Problems of innovative economy. Problems and prospects for the development of the innovation sphere in Russia Development and problems of innovative activity of enterprises

Peculiarities modern stage development of the world community are manifested in integration economic activity and globalization of the economic space, which leads to increased competition in the world market, resulting in an improvement in the socio-economic situation occurring exclusively in the most efficient countries. The need for Russia to transition to an innovative model of functioning is associated with growing contradictions in the effectiveness of the existing development model, the lack of significant diversification of the economy and...

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Ryabtsev Nikolay Timofeevich

Postgraduate School of the State University - Higher School of Economics

Moscow

Innovative development of Russia: problems of formation and development prospects.

Features of the current stage of development of the world community are manifested in the integration of economic activity and globalization of economic space, which leads to intensified competition in the world market, as a result of which the improvement of the socio-economic situation occurs exclusively in the most effective countries.

The most effective method of competition since the end of the 20th century has been the use of intellectual resources in all areas of economic activity. In this connection, a system of its reproduction and commercialization is being formed within the national economy.

The need for Russia to transition to an innovative model of functioning is associated with growing contradictions in the effectiveness of the existing development model, the lack of significant diversification of the economy, and, ultimately, with a significant dependence of Russian state policy on the conditions of the natural resources market.

Changing the development model is a multidirectional process, so government regulation innovative development countries should be built taking into account the characteristics of the intellectual resource:

• the unlimited nature of the resource requires an orientation not towards managing functioning, but towards managing development;
• the position of the innovation environment on the border between science, economics and industry requires high level intersectoral interaction; integration human capital and a developed industrial base should occur on the basis of network and streaming components;
• the presence of a close correlation between the economic state of society, the scale of the tasks facing it and the possibilities for solving them determines the participation of market mechanisms in the formation of innovative processes; as a result, the decision of an entrepreneur in the field of innovation is based on the demand for innovation by the majority of economic entities, the economy as a whole, and not proposals from science, which determines the need for targeted influence of the state on the factors of development of this process, by creating technological, intellectual, structural, institutional, motivational prerequisites for an innovative type of economic growth;
• the dependence of innovation differentiation on market fluctuations determines the need government regulation innovation based on encouraging innovations that modify, improve equipment and technologies without radically changing them, during the period of peak growth. In times of crisis, based on stimulating radical innovations that allow us to enter a qualitatively new round of economic growth.

To the problem points that hinder development innovation activity in Russia, the following can be attributed:

• imperfection legislative framework

The issues of legislative consolidation of the conceptual apparatus of innovation activity remain open; adoption of the law on innovation; use of norms of general civil legislation in the formation of innovation infrastructure; lack of legislative status researcher, measure it social protection; measures to stimulate the creation and activities of small innovative enterprises; placing intellectual property objects on the balance sheet; mechanism for comprehensive legal regulation of innovation policy issues; improvement of legislation on government procurement; regulation of legislative norms on direct and indirect financial support of science from scientific foundations; inconsistency of legislation regulating the commercialization of the results of scientific and technical activities 1 . At the same time, the imperfection of the legislative framework increases the risks of doing business, which by its nature is already considered high-risk, which is reflected in the volume of investment in the private sector.

• low level of science funding

Insufficient participation of the non-state sector; character entrepreneurial activity, which does not provide for investments with a long payback period, the problem of “long money” in the banking sector; relative availability of foreign technologies; scarce financial support for science for a long time or its provision on a residual basis creates conditions for physical and moral obsolescence of the material and technical base of the science sector. This creates the preconditions for low-efficiency work in the research and development sector. Question financial security science raises the problem of budget policy, the efficiency of spending budget funds, the problem of corruption, the problem of competitive distribution of tenders.

• demographic policy

The dynamics of the total population, the number of working population and the number of people employed in the economy; there is an aging tendency labor resources, strong differentiation of the population by income level, the presence of a significant layer of the population with an income level below the subsistence level. There is a problem of social vulnerability of a researcher, the issue of regulating migration processes.

