Presentation - great geographical discoveries. Presentation on the history of "great geographical discoveries" Geographical discoveries presentation

Geographical discoveries of antiquity

People have always traveled. Many, many thousands of years ago, ancient hunters set out to find hunting grounds. Ancient pastoralists, together with their herds, went on multi-day hikes in search of fresh pastures. People explored new lands, crossed deserts and climbed mountains, and sailed across seas and even oceans in light boats.

Time passed and people learned to write. Then the travelers began to write down where they had been and what they had seen. The first traveler whose name we know was an Egyptian Hannah. On a ship he sailed along the Red Sea to the south, to the country Punt, and returned to Egypt with a cargo of incense and precious stones. The story of Hannu's voyage was carved on a rock.

King and queen

Punt countries

The Phoenicians who lived on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea were remarkable travelers. In the ancient world they were the most skilled sailors. The Phoenicians were the first to circumnavigate Africa in ships. They traveled for three years. In the fall they landed on the shore, sowed wheat, harvested the crops and set off again. The story of this was recorded by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus.

In the north of Europe, in Scandinavia, lived the harsh Vikings. They built good ships and sailed them far out to sea in search of new lands and prey. Viking ships skirted Europe, they discovered Iceland, and in X century reached North America and founded the first settlements. Then this way was forgotten, and five centuries later Columbus I had to rediscover America.

Drakkar - Viking ship. The bow of the ship was decorated with a carved image of a dragon.

India Europe has always seemed like a fabulous country full of wonders and treasures to the inhabitants of Europe. It was famous for its spices and incense. The Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias circumnavigated the southernmost tip of Africa in 1487 and named it the Cape of Storms.

Bartolomeu Dias

The sea route to India around Africa was paved Vasco da Gama . His expedition was carefully prepared: four fast ships, the best navigational instruments and experienced sailors.

Having rounded the Cape of Good Hope, the expedition headed north along the coast of Africa. Nine months after the start of the voyage, on a May day 1498 , the ships arrived in Indian Calicut city .

The local ruler, who lived in a luxurious palace, did not like the modest gifts of the Portuguese, but he listened with curiosity to the stories of bearded strangers about distant countries.

Navigation instruments, including astrolabe - an instrument for measuring the height of stars above the horizon.

Christopher Columbus was born in 1451

year in the Italian city of Genoa.

From the age of 14, he swam as a youngster, studied

navigation, geography,

mathematics.

Summer of 1492 – caravels

"Santa Maria", "Pinta", "Nina"

left the Spanish port of Palos.

Two months later we moored to

small island

declared it their possession

Spanish king.

Until his death, Columbus was sure

that he had found his way to India.

Italian traveler

Amerigo Vespucci - a new continent

named after him.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered

what is beyond the American continent

the sea extends.

Ferdinand Magellan decided to get to him.

In September 1519, at the head of a flotilla of five small ships, Magellan left the port of Seville and headed for Brazil. Sailing south along the coast of South America, Magellan found a narrow and winding strait through which his ships entered the ocean. This Strait was later called the Strait of Magellan.

IN XVII century, the Dutch came to the expanses of the Pacific Ocean.
A large island - New Guinea - and part of the northern coast of Australia were discovered.
In 1642, Captain Abel Tasman discovered a large island south of Australia, later named Tasmania and New Zealand in his honor.

In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev opened the strait between Asia and America, passing from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific.
In 1740, Captain-Commander Vitus Bering repeated Dezhnev’s path, reaching North America and discovering a number of islands in the Aleutian chain.

English

navigator

James Cook

decades

confirmed

map accuracy,

compiled by Bering.

Cook completed three trips around the world

trips.

Proved that New Zealand is

two islands, not one.

Studied the Great Barrier Reef.

He brought hundreds of new islands to the map of the Pacific Ocean.
In the south he discovered the Hawaiian Islands,

died here tragically.

