Presentation on the topic: Human material and production activity. Material and spiritual activity What arises in the process of people’s production activities
Question 2: Characteristics of the main production components of the material and production sphere.
material;
social;
political;
spiritual.
Question 1: The essence and content of the material production sphere.
Economic sphere- this is the area of implementation economic activity and the area of wealth creation.
Structural components of the material production sphere:
Labor as a complex social phenomenon.
A method of producing material goods.
The mechanism of functioning of the material production sphere.
If labor is the social reality in which and through which the laws of the material production sphere operate, the method of production reveals the essence of the material production sphere, and the mechanism shows its goals.
The first structural element of the material production sphere is labor. Labor is a creative objective activity.
Labor characteristics:
Labor as a transformative activity (work in general). When characterizing labor as a transformative activity, Karl Marx identified three structural elements in it:
Living labor (subjective element).
Means of labor.
Subject of labor.
Labor as a natural process. When considering labor as a natural process, a person is considered as an object of nature, although a conscious thing, and labor itself is considered as a manifestation of this force. Man acts in the production process the way nature acts. It only changes the forms of matter.
Labor as a dialectical unity of material and ideal. Along with the material side of labor - the means of production, there is an ideal side in the labor process - the conscious activity of man - the conscious activity of man.
Labor is a creative objective activity. Let us characterize labor: labor as a transformative activity (labor in general). When characterizing labor as a transformative activity, K. Marx identified three structural elements in it:
Living work.
Means of labor.
Subject of labor.
Labor as a natural process. When considering labor as a natural process, a person is viewed as an object of nature, a thing, albeit a conscious one, and labor itself is viewed as a manifestation of this force. Man acts in the production process the way nature acts. It only changes the forms of matter. Labor as a dialectical unity of the material and the real. Along with the material side of labor - the means of production - there is an ideal side in the labor process - conscious human activity. Labor as creation. Results of human creative activity:
Material goods.
Spiritual benefits.
The man himself.
Political and organizational forms human life.
Labor as a complex social phenomenon.
Labor is continuously connected with social sphere society. Most often it is considered in relation to mass and professional divisions in society. Social labor is closely related to management policy. Social labor is also closely connected with the spiritual life of society: today science is the productive force of society; Aesthetic knowledge today has been embodied in such a production sphere as design. Education today has become the most important factor professional growth of the worker. Labor as a historically developing social phenomenon. The action of labor is subject to the following types of laws:
Universal historical laws.
Formation laws.
Specific historical laws.
Mode of production– these are productive forces + relations of production. The productive forces are divided into means of production (tools and objects of labor) + people. Industrial relations are relations regarding production, consumption, exchange, distribution. The functioning of the productive forces constitutes the content of material production, and socio-economic relations constitute its form. In the relationship between productive forces and production relations, content determines form. The type of socio-economic relations depends on the following two factors:
Level of development of productive forces.
Structure of productive forces.
The level of development of productive forces depends on:
Equipment used in production.
Natural conditions.
Just as productive forces influence production relations, and vice versa. Industrial relations can accelerate development, but they can also slow it down.
What is the difference different types labor in material production? What do they mean when they say: the work was done professionally? When does work become attractive?
IT IS USEFUL TO REPEAT QUESTIONS:
Characteristics, variety of activities.
From the history course and this course, you know what role labor played in the formation and historical development of man and society.
Labor is a fundamental form of human activity, in the process of which the entire set of objects necessary to satisfy needs is created. Key Applications social labor- material production, non-production sphere, household. The labor of people in material production is of particular importance.
WORK in material production
The word "make", as you know, means "to produce, to produce any product." Production is, first of all, the process of creating material wealth, a necessary condition for the life of society, since without food, clothing, housing, electricity, medicine and many different items, people need, society cannot exist. A variety of services are just as necessary for human life. Imagine what would happen if transportation on all modes of transport stopped ( transport services), the flow of water into the water supply system or the collection of waste from residential areas (domestic services) has ceased.
immaterial (spiritual) production. The first, in short, is the production of things, the second is the production of ideas (or rather, spiritual values). In the first case, for example, produced televisions, appliances or paper, in the second - actors, directors created a TV show, a writer wrote a book, a scientist discovered something new in the world around him.