• innovative activity of enterprises

The rather low share of Russian enterprises carrying out technological innovations, along with the purchase of high-tech products abroad, stimulates the development of foreign high-tech production (Figure 1). The relatively closed access of enterprises to developments carried out with budget funding and the orientation of the business sector towards projects with a payback period of up to three years are also characteristic of the current situation.

Figure 1 Comparison of innovative activities of enterprises in different countries 2

• competitiveness of education

The problem of compliance of Russian education with modern requirements of global competition and mobility work force, problem staffing universities, the problem of rotation of teaching staff, the problem of the aging material and technical base of universities.

• level of development of innovation infrastructure

Lack of significant demand for domestic innovative developments, development of the institution of venture financing, low susceptibility of the science sector to modern requirements for the level of technology (as a result - the development of technologies that, at the final stage of their implementation, completely exhaust their innovative potential - a direct connection with the obsolescence of material and technical bases of the science sector).

• efficiency of public administration

The problem of the efficiency of lawmaking, budget financing, control of budget execution, taxation, centralization, excessive bureaucracy and excessive numbers of civil servants, a high proportion of corruption, the level of coordination of state innovation policy activities, the problem of inconsistency and untimeliness of action, as one of the reasons for the decrease in efficiency.

• environmental policy

The impact of this factor is indirect in nature, but it determines the stability of the conditions for carrying out economic activities. It can be noted that there are at least three most pressing environmental problems: the threatening pollution of water resources, the imperfection of the production and consumption waste management system, excessive air pollution as a result of emissions from industrial enterprises and the functioning of road transport. Chains of influence of environmental factors are formed: ecology human health quality of labor resources labor productivity innovative development; ecology business conditions diversion of financial resources for habitat restoration innovative development.

It should be noted that these problem areas are closely related, which indicates the need to use integrated approach when solving them, as well as the presence of many levers of influence, which determines the broad possibilities of government regulation.

The prospects for the development of an innovative economy in Russia can be determined on the basis of such components as the interest of government authorities in implementing this direction of development, the capabilities of the national economy to change the development model, and the geopolitical situation.

A comparative analysis of the Anti-Crisis Measures Program of the Government of the Russian Federation for 2009 and the American Revival and Reinvestment Plan of 2009 indicates the orientation of the anti-crisis actions of the Government of the Russian Federation towards ensuring social stability. While the US program provides for the development of strategic interests to a greater extent: reducing energy dependence, developing science. However, the priority of innovative development of the Russian Federation is laid down in other by-laws: “The concept of long-term socio-economic development Russian Federation for the period until 2020”, “Strategy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of science and innovation for the period until 2015” - providing for the achievement of targets (Figure 2).

Figure 2 - Target guidelines for socio-economic development of Russia 3

The possibilities of the national economy can be significantly limited by the low level of competitiveness of the manufacturing sector with the increasing role of the service sector. This indicates the formation of a “virtual economy”, however, for the successful implementation of an innovative development model, a developed production base is required.

The current geopolitical situation indicates that the production of knowledge in the field of military technologies, medical and space products can be concentrated in the United States, while science, education, and healthcare will remain the key factors in economic development. In Europe, significant difficulties are caused by the problem of aging personnel. This significantly increases the demographic burden and the requirements for fulfilling social obligations. As a result, we can expect a slowdown in the pace of innovative development and increased activity in the field of migration policy and the development of grant programs. The development models of India, China, and Brazil deserve special attention.

Thus, the variety of problem areas in the development of an innovative economy poses the task for Russia to use an integrated approach in solving them simultaneously with “targeted” adjustment of the economy. At the same time, increasing global competition and the gradual displacement of traditional fuel sources will have a significant impact on the rate of change in the operating model.

1 New economy. An innovative portrait of Russia. Information and analytical publication. M.: Center for Strategic Partnership, 2008. p. thirty

2 Russia and countries of the world. 2008: Statistic collection. / Rosstat. - M., 2008. p. 306, 313

3 The concept of socio-economic development of Russia for the period until 2020 [ Electronic resource] / President of Russia to young scientists and specialists. 2009. Administration of the President of Russia. Access mode: http://www.youngscience.ru/840/index.shtml, free. - Cap. from the screen.