The presence of a continent in the area of the South Pole was suspected back in ancient times. Abel Tasman and James Cook were also looking for him.
Found by Russian sailors - Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev.
In 1819, an expedition under their command on two boats - “Vostok” and “Mirny” - set off from Kronstadt.
The goal of the expedition was achieved. The sailors saw a mountainous coast. Thus, a new continent was discovered, covered with eternal ice.
Man first set foot on Antarctica only in 1895.
Nowadays there are scientific research stations in 24 countries.

Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen in 1893 on the ship Fram. 500 kilometers before the pole, the ship got stuck in the ice, the traveler returned on foot.
American Robert Edwin Peary reached the Pole on a reindeer sled

The Norwegian Roald Amundsen set off to the South Pole in 1911 using Eskimo sled dogs and a light sleigh dressed in fur and reached it on December 14th.
The English officer Robert Falcon Scott, riding small pony horses in wool and canvas clothes, also went to the South Pole and arrived a month later.

On the way back the British died.

Place the correct signatures under the portraits of the great Russian travelers:

Bellingshausen Fadey Fadeevich
Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich
Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich

Ivanovich

Petrovich

Bellingshausen

Fadeevich

Geographical discoveries of antiquity People have always traveled. Many, many thousands of years ago, ancient hunters set out to find hunting grounds. Ancient pastoralists, together with their herds, went on multi-day hikes in search of fresh pastures. People explored new lands, crossed deserts and climbed mountains, and sailed across seas and even oceans in light boats.

One of the strongest naval powers of the 15th century. there was Portugal, which controlled the sea routes from the Mediterranean to the Baltic Sea. The Portuguese captured Morocco and began to look for ways to the south. They bought goods from local residents for next to nothing, and they themselves were sold into slavery. Bartolomeu Dias

Search for sea routes to India Moving south, the expedition of Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern point of Africa, which was called the Cape of Good Hope. Soon, the expedition of the Portuguese king under the leadership of Vasco da Gama circumnavigated Africa and in 1498 reached the Indian city of Calcutta

The Spaniards were also looking for a way to India. They believed that the Earth was a globe, and therefore hoped to find India in the West. In 1484, Columbus, a native of Genoa, approached Queen Isabella of Spain with such a proposal. In 1492, he went west on 3 ships. After 70 days, one of the sailors noticed the Earth. Columbus decided that this was one of the Chinese islands. He named it San Salvador. Soon he discovered Cuba and Haiti. Their residents easily gave jewelry to the Spaniards. Columbus returned on one ship, but brought so much treasure that the monarchs agreed to equip new expeditions (3 more), but he never found gold. Columbus was sure that he had discovered the route to India. Only the expedition of Amerigo Vespucci proved that this was a new continent. It received the name America.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered that there was a sea beyond the American continent. Ferdinand Magellan decided to get to him. In September 1519, at the head of a flotilla of five small ships, Magellan left the port of Seville and headed for Brazil. Sailing south along the coast of South America, Magellan found a narrow and winding strait through which his ships entered the ocean. This Strait was later called the Strait of Magellan. Discovery of the Pacific Ocean

The English navigator James Cook, decades later, confirmed the accuracy of the maps compiled by Bering. Cook made three trips around the world. Proved that New Zealand is two islands, not one. Explored the Great Barrier Reef. He put hundreds of new islands on the map of the Pacific Ocean. He discovered the Hawaiian Islands in the south and died tragically here.

The presence of a continent in the area of the South Pole was suspected back in ancient times. Abel Tasman and James Cook were also looking for him. Found by Russian sailors - Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. In 1819, an expedition under their command on two boats - “Vostok” and “Mirny” - set off from Kronstadt. The goal of the expedition was achieved. The sailors saw a mountainous coast. Thus, a new continent was discovered, covered with eternal ice. Man first set foot on Antarctica only in 1895. Nowadays, there are scientific research stations in 24 countries. Discovery of Antarctica

Discovery of the North Pole by Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen in 1893 on the ship Fram. 500 kilometers before the Pole, the ship got stuck in the ice, the traveler returned on foot. American Robert Edwin Peary reached the Pole on a reindeer sled on September 7, 1908. The American flag was hoisted.

