - profit”. To find the break-even point, the value of total costs (fixed (FC) and variable (VC)) is calculated. A straight TS is constructed on the graph corresponding to this value. Then any point on the x-axis is selected and the amount of sales revenue is found for it. A straight line (TR) corresponding to this value is constructed. The break-even point (profitability threshold) shown in the figure is the point of intersection of the graphs of gross revenue and total costs (A). At the break-even point, the revenue received by the enterprise is equal to its total costs

2. The equation method is based on calculating the profit of an enterprise using the following formula:

Revenue - Variable costs - Fixed costs = Profit

Detailing the procedure for calculating the indicators of this formula for calculating the break-even point, it can be presented in the following form:

EBIT= Р*Х- YVC*X- FC = 0

EBIT=0 – the minimum sales volume covering the costs of production and sales, i.e. the break-even point, in units of production;

EBIT - earnings before interest and taxes;

P - unit price;

YVC - variable costs per unit of production;

FC - fixed costs;

X is the threshold production volume (number of units of production).

From the formula we calculate the threshold production volume.

or in monetary terms:

VС = FC / (1-v)

v is the share of variable costs in basic revenue.

The amount of profit at the planned volumes of production and sales will be equal to:

EBIT =P*X – FC – YVC *X

3. A variation of the equation method is the marginal income method, which is based on marginal profit.

Specific marginal profit (GMgm) is a derived indicator that characterizes the value marginal profit in unit price:

GMgm - specific marginal profit.

The marginal profit ratio is the ratio of marginal profit to sales revenue. It shows what share of sales revenue is used to cover fixed costs and generate profit. The marginal profit ratio is calculated as the share of marginal profit in sales revenue (S):

Marginal safety margin (MSF)- this is a value showing the excess of actual revenue from sales of products (works, services) over the threshold that ensures break-even sales. This indicator is determined by the following formula:

MSP = (Vf – Vp) * 100 /Vf

Vf - actual revenue;

Вп - threshold revenue.

The higher the marginal safety margin, the better for the enterprise.

Financial strength margin is defined as the ratio of the difference between the current sales volume and the sales volume at the break-even point to the current sales volume, expressed as a percentage. The financial safety margin (FS) is defined as:

Production leverage shows the degree of influence of fixed costs on profit (losses) with changes in production volume.

Production leverage (LPR) can be represented as follows:

Lpr=(B - VC) / P=(FC + P) / P

P - balance sheet profit from sales (before payment of income tax, interest on loans and dividends);

B - sales revenue;

VC - variable costs;

FC - fixed costs.

Break-even analysis assumes:

n comparison of break-even volume for several periods;

n assessment of the degree of “security” of the enterprise over time;

n quantitative assessment of the influence of factors on break-even production volume;

n calculation of planned production volume for a given amount of expected profit.

Break-even (critical) production volume is calculated from the equation:

p * Q = C F + C V * Q ,

where p is the unit price; Q - number of units produced (sold products); C F - fixed costs in unit costs (specific); C V - variable costs in unit costs (specific).

Break-even production volume can be calculated in several ways.

1. Minimum output volume in physical terms:

2. Minimum output volume in value terms:

Q * p = CF + CV * Q,

where Q * p = N – sales revenue; CV / p – unit variable costs or the share of variable costs in the price.

3. The critical sales volume can be calculated using the value of marginal income (MR):

MD = N – CV.

Nmin = CF / MD.

4. To determine the impact of structural changes on the critical volume of production, the following expression is used:

where Di is the share of each type of product in the total volume.

Let us consider the procedure for calculating indicators using the example of the analyzed enterprise (Table 18). As can be seen from the data in Table 18, the company’s margin of financial strength increased by 43,674.1 thousand rubles. with an increase in revenue by 65,630 thousand rubles. This indicator was negatively affected by an increase in the critical volume by RUB 21,955.9 thousand.

Using factor analysis, we will determine the influence of each factor on the change in break-even sales volume:

DN min (CF) = 264187 - 279901.5= - 15714.3 rub.

DN min (md) = 301857.4 – 264187 = 37670.2 rub.

Total impact: 37670.2 – 15714.3 = 21955.9 rub.

An increase in the critical volume point can be explained by a decrease in the share of marginal income in the price, i.e. growth of specific variable costs.

The dependence of the volume of output and sales of products on the ratio of costs and sales price is used to justify plan targets. If fixed and variable costs per unit of production are known, as well as the amount of planned profit, then the required sales volume is determined by the formula:

where Rpl is the planned amount of profit.

Table 18

Calculation of the critical volume of the safety zone

home » Useful » Planning the break-even production of the enterprise's financial strength margin. Operational analysis of break-even and reserves of financial strength. In absolute terms, calculated using the formula