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PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATION ACTIVITIES OF THE ENTERPRISE

I. S. KONDRASHOVA, E. V. KIREEVA

The article examines the operating environment of domestic enterprises, identifies the range of main problems and ways to solve them, as well as prospects for the development of innovative activities of the enterprise.

Key words: problems, prospects, enterprise, innovation, innovative development.

To intensify economic development and increase the competitiveness of the Russian economy, it is now important to ensure not so much quantitative growth in macroeconomic indicators as to create favorable opportunities for the use of scientific, technical, production, resource and intellectual potential. This is due to the development of the innovation sphere. And therefore, one of the most pressing macroeconomic tasks is the study of the problems of innovative activity of an enterprise and the development of tools for stimulating innovative activity of both industrial enterprises and organizations of scientific, technical and scientific and educational profile, the creation of a developed innovation infrastructure that contributes to the qualitative improvement of innovation processes.

In the last decade, innovative business has shown significant potential. The growth rates of large and small innovative enterprises are quite high, but the lack of competitiveness of their products in comparison with Western standards often prevents the penetration of domestic goods into the international market.

Problems of innovation activity are becoming more and more relevant. This is a reflection of society’s growing understanding that the renewal of Russia and all spheres of its life is impossible without innovations in production, management, and finance. It is innovation that leads to updating the market, improving the quality and expanding the range of goods and services, creating new methods of production and marketing of products, and increasing management efficiency.

The main subjects of the innovation process are the primary links of the economic system - enterprises, which, by the entire logic of the functioning of the market mechanism, are pushed to the center of those necessary changes that are associated with society's interest in highly effective innovations.

In this regard, theoretical research in the field of innovative activities of enterprises in last years have intensified, however, many issues still await resolution. Therefore, the study of mechanisms for effective management of innovative activities of an enterprise in modern market conditions is relevant.

Innovation activity is often interpreted as an activity related to the use high technology. Increasingly, business leaders say that this enterprise innovation activities are supported.

Many enterprises try to carry out innovative activities independently in one form or another, specifically creating subsidiaries for this purpose or innovation centers designed to promote the promotion and use of innovative products. Specialists are hired who understand patent and licensing activities, intellectual property protection and other components necessary for the commercial use of innovations.

One of the most important problems in innovation activity is the problem of organizing this activity, i.e. the problem of management. Analysis of the activities of a number of enterprises allows us to conclude that the increasing importance

acquires quality management. The qualifications of a manager or leader becomes the most important factor in ensuring the effectiveness of the innovation process. In this situation, the manager is required to master the entire range of management tools. As a rule, the problem of quality management is solved by attracting highly qualified external managers and constant staff training. However, problems of a different kind arise here - there is an increasing shortage of high-level managers, and they are also very expensive. Staff training very often turns out to be insufficiently effective.

The reason is that the training of management personnel is carried out on the principle of teaching individual components of management and, extremely rarely, the management procedure itself. This is also due to the lack of real management experience among the majority of university teachers. Of course, to successfully implement the goals of a particular project, knowledge in a specific subject area is required, but knowledge of the fundamentals of management, organizational theory, marketing, and personnel management is also necessary. Does knowledge of these management components ensure high-quality management of innovation activities? Naturally not, because almost no one anywhere teaches a manager the ability to organize his managerial actions over time, based on the current situation.

Today, among many socio-economic problems, the problem of intensifying innovation activity comes to one of the first places in terms of its severity. Many problems in the formation of an innovation market have taken on a deep-seated nature. An attempt to introduce a liberal model in conditions of a qualitatively different cost and price structure compared to the West led to the fact that the structural restructuring of the economy took on a regressive character. This objectively leads to the curtailment of knowledge-intensive industries, the elimination of incentives for highly productive work, and the innovative activity of Russian enterprises is almost universally declining.

By now, the need to develop mechanisms for the activation and development of industries has become obvious industrial complex based effective use their innovative potential.