Discovery of the South Pole The Norwegian Roald Amundsen, riding Eskimo sled dogs and light sleighs in fur clothes, went to the South Pole in 1911 and reached it on December 14. The English officer Robert Falcon Scott, riding small ponies in wool and canvas clothes, also went to the South Pole and arrived a month later. On the way back, the British died.

Abulkhanova Ilyuzya Ildarovna

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Great geographical discoveries

People have always traveled. Many, many thousands of years ago, ancient hunters set out to find hunting grounds. Ancient pastoralists, together with their herds, went on multi-day hikes in search of fresh pastures. People explored new lands, crossed deserts and climbed mountains, and sailed across seas and even oceans in light boats. Geographical discoveries of antiquity

The very first maps looked like drawings. Thus, an ancient traveler five thousand years ago depicted on a silver vase two rivers flowing from the mountains into a lake, mountains covered with forest, and along the banks of the rivers - various animals that lived there.

Time passed and people learned to write. Then the travelers began to write down where they had been and what they had seen. The first traveler whose name we know was the Egyptian Hannu. On a ship he sailed south across the Red Sea to the country of Punt, and returned to Egypt with a cargo of incense and precious stones. The story of Hannu's voyage was carved on a rock. King and Queen of the Country of Punt

The Phoenicians who lived on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea were remarkable travelers. In the ancient world they were the most skilled sailors. The Phoenicians were the first to circumnavigate Africa in ships. They traveled for three years. In the fall they landed on the shore, sowed wheat, harvested the crops and set off again. The story of this was recorded by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus.

In the north of Europe, in Scandinavia, lived the harsh Vikings. They built good ships and sailed them far out to sea in search of new lands and prey. Viking ships skirted Europe, they discovered Iceland, and in the 10th century they reached North America and founded the first settlements. Then this path was forgotten, and five centuries later Columbus had to rediscover America. Drakkar - Viking ship. The bow of the ship was decorated with a carved image of a dragon.

Bartolomeu Dias India has always seemed to Europeans to be a fabulous country full of wonders and treasures. It was famous for its spices and incense. The Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias circumnavigated the southernmost tip of Africa in 1487 and named it the Cape of Storms.

The sea route to India around Africa was paved by Vasco da Gama. His expedition was carefully prepared: four fast ships, the best navigational instruments and experienced sailors. Having rounded the Cape of Good Hope, the expedition headed north along the coast of Africa. Nine months after the start of the voyage, on a May day in 1498, the ships arrived in the Indian city of Calicut. The local ruler, who lived in a luxurious palace, did not like the modest gifts of the Portuguese, but he listened with curiosity to the stories of bearded strangers about distant countries. Navigation instruments helped sailors navigate the sea, including the astrolabe, an instrument for measuring the height of stars above the horizon.

Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in the Italian city of Genoa. From the age of 14, he sailed as a young lad, studied navigation, geography, and mathematics. In the summer of 1492, the caravels “Santa Maria”, “Pinta”, “Nina” left the Spanish port of Palos. Two months later they landed on a small island and declared it the possession of the Spanish king. Until his death, Columbus was sure that he had found the way to India. Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci - the new continent is named after him.

In the 17th century, the Dutch entered the Pacific Ocean. A large island - New Guinea - and part of the northern coast of Australia were discovered. In 1642, Captain Abel Tasman discovered a large island south of Australia, later named Tasmania and New Zealand in his honor.

In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev opened the strait between Asia and America, passing from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific. In 1740, Captain-Commander Vitus Bering repeated Dezhnev’s path, reaching North America and discovering a number of islands in the Aleutian chain.

