The essence of the methodology for rationing working capital. Abstract: Rationing of working capital at an industrial enterprise. · time for non-delivery of railway cars
When operating, the organization carries out supply, production and sales activities in parallel. In accordance with the performance of these functions, the circulation of working capital is carried out. Invested in inventories, work in progress, finished but not sold products, accounts receivable financial resources are related(lose liquidity), while cash on a current account can be considered as free(liquid) working capital. To manage working capital at all stages of circulation, a special method is used - the rationing method.
Rationing- this is the establishment of economically justified stock standards and standards for elements of working capital necessary for the normal operation of the enterprise.
The fact is that regarding working capital one cannot focus on comparing the results obtained only with actual values in the reporting period or be based on an assessment of the deviations that have arisen from the corresponding data obtained in the previous reporting period. Necessary economic justification the amount of working capital calculated on the basis of technical, technical-economic and economic norms and standards: with consumption rates material resources for the production of a unit of finished products, production standards, headcount standards, norms and standards for the use of production capacity, etc.
By rationing working capital, the total need of business entities for working capital is determined. The correct calculation of inventories of material assets is of great importance economic importance, since the constantly necessary minimum amount means ensuring normal (continuous) manufacturing process, stable financial condition of the enterprise. The calculation of such a value is necessary, since a lack of free cash will complicate the financial ability of the organization to repay its obligations, and an excessive amount of free cash can also reduce the efficiency of the use of financial resources. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a certain ratio (balance) between free and tied funds, which is achieved through rationing of working capital.
Working capital is divided into two separate groups: normalized and non-standardized working capital. To do this, the organization for the current planning period forms for itself regulatory framework on working capital.
The main task rationing of working capital is the development and establishment of economically sound reserve standards for individual elements of working capital, ensuring their minimum size uninterrupted production and sales process. Such elements of working capital may be stocks of raw materials, materials, fuel, semi-finished products, work in progress, finished products in the warehouse, as well as those shipped to the consumer. All of these elements of working capital are standardized and for them in the planning period, inventory standards are established in relative values (days, percentages) and in monetary terms.
Essence rationing is to use certain standards, that is, indicators calculated according to a certain standard (norm). The standards are set based on predetermined values for the consumption of materials, time, etc., which are calculated, in turn, on the basis of data from previous years or on the basis of technical standards and engineering calculations (if it is known that they did not cause a decrease in efficiency). At the same time, norms and standards are the initial data for the development of the entire system of planned indicators.
Norm- this is the maximum permissible planned value of the absolute consumption of means of production and labor per unit of production or for performing a certain amount of work (for example, the rate of metal consumption shows how many kilograms of metal should be spent on 1 product). From the point of view of scientific economic content, this is a measure that has a numerical value, which is used for study and application in business practice, that is, it allows you to influence the management object. Closely related to inventory standards are norms such as time norms, production norms, material resource consumption norms, etc.
Working capital norm- this is a relative value corresponding to the minimum, economically justified volume of inventories of inventory items, established, as a rule, in days and indicating the duration of the period.
For example, if the inventory rate is 24 days, then there should be exactly enough inventory to support production for 24 days. Norms of working capital depend on the norms of consumption of materials in production, the norms of wear resistance of spare parts and tools, the duration of the production cycle, supply and sales conditions, the time at which certain materials acquire certain properties necessary for consumption, and other factors.
Standard- this is a planned indicator that characterizes the element-by-element components of the consumption rates of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor costs and the degree of efficiency of their use (for example, wage consumption per 1 ruble of finished products, product removal from 1 m 2 of area, planned metal utilization rate) .
Working capital ratio- this is the minimum required amount of funds to ensure the production and economic activities of the enterprise. Standards are determined taking into account the need for funds both for core activities and for major repairs of auxiliary, auxiliary and other units that are not on an independent balance sheet.
Thus, any organization should develop a standard package of methodological documents to determine such norms and standards for standardized indicators. At the same time, the system of working capital standards is the most important component of the system of standard indicators at the enterprise, since for effective activities It is important to know:
- at what level of production and sales reserves the uninterrupted process of production, supply and sales is ensured;
- how many financial resources are diverted to their maintenance;
- what is the optimal amount of cash in cash?
Basic principles standardization (formation of norms and standards) are:
- progressiveness - reflection in the norms and standards of the achievements of the scientific organization of labor, production, management, experience, new technology;
- validity - development of standards based on technical calculations and production analysis;
- comprehensiveness – all standards and standards in their interrelation are covered;
- flexibility and dynamism – systematic updating of the regulatory framework;
- comparability – ensuring harmonization of the regulatory framework at different levels of management and production.