This does not mean that human consciousness does not participate in material production. Any activity of people is carried out consciously. Both the hands and the head are involved in the process of material production. And in modern production the role of knowledge, qualifications, and moral qualities increases significantly.
The difference between the two types of production is in the product created. The result of material production is a variety of items and services.
Nature gives us only very few in finished form. Even wild fruits cannot be collected without difficulty. And it is impossible to take coal, oil, gas, and wood from nature without significant effort. In most cases, natural materials undergo complex processing. Thus, production appears before us as a process of active transformation of nature by people ( natural materials) in order to create the necessary material conditions for its existence.
To produce any thing, three elements are necessary: first, an object of nature from which this thing can be made; secondly, the means of labor with which this production is carried out; thirdly, the purposeful activity of a person, his work. So, material production is a process labor activity people, as a result of which material goods are created aimed at satisfying human needs.
FEATURES OF LABOR ACTIVITY
The needs and interests of people are the basis that determines the purpose of work. Aimless activities have no meaning. Such work is shown in the ancient Greek myth of Sisyphus. The gods doomed him to hard work - rolling a large stone up a mountain. As soon as the end of the path was close, the stone broke off and rolled down. And so again and again. Sisyphean labor is a symbol of meaningless work. Work in the proper sense of the word occurs when a person’s activity becomes meaningful, when a consciously set goal is realized in it.
To achieve a goal in work, as in any other, various means are used. These are primarily different technical devices, energy and transport lines and other material objects necessary for production, without which the labor process is impossible. All of them together constitute the means of labor. During the production process, there is an impact on the subject of labor, that is, on materials undergoing transformation. For this purpose they use various ways which are called technologies. For example, you can remove excess metal from a workpiece using metal-cutting equipment.
We can say it another way: labor productivity is the efficiency of labor activity, expressed by the amount of products produced per unit of time (think about what labor productivity depends on and it is always connected only with a person’s desire).
In each specific type of labor activity, labor operations are performed and divided into labor techniques, actions and movements (are you familiar with any types of labor? What operations and techniques are applied to them?).
Depending on the characteristics of a particular type of labor, determined by the subject of labor, means of labor, and the totality of operations performed by the employee. their correlation and interrelation, from the distribution of functions (executive, registration and control, observation and debugging) in the workplace, we can talk about the content individual labor. This includes the degree of diversity labor functions, monotony, conditionality of actions, independence, level technical equipment, the ratio of performing and management functions, level of creative capabilities, etc. A change in the composition of labor functions and the time spent on their implementation means a change in the content of work. The main factor of this change is scientific and technological progress. As a result of the introduction new technology And modern technologies In the content of the labor process, the relationship between physical and mental labor, monotonous and creative, manual and mechanized, and the like changes.
The modern technical base of enterprises is a complex combination of different types of labor tools, therefore there is a significant differentiation in the level of technical equipment of labor. This leads to its significant heterogeneity. A large number of workers are busy with monotonous, uncreative work. At the same time, many perform work that requires active mental activity and solving complex production problems.
The most important feature of people’s work is that it usually requires joint efforts to achieve their goals. However, collective activity does not mean that all team members who create a product do the same work. On the contrary, there is a need for division of labor, due to which its efficiency increases. Division of labor is the distribution and assignment of occupations between participants in the labor process.
Thus, in the construction of a house, both workers who create blocks, panels and other parts of the future house at the factory, and transport drivers who deliver these parts to construction site, and crane operators operating construction cranes, and construction workers assembling a house with prefabricated parts, and plumbing/and electrical, installing related equipment, and workers carrying out painting and other work, and the like. This division of labor within enterprises is determined by the allocation of technological process its complex elements. In accordance with them, labor functions are separated and technological specialization occurs.