The English navigator James Cook, decades later, confirmed the accuracy of the maps compiled by Bering. Cook made three trips around the world. Proved that New Zealand is two islands, not one. Studied the Great Barrier Reef. He brought hundreds of new islands to the map of the Pacific Ocean. He discovered the Hawaiian Islands in the south and died tragically here.

The presence of a continent in the area of the South Pole was suspected back in ancient times. Abel Tasman and James Cook were also looking for him. Found by Russian sailors - Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. In 1819, an expedition under their command on two boats - “Vostok” and “Mirny” - set off from Kronstadt. The goal of the expedition was achieved. The sailors saw a mountainous coast. Thus, a new continent was discovered, covered with eternal ice. Man first set foot on Antarctica only in 1895. Nowadays there are scientific research stations in 24 countries. Discovery of Antarctica

Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen in 1893 on the ship Fram. 500 kilometers before the pole, the ship got stuck in the ice, the traveler returned on foot. American Robert Edwin Peary reached the Pole on a reindeer sled on September 7, 1908. The American flag was hoisted. Discovery of the North Pole

The Norwegian Roald Amundsen set off to the South Pole in 1911 using Eskimo sled dogs and a light sleigh dressed in fur and reached it on December 14th. The English officer Robert Falcon Scott, riding small pony horses in wool and canvas clothes, also went to the South Pole and arrived a month later. On the way back the British died. Discovery of the South Pole

Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich Bellingshausen Fadey Fadeevich

The inherent desire of man for a deeper knowledge of the world around him led to the expansion of the area of civilization. People sought to get acquainted with the life of different peoples, to discover new unknown continents and countries. Hundreds of years passed before modern maps, ships, and instruments to ensure safe navigation appeared.

Slide 1

European travelers of the late 15th century. - mid 17th century were the result of the rapid development of productive forces in Europe, the growth of trade with the countries of the East, and the shortage of precious metals in connection with the development of trade and money circulation.

Great geographical discoveries

Slide 2

It is known that even in ancient times, Europeans visited the coast of America, traveled along the coast of Africa, etc. However, a geographical discovery is considered not only a visit by representatives of any civilized people to a previously unknown part of the Earth. This concept includes the establishment of a direct connection between the newly discovered lands and the centers of culture of the Old World. Only the discovery of America by X. Columbus marked the beginning of broad connections between the open lands and Europe; the travels of Vasco da Gama to the shores of India and F. Magellan’s trip around the world served the same purpose.
Great geographical discoveries
Major travel routes

Slide 3

Great geographical discoveries became possible as a result of significant advances in the development of science and technology in Europe. At the end of the 15th century, the doctrine of the sphericity of the Earth became widespread, and knowledge in the field of astronomy and geography expanded. Navigation instruments (compass, astrolabe) were improved, and a new type of sailing ship appeared - the caravel.
Great geographical discoveries
Prince Henry (Enrique), nicknamed the navigator, is the organizer of long-distance voyages of the Portuguese

Slide 4

The knowledge gained by the Portuguese as a result of their travels gave sailors from other countries valuable information about the tides, the direction of winds and currents, and made it possible to create more accurate maps on which latitudes, lines of the tropics and the equator were plotted. These prince maps contained information about previously unknown countries. Previously widespread ideas about the impossibility of low tides and swimming in equatorial waters were refuted, and the fear of the unknown, characteristic of medieval people, gradually began to recede.
Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India, a land of fabulous wealth.
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 5