Based on the rate of stock and consumption of a given type of inventory, the amount of working capital necessary to create standardized stocks for each type of working capital is determined (to determine private standards).
Private standards include working capital standards in production inventories: raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products, components, fuel, containers, work in progress and semi-finished products own production; in deferred expenses; finished products.
The working capital element standard is calculated using the formula
Where N el – standard of own working capital for an element;
About el – turnover of funds (expense) for this element for the period, t;
T - duration of the period, days;
N el – working capital norm for this element, days.
It is advisable to establish by organization:
- norms and level of reliability of supplying industrial supplies for the entire specified range of material resources;
- norms and standards of working capital (including accounts receivable and cash) and the level of security reliability;
- the share of borrowed funds invested in working capital.
Under reliability the probability of delivery is understood, which affects the relative number of days per year during which the organization will be provided with working capital and circulation funds. The lower the level of reliability, the lower the value of the established norm. The main idea is not just to set standards, but also to evaluate degree of risk(how many days will be enough at a given level of norms).
The degree of risk is directly related to the selected level of reliability of supply with supplies - the higher the level of reliability, the lower the degree of risk. For example, a reliability of 100% means a reserve of 20 days, a reliability of 95% means a reserve of 22 days, etc.
In this case, a rationally chosen risk will make it possible to use material and financial resources much more efficiently in conditions of a lack of own working capital. Thus, one of the goals of rationing is to determine the range of possible variations in daily balances throughout the year, on the basis of which the value of the required stock norm is established.
Currently, there is no clear opinion regarding the use of specific methods for rationing working capital. It is proposed to use different methods for determining norms and standards: analytical, balance sheet, calculation and statistical, etc. The variety of methods is due to big amount factors influencing the amount of working capital, and a variety of models for accounting for these factors. Also important is the desire to simplify the procedure for calculating standard values.
Introduction
Each enterprise, starting its production and economic activities, must have a certain amount of money. With these monetary resources, the enterprise purchases raw materials, materials, fuel on the market or from other enterprises under contracts, pays electricity bills, pays wages to its employees, bears the costs of developing new products, all this represents one of the most important parameters of management, which received the name "working capital of the enterprise."
In market conditions, working capital becomes especially important. After all, they represent a part of productive capital, which transfers its value to the newly created product in its entirety and returns to the entrepreneur in cash at the end of each capital circulation.
Thus, working capital is an important criterion in determining the profit of an enterprise.
Methods for rationing working capital.
The following main methods of rationing working capital are used:
Direct counting method. This method consists in first determining the amount of advance of working capital into each element, then summing them up to determine the total amount of the standard.
Analytical method. It is applied in the case when the planning period does not provide for significant changes in the operating conditions of the enterprise compared to the previous one. In this case, the calculation of the standard working capital is carried out on an aggregate basis, taking into account the relationship between the growth rate of production volume and the size of the normalized working capital in the previous period.
Coefficient method. In this case, the new standard is determined on the basis of the old one by making changes to it, taking into account the conditions of production, supply, sales of products (works, services), and calculations.
In practice, it is most appropriate to use the direct counting method. The advantage of this method is its reliability, which makes it possible to make the most accurate calculations of partial and aggregate standards. Private standards include standards for working capital in production inventories: raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products, components, fuel, containers, MBP, spare parts; in work in progress and semi-finished products of own production; in deferred expenses; finished products. The peculiarity of each element determines the specifics of standardization.
The standard for working capital advanced in raw materials, basic materials and purchased semi-finished products is determined by the formula:
N=R*D, Where
N - standard working capital in stocks of raw materials, basic materials and purchased semi-finished products;
P - average daily consumption of raw materials, materials and purchased semi-finished products;
D - stock norm in days.
The average daily consumption for the range of consumed raw materials, basic materials and purchased semi-finished products is calculated by dividing the sum of their costs for the corresponding quarter by the number of days in the quarter.
Determining the stock norm is the most labor-intensive and important part of rationing. The stock norm is established for each type or group of materials. If many types of raw materials and supplies are used, then the standard is established for the main types, which occupy at least 70-80% of the total cost.
The stock norm in days for certain types of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products is established based on the time required to create transport, preparatory, technological, current warehouse and insurance stocks.