For the coordinated work of all participants, communication is necessary, which in human history was associated with the emergence of language and the development of consciousness. Communication between participants in the labor process allows them to coordinate their activities and transfer accumulated production experience and skills.
On the scale of the entire society, there is also a division of labor, which forms various spheres of labor activity: industry, Agriculture, service, etc. It is embodied in numerous branches of modern production, in the specialization of a huge number of enterprises of different profiles.
Scientific and technological progress - computerization, complex automation, equipment unification - leads to integration production processes within the enterprise and to the expansion of the division of labor throughout society.
Presentation on the topic: Human material and production activity
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Presentation on the topic: Human material and production activity
Slide no. 1
Slide description:
Human material and production activity. Labor activity Labor is a fundamental form of human activity, in the process of which the entire set of objects necessary for him to satisfy his needs is created. The labor of people in material production is of particular importance.
Slide no. 2
Slide description:
Labor in material production Production is, first of all, the process of creating material wealth, a necessary condition for the life of society. Material production is the production of things. Intangible production is the production of ideas. Material production is the process of human labor activity, as a result of which material goods are created aimed at satisfying human needs.
Slide no. 3
Slide description:
Peculiarities of labor activity Labor in the proper sense of the word occurs when human activity becomes meaningful, when a consciously set goal is realized in it. In the production process, an impact is exerted on the subject of labor, that is, materials undergoing transformation. For this purpose, various methods are used, which are called technologies.
Slide no. 4
Slide description:
Labor productivity is the efficiency of labor activity, which is expressed by the number of products produced per unit of time. As a result of the introduction of new equipment and modern technologies, the content of the labor process changes the relationship between physical and mental labor, monotonous and creative. The most important feature of people’s labor activity is that it requires, as a rule, joint efforts to achieve set goals. Division of labor is the distribution and assignment of occupations between participants in the labor process. Scientific and technological progress - computerization, comprehensive automation, unification of equipment - leads to the integration of production processes within the enterprise and to the expansion of the division of labor on a societal scale.
Slide no. 5
Slide description:
Modern worker Mastery, skill, and competence in performing the labor functions of a certain profession are called professionalism. Professionalism is the result of training and work experience. Scientific and technological progress increases the role of skilled labor, requiring special professional training.
Slide no. 6
Slide description:
Labor laws and internal regulations labor regulations require productive use of working time, conscientious performance of their duties, and high quality work. Fulfillment of these requirements is labor discipline. Strict compliance with technological standards is called technological discipline. Initiative and diligence are interconnected. A thoughtless performer is a bad worker. On the contrary, initiative is evidence of high professionalism. Along with special training in modern production The general culture of the employee and the ability to independently solve creative problems are of great importance. The work culture is manifested in its scientific organization.
Slide no. 7
Slide description:
Problems of humanization of labor Dehumanization of labor manifested itself in the system of the American engineer F.W. Taylor (1856-1915). Taylor developed a system of organizational measures, which included timing of work operations, instruction cards, etc., which were accompanied by a system of disciplinary sanctions and labor incentives. The differential wage system meant that the hardworking worker was additionally rewarded, and the slacker could not receive unearned money. Taylor himself wrote: “Everyone must learn to abandon his individual methods of work, adapt them to a number of innovative forms and get used to accepting and implementing directives that concern everyone small and large methods of work, which were previously left to his personal discretion.”
Slide description:
Humanization of labor means the process of humanizing it. First of all, it is necessary to eliminate factors that threaten human health in a technical environment. Functions hazardous to human health, operations involving great effort, monotonous labor, modern enterprises are transferred to robotics. Work culture is of particular importance. Researchers identify three components in it. Firstly, it is the improvement of the working environment, i.e. the conditions in which the labor process takes place. Secondly, this is the culture of relationships between labor participants, the creation of a favorable moral and psychological climate in the work team. Thirdly, the participants in the work activity understand the content of the labor process, its features, as well as the creative embodiment of the engineering concept embedded in it. Labor activity is the most important field of self-realization in the life of any person.