At the same time, the Spaniards also rushed to search for new trade routes. In 1492, after the capture of Granada and the completion of the reconquest, the Spanish King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella accepted the project of the Genoese navigator Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) to reach the shores of India, sailing west. Columbus's project had many opponents, but it received the support of scientists at the University of Salaman, the most famous in Spain, and, no less significantly, among the business people of Seville. On August 3, 1492, from Palos - one of the best ports on the Atlantic coast of Spain - Columbus's flotilla, consisting of 3 ships - "Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Nina", whose crews numbered 120 people, set sail. From the Canary Islands, Columbus headed west. On October 12, 1492, after a month of sailing in the open ocean, the fleet approached a small island from the group of Bahamas, then named San Salvador. Although the newly discovered lands bore little resemblance to the fabulously rich islands of India and China, until the end of his days Columbus was convinced that he had discovered islands off the eastern coast of Asia.
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) The discovery of America is associated with his name
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 6

During the first voyage, the islands of Cuba, Haiti and a number of smaller ones were discovered. In 1492, Columbus returned to Spain, where he was appointed admiral of all discovered lands and received the right to 1/10 of all income. Subsequently, Columbus made three more voyages to America - in 1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504, during which part of the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Trinidad, etc. were discovered; part of the Atlantic coast of Central and South America was surveyed. Although the open lands were very fertile and favorable for life, the Spaniards did not find gold there. Doubts arose that the newly discovered lands were India. The number of Columbus's enemies among the nobles grew, dissatisfied with the fact that he severely punished the expedition members for disobedience. In 1500, Columbus was removed from his post and sent to Spain in chains. He managed to restore his good name and make another trip to America. However, after returning from his last journey, he was deprived of all income and privileges and died in poverty.
Christopher Columbus
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 7

The number of Columbus's enemies among the nobles grew, dissatisfied with the fact that he severely punished the expedition members for disobedience. In 1500, Columbus was removed from his post and sent to Spain in chains. He managed to restore his good name and make another trip to America. However, after returning from his last journey, he was deprived of all income and privileges and died in poverty.
Ships of Christopher Columbus's expedition
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 8

Columbus's discoveries forced the Portuguese to hurry up. In 1497, the flotilla of Vasco da Gama (1469-1524) sailed from Lisbon to explore routes around Africa. Having rounded the Cape of Good Hope, he entered the Indian Ocean. Moving north along the coast, the Portuguese reached the Arab trading cities of Mozambique and Malindi. With the help of an Arab pilot, on May 20, 1498, Vasco da Gama's squadron entered the Indian port of Calicut.

Great geographical discoveries

Slide 9

In August 1499 his ships returned to Portugal. The sea route to the land of fabulous riches was open. From now on, the Portuguese began to equip up to 20 ships annually for trade with India. Thanks to their superiority in weapons and technology, they managed to oust the Arabs from there. The Portuguese attacked their ships, exterminated their crews, and devastated cities on the southern coast of Arabia. In India, they captured strongholds, among which the city of Goa became the main one. The spice trade was declared a royal monopoly; it provided up to 800% of profits. At the beginning of the 16th century. The Portuguese captured Malacca and the Moluccas. In 1499-1500 by the Spaniards and in 1500-1502. The coast of Brazil was discovered by the Portuguese.
Great geographical discoveries
Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition around the world

Slide 10

In the 16th century Portuguese sailors mastered the sea routes in the Indian Ocean, reached the shores of China, and were the first Europeans to set foot on Japanese soil. Among them was Fernand Pinto, the author of travel diaries, which gave a detailed description of the newly discovered country. Before this, Europe had only fragmentary and confusing information about Japan from the “Book of Marco Polo,” the famous Venetian traveler of the 14th century, who, however, never reached the Japanese islands. In 1550, their image with its modern name first appeared on a Portuguese navigation map.

Great geographical discoveries

Slide 11

In Spain, after the death of Columbus, expeditions continued to be sent to new lands. At the beginning of the 16th century. traveled to the Western Hemisphere Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) - a Florentine merchant who served first with the Spanish and then with the Portuguese king, a famous navigator and geographer. Thanks to his letters, the idea that Columbus discovered not the coast of India, but a new continent, gained popularity. In honor of Vespucci, this continent was named America. In 1515, the first globe with this name appeared, and then atlases and maps. Vespucci's hypothesis was finally confirmed as a result of Magellan's trip around the world (1519-1522). The name of Columbus remained immortalized in the name of one of the Latin American countries - Colombia.
Great geographical discoveries
The expedition of the Venetian traveler Marco Polo is preparing to sail.