Transport stock is necessary in cases where the time of movement of cargo in transit exceeds the time of movement of documents for its payment. In particular, transport stock is provided in the case of payments for materials on the basis of advance payment. Transport stock in days is defined as the difference between the number of days of cargo travel and the number of days of movement and payment of documents for this cargo.
Preparatory stock. Provided for in connection with the costs of receiving, unloading and storing raw materials. It is determined based on established standards or actual time spent.
Technological stock. This stock is taken into account only for those types of raw materials for which, in accordance with production technology, preliminary production preparation is necessary (drying, holding raw materials, heating, settling and other preparatory operations). Its value is calculated according to established technological standards.
Current warehouse stock. It is recognized to ensure the continuity of the production process between supplies of materials, which is why it is fundamental in industry. The amount of warehouse stock depends on the frequency and uniformity of deliveries, as well as the frequency of launching raw materials into production. The basis for calculating the current warehouse stock is the average duration of the interval between two adjacent deliveries of a given type of raw material. The duration of the interval between deliveries is determined on the basis of contracts, orders, schedules or based on actual data for the past period. In cases where this type of raw material comes from several suppliers, the current warehouse stock rate is assumed to be 50% of the delivery interval. At enterprises where raw materials come from one supplier and the number of types of material assets used is limited, the stock norm can be taken at the rate of 100% of the delivery interval.
Safety stock. It is created as a reserve that guarantees an uninterrupted production process in the event of a violation of the contractual terms of supply of materials (incomplete receipt of a batch, violation of delivery deadlines, inadequate quality of materials received). The amount of safety stock is accepted, as a rule, within the limits of up to 50% of the current warehouse stock. It can be even more if the enterprise is located far from suppliers and transport routes, if unique, high-quality materials are periodically consumed.
Thus, the total stock rate in days for raw materials, basic materials and purchased semi-finished products generally consists of the five listed stocks.
The working capital standard for auxiliary materials is established in two main groups:
The first group includes materials consumed regularly and in large quantities. The standard is calculated in the same way as for raw materials and basic materials.
The second group includes auxiliary materials used in production rarely and in small quantities. The standard is calculated using analytical methods based on data for previous years.
The general standard of working capital for auxiliary materials is the sum of the standards of both groups.
Working capital standard for fuel is calculated in the same way as for raw materials. The standard for gaseous fuel and electricity is not calculated. When calculating fuel consumption, the need for fuel for production and non-production needs is taken into account. For production needs, the need is determined based on the production program and consumption rates per unit of production by workshop; for non-production - based on the volume of work performed.
Working capital norm for containers determined depending on the method of its preparation and storage. Therefore, the methods of calculation for containers in different industries are not the same.
At enterprises that use large containers for packaging products, the working capital rate is determined in the same way as for raw materials.
For containers of our own production, used for packaging finished products and included in the wholesale price, the stock rate in days is determined by the time this container is in the warehouse from the moment of its manufacture to the packaging of the products in it. If the cost of containers of own production is not included in wholesale price finished products, but is included in the cost of gross and marketable products; a standard for it is not established, since it is taken into account in the standard for finished products.
For returnable containers received from the supplier with raw materials and supplies, the working capital rate depends on the average duration of one turnaround of the container from the moment the invoice for the container along with the raw materials is paid until the invoice for the returned container is paid by the supplier. The cost of containers intended for storing raw materials, materials, parts and semi-finished products in warehouses and workshops is not taken into account when determining the working capital standard for containers, since it is part of fixed assets or IBP.
Working capital standard for spare parts is established for each type of spare parts separately based on their delivery time and time of use for repairs. The standard can be calculated based on standard standards per unit of book value of fixed assets, using an analytical method based on data from previous years.
Standard for IBP calculated separately for tools and devices, low-value inventory, special clothing and shoes, special tools and accessories.
For the first group, the standard is determined by direct calculation methods based on the required set of low-value and wear-out tools and their cost. For the second group, the standard is established separately for office, household and industrial equipment. The standard for office and household equipment is determined based on the number of places and the cost of a set of equipment per place. For production inventory - based on the need for a set of this inventory and its cost.
Working capital standard for workwear and footwear determined based on the number of workers who rely on them and the cost of one set. The standard for this group of working capital in the warehouse is determined by multiplying one-day consumption by the stock rate in days, including transport, current and safety stocks.
For special equipment and devices, the standard is determined based on their required set, cost and service life.
At enterprises that have a small share of small business enterprises in the structure of working capital, the standard is calculated based on the ratio of average actual inventories to the amount of production costs.