Enterprises are faced with the question of not only remaining a leading link in the industry, but also being competitive in both the domestic and foreign markets. The leading role is given to

innovations that can play a key role in enhancing structural changes in economic recovery, stable functioning of industrial enterprises.

Innovation has an impact on national economy primarily through scientific and technical policy. This helps to expand production, improve its technical level, prevent excessive moral and physical wear and tear of fixed assets, and ensure the production of competitive products.

An analysis of the state of innovative activity of enterprises indicates that its low level is caused by a structurally regressive decline in production in the context of the destruction of the previous mechanisms of economic functioning with the slow formation of new market mechanisms for regulation and self-regulation of the economy.

Solving the problems of increasing the innovative activity of domestic enterprises requires an integrated approach, a combination of macroeconomic policy measures with measures at the microeconomic level, national actions with the initiatives of the enterprises themselves. A combination of economic, organizational and administrative-legislative measures is important.

For Russia, the functioning of subjects of innovation activity is complicated by the specific characteristics of this sphere: the underdevelopment of the system of project and venture financing, the lack of its own research, experimental and industrial implementation base, and an acute shortage of specialists in innovation management. In order to solve these problems, government authorities implement regulatory influences on the innovation system through the development and implementation of measures state support subjects of innovative activity based on the consolidation of financial resources of the regional budget and extra-budgetary sources.

It is important to note that many regions of Russia, in general, having high scientific and technical potential, nevertheless have an insufficient level of regional development innovation system, which is a consequence:

1) insufficient innovative attractiveness of the innovation sphere in comparison with other sectors of the economy;

2) imperfect system vocational training personnel for the innovation sector;

3) technological backwardness and, as a consequence, low competitiveness of products in some branches of mechanical engineering;

4) underdevelopment of the sphere of small innovative enterprises that have the necessary flexibility for rapidly changing market conditions;

5) the lack of a mechanism for implementing the results of intellectual activity into the real sector of high-tech production;

6) insufficient level of development of the infrastructure of the regional innovation system;

The main directions for solving the identified problems include increasing the efficiency of enterprise development management, and above all, ensuring a balance between current and strategic innovation activities, increasing the validity of the choice of its promising directions, reducing riskiness, and adapting enterprise development management to the conditions of environmental changes.

Small innovative enterprises, as the most flexible, adaptive and creative organizational form, should be indicator structures that determine the directions of innovative development, generating innovative ideas. Based on foreign experience, such enterprises are of great interest to large companies that buy them along with innovative ideas. Unfortunately, today we are forced to note the low level of innovative activity of small enterprises, and, therefore, it is still impossible to use this component to the full extent of its potential as a factor in the development of the regional innovation system.

we, including financial, information, consulting, marketing support;

7) lack of an examination system, competitive selection and venture financing of scientific and technical projects that ensure the creation of high-tech products;

8) lack of venture organizations working on the principles of project financing and management of innovative projects.

Analyzing the operating environment of domestic enterprises, we see a certain range of main problems and directions for solving them (Table 1).

The creation and development of an innovative environment is a large-scale and complex task, which cannot be solved without well-thought-out and coordinated effective actions on the part of government authorities, the economic and scientific communities.

Therefore, when organizing innovative activities, it would be correct to assume that although a market economy is more receptive to innovation than a directive one, this does not happen automatically. Well-developed direct and feedback connections between all participants in the innovation process are required.

Coherence is key to success due to limited financial and human resources and limited time. Only with a coordinated plan can you avoid dispersal of efforts, duplication of functions by different participants and downtime of projects. The economic community, represented by industrial enterprises, must responsibly and professionally express their desire to develop an effective dialogue with the authorities to identify beneficial directions.