Slide 12

The proposal to reach the Moluccas, rounding the American continent from the south, expressed by Vespucci, interested the Spanish government. In 1513, the Spanish conquistador V. Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean, which gave hope to Spain, which did not receive much benefit from Columbus's discoveries, to find a western route to the shores of India. This task was destined to be completed by the Portuguese nobleman Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521), who had previously visited the Portuguese possessions in Asia. He believed that the coast of India lay much closer to the newly discovered continent than it actually was. World Ocean.

Great geographical discoveries

Slide 13

On September 20, 1519, a squadron of five ships with 253 crew members, led by Magellan, who had entered the service of the Spanish king, left the Spanish harbor of San Lucar. After 11 months of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean, Magellan reached the southern tip of America and passed through the Strait (later called the Strait of Magellan), which separated the mainland from Tierra del Fuego. After three weeks of sailing through the strait, the squadron entered the Pacific Ocean, passing off the coast of Chile. On December 1, 1520, land was last seen from ships. Magellan headed north and then northwest. For three months and twenty days, while the ships sailed on the ocean, he was calm, and therefore Magellan called him Quiet.
Great geographical discoveries
Amerigo Vespucci - Florentine merchant, geographer, navigator. The continent discovered by Christopher Columbus is named after him.

Slide 14

On March 6, 1521, the expedition approached the small inhabited islands (Mariana Islands), and after another 10 days it reached the Philippine Islands. As a result of Magellan's voyage, the idea of the spherical shape of the Earth was confirmed, it was proved that between Asia and America there lies a huge expanse of water - the Pacific Ocean, that most of the globe is occupied by water, and not land, that there is a single World Ocean.
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 15

On April 27, 1521, Magellan died in a skirmish with the natives on one of the Philippine islands. His companions continued sailing under the command of Juan Sebastian El Cano and reached the Moluccas and Indonesia. Almost a year later, the last of Magellan's ships set off for their native shores, taking on board a large cargo of spices. On September 6, 1522, the ship Victoria returned to Spain; Of the entire crew, only 18 people survived. "Victoria" brought so many spices that their sale made it possible not only to cover all the expenses of the expedition, but also to make a significant profit. For a long time, no one followed Magellan’s example, and only in 1578-1580. The second voyage around the world in history was made by the English pirate Francis Drake, who robbed the Spanish colonies on the Pacific coast of America along the way.

Great geographical discoveries

Slide 16

In the 16th century - 1st half of the 17th century. The Spaniards explored the northern and western coasts of South America, penetrated into the interior and, in a bloody struggle, conquered the states (Mayans, Aztecs, Incas) that existed in the territory of Yucatan, present-day Mexico and Peru. Here the Spanish conquerors, primarily Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, seized enormous treasures accumulated by the rulers and priests of these states. In search of the fabulous country of El Dorado, the Spaniards explored the basin of the Orinoco and Magdalena rivers, where rich deposits of gold, silver and platinum were also discovered. The Spanish conquistador Jimenez de Quesada conquered what is now Colombia.
Great geographical discoveries
One of the ships of Magellan's flotilla. Drawing 1523

Slide 17

In the 2nd half of the 16th century. - early 17th century The Spaniards made a number of Pacific expeditions from the territory of Peru, during which the Solomon Islands (1568), Southern Polynesia (1595), and Melanesia (1605) were discovered.
Great geographical discoveries
One of the ships of Magellan's flotilla. Drawing 1523