Slide no. 10
Slide description:
The activities are varied. It can be playful, educational and labor, cognitive and transformative, creative and destructive, production and consumer, economic, socio-political and spiritual. Special forms of activity are creativity and communication. Finally, as an activity one can analyze language, the human psyche and the culture of society.
Usually activities are divided into material and spiritual.
Material activities are aimed at changing the world around us. Since the surrounding world consists of nature and society, it can be productive (changing nature) and socially transformative (changing the structure of society). An example of a material production activity is the production of goods; examples of social transformation are government reforms and revolutionary activities.
Spiritual activities are aimed at changing individual and social consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral actions, organizing collective life and orienting a person to solve problems of the meaning of life, happiness, and well-being. Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (gaining knowledge about the world), value activity (determining norms and principles of life), predictive activity (building models of the future), etc.
The division of activity into spiritual and material is arbitrary. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it relates to the outside world, and an ideal side, since it involves goal setting, planning, choice of means, etc.
Creativity and communication have a special place in the system of activities.
Creation- this is the emergence of something new in the process of human transformative activity. The signs of creative activity are originality, unusualness, originality, and its result is inventions, new knowledge, values, works of art.
When talking about creativity, we usually mean the unity of the creative personality and the creative process.
Creative person represents a person endowed with special abilities. The actual creative abilities include imagination and fantasy, i.e. the ability to create new sensory or mental images. However, often these images are so divorced from life that they practical use becomes impossible. Therefore, other, more “down-to-earth” abilities are also important - erudition, critical thinking, observation, desire for self-improvement. But even the presence of all these abilities does not guarantee that they will be embodied in activity. This requires will, perseverance, efficiency, and activity in defending your opinion.
Creative process includes four stages: preparation, maturation, insight and verification. The actual creative act, or insight, is associated with intuition - a sudden transition from ignorance to knowledge, the reasons for which are not realized. Nevertheless, one cannot assume that creativity is something that comes without effort, labor and experience. Insight can only come to someone who has thought hard about the problem; a positive result is impossible without a long process of preparation and maturation. The results of the creative process require mandatory critical examination, since not all creativity leads to the desired result.
There are various methods of creative problem solving, for example, the use of associations and analogies, searches for similar processes in other areas, recombination of elements of what is already known, an attempt to present something alien as understandable, and something understandable as alien, etc.
Since creative abilities can be developed, and creative techniques and elements of the creative process can be studied, any person is capable of becoming a creator of new knowledge, values, and works of art. All that is needed for this is the desire to create and the willingness to work.
Communication there is a way of being a person in relationship with other people. If ordinary activity is defined as a subject-object process, i.e. the process during which a person (subject) creatively transforms the world around him (object), then communication is a specific form of activity that can be defined as a subject-subject relationship, where a person (subject) interacts with another person (subject).
Communication is often equated with communication. However, these concepts should be separated. Communication is an activity of a material and spiritual nature. Communication is a purely informational process and is not an activity in the full sense of the word. For example, communication is possible between a person and a machine or between animals (animal communication). We can say that communication is a dialogue where each participant is active and independent, and communication is a monologue, a simple transmission of a message from the sender to the recipient.
Rice. 2.3.
During communication (Fig. 2.3), the addressee (sender) transmits information (message) to the addressee (recipient). To do this, it is necessary that the interlocutors have information sufficient to understand each other (context), and that the information is transmitted in signs and symbols that are understandable to both (code) and that contact is established between them. Thus, communication is a one-way process of transmitting a message from the sender to the addressee. Communication is a two-way process. Even if the second subject in communication is not real person, human traits are still attributed to him.
Communication can be considered as one of the sides of communication, namely its information component. In addition to communication, communication includes social interaction, and the process of subjects learning each other, and the changes that occur with subjects in this process.