Table 1

System of main problems in the functioning of domestic enterprises and ways to solve them

Problems Directions for solutions

1) Lack of financial resources, which determines the search for sources of financing and rational use of existing ones due to the validity of the choice of promising areas of innovation activity; 2) Lack of balance in the distribution of enterprise resources between current and strategic innovation activities; 3) Increased riskiness, due to both the small scale of the enterprise and the uncertainty of the result; 4) The need for systematic and technological re-equipment of production with modern equipment; 5) Limited opportunities conducting marketing activities; 6) Imperfect staff motivation, taking into account the increased importance of individual specialists 1) Ensuring a balance between current and strategic innovation activities; 2) Increasing the validity of the choice of promising areas of innovation activity; 3) Providing conditions for reducing the risk of innovative activities of MNEs; 4) Determination of rational financial and time conditions for enhancing innovation activity; 5) Assessment of the state and planning of innovative activity of MNEs; 6) Functional and structural description and assignment of responsibility for the implementation of the MNE management process

development innovation mechanism in the field and resource support of economic growth.

In conclusion, I would like to note that the state and the economic community are partners in joint actions that regulate the growth of activity in the innovative activities of an enterprise. Coordinating the joint efforts of the state and the economic community is one of the most important organizational tasks that will make it possible to solve the problems existing in the innovative activities of enterprises and thereby ensure sustainable innovative development of the Russian economy.

Literature

1. Galstyan M.V. Development of innovative activity of enterprises in conditions of market relations: on the example of the machine-building complex of the Amur region: dis. ...cand. economics.sciences. M., 2005.

2. Kovalenko A. A., Tsurikov S. V. System of factors of innovative development of an enterprise // Siberian Financial School. 2008. No. 2.

3. Mamontov V.D., Osadchaya T.G. Russian entrepreneurship: trends in the movement towards a new economy // Socio-economic phenomena and processes. Tambov. 2011. No. 9.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

I. S. Kondrashova, Ye. V. Kireyeva

In the article the environment of functioning of the domestic enterprises is considered, the circle of the main problems and a way of their decision, and also prospect of development of innovative activity of the enterprise is defined.

Key words: problems, prospects, enterprise, innovations, innovative development.

Problems and prospects for innovative development of the Russian economy

The development of an innovative economy in Russia requires taking into account the world results of scientific and technological progress together with the specifics of political, economic and social conditions. Despite lagging behind advanced countries, the country is on the path to innovative development.

Russia has enormous intellectual, scientific and technical potential, which would allow it to be at the level of developed countries. Therefore, the key task of the state is to create an economy that will be able to generate innovation. But we should take into account a number of problems that hinder the effective development of Russia in scientific, technical and innovative fields of activity.

Note 1

The fundamental problem of innovative development is the renewal of fixed capital.

Until 1990, investments in fixed assets increased, from 1991 they began to decrease sharply (-22.1%), and after 10 years they began to grow again. In developed countries, the participation of medium and small businesses is very important when developing innovations. They are included in the process that regulates large enterprises. In the Russian Federation, the development of an innovative economy should be carried out according to the same scheme, while at the beginning of the development and implementation state strategy innovative development there is no effective mechanism for economic stimulation and administrative influence on associations of the state, business and science.

Factors or problems hindering the innovative development of Russia:

• the predominance of developments for the defense complex in the R&D structure;
• formation of non-commercial connections between enterprises at all stages of innovation creation;
• insufficient funding for innovative developments from the state;
• the predominance of command-administrative and political management methods in the innovative field of activity;
• loss of some highly qualified personnel who went to other areas or emigrated to other countries;
• lack of systematic training of innovators and venture capitalists;
• lack of a system for investing in scientific, technical and innovative activities at the macro, meso and micro levels.

For Russia, there are prospects for the innovative economy to reach a higher level of development. This requires: increasing the share of employees working in medium- and high-tech industries and in the high-tech services sector; increasing government funding for R&D; an increase in the number of patents with increased attention to the protection of intellectual property.

Problems and trends in the development of the American innovation economy

The United States has always strived to provide leadership in all areas of the economy, as well as in the areas of scientific knowledge, the development of partnerships between the government, industrial enterprises and scientists.

International competition is a stimulus for radical changes in the field of science and technology policy. Since the middle of the 20th century, the state, together with industry, must finance the creation latest technologies that meet international standards. This allowed the country to become competitive both in the domestic and global markets with Japan and Western European countries.