Slide 18

Long before the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, the idea of the existence of a “Southern Continent”, of which the islands of Southeast Asia were considered a part, arose and became especially popular during the discoveries. She spoke out in geographical works, and the mythical continent was even put on maps under the name “Terra Australis Incognita” - “Unknown Southern Land”. In 1605, a Spanish squadron of 3 ships sailed from Peru under the command of P. Quiros, who discovered a number of islands, one of which he mistook for the coast of the mainland. Abandoning two ships to the mercy of fate, Quiros returned to Peru and then sailed to Spain to secure the rights to rule the new lands. But he was soon mistaken. The captain of one of the two abandoned ships, the Portuguese L.V. de Torres, continued sailing and found out that Quiros had discovered not the mainland, but a group of islands (New Hebrides).

Great geographical discoveries

Slide 19

Sailing west, Torres passed along the southern coast of New Guinea through the strait later named after him, and discovered Australia lying to the south. There is evidence that on the coast of the new continent back in the 16th century. The Portuguese and the Dutch landed shortly before Torres, but this was not known in Europe. Having reached the Philippine Islands, Torres reported the discovery to the Spanish government. However, fearing competitors and lacking the strength and means to develop the new land, the Spanish administration hid information about this discovery.
Great geographical discoveries
James Cook, English navigator, participant in two major voyages around the world. Explorer of Australia and Oceania.

Slide 20

In the 1st half of the 17th century. The search for the “Southern Continent” was carried out by the Dutch. In 1642, Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603-1659) circumnavigated Australia from the south, discovering an island called Tasmania. In 1768, the English navigator D. Cook explored the shores of Oceania and Australia and subsequently he recognized Torres' priority in the discovery of Australia. In 1497-1498, English sailors reached the northeastern coast of North America and discovered Newfoundland and Labrador. At the same time, a search was underway for a northeastern route to India through the Arctic Ocean. In the 16th-17th centuries. Russian explorers explored the northern coasts of the Ob, Yenisei and Lena and mapped the contours of the northern coast of Asia. In 1642, Yakutsk was founded, which became the base for expeditions to the Arctic Ocean.
Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, who discovered the strait between the Asian continent and America
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 21

In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (c. 1605-1673) left Kolyma and walked around the Chukotka Peninsula, proving that the Asian continent is separated from America by a strait. The outlines of the northeastern coast of Asia were refined and plotted on maps (1667, “Drawing of the Siberian Land”). But Dezhnev’s report on the discovery of the strait lay in the Yakut archive for 80 years and was published only in 1758. In the 18th century. The strait discovered by Dezhnev was named after the Danish navigator in the Russian service, Vitus Bering, who in 1728 opened the strait for the second time. In 1898, in memory of Dezhnev, a cape at the northeastern tip of Asia was named after him.
Cape Dezhnev
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 22

In the 15th - 17th centuries. As a result of bold sea and land expeditions, a significant part of the Earth was discovered and explored. Paths were laid that connected distant countries and continents. Great geographical discoveries laid the foundation for the creation of the colonial system, contributed to the formation of the world market and played an important role in the formation of the capitalist economic system in Europe. For the newly discovered and conquered countries, they brought mass extermination, the imposition of the cruelest forms of exploitation, and the forced introduction of Christianity. The rapid decline of the native American population led to the importation of African slaves and widespread plantation slavery.
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 23

American gold and silver poured into Europe, causing there a frantic rise in prices for all goods, the so-called price revolution. This primarily benefited the owners of factories, capitalists and merchants, since prices rose faster than wages. The “price revolution” contributed to the rapid ruin of artisans and handicraftsmen; in the village, the nobles and wealthy peasants who sold food at the market benefited most from it. All this contributed to the accumulation of capital. As a result of the Great Geographical Discoveries, Europe's connections with Africa and Asia expanded, and relations with America were established. The center of world trade and economic life moved from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean.
Great geographical discoveries
Europeans and islanders on Easter Island. Engraving 18th century.

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