Closely related to communication language, performing a communicative function in society. The purpose of language is not only to ensure human understanding and transmit experience from generation to generation. The language is also social activities to form a picture of the world, an expression of the spirit of the people. The German linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835), emphasizing the procedural nature of language, wrote that “language is not a product of activity, but an activity.”
Under labor understand the expedient human activity to transform nature and society in order to satisfy personal and social needs. Labor activity is aimed at a practically useful result - various benefits: material (food, clothing, housing, services), spiritual (scientific ideas and inventions, achievements of art, etc.), as well as the reproduction of the person himself in the totality of social relations.
The labor process is manifested in the interaction and complex interweaving of three elements: living labor itself (as human activity); means of labor (tools used by humans); objects of labor (material transformed in the labor process).
Living labor It can be mental (such is the work of a scientist - philosopher or economist, etc.) and physical (any muscular work). However, even muscular work is usually intellectually loaded, since everything that a person does, he does consciously.
Means of labor in the course of work they are improved and changed, resulting in increasingly higher labor efficiency. As a rule, the evolution of means of labor is considered in the following sequence: natural-tool stage (for example, stone as a tool); tool-artifact stage (appearance of artificial tools); machine stage; stage of automation and robotics; information stage.
Subject of labor- a thing to which human labor is directed (material, raw materials, semi-finished product). Labor ultimately materializes and is fixed in its object. A person adapts an object to his needs, turning it into something useful.
Labor is considered leading original form human activity. The development of labor contributed to the development of mutual support among members of society, its unity; it was in the process of labor that communication and creative abilities developed. In other words, thanks to work, man himself was formed.
Under training understand the activities of developing knowledge and skills, developing thinking and consciousness of the individual. Thus, learning acts both as an activity and as a transmission of activity. The famous psychologist Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (1896-1934) noted the activity-based nature of education: “The educational process should be based on the personal activity of the student, and the entire art of the educator should be reduced only to directing and regulating this activity” 1 .
main feature educational activities lies in the fact that its goal is to change not the surrounding world, but the subject of activity itself. Although a person changes both in the process of communication and in work activity, this change is not the immediate goal of these types of activities, but only one of their additional consequences. In training, all means are specifically aimed at changing a person.
Under game understand the form of free self-expression of a person aimed at the reproduction and assimilation of social experience. As the constitutive characteristics of the game, the Dutch cultural theorist Johan Huizinga (1872-1945) identifies freedom, positive emotionality, isolation in time and space, and the presence of voluntarily accepted rules. To these characteristics we can add virtuality (the game world is two-dimensional - it is both real and imaginary), as well as the role-playing nature of the game.
During the game, norms, traditions, customs, and values are learned as necessary elements of the spiritual life of society. Unlike work activity, the purpose of which is outside the process, the goals and means of gaming communication coincide: people rejoice for the sake of joy, create for the sake of creativity, communicate for the sake of communication. In the early stages of human development, beauty lies only game time the holiday could only be felt as beauty, outside of relations of utility, which gave rise to an artistic attitude towards the world.
Socialization of personality occurs mainly during play, learning and work. In the process of growing up, each of these activities consistently acts as a leader. In play (before school), the child tries on different social roles, at more adult stages (at school, college, university) he acquires the knowledge, teachings, and skills necessary for adult life. The final stage of personality formation takes place in the process of joint labor activity.
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
- 1. Material activity is aimed at changing nature (production activity) or society (social-transformative activity). Spiritual activity is aimed at changing human consciousness.
- 2. Creation- activities to create something new. Communication- a specific subject-subjective activity, a person’s way of being in interaction with other people.
- 3. The leading types of activities are called labor, training And game. They provide the process of socialization of the individual.
QUESTIONS
- 1. What signs indicate the creative nature of the activity? What kind of person is usually called a creative person?
- 2. What is the specificity of communication as a type of activity? What role does language play in the life of society?
- 3. Give arguments in favor of the fact that in the process of work, learning and play activities a person is socialized.