Working capital standard for work in progress must ensure a rhythmic production process and a uniform supply of finished products to the warehouse. The standard expresses the cost of production of products that have begun but are not completed and are at various stages of the production process. As a result of standardization, the value of the minimum reserve sufficient for normal production operation must be calculated.
The amount of working capital advanced to work in progress is not the same across enterprises and industries. The main reasons for the differences are the characteristics of organizations, production volume, and structure of products.
Rationing of working capital in work in progress is carried out by groups or types of products for each department separately. If the range of products is varied, then the standard is calculated based on the main products, constituting 70-80% of its total mass.
The standard for working capital in work in progress is determined by the formula:
N=P*T*K, Where
P - one-day production costs;
T is the duration of the production cycle in days;
K is the cost increase coefficient.
One-day costs are determined by dividing the cost of production of gross (commodity) output of the corresponding quarter by 90.
The product of the production cycle duration and the cost increase factor represents the stock rate in days under the item “Work in progress”.
The duration of the production cycle reflects the time the product remains in work in progress from the first technological operation to the complete production of the product and transfer to the warehouse.
The production cycle includes technological stock (the time it takes to process a product), transport stock (the time it takes to transfer a product from one workplace to another and to a warehouse), working stock (the time a product spends between processing operations) and safety stock (in case of a delay in any operation ). When calculating the standard, the production cycle is determined for each type of product in calendar days, taking into account the number of shifts of the enterprise per day. At enterprises that produce a wide range of products, the duration of the production cycle is determined as a weighted average.
The cost increase coefficient reflects the nature of the increase in costs in work in progress by day of the production cycle.
All costs in the production process are divided into:
One-time costs. These include costs incurred at the beginning of the production cycle (costs of raw materials, basic materials and purchased semi-finished products).
Increasing costs. The remaining costs are considered accrual (depreciation of fixed assets, electricity costs, labor costs, etc.). The cost increase coefficient is determined by the ratio of the average cost of a product in work in progress to the total amount of production costs. The coefficient is determined different ways for production with a uniform and uneven increase in costs.
If the main share of costs enters production at the very beginning of the production cycle (one-time), and the remaining (increasing) costs are distributed relatively evenly throughout the production cycle (in mass production), the coefficient is determined by the formula:
A+(0.5*B)
K= A+B, Where
A - costs incurred at a time at the beginning of the production cycle;
B - other costs included in the cost of production.
If costs increase unevenly over the days of the production cycle, the coefficient is determined by the formula:
(Ce*E)+(C 2 * T 2 )+( C 3 * T 3 )+...+(0,5* Cp * T )
K= S*T,Where
Non-recurring costs of the first day of the production cycle;
C2, C3,... - costs by day of the production cycle;
T2, T3... - time from the moment of one-time operations to the end of the production cycle;
Ср - costs incurred evenly during the production cycle;
C is the production cost of the product;
T is the duration of the production cycle.
Costs that increase evenly (Cp) are taken into account in calculating the average cost of a product in half the amount, since they are at all stages of work in progress simultaneously.
Standard for the article “Future expenses” are calculated by the formula:
H=Po+Pn-Rs, Where
Rho - the amount of deferred expenses at the beginning of the planning period;
Pn - expenses incurred in the planning period according to the estimate;
Рс - expenses included in the cost of production of the planning period.
Finished products manufactured at the enterprise characterize the transition of working capital from the sphere of production to the sphere of circulation. This is the only regulated element of circulation funds.
Working capital standard for finished products determined by the formula:
N=R*D, Where
P - one-day production of commercial products at production cost;
D is the stock norm in days.
The rate of working capital for annual production is determined separately for finished products in the warehouse and for goods shipped, for which settlement documents are being processed.
The standard for finished products in the warehouse is determined by the time of completing and accumulating products to the required sizes, storing products in the warehouse until shipment, packaging and labeling of products, delivering them to the departure and loading station.
The norm for goods shipped, for which documents have not been submitted to the bank, is determined by the established deadlines for issuing invoices and payment documents, submitting documents to the bank, and the time of crediting amounts to the accounts of the enterprise.
In this way, private standards are established for each element of regulated working capital. Then the total standard of working capital is determined, reflecting the total need of the enterprise for its own working capital in the planning period, by adding up private standards.
Next, it is necessary to compare the resulting total standard with the total standard of the previous period in order to determine how the enterprise’s need for its own working capital changes in the planning period.