The priority direction of American policy is to stimulate scientific and technical progress. Advances in knowledge are recognized as the basis for the growth of the country's economy. But in any competition, the winner is not only the one who creates new technologies and knowledge faster and better, but the one who knows how to implement them in a product and enter the world market with it. In this case, US leadership is at risk. Other leading countries are not lagging behind, and in some places even ahead of America in the innovation sector.

But there are problems in the development of the US innovative economy:

• the country is not a leader in the training of scientists and engineers (the share of students who choose engineering or natural sciences is significantly lower than in other countries);
• reducing spending on basic research;
• reduction in the growth rate of investment in science by private business;
• focus of private investors on applied research;
• insufficiently effective interaction between large businesses and medium and small businesses, which are sometimes the ideological initiator in the development of new technologies and innovations.

Note 2

An important factor innovative development of the country is the knowledge accumulated and recorded in the form of property, i.e. intellectual property. She is considered the main competitive advantage countries.

The active struggle of the United States with emerging problems allows the country to follow the path of developing new technologies and innovations. This is one of the priority areas of the country's economy.

Problems of the innovative economy of Western European countries

The innovative economy of Western European countries is based on the stimulation of a small number of large companies that are able to compete with leading enterprises in the USA and Japan. 80% of public funds go to finance industrial R&D. But, as experts note, the concentration of financial resources for research and development in the hands of large firms weakens intra-industry competition and slows down the spread of new technologies to other areas of the economy. The result of this policy is a lag behind advanced countries (USA and Japan).

This is due to a number of reasons, such as: the heterogeneity of the EU due to the characteristics of the economy of each country that is part of it; inconsistency of national innovation policies with supranational institutions and the pan-European development course; insufficient stimulation of business in the field of innovative technologies.

Note 3

The priority task of the European Union is to implement an innovative development strategy and reform the economy in a modern way until 2020. This will eliminate the gap with leading countries in this area.

The main directions of the innovative economy of countries Western Europe are:

1. stimulation of small knowledge-intensive businesses;
2. unified antimonopoly legislation;
3. purchase of the latest equipment;
4. accelerated equipment depreciation system;
5. preferential taxation of R&D;
6. direct financing of enterprises implementing innovative projects;
7. integration of university science and enterprises producing high-tech products.

Creating a favorable environment for the introduction of innovations in various sectors of the economy contributes to increasing the competitiveness of the EU in the global market, subject to the successful implementation of innovation policy at all levels of government (local, regional and supranational).

The last two decades for Russia are characterized by attempts to transition to a post-industrial society. This is expressed in the growing influence of science on socio-economic development, intensification of the processes of creation and dissemination of knowledge, as well as intensification of innovation activities. In all this, research organizations play a primary role - the main generators of new knowledge.

The search for new knowledge is a key stage of scientific and technological progress, and with a sufficient variety of modern institutional forms of production and implementation of knowledge, their main sources and carriers are still science. Its core is legally independent specialized research organizations, namely, scientists engaged in scientific research in them. research activities.

According to official statistics, from 1990 to 2005 the number of scientists in Russia decreased from 1.119 million to 381 thousand people, that is, almost three times. Graduate students must be added to this number. There are now 72 thousand budget places for postgraduate students across the country, with an intake of 26 thousand per year. In total there are approximately 450 thousand researchers. However, even those researchers who are on the staff of numerous research institutes are not ready to fully engage in research activities. Thus, out of 450 thousand specialists, only 100 thousand spend more than half of their working time on scientific work, and the rest earn money in commercial organizations.

If you pay attention to the migration of scientific personnel, then in internal migration the main flow of scientific personnel is directed to business, private entrepreneurship and government agencies, where people with good education. This happens because scientific activity in Russia is not very profitable, because science is what makes money out of money, and innovation is what makes money out of knowledge.

As a result of external migration, the main consumers of Russian scientists for almost 20 years have been the United States. They account for about 30% of emigrated specialists. Germany hosts 20% of Russian scientists; in Israel they make up about 40% of the total number of scientists. However, in recent years, the geography of distribution of Russia's scientific potential has begun to change. Eastern countries are showing great interest in our researchers in connection with the development of nuclear programs. Many Russian nuclear scientists work in Iran, China and South Korea, DPRK.