- Humboldt V. von. Selected works on linguistics. M., 1984. P. 70.
- Vygotsky L. S. Pedagogical psychology. M., 1996. P. 82.
- Huizinga J. Homo ludens. In the shadow of tomorrow. M., 1992.
Option 1.
Part A. Choose the correct answer.
A) The result of labor is the creation of objects necessary for a person to satisfy needs.
B) The most important spheres of social labor are material production, non-production sphere, household.
A) To produce any thing, three elements are needed: an object of nature, a means of labor, and human labor itself.
B) The result of material production is a variety of items and services.
1. only A is true 2. only B is true
3. both judgments are correct 4. both judgments are incorrect
5. Production is
1. development of new technologies
2. relationships between people in the process of exchange
3. the process of interaction between people and nature and technology
4. people's use of machinery and equipment
4. The concept of “economy” originally meant
1. rural estate management
2. the art of household management
3. tax collection
4. money circulation.
5. The main function of the economy is
6. The indicator of the volume of national production is defined as the sum of market prices of all final products produced per year directly within the country and only by national producers.
2. national income
7. The task of economic science is
1. stimulation of production in the country
2. improving the tax system
3. implementation of measures to regulate prices and incomes
4. study of the patterns of economic processes.
8. Productive use of working time, conscientious performance of one’s duties, high quality work this
1. technological discipline
2. labor discipline
3. contractual discipline
4. work discipline
9. Cash income received employee for the provision of labor services is called
1. market price
2. small business
3. labor productivity
4. wages
10. Are the judgments about the operation of the market mechanism correct?
A. The consumer in a market economy participates in the formation of market demand.
B. Prices for goods and services on the market are set by producers without the participation of consumers.
1. only A is true 2. only B is true
3. both judgments are correct 4. both judgments are incorrect
eleven . Are the following judgments about the rational behavior of subjects in economics true?
1. only A is true 2. only B is true
3. both judgments are correct 4. both judgments are incorrect
1. only A is true 2. only B is true
3. both judgments are correct 4. both judgments are incorrect
1. goal 2. means of labor
14 . The consumer's goal is
Part B.
IN 1. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
"IN modern economy There are three main ______________ (A): producers of an economic product, its consumers and _____________ (B). Between them there is a very intense _______ (B) goods, services, in cash, information. The state ensures a certain orderliness of economic processes, their legal __________ (D), protection of the rights and interests of individual participants in economic relations. At the same time, the state acts as a very large ______________(D) of goods, services, information. At the same time, the state is ________________(E), it purchases from manufacturers military equipment for the army, food for government reserves, computer equipment For government agencies and institutions"
The words in the list are given in nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms.
1) producer 2) exchange 3) object 4) state 5) supply 6) subject
7) regulation 8) demand 9) consumer
Concept
Definition
1. Production
A. Compliance with all rules, regulations, contracts, orders, instructions.
2. Subject of labor
B. The degree of danger or safety of the object and means of labor, their impact on the health, mood and performance of a person.
3. Professionalism
B. Materials undergoing transformation.
4. Performance
D. The process of creating material goods necessary for society.
5. Working conditions
D. The result of training and experience.
Material and production activities.
Option 2.
1. Are the following statements true?
A) Human consciousness is not involved in production.
B) There are no differences between material and spiritual production.
1. only A is true 2. only B is true
3. both judgments are correct 4. both judgments are incorrect
2. Are the following judgments true?
A) Inventive activity requires imagination, imagination, and innovative thinking.
B) One of the inventor's motives is the desire to improve something.
1. only A is true 2. only B is true
3. both judgments are correct 4. both judgments are incorrect
3. Economic theory- This
1. science of conduct household
2. the science of human behavior in processes
3. ability to preserve and increase capital
4. knowledge about the consequences of scientific and technological progress
4. Humanization of labor is
1. humanization of work
2. bringing labor under scientific basis
3. culturalization of work
4. assigning the employee the role of a thoughtless performer.