The difference between the standards is the amount of increase or decrease in the working capital standard, which is reflected in the financial plan of the enterprise.
Conclusion
For the normal functioning of each enterprise, working capital is necessary, which is money used by the enterprise to acquire working capital and circulation funds.
0revolving funds, i.e. Material resources, unlike fixed assets, are used in one production cycle, and their cost is transferred to the product immediately and completely.
Rational and economical use of working capital is the primary task of enterprises, since material costs account for 3/4 of the cost of industrial products. Reducing the material intensity of a product (consumption of material resources in physical and value terms per unit of product) is achieved in various ways, among which the main ones are the introduction of new equipment, technology, and improvement of the organization of production and labor.
The main feature of the modern transition period is the lack of working capital among enterprises. Acceleration of the turnover of working capital, which is measured by the turnover ratio and the duration of one turnover in days, is achieved by various measures at the stages of creating inventories, work in progress and at the circulation stage.
List of used literature
Efimova O. V. Analysis of the organization’s current assets. // Accounting – 2000. - No. 10 – p.47-53.
Paramonov A.V. Accounting and analysis of entrepreneurial capital // Audit and financial analysis. – 2001 - No. 1 – p.25 – 88.
Churilov S. V. Analysis of one’s own working capital// Accounting. – 2000 - No. 11 – p.76-78
Enterprise Economics: Textbook/Ed. prof. N.A. Safronova.-M.: Yurist, 2003. - 608 p.
Economics of organizations (enterprises): textbook/ed. I.V. Sergeeva. – 3rd ed., revised. and additional – M.: TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2007. – 560 p.
negotiable negotiable funds enterprisesCoursework >> Financial Sciences
... methods planning negotiable facilities are divided into normalized and unstandardized. 3.2. necessity rationing negotiable funds enterprises Important for effective use negotiable funds ...
When rationing working capital necessary to create stocks of basic and auxiliary materials, which have a significant share in their total consumption, the method of direct calculation of stock standards and the amount of required working capital is used. This method involves calculating the required quantities of stocks of specific material assets by direct calculation.
For materials, the range of which is very large, and the share in the total consumption of materials is insignificant, an enlarged analytical method is used. The same method is used to calculate the required working capital when selling finished products to consumers and financing other needs. Direct calculation method
The method of direct calculation of the amount of working capital required to provide an enterprise with production reserves of material assets involves differentiating stock norms into its components with the subsequent calculation of the values of each of them.
Productive reserves can be expressed in natural (absolute) quantities, t, kg, pcs. etc., both in relative quantities (days of need), as well as in monetary terms. IN in absolute terms the size of inventories is necessary for planning and organizing logistics. The expression of inventories in relative values (stock norms) is necessary for the purposes of rationing and determining the standard of working capital in monetary terms.
Depending on their purpose, production inventories are divided into current, insurance, transport and preparatory.
The current stock is intended to ensure uninterrupted operation of the enterprise in the period between regular deliveries of this type of material. Its value depends on the frequency, size and custom delivery rates and changes over time, from the maximum - on the day of delivery of materials, to the minimum - at the time of receipt of a new batch of this material. The size of the current stock in days is established based on the conditions of uniform receipt of certain types of materials and is taken equal to half the interval between deliveries.
The value of the interval Г„ is determined on the basis of data on the actual receipt of materials for the analyzed, previous calendar period:
Chdn/Chposg, (9.1)
where Chdn is the number of calendar days in the period under review - 30, 90, 360; Chpost - the number of deliveries in a given period.
The insurance (warranty) stock is intended to ensure the uninterrupted production process in cases of disruption planned dates supplies, incompleteness of supplied materials. The amount of safety stock remains unchanged throughout the quarter (year) and is replenished when partially used.
The size of the safety stock is calculated and established by the types of consumed items of labor based on a study of the information available to the enterprise about the timing, intervals and volumes of deliveries of each specific material for the previous planned year and the significance of these materials for the production process.
Comparison of the actual timing and volumes of deliveries of each material with the timing and volumes of supplies required for the enterprise makes it possible to establish the deviation of each delivery in days and on this basis to calculate the average deviations of deliveries by volume and assortment.
This data is used when planning the amount of safety stocks.
When calculating the amount of safety stocks, all materials are divided into three groups.
For materials, the absence of which suspends the production process or leads to a violation of work safety rules, the amount of safety stock is calculated taking into account the inadmissibility of such violations. To such materials on mining enterprises include fastening materials, ferrous metals, ropes, chains, explosive materials, cable products, etc. These are materials of the first group. The amount of safety stock for this item is established based on the possible maximum deviation of delivery from its planned date.