As mentioned earlier, the main reason for the migration of Russian scientists is insufficient funding. Based on the results of 2009 Russia spends about $2 billion on research and development, which is almost 4 times less than in China, 7 times less than Japan and 17 times less than the United States.

According to government statements, in 2010, 200 billion rubles are allocated for science in Russia: 80 billion for fundamental science, 120 billion for applied science. You can calculate whether it is a lot or a little. It is most convenient to count in “graduate years/years”. As a guide, the salary of a graduate student can be set at 45 thousand rubles. ($1500, €1150) is less than most European countries, but close to Spain and South Korea. Per year with taxes (13% personal income tax, 26.2 -34% unified social tax) and overhead costs (15%) this amounts to 1 million rubles. That is, there is some competitiveness. For the successful development of science, the salaries of employees (scientists, engineers, etc.) must be higher, i.e. you need to consider at least 1.5 million rubles. per year per person. Total we get: 381 thousand scientists * 1.5 million rubles. +72 thousand graduate students*1 million rubles. = 650 billion rubles. per year, only for salaries and overhead (in fact, the maintenance of the “office”). If we add to this the costs of equipment, travel, organizing conferences, etc., then the total budget should be 1 trillion. rub. per year, i.e. should be 5 times more than planned.

However, it is not only the state that should be blamed for the low level of development of Russian innovative business; the extremely low level of financing of R&D in Russia by the private sector is also to blame. There is no demand for innovation in the country. The share of costs for technological innovation in our industry is 1.2%, including the mining industry - only 0.8%. Expenses Russian business on R&D constitute only about 0.3% of GDP (7-10 times less than in developed countries).

In terms of government spending on R&D per capita ($86), Russia lags behind the leaders by 2-4 times, and in terms of private spending - by 10-20 times. Even China, with its huge population, is already almost one and a half times ahead of Russia in terms of per capita private sector spending on R&D.

Russia is the only country in the world where the share of spending on civilian science (0.4% of GDP) is less than on defense R&D (0.6%). But even this is not able to ensure the maintenance of a military-strategic balance with the United States, Europe, and China. The degradation of the scientific and technical complex has led to the fact that, despite the growth of defense government orders, the production of weapons has fallen to a meager level. The military-industrial complex cannot become an oasis of technological progress against the background of the growing primitivization of the Russian economy as a whole. After all, in the United States for several decades there has been an overflow of the most modern technologies from the civilian sector to the military, and not vice versa.

As for enterprises engaged in R&D, in modern Russia Among them, state unitary enterprises (SUE) and government agencies, and their capabilities in matters of transferring the results of scientific and technical activities (RSTD) and creating new companies are limited. This leads to serious difficulties in commercializing their research and development results, complicates the establishment of new technology companies and, accordingly, impedes the development of public-private partnerships.

Currently, more than 80 technology parks, even more innovation and technology centers, more than 100 technology transfer centers, 10 national innovation and analytical centers, 86 scientific and technological innovation centers, over 120 business incubators, 15 innovation consulting centers and other organizations are registered in Russia innovation infrastructure. A total of 688 innovation infrastructure organizations.

Innovations are introduced by only 9.4% of Russian enterprises. Even in Eastern European countries, there are at least twice as many innovative enterprises, and in Germany, for example, 8 times. Our share of innovative products is only 5.5%. Even in the field of aircraft and spacecraft production, only 34.3% of enterprises are engaged in innovation. Only 2.3% of industrial enterprises were engaged in marketing innovations in 2006. The industry leading in this parameter among low-tech ones is the production of cigarettes (8.6%), which is explained by “intense competition.” The highest share of innovators among large enterprises, integrated into holdings, as well as among not very large high-tech companies. But in small businesses there are very few innovators - even among those involved in high-tech business. Innovation is not very effective. For 1995-2006 annual costs for innovation have doubled, and the volume of innovative products has increased by only 49%.

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