5. Which example illustrates the activities of the state in the economic sphere?
1. The President presented state awards people who have shown high professionalism, courage and heroism.
2. The education reform carried out in the country has expanded the options for teachers to choose teaching aids and programs.
3. On the eve of the election campaign, the country’s parliament adopted new law about elections.
4. Protecting domestic producers, the government increased import duties on foreign cars.
6. The main function of the economy is
1. development of scientifically based forecasts about development trends social processes and future events
2. creating benefits necessary for people’s livelihoods and the development of society
3. scientific examination of political and managerial decisions and development practical recommendations for government agencies
4. diagnosing the state of society, studying the problems that arise as it develops.
7. Economics as a field of knowledge directly studies
1. ways to regulate social conflicts
2. ways to rationally use limited resources
3. social consequences of the scientific and technological revolution
4. ways optimal control society.
8. In order for an activity to be called work it is necessary (needed)
1. goal
2. means of labor
3. subject of labor
4. labor productivity
9. Are the following judgments about profit as a result of economic activity correct?
A. Profit is all the proceeds of an enterprise from the sale of goods and services produced by it.
B. profit is the difference between revenue from sales of products and the costs of their production and sales.
1. only A is true 2. only B is true
3. both judgments are correct 4. both judgments are incorrect
10. The indicator of production volume is defined as the sum of market prices of all final products (goods and services) created by producers of a given country during the year, both within the country and abroad.
1. gross domestic product
2. national income
3. gross national product
4. pure national product.
11. Are the following judgments about the rational behavior of subjects in the economy true?
A. That participant acts rationally economic activity who buys the most cheap goods from those available on the market.
B. The participant in economic activity who achieves the greatest result with the resources at his disposal acts rationally.
1. only A is true 2. only B is true
3. both judgments are correct 4. both judgments are incorrect
12. Are the judgments about the economy correct?
A) Economics is the science of economics, the way people conduct it, the relationships between them in the process of production and exchange of goods.
B) Economy is an economy used by people to provide the necessary goods, conditions and means of subsistence.
1. only A is true 2. only B is true
3. both judgments are correct 4. both judgments are incorrect
13. Materials that undergo changes during the labor process are called
1. goal 2. means of labor
3. subject of labor 4. labor productivity
14. The consumer's goal is
1. constant growth of manufactured goods
2. maximum utility from the goods and services received.
3. preferential tax legislation
4. reduction in production costs
Part B.
IN 1. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“One of the factors for increasing _____________(A) labor is improving the organization of work. This includes raising ___________________(B) employees (a more knowledgeable employee will produce large quantity products), strengthening labor __________________ (B), improving working conditions, etc. The spread of advanced ____________ (D) is of great importance. Factors also include material and moral incentives. Material incentives include wage, paid depending on the quantity and ____________(D) of labor, ______________(E), promotion, etc. Moral ones include being included on the Board of Honor or in the Book of Honor, giving thanks, conferring honorary titles, awarding badges of honor, orders and medals.”
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once.
Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms.
1. experience 2. bonuses 3. quality 4. budget 5. qualifications.
6. specialization 7. productivity 8. discipline 9. cooperation
AT 2. Match the concept and definition.
Concept
Definition
1. Equipment
A. Methods of converting materials.
2. Division of labor
B. Special professional skills, skills confirmed by documents.
3. Qualification
B. Distribution and assignment of occupations between participants in the labor process.
4. Initiative
D. Various technical devices necessary for production, energy and transport lines and other material objects, without which the labor process is impossible.
5. Technology
D. Independently finding the optimal solution to accomplish a given task.
C1. How are division of labor and exchange related? Based on the text and knowledge of the social studies course, formulate the meaning of exchange in people's lives.
C2. What goods did ancient people use as a means of exchange? Give your own example.
C3. Why did people begin to use metals as a universal means of exchange (money)? Based on the text, formulate three reasons for using valuable metals as money.