The second group of materials are materials the absence of which suspends or makes it difficult to carry out any auxiliary work in the production process, but does not stop the production of the main products of the enterprise. The amount of safety stock for this range of materials is established by the average delay in the supply of materials in the analyzed Retrospective period.
The third group of materials is other materials for the enterprise, the absence of which complicates the production process. Safety stock for; no materials are provided.
An example of calculating safety stock.
Let's say we have the following results of the analysis of the post of material values for the previous year. The maximum delay in delivery is 12 days.
Average annual delivery delay: 62 / 12 = 5 days.
Consequently, if materials of the first group are considered, then the value of the safety stock is taken to be equal to the 12-day requirement; if the second, then the safety stock will be equal to the five-day requirement.
In general, with very aggregated, approximate calculations, the safety stock can be set at 50% of the current stock.
Transport stock provides for the provision of the enterprise with materials for the period of time the materials are in transit after they have been paid for.
The norm of transport stock in days in the acceptance form of payment is determined as the difference between the number of days of cargo travel on the way from the supplier to the consumer and the number of days of postal travel of documents and payment of invoices. If it is necessary to prepay for delivery, the transport stock norm is determined by the number of days from the moment of payment to the moment of receipt of the goods. The duration of travel of goods and documents is determined according to existing standards, and in some cases - based on actual data for the past year.
The preparatory stock provides time for unloading, receiving and warehouse processing of materials arriving at the warehouse (base) (wood drying, special wood impregnation, etc.). The amount of the preparatory stock is determined on the basis of established standards stipulated by technical specifications or actual time spent.
The stock norm for each type of material is determined by the following formula:
n, = з + зп, (9.2)
where N3 is the stock rate of a specific material, days of stock; Zgek, Z^r, Ztr, Zp - current, insurance, transport and preparatory stocks, days, respectively.
In addition to the above types of stock, seasonal stocks, the availability of which is associated with seasonal supplies, should be noted.
Determine the standard supply of timber for a coal mine.
Delivery conditions, the average interval between regular deliveries of timber to Tuaxiy is 40 days; transportation time - 20 days. The time for sending an invoice for unloading timber, timber and mines is 5 days.
Rationing the amount of working capital required to finance work in progress
At mining enterprises, work in progress can mainly occur in the following cases:
□ when mining minerals using the underground method with magazines;
□ in open-pit mining of mineral resources using massive explosions;
□ at processing, briquette and other factories;
□ at ore repair plants, in TsEMMs and other enterprises that are part of associations.
The value of the working capital standard Nosnp is calculated using the formula
Ho^n = Psy^/Dt, (9.3)
where Рsut is the cost of the daily volume of production, rub.; tu ~ average duration of the production cycle, days; KNP - coefficient of work in progress.
The value of the work in progress coefficient or the cost increase coefficient is determined by the formula
B + 0.5a 100
where b is the amount of one-time costs incurred at the very beginning of the production cycle, % of the total costs of its production; a - value variable costs, produced during the production cycle, %.
The extraction of gas, 70% of which is stored in bunkers on the surface of the mine.
The time for breaking ore in a block of that ore from a filled block of ore is 20 rubles. block the extraction of ore begins i Determine the standard o6op heat of ore at the mine is realized; Average daily volume
oh, and 30% is transported
30 working days. Total time in
12 working days. Cost price
next block.
N№NP = esugS(tsA = 14-20(30+ 12)"0.5 = 5880 thousand rubles.
Standardization of the amount of working capital required to finance future expenses
As mentioned earlier, deferred expenses are expenses incurred in the present period, but subject to write-off as production costs mainly in future calendar periods.
At mining enterprises, the main part of these expenses are the costs of mining preparatory (stripping) work, which cannot be fully repaid at the expense of current production costs, since they were incurred to ensure production in future calendar periods.
In accordance with the recommendations of the USSR Ministry of Finance, the amount of required working capital to finance expenses of future periods was determined in the form of the sum of the balances of these expenses at the end of the planning period (most often a year). This balance of costs determined the private or group standard of working capital for these purposes No. 5„.
The value of this standard was determined in the form of an algebraic sum of the availability of these funds at the enterprise at the beginning of the year, the amount of increase in these costs during the analyzed year and the amounts of existing costs to be written off as production costs in the period under review.
Hence,
Nss.bp = Rbp.nG + P6)
